WO2001073057A1

WO2001073057A1 - 19053, a novel atpase-like molecule and uses thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2001073057A1
Application number: PCT/US2001/008525
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rosana Kapeller-Libermann
Original assignee: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 2000-03-24
Filing date: 2001-03-15
Publication date: 2001-10-04
Also published as: AU2001249235A1; EP1305427A1

Abstract

Novel ATPase-like polypeptides, proteins, and nucleic acid molecules are disclosed. In addition to isolated, full-length ATPase-like proteins, the invention further provides isolated ATPase-like fusion proteins, antigenic peptides, and anti-ATPase-like antibodies. The invention also provides ATPase-like nucleic acid molecules, recombinant expression vectors containing a nucleic acid molecule of the invention, host cells into which the expression vectors have been introduced, and nonhuman transgenic animals in which an ATPase-like gene has been introduced or disrupted. Diagnostic, screening, and therapeutic methods utilizing compositions of the invention are also provided.

Description

19053, A NOVEL ATPASE-LIKE MOLECULE AND USES THEREOF

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to novel ATPase-like nucleic acid sequences and proteins. Also provided are vectors, host cells, and recombinant methods for making and using the novel molecules.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Enzymes that bind to and hydrolyze ATP play a pivotal role in translating chemically stored energy into biological activity. ATPases can function in a variety of cellular processes including, selective ion transport events, actin-based motility, membrane traffic and numerous biosynthetic pathways. Multiple ATPase families exist, including ion pumps, DEAD box-helicases, ABC transporters, and AAA (ATPases Associated to a variety of cellular Activities).

AAA proteins play essential roles in cellular housekeeping, cell division and differentiation and have been identified in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. All members ofthe AAA family are Mg ⁺ dependent ATPases and comprise a conserved region that binds ATP. Cytosolic, transmembrane, as well as, membrane-associated AAA family members have been identified in various cellular locations and multimeric states.

The biological role ofthe AAA family members in the cell is diverse. Currently, members of this ATPase family are known to be involved in organelle biogenesis, cell-cycle regulation, vesicle-mediated transport, assembly of proteins through membranes, peroxisome biogenesis, gene expression in yeast and in human, and 26S proteasome function. For a review, see, Confalonieri et al. (1995) BioEssays 77:639-650.

The SEC 18 gene product from S. cerevisiae is an AAA family member that influences the transport of proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi complex. It has been shown that SEC18 is an essential component of a multisubunit 20S "fusion machine" that promotes membrane bilayer fusion coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The 20S fusion machine has been proposed to be involved in the assembly, fusion or division ofa variety of other membrane-bound subcellular compartments such as vacuoles, nuclei, mitochondria, or peroxisomes (Wilson et al. (1992) J. Cell. Bio. 777:531-538). Other AAA family members are involved in mitochondrial function. YME1 is a putative ATP and zinc-dependent protease. Its inactivation leads to several morphological and functional defects, such as the escape of DNA from mitochondria (Thorsness et al. (1993) Mol Cell Biol 13: 5418-5426). MSP1 is another AAA ATPase protein family member from yeast that influences mitochondrial function. MSP1 is an intrinsic mitochondrial outer membrane protein with an apparent molecular mass of 40 KDa. MSP1 is known to influence intramitochondrial protein sorting. Nakai et al. have demonstrated that the 61mCl fusion protein, normally localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane, is mislocalized to the inner membrane ofthe mitochondria upon overexpression of MSP1 in yeast cell (Nakai et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:24262-9).

Several members ofthe AAA family are involved in the biogenesis of peroxisomes. These organelles contain enzymes responsible for fatty acid oxidation and the elimination of peroxides. AAA family members, such as the PAS genes of S. cerevisiae, appear to be required for peroxisome growth, and proliferation (Subramani et al. (1993) Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 9:445-478). Furthermore, mutations in the AAA proteins Pexlp or Pexόp accumulate abnormal peroxisomal vesicles, suggesting a defect in vesicle fusion during peroxisome assembly (Song et al. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 723:535-548 and Heyman et α/. (1994) J. Cell Biol. 727:1269-1273).

AAA family members are also known to regulate transcription. Nelbock et al. described the TBPl protein that binds human HIV TAT transactivator, thus impairing its activity in cotransfection experiments (Nelbock et al. (1990) Science 248: 1650- 1653). TBPl has since been identified as an AAA family member that acts as a transcriptional activator for various promoters (Ohana et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 138-142). Various ATP-dependent proteases, such as the regulatory components Lon and

Clp, are also members ofthe AAA ATPase family. Evidence suggests the Lon and Clp proteases are involved in DNA replication, recombination and restriction. E. coli Lon is an ATP-dependant protease that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the degradation of abnormal proteins and short-lived regulatory proteins. Lon has both site-specific and non-specific DNA-binding activities, the latter of which stimulates its proteolytic activity. These observations have led to the speculation that Lon may associate with DNA to facilitate the degradation of unidentified DNA-binding proteins.

Homologues to the E. coli Lon (La) protease include the yeast mitochondrial protease Pimlp and its human mitochondrial counterpart Lon. The mitochondrial Lon-type proteases are responsible for the ATP-dependent proteolytic activity detected in the soluble matrix fraction of yeast and mammalian mitochondria . Disruption ofthe PIM1 gene results in respiratory dysfunction, the loss of mitochondrial function, and the loss of mitochondrial DNA sequence (Suzuki et al. (1994) Science 264:213-216 and Van Dyck et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:238-242). Recent evidence suggests that PIM1 also has a dual chaperone function that is independent of its proteolytic activity (Rep et al. (1996) Curr Genet 30:367-380 and Rep et al. (1996) Science 274:103-106). Recently, a lonl gene has also been identified in maize and shown to partially substitute for Pimlp in pirn I deleted yeast strains (Barakat et al. (1998) Plant Molecular Biology 37:141-154).

Dubiel et al. discovered that subunit 4 ofthe human proteasome was in fact a member ofthe AAA family (Dubiel et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:22699-22702). Subsequently, at least 5 ofthe 26S-proteasome subunits already described as transcription factors or cell cycle proteins have now been identified as representatives ofthe AAA family. Therefore, members ofthe family are likely to play an essential role in ATP-dependent and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of abnormal proteins and short-lived regulatory proteins and in antigen processing.

Macromolecular machines (protein complexes) carry out nearly every major process in a cell with highly coordinated moving parts driven by energy dependent conformational changes. Examples of such structures include the proteasomes, spliceosomes, ribosomes, peroxisomes and chromosomal replicases. The intricacy of these machines require additional devices to assist in their assembly. The AAA family of ATPase is thought of as a class of molecular chaperones that assist in the noncovalent assembly of other proteins or protein complexes. Thus, the AAA family members play critical regulatory roles in the assembly or regulation of various molecular machines associated with diverse cellular activities. Accordingly, it is valuable to the field of pharmaceutical development to identify and characterize novel ATPases. The present invention advances the state ofthe art by providing a novel human ATPase-like nucleic acid and polypeptide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Isolated nucleic acid molecules corresponding to ATPase-like nucleic acid sequences are provided. Additionally, amino acid sequences corresponding to the polynucleotides are encompassed. In particular, the present invention provides for isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:2. Further provided are ATPase-like polypeptides having an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid molecule described herein. The present invention also provides vectors and host cells for recombinant expression ofthe nucleic acid molecules described herein, as well as methods of making such vectors and host cells and for using them for production ofthe polypeptides or peptides ofthe invention by recombinant techniques.

The molecules are useful for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders associated with the following cells or tissues: cervix, esophagus, ovary, prostate, vein, aorta, brain, breast, colon, heart, kidney, liver, lung, lymph, muscle, placenta, spleen, testes, thymus, thyroid, cartilage, and spinal cord.

The molecules are further useful for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders in tissues in which the ATPase-like sequence is expressed. The ATPase molecules ofthe present invention are useful for modulating agents in a variety of cellular processes including protein degradation, organelle biogenesis, cell-cycle regulation, vesicle-mediated transport, assembly of proteins through membranes, peroxisome biogenesis, protein sorting, gene expression, and 26S proteasome function. The molecules are also useful for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of clinical conditions.

Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding ATPase-like proteins or biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes for the detection of ATPase-like-encoding nucleic acids.

Another aspect of this invention features isolated or recombinant ATPase-like proteins and polypeptides. Preferred ATPase-like proteins and polypeptides possess at least one biological activity possessed by naturally occurring ATPase-like proteins. Variant nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides substantially homologous to the nucleotide and .amino acid sequences set forth in the sequence listings are encompassed by the present invention. Additionally, fragments and substantially homologous fragments ofthe nucleotide and amino acid sequences are provided. Antibodies and antibody fragments that selectively bind the ATPase-like polypeptides and fragments are provided. Such antibodies are useful in detecting the ATPase-like polypeptides as well as in regulating the cellular activities influenced by the ATPase.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for detecting the presence of ATPase-like activity or expression in a biological sample by contacting the biological sample with an agent capable of detecting an indicator of ATPase-like activity such that the presence of ATPase-like activity is detected in the biological sample.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for modulating ATPase-like activity comprising contacting a cell with an agent that modulates (inhibits or stimulates) ATPase-like activity or expression such that ATPase-like activity or expression in the cell is modulated. In one embodiment, the agent is an antibody that specifically binds to ATPase-like protein. In another embodiment, the agent modulates expression of ATPase-like protein by modulating transcription of an ATPase-like gene, splicing of an ATPase-like mRNA, or translation of an ATPase- like mRNA. In yet another embodiment, the agent is a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence that is antisense to the coding strand ofthe ATPase-like mRNA or the ATPase-like gene.

In one embodiment, the methods ofthe present invention are used to treat a subject having a disorder characterized by aberrant ATPase-like protein activity or nucleic acid expression by administering an agent that is an ATPase-like modulator to the subject. In one embodiment, the ATPase-like modulator is an ATPase-like protein. In another embodiment, the ATPase-like modulator is an ATPase-like nucleic acid molecule. In other embodiments, the ATPase-like modulator is a peptide, peptidomimetic, or other small molecule.

The present invention also provides a diagnostic assay for identifying the presence or absence of a genetic lesion or mutation characterized by at least one ofthe following: (1) aberrant modification or mutation of a gene encoding an ATPase-like protein; (2) misregulation of a gene encoding an ATPase-like protein; and (3) aberrant post-translational modification of an ATPase-like protein, wherein a wild-type form ofthe gene encodes a protein with an ATPase-like activity. In another aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying a compound that binds to or modulates the activity of an ATPase-like protein. In general, such methods entail measuring a biological activity of an ATPase-like protein in the presence and absence ofa test compound and identifying those compounds that alter the activity ofthe ATPase-like protein. The invention also features methods for identifying a compound that modulates the expression of ATPase-like genes by measuring the expression ofthe ATPase-like sequences in the presence and absence ofthe compound.

Other features and advantages ofthe invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figures IA and IB provide the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:l) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO:2) sequence for clone 19053.

Figure 2 depicts a hydropathy plot of human 19053. Relative hydrophobic residues are shown above the dashed horizontal line, and relative hydrophilic residues are below the dashed horizontal line. The cysteine residues (cys) and N glycosylation site (Ngly) are indicated by short vertical lines just below the hydropathy trace. The numbers corresponding to the amino acid sequence (shown in SEQ ID NO:2) of human 19053 are indicated . Polypeptides ofthe invention include fragments which include: all or a part of a hydrophobic sequence (a sequence above the dashed line); or all or part of a hydrophilic fragment (a sequence below the dashed line). Other fragments include a cysteine residue or as N-glycosylation site.

Figure 3 depicts an alignment ofthe AAA domain of human 19053 with a consensus amino acid sequence derived from a hidden Markov model. The upper sequence is the consensus amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4), while the lower amino acid sequence corresponds to amino acids 5 to 145 of SEQ ID NO:2.

Figures 4A and 4B show the amino acid sequence alignment for the protein (19053; SEQ ID NO:2) encoded by human 19053 (SEQ ID NO:l) with the

Mitochondrial Lon Protease Homolog 1 Precursor (Genbank Accession No. P93647;

SEQ ID NO:5). The sequence alignment was generated using the Clustal method.

The 19053 protein shares approximately 55% sequence identity as determined by pairwise alignment.

Figure 5 shows expression of 19053 in various tissues and cell types.

Expression ofthe 19053 mRNA was analyzed in the following tissues from top to bottom: aorta, brain, breast, cervix, colon, esophagus, heart, kidney, liver, lung, lymph, muscle, ovary, placenta, prostate, small intestine, spleen, testes, thymus, thyroid, and vein.

Figure 6 shows the expression level ofthe 19053 mRNA in a variety of normal and tumorous tissues. Expression ofthe 19053 mRNA was analyzed in the following tissues from left to right: colon normal (columns 1-2); colon tumorous (columns 3-7); liver metastasis (columns 8-11); and normal liver (columns 12-13).

Figure 7 shows the expression level ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript in various clinical angiogenic samples. Expression ofthe 19053 transcript was analyzed in the following tissues from left to right: brain normal (columns 1-4); astrocytes (column 5); tumorous brain (columns 6-10); HMVEC-Arr (column 11); HMVEC-Prol (column 12); placenta (column 13); fetal adrenal (columns 14-15); and fetal liver (columns 16- Figure 8 summarizes the expression ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript in a variety of normal and tumorous tissues.

Figure 9 shows the relative expression levels ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript in normal breast tissue (columns 1-2) and tumorous breast tissues (columns 3-7).

Figure 10 shows the expression levels ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript in normal ovary tissue (columns 1-3) and in tumorous ovary tissues (columns 4-10).

Figure 11 shows the expression levels ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript in normal lung tissue (columns 1-2) and in tumorous lung tissues (columns 3-10).

Figure 12 shows the relative expression levels ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript in a variety of tumorous and normal tissues.

Figure 13 shows the expression levels ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript in a variety of tissues. The expression level ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript was analyzed in the following tissues from left to right: hemangioma (columns 1-3); normal kidney (column 4); renal cell carcinoma (column 5); Wilms Tumor (columns 6-7); skin (column 8); uterine adenocarcinoma (column 9); neuroblastoma (column 10); fetal adrenal (column 11); fetal kidney (column 12); fetal heart (column 13); normal heart (column 14); cartilage (column 15); spinal cord (column 16); lymphangiona (column 17); endometrial polyps (column 18); synovium (RA)(column 19); and hyperkeratotic skin (column 20).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides ATPase-like molecules. By "ATPase-like molecules" is intended a novel human sequence referred to as 19053, and variants and fragments thereof. These full-length gene sequences or fragments thereof are referred to as "ATPase-like" sequences, indicating they share sequence similarity with ATPase genes. Isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the 19053 polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is given in SEQ ID NO:2, or a variant or fragment thereof, are provided. A nucleotide sequence encoding the 19053 polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. The sequences are members ofthe ATPase protein family. A novel human ATPase-like gene sequence, referred to as 19053. This gene sequence and variants and fragments thereof are encompassed by the term "ATPase- like" molecules or sequences as used herein. The ATPase-like sequences find use in modulating an ATPase-like function. By "modulating" is intended the upregulating or downregulating of a response. That is, the compositions ofthe invention affect the targeted activity in either a positive or negative fashion. The sequences ofthe invention find use in modulating organelle biogenesis, cell-cycle regulation, protein degradation, vesicle-mediated transport, assembly of proteins through membranes, peroxisome biogenesis, gene expression, and 26S proteasome function response. The disclosed invention relates to methods and compositions for the modulation, diagnosis, and treatment of various disorders. Disorders of interest include, for example, cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders, including cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, metastatic disorders or hematopoietic neoplastic disorders, e.g., leukemias. A metastatic tumor can arise from a multitude of primary tumor types, including but not limited to those of prostate, colon, lung, breast and liver origin.

As used herein, the terms "cancer", "hyperproliferative" and "neoplastic" refer to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. Hyperproliferative and neoplastic disease states may be categorized as pathologic, i.e., characterizing or constituting a disease state, or may be categorized as non-pathologic, i.e., a deviation from normal but not associated with a disease state. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. "Pathologic hyperproliferative" cells occur in disease states characterized by malignant tumor growth. Examples of non-pathologic hyperproliferative cells include proliferation of cells associated with wound repair. The terms "cancer" or "neoplasms" include malignancies ofthe various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, ovary, colon, liver, brain, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and/or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma ofthe lung, cancer ofthe small intestine and cancer ofthe esophagus.

The term "carcinoma" is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas.

Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue ofthe cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An "adenocarcinoma" refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures.

The term "sarcoma" is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation.

The ATPase-like nucleic acid and protein ofthe invention can be used to treat and/or diagnose a variety of proliferative disorders. E.g., such disorders include hematopoietic neoplastic disorders. As used herein, the term "hematopoietic neoplastic disorders" includes diseases involving hyperplastic/neoplastic cells of hematopoietic origin, e.g., arising from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof. Preferably, the diseases arise from poorly differentiated acute leukemias, e.g., erythroblastic leukemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Additional exemplary myeloid disorders include, but are not limited to, acute promyeloid leukemia (APML), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) (reviewed in Vaickus, L. (1991) Crit. Rev. in Oncol. /Hemotol. 77:267-97); lymphoid malignancies include, but are not limited to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) which includes B-lineage ALL and T-lineage ALL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), hairy cell leukemia (HLL) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). Additional forms of malignant lymphomas include, but are not limited to non-Hodgkin lymphoma and variants thereof, peripheral T cell lymphomas, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGF), Hodgkin's disease and Reed-Sternberg disease.

Further disorders of interest include disorders involving the tissues in which clone 19053 is expressed. See, for example, Figures 5-13.

Disorders involving the spleen include, but are not limited to, splenomegaly, including nonspecific acute splenitis, congestive spenomegaly, and spenic infarcts; neoplasms, congenital anomalies, and rupture. Disorders associated with splenomegaly include infections, such as nonspecific splenitis, infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, brucellosis, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, malaria, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, kala-azar, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and echinococcosis; congestive states related to partial hypertension, such as cirrhosis ofthe liver, portal or splenic vein thrombosis, and cardiac failure; lymphohematogenous disorders, such as Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas/leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, hemolytic anemias, and thrombocytopenic purpura; immunologic-inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus; storage diseases such as Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and mucopolysaccharidoses; and other conditions, such as amyloidosis, primary neoplasms and cysts, and secondary neoplasms.

Disorders involving the lung include, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies; atelectasis; diseases of vascular origin, such as pulmonary congestion and edema, including hemodynamic pulmonary edema and edema caused by microvascular injury, adult respiratory distress syndrome (diffuse alveolar damage), pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage, and infarction, and pulmonary hypertension and vascular sclerosis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and bronchiectasis; diffuse interstitial (infiltrative, restrictive) diseases, such as pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary eosinophilia (pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia), Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia, diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes, including Goodpasture syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and other hemorrhagic syndromes, pulmonary involvement in collagen vascular disorders, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; complications of therapies, such as drug-induced lung disease, radiation-induced lung disease, and lung transplantation; tumors, such as bronchogenic carcinoma, including paraneoplastic syndromes, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, such as bronchial carcinoid, miscellaneous tumors, and metastatic tumors; pathologies ofthe pleura, including inflammatory pleural effusions, noninflammatory pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and pleural tumors, including solitary fibrous tumors (pleural fibroma) and malignant mesothelioma. Disorders involving the colon include, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies, such as atresia and stenosis, Meckel diverticulum, congenital aganglionic megacolon-Hirschsprung disease; enterocolitis, such as diarrhea and dysentery, infectious enterocolitis, including viral gastroenteritis, bacterial enterocolitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated colitis (pseudomembranous colitis), and collagenous and lymphocytic colitis, miscellaneous intestinal inflammatory disorders, including parasites and protozoa, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, transplantation, drug-induced intestinal injury, radiation enterocolitis, neutropenic colitis (typhlitis), and diversion colitis; idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis; tumors ofthe colon, such as non-neoplastic polyps, adenomas, familial syndromes, colorectal carcinogenesis, colorectal carcinoma, and carcinoid tumors.

Disorders involving the liver include, but are not limited to, hepatic injury; jaundice and cholestasis, such as bilirubin and bile formation; hepatic failure and cirrhosis, such as cirrhosis, portal hypertension, including ascites, portosystemic shunts, and splenomegaly; infectious disorders, such as viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A-E infection and infection by other hepatitis viruses, clinicopathologic syndromes, such as the carrier state, asymptomatic infection, acute viral hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, and fulminant hepatitis; autoimmune hepatitis; drug- and toxin-induced liver disease, such as alcoholic liver disease; inborn errors of metabolism and pediatric liver disease, such as hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, aj- antitrypsin deficiency, and neonatal hepatitis; intrahepatic biliary tract disease, such as secondary biliary cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and anomalies ofthe biliary tree; circulatory disorders, such as impaired blood flow into the liver, including hepatic artery compromise and portal vein obstruction and thrombosis, impaired blood flow through the liver, including passive congestion and centrilobular necrosis and peliosis hepatis, hepatic vein outflow obstruction, including hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome) and veno-occlusive disease; hepatic disease associated with pregnancy, such as preeclampsia and eclampsia, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and intrehepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; hepatic complications of organ or bone marrow transplantation, such as drug toxicity after bone marrow transplantation, graft-versus-host disease and liver rejection, and nonimmunologic damage to liver allografts; tumors and tumorous conditions, such as nodular hyperplasias, adenomas, and malignant tumors, including primary carcinoma ofthe liver and metastatic tumors.

Disorders involving the brain include, but are not limited to, disorders involving neurons, and disorders involving glia, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia; cerebral edema, raised intracranial pressure and herniation, and hydrocephalus; malformations and developmental diseases, such as neural tube defects, forebrain anomalies, posterior fossa anomalies, and syringomyelia and hydromyelia; perinatal brain injury; cerebrovascular diseases, such as those related to hypoxia, ischemia, and infarction, including hypotension, hypoperfusion, and low-flow states— global cerebral ischemia and focal cerebral ischemia— infarction from obstruction of local blood supply, intracranial hemorrhage, including intracerebral (intraparenchymal) hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage and ruptured berry aneurysms, and vascular malformations, hypertensive cerebrovascular disease, including lacunar infarcts, slit hemorrhages, and hypertensive encephalopathy; infections, such as acute meningitis, including acute pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis and acute aseptic (viral) meningitis, acute focal suppurative infections, including brain abscess, subdural empyema, and extradural abscess, chronic bacterial meningoencephalitis, including tuberculosis and mycobacterioses, neurosyphilis, and neuroborreliosis (Lyme disease), viral meningoencephalitis, including arthropod- borne (Arbo) viral encephalitis, Herpes simplex virus Type 1, Herpes simplex virus Type 2, Varicalla-zoster virus (Herpes zoster), cytomegalovirus, poliomyelitis, rabies, and human immunodeficiency virus 1, including HIV-1 meningoencephalitis (subacute encephalitis), vacuolar myelopathy, AIDS-associated myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and AIDS in children, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, fungal meningoencephalitis, other infectious diseases ofthe nervous system; transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases); demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis, multiple sclerosis variants, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis, and other diseases with demyelination; degenerative diseases, such as degenerative diseases affecting the cerebral cortex, including Alzheimer disease and Pick disease, degenerative diseases of basal ganglia and brain stem, including Parkinsonism, idiopathic Parkinson disease (paralysis agitans), progressive suprariuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, multiple system atrophy, including striatonigral degeneration, Shy-Drager syndrome, and olivopontocerebellar atrophy, and Huntington disease; spinocerebellar degenerations, including spinocerebellar ataxias, including Friedreich ataxia, and ataxia-telanglectasia, degenerative diseases affecting motor neurons, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neuron disease), bulbospinal atrophy (Kennedy syndrome), and spinal muscular atrophy; inborn errors of metabolism, such as leukodystrophies, including Krabbe disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, and Canavan disease, mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, including Leigh disease and other mitochondrial encephalomyopathies; toxic and acquired metabolic diseases, including vitamin deficiencies such as thiamine (vitamin Bi) deficiency and vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, neurologic sequelae of metabolic disturbances, including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hepatic encephatopathy, toxic disorders, including carbon monoxide, methanol, ethanol, and radiation, including combined methotrexate and radiation-induced injury; tumors, such as gliomas, including astrocytoma, including fibrillary (diffuse) astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme, pilocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and brain stem glioma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma and related paraventricular mass lesions, neuronal tumors, poorly differentiated neoplasms, including medulloblastoma, other parenchymal tumors, including primary brain lymphoma, germ cell tumors, and pineal parenchymal tumors, meningiomas, metastatic tumors, paraneoplastic syndromes, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, including schwannoma, neurofibroma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma), and neurocutaneous syndromes (phakomatoses), including neurofibromotosis, including Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) and TYPE 2 neurofibromatosis (NF2), tuberous sclerosis, and Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Disorders involving the heart, include but are not limited to, heart failure, including but not limited to, cardiac hypertrophy, left-sided heart failure, and right- sided heart failure; ischemic heart disease, including but not limited to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, chronic ischemic heart disease, and sudden cardiac death; hypertensive heart disease, including but not limited to, systemic (left-sided) hypertensive heart disease and pulmonary (right-sided) hypertensive heart disease; valvular heart disease, including but not limited to, valvular degeneration caused by calcification, such as calcific aortic stenosis, calcification of a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve, and mitral annular calcification, and myxomatous degeneration ofthe mitral valve (mitral valve prolapse), rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, and noninfected vegetations, such as nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and endocarditis of systemic lupus erythematosus (Libman-Sacks disease), carcinoid heart disease, and complications of artificial valves; myocardial disease, including but not limited to dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis; pericardial disease, including but not limited to, pericardial effusion and hemopericardium and pericarditis, including acute pericarditis and healed pericarditis, and rheumatoid heart disease; neoplastic heart disease, including but not limited to, primary cardiac tumors, such as myxoma, lipoma, papillary fibroelastoma, rhabdomyoma, and sarcoma, and cardiac effects of noncardiac neoplasms; congenital heart disease, including but not limited to, left-to-right shunts— late cyanosis, such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and atrioventricular septal defect, right-to-left shunts— early cyanosis, such as tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great arteries, truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, obstructive congenital anomalies, such as coarctation of aorta, pulmonary stenosis and atresia, and aortic stenosis and atresia, and disorders involving cardiac transplantation. Disorders involving the thymus include developmental disorders, such as DiGeorge syndrome with thymic hypoplasia or aplasia; thymic cysts; thymic hypoplasia, which involves the appearance of lymphoid follicles within the thymus, creating thymic follicular hyperplasia; and thymomas, including germ cell tumors, lynphomas, Hodgkin disease, and carcinoids. Thymomas can include benign or encapsulated thymoma, and malignant thymoma Type I (invasive thymoma) or Type II, designated thymic carcinoma.

Disorders ofthe breast include, but are not limited to, disorders of development; inflammations, including but not limited to, acute mastitis, periductal mastitis, periductal mastitis (recurrent subareolar abscess, squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts), mammary duct ectasia, fat necrosis, granulomatous mastitis, and pathologies associated with silicone breast implants; fibrocystic changes; proliferative breast disease including, but not limited to, epithelial hyperplasia, sclerosing adenosis, and small duct papillomas; tumors including, but not limited to, stromal tumors such as fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, and sarcomas, and epithelial tumors such as large duct papilloma; carcinoma of the breast including in situ (noninvasive) carcinoma that includes ductal carcinoma in situ (including Paget's disease) and lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma including, but not limited to, invasive ductal carcinoma, no special type, invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, colloid (mucinous) carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, and invasive papillary carcinoma, and miscellaneous malignant neoplasms. Disorders in the male breast include, but are not limited to, gynecomastia and carcinoma. ₀

Disorders involving the testis and epididymis include, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies such as cryptorchidism, regressive changes such as atrophy, inflammations such as nonspecific epididymitis and orchitis, granulomatous

(autoimmune) orchitis, and specific inflammations including, but not limited to, gonorrhea, mumps, tuberculosis, and syphilis, vascular disturbances including torsion, testicular tumors including germ cell tumors that include, but are not limited to, seminoma, spermatocytic seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor choriocarcinoma, teratoma, and mixed tumors, tumore of sex cord-gonadal stroma including, but not limited to, Leydig (interstitial) cell tumors and sertoli cell tumors (androblastoma), and testicular lymphoma, and miscellaneous lesions of tunica vaginalis. Disorders involving the prostate include, but are not limited to, inflammations, benign enlargement, for example, nodular hyperplasia (benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia), and tumors such as carcinoma.

Disorders involving the thyroid include, but are not limited to, hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism including, but not limited to, cretinism and myxedema; thyroiditis including, but not limited to, hashimoto thyroiditis, subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis, and subacute lymphocytic (painless) thyroiditis; Graves disease; diffuse and multinodular goiter including, but not limited to, diffuse nontoxic (simple) goiter and multinodular goiter; neoplasms ofthe thyroid including, but not limited to, adenomas, other benign tumors, and carcinomas, which include, but are not limited to, papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma; and cogenital anomalies.

Disorders involving the small intestine include the malabsorption syndromes such as, celiac sprue, tropical sprue (postinfectious sprue), whipple disease, disaccharidase (lactase) deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, and tumors ofthe small intestine including adenomas and adenocarcinoma.

Disorders involving the ovary include, for example, polycystic ovarian disease, Stein-leventhal syndrome, Pseudomyxoma peritonei and stromal hyperthecosis; ovarian tumors such as, tumors of coelomic epithelium, serous tumors, mucinous tumors, endometeriod tumors, clear cell adenocarcinoma, cystadenofibroma, brenner tumor, surface epithelial tumors; germ cell tumors such as mature (benign) teratomas, monodermal teratomas, immature malignant teratomas, dysgerminoma, endodermal sinus tumor, choriocarcinoma; sex cord-stomal tumors such as, granulosa-theca cell tumors, thecoma-fibromas, androblastomas, hill cell tumors, and gonadoblastoma; and metastatic tumors such as Krukenberg tumors.

Disorders involving the kidney include, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies including, but not limited to, cystic diseases of the kidney, that include but are not limited to, cystic renal dysplasia, autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease, autosomal recessive (childhood) polycystic kidney disease, and cystic diseases of renal medulla, which include, but are not limited to, medullary sponge kidney, and nephronophthisis-uremic medullary cystic disease complex, acquired (dialysis-associated) cystic disease, such as simple cysts; glomerular diseases including pathologies of glomerular injury that include, but are not limited to, in situ immune complex deposition, that includes, but is not limited to, anti-GBM nephritis, Heymann nephritis, and antibodies against planted antigens, circulating immune complex nephritis, antibodies to glomerular cells, cell-mediated immunity in glomerulonephritis, activation of alternative complement pathway, epithelial cell injury, and pathologies involving mediators of glomerular injury including cellular and soluble mediators, acute glomerulonephritis, such as acute proliferative (poststreptococcal, postinfectious) glomerulonephritis, including but not limited to, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and nonstreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, membranous glomerulonephritis (membranous nephropathy), minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy (Berger disease), focal proliferative and necrotizing glomerulonephritis (focal glomerulonephritis), hereditary nephritis, including but not limited to, Alport syndrome and thin membrane disease (benign familial hematuria), chronic glomerulonephritis, glomerular lesions associated with systemic disease, including but not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, bacterial endocarditis, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis, fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulonephritis, and other systemic disorders; diseases affecting tubules and interstitium, including acute tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis, including but not limited to, pyelonephritis and urinary tract infection, acute pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy, and tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by drugs and toxins, including but not limited to, acute drug-induced interstitial nephritis, analgesic abuse nephropathy, nephropathy associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and other tubulointerstitial diseases including, but not limited to, urate nephropathy, hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis, and multiple myeloma; diseases of blood vessels including benign nephrosclerosis, malignant hypertension and accelerated nephrosclerosis, renal artery stenosis, and thrombotic microangiopathies including, but not limited to, classic (childhood) hemolytic-uremic syndrome, adult hemolytic-uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic HUS/TTP, and other vascular disorders including, but not limited to, atherosclerotic ischemic renal disease, atheroembolic renal disease, sickle cell disease nephropathy, diffuse cortical necrosis, and renal infarcts; urinary tract obstruction (obstructive uropathy); urolithiasis (renal calculi, stones); and tumors ofthe kidney including, but not limited to, benign tumors, such as renal papillary adenoma, renal fibroma or hamartoma (renomedullary interstitial cell tumor), angiomyolipoma, and oncocytoma, and malignant tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma, adenocarcinoma of kidney), which includes urothelial carcinomas of renal pelvis.

Disorders involving blood vessels include, but are not limited to, responses of vascular cell walls to injury, such as endothelial dysfunction and endothelial activation and intimal thickening; vascular diseases including, but not limited to, congenital anomalies, such as arteriovenous fistula, atherosclerosis, and hypertensive vascular disease, such as hypertension; inflammatory disease— the vasculitides, such as giant cell (temporal) arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa (classic), Kawasaki syndrome (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome), microscopic polyanglitis (microscopic polyarteritis, hypersensitivity or leukocytoclastic anglitis), Wegener granulomatosis, thromboanglitis obliterans (Buerger disease), vasculitis associated with other disorders, and infectious arteritis; Raynaud disease; aneurysms and dissection, such as abdominal aortic aneurysms, syphilitic (luetic) aneurysms, and aortic dissection (dissecting hematoma); disorders of veins and lymphatics, such as varicose veins, thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis, obstruction of superior vena cava (superior vena cava syndrome), obstruction of inferior vena cava (inferior vena cava syndrome), and lymphangitis and lymphedema; tumors, including benign tumors and tumor-like conditions, such as hemangioma, lymphangioma, glomus tumor (glomangioma), vascular ectasias, and bacillary angiomatosis, and intermediate-grade (borderline low-grade malignant) tumors, such as Kaposi sarcoma and hemangloendothelioma, and malignant tumors, such as angiosarcoma and hemangiopericytoma; and pathology of therapeutic interventions in vascular disease, such as balloon angioplasty and related techniques and vascular replacement, such as coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Disorders involving the skeletal muscle include tumors such as rhabdomyosarcoma. Disorders ofthe cervix include, but are not limited to, chronic cervicitis, endocervical polyps, intraepithelial and invasive squamous neoplasia, cervial intraepithelial neoplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Disorders involving the esophagus include, but are not limited to, dysphagia, atresia and fistula formation, stenosis, mucosal webs, achalasia, hiatal hernia, diverticula, lacerations (Mallory- Weiss syndrome), reflux esophagitis, Barrett esophagus, infectious and chemical esophagitis, esophageal varices, leiomyomas, squamous papillomas, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.

The ATPase-like gene, clone 19053, was identified in a human primary osteoblast cDNA library. Clone 19053 encodes the corresponding cDNA set forth in SEQ ID NO:l or 3. This transcript has a 1295 nucleotide open reading frame (nucleotides 221-1516 of SEQ ID NO:l), which encodes a 432 amino acid protein (SEQ ID NO:2). An analysis ofthe full-length 19053 polypeptide predicts that amino acids 98-106 is a peroxisomal targeting signal. Transmembrane segments from amino acids (aa) 65-82, 235-252, and 324-341 were predicted by MEMSAT. Prosite program analysis was used to predict various sites within the 19053 protein. N- glycosylation sites were predicted at aa 50-53 and 72-75. Protein kinase C phosphorylation sites were predicted at aa 175-177, 228-203, 337-339, 352-354, and 420-422. Casein kinase II phosphorylation sites were predicted at aa 94-97, 127-130, 175-178, 192-195, 255-258, and 405-408. N-myristoylation sites were predicted at aa 235-240, 390-395, and 426-431. A microbodies C-terminal targeting signal is predicted at aa 430-432. The ATPase-like protein possesses a ATPase Associated with various cellular Activities (AAA) domain from aa 5-145 as predicted by HMMer, Version 2. The AAA domain is found in a family of proteins that often perform chaperone-like functions that assist in the assembly, operation, or disassembly of protein complexes. See for example, Confalonieri et al. (1995) Bioessays 77:639-650 and Neuwald et al. (1999) Genome Research 9:21-43. For general information regarding PFAM identifiers, PS prefix and PF prefix domain identification numbers, refer to Sonnhammer et al. (1997) Protein 28:405-420 and http//www.psc.edu/general/software/packages/pfam/pfam.html.

As used herein, the term "ATPase-like protein possesses a ATPase Associated with various cellular Activities (AAA) domain" includes an amino acid sequence of about 1-145 amino acid residues in length and having a bit score for the alignment of the sequence to the AAA domain (HMM) of at least 8. An AAA domain includes at least about 50-140 amino acids, about 20-100 amino acid residues, or about 15-90 amino acids and has a bit score for the alignment ofthe sequence to the AAA domain (HMM) of at least 16 or greater. The AAA domain (HMM) has been assigned the PFAM Accession PF00004 (http ;//pfam . wustl.edu/) . An alignment ofthe AAA domain (amino acids 5 to 145 of SEQ ID NO:2) of human 19053 with a consensus amino acid sequence derived from a hidden Markov model is depicted in Figure 3. In a preferred embodiment the ATPase-like polypeptide or protein has a "AAA domain" or a region which includes at least about 100-250 more preferably about 130-200 or 160-200 amino acid residues and has at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%), 95%o, 99%, or 100% sequence identity with an "AAA" domain," e.g., the AAA domain of human 19053 (e.g., amino acid residues 5-145 of SEQ ID NO:2). To identify the presence of an "AAA" domain in a ATPase-like protein sequence, and make the determination that a polypeptide or protein of interest has a particular profile, the amino acid sequence ofthe protein can be searched against a database of HMMs (e.g., the Pfam database, release 2.1) using the default parameters (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/HMM_search). For example, the hmmsf program, which is available as part ofthe HMMER package of search programs, is a family specific default program for MILPAT0063 and a score of 15 is the default threshold score for determining a hit. Alternatively, the threshold score for determining a hit can be lowered (e.g., to 8 bits). A description ofthe Pfam database can be found in Sonhammer et al. (1997) Proteins 28(3) :405-420 and a detailed description of HMMs can be found, for example, in Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth. Enzymol. 183:146-159; Gribskov et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4355- 4358; Krogh et α/. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531; and St ltz et al. (1993) Protein Sci. 2:305-314, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, an ATPase-like protein includes at least one transmembrane domain. As used herein, the term "transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid sequence of about 15 amino acid residues in length that spans a phospholipid membrane. More preferably, a transmembrane domain includes about at least 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 30, 35 or 40 amino acid residues and spans a phospholipid membrane. Transmembrane domains are rich in hydrophobic residues, and typically have an α-helical structure. In a preferred embodiment, at least 50%), 60%>, 70%, 80%), 90%, 95% or more ofthe amino acids ofa transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g., leucines, isoleucines, tyrosines, or tryptophans. Transmembrane domains are described in, for example, http://pfam.wustl.edu/cgi- bin/getdesc?name=7tm-l, and Zagotta W.N. et al. (1996) Annual Rev. Neuronsci. 19:235-63, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In a preferred embodiment, an ATPase-like polypeptide or protein has at least one transmembrane domain or a region which includes at least 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 30, 35 or 40 amino acid residues and has at least about 60%, 70% 80% 90% 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity with a "transmembrane domain," e.g., at least one transmembrane domain of human 19053 e.g., amino acid residues 65-82, 235-252, 324-341 of SEQ ID NO:2).

In another embodiment, an ATPase-like protein includes at least one "non- transmembrane domain." As used herein, "non-transmembrane domains" are domains that reside outside ofthe membrane. When referring to plasma membranes, non- transmembrane domains include extracellular domains (i.e., outside ofthe cell) and intracellular domains (i.e., within the cell). When referring to membrane-bound proteins found in intracellular organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes and microsomes), non-transmembrane domains include those domains of the protein that reside in the cytosol (i.e., the cytoplasm), the lumen ofthe organelle, or the matrix or the intermembrane space (the latter two relate specifically to mitochondria organelles). The C-terminal amino acid residue of a non- transmembrane domain is adjacent to an N-terminal amino acid residue ofa transmembrane domain in a naturally occurring ATPase-like protein.

In a preferred embodiment, an ATPase-like polypeptide or protein has a "non- transmembrane domain" or a region which includes at least about 1-65, about 1-153, about 1-72, and about 1-92 amino acid residues, and has at least about 60%, 70% 80%> 90%) 95%, 99% or 100% sequence identity with a "non-transmembrane domain", e.g., a non-transmembrane domain of human 19053 (e.g., residues 1-64, 83-234, 253-323, and 342-432 of SEQ ID NO:2). Preferably, a non-transmembrane domain is capable of catalytic activity (e.g., ATPase-like activity). A non-transmembrane domain located at the N-terminus of an ATPase-like protein or polypeptide is referred to herein as an "N-terminal non-transmembrane domain." As used herein, an "N-terminal non-transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid sequence having about 1-350, preferably about 30-325, more preferably about 50-320, or even more preferably about 80-310 amino acid residues in length and is located outside the boundaries of a membrane. For example, an N-terminal non-transmembrane domain is located at about amino acid residues 1-64 of SEQ ID NO:2.

Similarly, a non-transmembrane domain located at the C-terminus of an ATPase-like protein or polypeptide is referred to herein as a "C-terminal non- transmembrane domain." As used herein, an "C-terminal non-transmembrane domain" includes an amino acid sequence having about 1-300, preferably about 15- 290, preferably about 20-270, more preferably about 25-255 amino acid residues in length and is located outside the boundaries of a membrane. For example, an C- terminal non-transmembrane domain is located at about amino acid residues 342-432 of SEQ ID NO:2.

The 19053 protein displays similarity to the maize Mitochondrial Lon Protease Homolog 1 Precursor (SEQ ID NO:5; approximately 55% identity over the full length amino acid sequence of clone 19053) (see Figure 4). The ATPase-like sequences ofthe invention are members of a family of molecules (the "ATPases") having conserved functional features. The term "family" when referring to the proteins and nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention is intended to mean two or more proteins or nucleic acid molecules having sufficient amino acid or nucleotide sequence identity as defined herein. Such family members can be naturally occurring and can be from either the same or different species. For example, a family can contain a first protein of murine origin and a homologue of that protein of human origin, as well as a second, distinct protein of human origin and a murine homologue of that protein. Members of a family may also have common functional characteristics. Preferred ATPase-like polypeptides ofthe present invention have an amino acid sequence sufficiently identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. The term "sufficiently identical" is used herein to refer to a first amino acid or nucleotide sequence that contains a sufficient or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., with a similar side chain) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide sequence such that the first and second amino acid or nucleotide sequences have a common structural domain and/or common functional activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide sequences that contain a common structural domain having at least about 45%, 55%, or 65% identity, preferably 75% identity, more preferably 85%>, 95%>, or 98%> identity are defined herein as sufficiently identical.

To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of two nucleic acids, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function ofthe number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., percent identity = number of identical positions/total number of positions (e.g., overlapping positions) x 100). In one embodiment, the two sequences are the same length. The percent identity between two sequences can be determined using techniques similar to those described below, with or without allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically exact matches are counted.

The determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. In a preferred embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the

Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 45:444-453 algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another preferred embodiment, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. A particularly preferred set of parameters (and the one that should be used if the practitioner is uncertain about what parameters should be applied to determine if a molecule is within a sequence identity or homology limitation ofthe invention) is using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap open penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5. The percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264, modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs of Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST program, score = 100, wordlength = 12, to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to ATPase-like nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score = 50, wordlength = 3, to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to an ATPase-like protein molecules ofthe invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389. Alternatively, PSI-Blast can be used to perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships between molecules. See Altschul et al. (1997) supra. When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, and PSI-Blast programs, the default parameters ofthe respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Another preferred, non- limiting example ofa mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988) CABIOS 4:1 1-17. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), which is part ofthe GCG sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used.

Accordingly, another embodiment ofthe invention features isolated ATPase- like proteins and polypeptides having an ATPase-like protein activity. As used interchangeably herein, a "ATPase-like protein activity", "biological activity of an ATPase-like protein", or "functional activity of an ATPase-like protein" refers to an activity exerted by an ATPase-like protein, polypeptide, or nucleic acid molecule on an ATPase-like responsive cell as determined in vivo, or in vitro, according to standard assay techniques. An ATPase-like activity can be a direct activity, such as an association with or an enzymatic activity on a second protein, or an indirect activity, such as a cellular signaling activity mediated by interaction ofthe ATPase- like protein with a second protein. In a preferred embodiment, an ATPase-like activity includes at least one or more ofthe following activities: (1) modulating (stimulating and/or enhancing or inhibiting) protein degradation; (2) modulating organelle biogenesis; (3) modulating protein sorting; (4) modulating gene expression; (5) modulating protein degradation; (6) modulating the function ofthe 26S proteosome; (7) modulating cellular division; (8) modulating respiratory function; and (9) binding ATP.

An "isolated" or "purified" ATPase-like nucleic acid molecule or protein, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Preferably, an "isolated" nucleic acid is free of sequences (preferably protein encoding sequences) that naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5' and 3' ends ofthe nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA ofthe organism from which the nucleic acid is derived. For purposes ofthe invention, "isolated" when used to refer to nucleic acid molecules excludes isolated chromosomes. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated ATPase-like nucleic acid molecule can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences that naturally flank the nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA ofthe cell from which the nucleic acid is derived. An ATPase-like protein that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of ATPase-like protein having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5%> (by dry weight) of non- ATPase-like protein (also referred to herein as a "contaminating protein"). When the ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, preferably, culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% ofthe volume of the protein preparation. When ATPase-like protein is produced by chemical synthesis, preferably the protein preparations have less than about 30%, 20%, 10%>, or 5% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-ATPase-like chemicals.

Various aspects ofthe invention are described in further detail in the following subsections. I. Isolated Nucleic Acid Molecules

One aspect ofthe invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding ATPase-like proteins and polypeptides or biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid molecules sufficient for use as hybridization probes to identify ATPase-like-encoding nucleic acids (e.g., ATPase-like mRNA) and fragments for use as PCR primers for the amplification or mutation of ATPase-like nucleic acid molecules. As used herein, the term "nucleic acid molecule" is intended to include DNA molecules (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA) and analogs ofthe DNA or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs. The nucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded or double- stranded, but preferably is double-stranded DNA.

Nucleotide sequences encoding the ATPase-like proteins ofthe present invention include sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:l or 3, and complements thereof. By "complement" is intended a nucleotide sequence that is sufficiently complementary to a given nucleotide sequence such that it can hybridize to the given nucleotide sequence to thereby form a stable duplex. The corresponding amino acid sequence for the ATPase-like protein encoded by these nucleotide sequences is set forth in SEQ ID NO:l or 3. The invention also encompasses nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding partial-length ATPase-like proteins, including the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, and complements thereof. Nucleic acid molecules that are fragments of these ATPase-like nucleotide sequences are also encompassed by the present invention. By "fragment" is intended a portion ofthe nucleotide sequence encoding an ATPase-like protein. A fragment of an ATPase-like nucleotide sequence may encode a biologically active portion of an ATPase-like protein, or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below. A biologically active portion of an ATPase-like protein can be prepared by isolating a portion of one ofthe 19053 nucleotide sequences ofthe invention, expressing the encoded portion ofthe ATPase- like protein (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro), and assessing the activity ofthe encoded portion ofthe ATPase-like protein. Nucleic acid molecules that are fragments of an ATPase-like nucleotide sequence comprise at least about 15, 20, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1 100, 1 150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1500, 1800, 2000, 2200 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length ATPase-like nucleotide sequence disclosed herein (for example, 2318 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO:l) depending upon the intended use. Alternatively, a nucleic acid molecules that is a fragment of an ATPase-like nucleotide sequence ofthe present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence consisting of nucleotides 1-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400, 400-500, 500-600, 600- 700, 700-800, 800-900, 900-1000, 1000-1100, 1100-1200, 1200-1300, 1300-1400, 1400-1500, 1500-1600, 1600-1700, 1700-1800, 1800-1900, 1900-2000, 2000-2100, 2100-2200, or 2200-2318 of SEQ ID NO : 1 or 3.

It is understood that isolated fragments include any contiguous sequence not disclosed prior to the invention as well as sequences that are substantially the same and which are not disclosed. Accordingly, if an isolated fragment is disclosed prior to the present invention, that fragment is not intended to be encompassed by the invention. When a sequence is not disclosed prior to the present invention, an isolated nucleic acid fragment is at least about 12, 15, 20, 25, or 30 contiguous nucleotides. Other regions ofthe nucleotide sequence may comprise fragments of various sizes, depending upon potential homology with previously disclosed sequences.

A fragment of an ATPase-like nucleotide sequence that encodes a biologically active portion of an ATPase-like protein ofthe invention will encode at least about 15, 25, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, or 300 contiguous amino acids, or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-length ATPase-like protein ofthe invention (for example, 432 amino acids for SEQ ID NO:2). Fragments of an ATPase-like nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes for PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of an ATPase-like protein.

Nucleic acid molecules that are variants ofthe ATPase-like nucleotide sequences disclosed herein are also encompassed by the present invention. "Variants" ofthe ATPase-like nucleotide sequences include those sequences that encode the ATPase-like proteins disclosed herein but that differ conservatively because ofthe degeneracy ofthe genetic code. These naturally occurring allelic variants can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques as outlined below. Variant nucleotide sequences also include synthetically derived nucleotide sequences that have been generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis but which still encode the ATPase-like proteins disclosed in the present invention as discussed below. Generally, nucleotide sequence variants ofthe invention will have at least about 45%o, 55%o, 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, or 98% identity to a particular nucleotide sequence disclosed herein. A variant ATPase-like nucleotide sequence will encode an ATPase-like protein that has an amino acid sequence having at least about 45%, 55%, 65%, 15%, 85%, 95%, or 98% identity to the amino acid sequence of an ATPase-like protein disclosed herein.

In addition to the ATPase-like nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:l and 3, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that DNA sequence polymorphisms that lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of ATPase-like proteins may exist within a population (e.g., the human population). Such genetic polymorphism in an ATPase-like gene may exist among individuals within a population due to natural allelic variation. An allele is one of a group of genes that occur alternatively at a given genetic locus. As used herein, the terms "gene" and "recombinant gene" refer to nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame encoding an ATPase-like protein, preferably a mammalian ATPase-like protein. As used herein, the phrase "allelic variant" refers to a nucleotide sequence that occurs at an ATPase-like locus or to a polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence. Such natural allelic variations can typically result in 1-5% variance in the nucleotide sequence ofthe ATPase-like gene. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms or variations in an ATPase-like sequence that are the result of natural allelic variation and that do not alter the functional activity of ATPase-like proteins are intended to be within the scope ofthe invention.

Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding ATPase-like proteins from other species (ATPase-like homologues), which have a nucleotide sequence differing from that ofthe ATPase-like sequences disclosed herein, are intended to be within the scope ofthe invention. For example, nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic variants and homologues ofthe human ATPase-like cDNA ofthe invention can be isolated based on their identity to the human ATPase-like nucleic acid disclosed herein using the human cDNA, or a portion thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions as disclosed below.

In addition to naturally-occurring allelic variants ofthe ATPase-like sequences that may exist in the population, the skilled artisan will further appreciate that changes can be introduced by mutation into the nucleotide sequences ofthe invention thereby leading to changes in the amino acid sequence ofthe encoded ATPase-like proteins, without altering the biological activity ofthe ATPase-like proteins. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an ATPase-like protein having a sequence that differs from that of SEQ ID NO:l or 3 can be created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions, or deletions into the corresponding nucleotide sequence disclosed herein, such that one or more amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions are introduced into the encoded protein. Mutations can be introduced by standard techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Such variant nucleotide sequences are also encompassed by the present invention.

For example, preferably, conservative amino acid substitutions may be made at one or more predicted, preferably nonessential amino acid residues. A "nonessential" amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild-type sequence of an ATPase-like protein (e.g., the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2) without altering the biological activity, whereas an "essential" amino acid residue is required for biological activity. A "conservative amino acid substitution" is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Such substitutions would not be made for conserved amino acid residues, or for amino acid residues residing within a conserved motif, such as the AAA domain sequence of SEQ ID NO:l or 3, where such residues are essential for protein activity.

Alternatively, variant ATPase-like nucleotide sequences can be made by introducing mutations randomly along all or part of an ATPase-like coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for ATPase-like biological activity to identify mutants that retain activity. Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein can be expressed recombinantly, and the activity of the protein can be determined using standard assay techniques.

Thus the nucleotide sequences ofthe invention include the sequences disclosed herein as well as fragments and variants thereof. The ATPase-like nucleotide sequences ofthe invention, and fragments and variants thereof, can be used as probes and/or primers to identify and or clone ATPase-like homologues in other cell types, e.g., from other tissues, as well as ATPase-like homologues from other mammals. Such probes can be used to detect transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or identical proteins. These probes can be used as part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissues that misexpress an ATPase-like protein, such as by measuring levels of an ATPase-like-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject, e.g., detecting ATPase-like mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic ATPase-like gene has been mutated or deleted. In this manner, methods such as PCR, hybridization, and the like can be used to identify such sequences having substantial identity to the sequences ofthe invention. See, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY) and Innis, et al. (1990) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, NY). ATPase-like nucleotide sequences isolated based on their sequence identity to the ATPase-like nucleotide sequences set forth herein or to fragments and variants thereof are encompassed by the present invention.

In a hybridization method, all or part ofa known ATPase-like nucleotide sequence can be used to screen cDNA or genomic libraries. Methods for construction of such cDNA and genomic libraries are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY). The so-called hybridization probes may be genomic DNA fragments, cDNA fragments, RNA fragments, or other oligonucleotides, and may be labeled with a detectable group such as P, or any other detectable marker, such as other radioisotopes, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme co-factor. Probes for hybridization can be made by labeling synthetic oligonucleotides based on the known ATPase-like nucleotide sequence disclosed herein. Degenerate primers designed on the basis of conserved nucleotides or amino acid residues in a known ATPase-like nucleotide sequence or encoded amino acid sequence can additionally be used. The probe typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12, preferably about 25, more preferably about 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400 consecutive nucleotides of an ATPase-like nucleotide sequence ofthe invention or a fragment or variant thereof. Preparation of probes for hybridization is generally known in the art and is disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, New York), herein incorporated by reference.

For example, in one embodiment, a previously unidentified ATPase-like nucleic acid molecule hybridizes under stringent conditions to a probe that is a nucleic acid molecule comprising one ofthe ATPase-like nucleotide sequences ofthe invention or a fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the previously unknown ATPase-like nucleic acid molecule is at least about 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000 or 5,000 nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to a probe that is a nucleic acid molecule comprising one ofthe ATPase-like nucleotide sequences disclosed herein or a fragment thereof. Accordingly, in another embodiment, an isolated previously unknown

ATPase-like nucleic acid molecule ofthe invention is at least about 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1,100, 1,200, 1,300, or 1 ,400 nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to a probe that is a nucleic acid molecule comprising one ofthe nucleotide sequences ofthe invention, preferably the coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, or a complement, fragment, or variant thereof. As used herein, the term "hybridizes under stringent conditions" is intended to describe conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences typically remain hybridized to each other. Such stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989)), 6.3.1-6.3.6. A preferred, example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45°C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50°C. Another example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45°C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 55°C. A further example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45°C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1%) SDS at 60°C. Preferably, stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45°C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65 °C. Particularly preferred stringency conditions (and the conditions that should be used if the practitioner is uncertain about what conditions should be applied to determine if a molecule is within a hybridization limitation ofthe invention) are 0.5M Sodium Phosphate, 7% SDS at 65°C, followed by one or more washes at 0.2X SSC, 1% SDS at 65°C. Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to an ATPase-like sequence ofthe invention corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, a "naturally-occurring" nucleic acid molecule refers to an RNA or DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence that occurs in nature (e.g., encodes a natural protein).

Thus, in addition to the ATPase-like nucleotide sequences disclosed herein and fragments and variants thereof, the isolated nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention also encompass homologous DNA sequences identified and isolated from other cells and/or organisms by hybridization with entire or partial sequences obtained from the ATPase-like nucleotide sequences disclosed herein or variants and fragments thereof. The present invention also encompasses antisense nucleic acid molecules, i.e., molecules that are complementary to a sense nucleic acid encoding a protein, e.g., complementary to the coding strand ofa double-stranded cDNA molecule, or complementary to an mRNA sequence. Accordingly, an antisense nucleic acid can hydrogen bond to a sense nucleic acid. The antisense nucleic acid can be complementary to an entire ATPase-like coding strand, or to only a portion thereof, e.g., all or part ofthe protein coding region (or open reading frame). An antisense nucleic acid molecule can be antisense to a noncoding region ofthe coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding an ATPase-like protein. The noncoding regions are the 5' and 3' sequences that flank the coding region and are not translated into amino acids.

Given the coding-strand sequence encoding an ATPase-like protein disclosed herein (e.g., SEQ ID NO:l or 3), antisense nucleic acids ofthe invention can be designed according to the rules of Watson and Crick base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to the entire coding region of ATPase- like mRNA, but more preferably is an oligonucleotide that is antisense to only a portion ofthe coding or noncoding region of ATPase-like mRNA. For example, the antisense oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region surrounding the translation start site of ATPase-like mRNA. An antisense oligonucleotide can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 nucleotides in length. An antisense nucleic acid ofthe invention can be constructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation procedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide) can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability ofthe molecules or to increase the physical stability ofthe duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids, including, but not limited to, for example e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest, described further in the following subsection). When used therapeutically, the antisense nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention are typically administered to a subject or generated in situ such that they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding an ATPase- like protein to thereby inhibit expression ofthe protein, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. An example of a route of administration of antisense nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention includes direct injection at a tissue site. Alternatively, antisense nucleic acid molecules can be modified to target selected cells and then administered systemically. For example, antisense molecules can be linked to peptides or antibodies to form a complex that specifically binds to receptors or antigens expressed on a selected cell surface. The antisense nucleic acid molecules can also be delivered to cells using the vectors described herein. To achieve sufficient intracellular concentrations ofthe antisense molecules, vector constructs in which the antisense nucleic acid molecule is placed under the control of a strong pol II or pol III promoter are preferred.

An antisense nucleic acid molecule ofthe invention can be an α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double- stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6625-6641). The antisense nucleic acid molecule can also comprise a 2'-o- methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al. (1981) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al (1987) FEBS Lett. 215:327-330). The invention also encompasses ribozymes, which are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region. Ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described in Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334:585-591)) can be used to catalytically cleave ATPase-like mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of ATPase-like mRNA. A ribozyme having specificity for an ATPase-like-encoding nucleic acid can be designed based upon the nucleotide sequence of an ATPase-like cDNA disclosed herein (e.g., SEQ ID NO:l or 3). See, e.g., Cech et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,987,071 ; and Cech et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,116,742. Alternatively, ATPase-like mRNA can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Bartel and Szostak (1993) Science 261 :1411-1418.

The invention also encompasses nucleic acid molecules that form triple helical structures. For example, ATPase-like gene expression can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region ofthe ATPase-like protein (e.g., the ATPase-like promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the ATPase-like gene in target cells. See generally Helene (1991) Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569; Helene (1992) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27; and Maher (1992) Bioassays 14(12):807.

In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone to improve, e.g., the stability, hybridization, or solubility ofthe molecule. For example, the deoxyribose phosphate backbone ofthe nucleic acids can be modified to generate peptide nucleic acids (see Hyrup et al. (1996) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 4:5). As used herein, the terms "peptide nucleic acids" or "PNAs" refer to nucleic acid mimics, e.g., DNA mimics, in which the deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and only the four natural nucleobases are retained. The neutral backbone of PNAs has been shown to allow for specific hybridization to DNA and RNA under conditions of low ionic strength. The synthesis of PNA oligomers can be performed using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis protocols as described, for example, in Hyrup et al. (1996), supra; Perry-O'Keefe et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14670.

PNAs of an ATPase-like molecule can be used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. For example, PNAs can be used as antisense or antigene agents for sequence-specific modulation of gene expression by, e.g., inducing transcription or translation arrest or inhibiting replication. PNAs ofthe invention can also be used, e.g., in the analysis of single base pair mutations in a gene by, e.g., PNA-directed PCR clamping; as artificial restriction enzymes when used in combination with other enzymes, e.g., SI nucleases (Hyrup (1996), supra); or as probes or primers for DNA sequence and hybridization (Hyrup (1996), supra; Perry-O'Keefe et al. (1996), supra).

In another embodiment, PNAs of an ATPase-like molecule can be modified, e.g., to enhance their stability, specificity, or cellular uptake, by attaching lipophilic or other helper groups to PNA, by the formation of PNA-DNA chimeras, or by the use of liposomes or other techniques of drug delivery known in the art. The synthesis of PNA-DNA chimeras can be performed as described in Hyrup (1996), supra; Finn et al (1996) Nucleic Acids Res. 24(17):3357-63; Mag et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:5973; and Peterson et al. (1975) Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 5: 1 119. II. Isolated ATPase-like Proteins and Anti-ATPase-like Antibodies

ATPase-like proteins are also encompassed within the present invention. By "ATPase-like protein" is intended a protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, as well as fragments, biologically active portions, and variants thereof.

"Fragments" or "biologically active portions" include polypeptide fragments suitable for use as immunogens to raise anti-ATPase-like antibodies. Fragments include peptides comprising amino acid sequences sufficiently identical to or derived from the amino acid sequence of an ATPase-like protein, or partial-length protein, of the invention and exhibiting at least one activity of an ATPase-like protein, but which include fewer amino acids than the full-length (SEQ ID NO:2) ATPase-like protein disclosed herein. Typically, biologically active portions comprise a domain or motif with at least one activity ofthe ATPase-like protein. A biologically active portion of an ATPase-like protein can be a polypeptide which is, for example, 10, 25, 50, 100 or more amino acids in length. Alternatively, a fragment of a polypeptide ofthe present invention comprises an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residues 1-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100, 100-120, 120-140, 140-160, 160-180, 180-200, 200-220, 220-240, 240-260, 260-280, 280-300, 300-320, 320-340, 340-360, 360-380, 380-400, 400-420, or 420-432 of SEQ ID NO:2. Such biologically active portions can be prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated for one or more ofthe functional activities of a native ATPase-like protein. As used here, a fragment comprises at least 5 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. The invention encompasses other fragments, however, such as any fragment in the protein greater than 6, 7, 8, or 9 amino acids.

By "variants" is intended proteins or polypeptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 45%, 55%, 65%>, preferably about 75%>, 85%, 95%, or 98% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. Variants also include polypeptides encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:l or 3 or a complement thereof, under stringent conditions. In another embodiment, a variant of an isolated polypeptide ofthe present invention differs, by at least 1, but less than 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 amino acid residues from the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2. If alignment is needed for this comparison the sequences should be aligned for maximum identity. "Looped" out sequences from deletions or insertions, or mismatches, are considered differences. Such variants generally retain the functional activity ofthe ATPase-like proteins ofthe invention. Variants include polypeptides that differ in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or mutagenesis.

The invention also provides ATPase-like chimeric or fusion proteins. As used herein, an ATPase-like "chimeric protein" or "fusion protein" comprises an ATPase- like polypeptide operably linked to a non-ATPase-like polypeptide. An "ATPase-like polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an ATPase-like protein, whereas a "non-ATPase-like polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to a protein that is not substantially identical to the ATPase-like protein, e.g., a protein that is different from the ATPase-like protein and which is derived from the same or a different organism. Within an ATPase-like fusion protein, the ATPase-like polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of an ATPase-like protein, preferably at least one biologically active portion of an ATPase-like protein. Within the fusion protein, the term "operably linked" is intended to indicate that the ATPase-like polypeptide and the non-ATPase- like polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. The non-ATPase-like polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus ofthe ATPase-like polypeptide.

One useful fusion protein is a GST-ATPase-like fusion protein in which the ATPase-like sequences are fused to the C-terminus ofthe GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purification of recombinant ATPase-like proteins. In yet another embodiment, the fusion protein is an ATPase-like- immunoglobulin fusion protein in which all or part of an ATPase-like protein is fused to sequences derived from a member ofthe immunoglobulin protein family. The ATPase-like-immunoglobulin fusion proteins ofthe invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a subject to inhibit an interaction between an ATPase-like ligand and an ATPase-like protein. The ATPase- like-immunoglobulin fusion proteins can be used to affect the bioavailability of an ATPase-like cognate ligand. Inhibition ofthe ATPase-like ligand/ ATPase-like interaction may be useful therapeutically, for modulating (e.g., promoting or inhibiting) cell survival, protein degradation, organelle biogenesis, protein sorting, and respiratory function. Moreover, the ATPase-like -immunoglobulin fusion proteins ofthe invention can be used as immunogens to produce anti-ATPase-like antibodies in a subject, to purify ATPase-like ligands, and in screening assays to identify molecules that inhibit the interaction of an ATPase-like protein with an ATPase-like ligand.

Preferably, an ATPase-like chimeric or fusion protein ofthe invention is produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences may be ligated together in- frame, or the fusion gene can be synthesized, such as with automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers that give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments, which can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology) (Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, NY). Moreover, an ATPase-like-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into a commercially available expression vector such that it is linked in-frame to an existing fusion moiety.

Variants ofthe ATPase-like proteins can function as either ATPase-like agonists (mimetics) or as ATPase-like antagonists. Variants ofthe ATPase-like protein can be generated by mutagenesis, e.g., discrete point mutation or truncation of the ATPase-like protein. An agonist ofthe ATPase-like protein can retain substantially the same, or a subset, ofthe biological activities ofthe naturally occurring form ofthe ATPase-like protein. An antagonist ofthe ATPase-like protein can inhibit one or more ofthe activities ofthe naturally occurring form ofthe ATPase-like protein by, for example, competitively binding to a downstream or upstream member ofa cellular signaling cascade that includes the ATPase-like protein. Thus, specific biological effects can be elicited by treatment with a variant of limited function. Treatment of a subject with a variant having a subset ofthe biological activities ofthe naturally occurring form ofthe protein can have fewer side effects in a subject relative to treatment with the naturally occurring form ofthe ATPase-like proteins. Variants of an ATPase-like protein that function as either ATPase-like agonists or as ATPase-like antagonists can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of mutants, e.g., truncation mutants, of an ATPase-like protein for ATPase- like protein agonist or antagonist activity. In one embodiment, a variegated library of ATPase-like variants is generated by combinatorial mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level and is encoded by a variegated gene library. A variegated library of ATPase- like variants can be produced by, for example, enzymatically ligating a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides into gene sequences such that a degenerate set of potential ATPase-like sequences is expressible as individual polypeptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for phage display) containing the set of ATPase-like sequences therein. There are a variety of methods that can be used to produce libraries of potential ATPase-like variants from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis ofa degenerate gene sequence can be performed in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic gene then ligated into an appropriate expression vector. Use of a degenerate set of genes allows for the provision, in one mixture, of all ofthe sequences encoding the desired set of potential ATPase-like sequences. Methods for synthesizing degenerate oligonucleotides are known in the art (see, e.g., Narang (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al. (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al. (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al. (1983) Nucleic Acid Res. 11 :477).

In addition, libraries of fragments of an ATPase-like protein coding sequence can be used to generate a variegated population of ATPase-like fragments for screening and subsequent selection of variants of an ATPase-like protein. In one embodiment, a library of coding sequence fragments can be generated by treating a double-stranded PCR fragment of an ATPase-like coding sequence with a nuclease under conditions wherein nicking occurs only about once per molecule, denaturing the double-stranded DNA, renaturing the DNA to form double-stranded DNA which can include sense/antisense pairs from different nicked products, removing single- stranded portions from reformed duplexes by treatment with S 1 nuclease, and ligating the resulting fragment library into an expression vector. By this method, one can derive an expression library that encodes N-terminal and internal fragments of various sizes ofthe ATPase-like protein. Several techniques are known in the art for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations or truncation and for screening cDNA libraries for gene products having a selected property. Such techniques are adaptable for rapid screening ofthe gene libraries generated by the combinatorial mutagenesis of ATPase-like proteins. The most widely used techniques, which are amenable to high through-put analysis, for screening large gene libraries typically include cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors, transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors, and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in which detection of a desired activity facilitates isolation ofthe vector encoding the gene whose product was detected.

Recursive ensemble mutagenesis (REM), a technique that enhances the frequency of functional mutants in the libraries, can be used in combination with the screening assays to identify ATPase-like variants (Arkin and Yourvan (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:781 1-7815; Delgrave et al. (1993) Protein Engineering 6(3):327-331). An isolated ATPase-like polypeptide ofthe invention can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that bind ATPase-like proteins using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. The full-length ATPase-like protein can be used or, alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide fragments of ATPase-like proteins for use as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of an ATPase-like protein comprises at least 8, preferably 10, 15, 20, or 30 amino acid residues ofthe amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 and encompasses an epitope of an ATPase-like protein such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with the ATPase-like protein. Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are regions of a ATPase- like protein that are located on the surface ofthe protein, e.g., hydrophilic regions. Accordingly, another aspect ofthe invention pertains to anti-ATPase-like polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that bind an ATPase-like protein. Polyclonal anti-ATPase-like antibodies can be prepared by immunizing a suitable subject (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse, or other mammal) with an ATPase-like immunogen. The anti- ATPase-like antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized ATPase-like protein. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when the anti-ATPase-like antibody titers are highest, antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the subject and used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as the hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256:495-497, the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al. (1983) Immunol. Today 4:72), the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al. (1985) in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, ed. Reisfeld and Sell (Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY), pp. 77-96) or trioma techniques. The technology for producing hybridomas is well known (see generally Coligan et al., eds. (1994) Current Protocols in Immunology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY); Galfre et al. (1977) Nature 266:55052; Kenneth (1980) in Monoclonal Antibodies: A New Dimension In Biological Analyses (Plenum Publishing Corp., NY; and Lerner (1981) Yale J. Biol. Med, 54:387-402).

Alternative to preparing monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridomas, a monoclonal anti-ATPase-like antibody can be identified and isolated by screening a recombinant combinatorial immunoglobulin library (e.g., an antibody phage display library) with an ATPase-like protein to thereby isolate immunoglobulin library members that bind the ATPase-like protein. Kits for generating and screening phage display libraries are commercially available (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, Catalog No. 27-9400-01 ; and the Stratagene SurfZAP™ Phage Display Kit, Catalog No. 240612). Additionally, examples of methods and reagents particularly amenable for use in generating and screening antibody display library can be found in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409; PCT Publication Nos. WO 92/18619; WO 91/17271; WO 92/20791; WO 92/15679; 93/01288; WO 92/01047; 92/09690; and 90/02809; Fuchs et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1370-1372; Hay et al. (1992) Hum. Antibod. Hybridomas 3:81-85; Huse et al. (1989) Science 246:1275- 1281; Griffiths et al. (1993) EMBO J. 12:725-734.

Additionally, recombinant anti-ATPase-like antibodies, such as chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies, comprising both human and nonhuman portions, which can be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques, are within the scope ofthe invention. Such chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques known in the art, for example using methods described in PCT Publication Nos. WO 86/101533 and WO 87/02671; European Patent Application Nos. 184,187, 171 ,496, 125,023, and 173,494; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,816,567 and 5,225,539; European Patent Application 125,023; Better et al. (1988) Science 240:1041-1043; Liu et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3439-3443; Liu et al. (1987) J. Immunol. 139:3521-3526; Sun et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:214-218; Nishimura et al. (1987) Cane. Res. 47:999-1005; Wood et al. (1985) Nature 314:446-449; Shaw et al. (1988) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 80: 1553-1559); Morrison (1985) Science 229:1202-1207; Oi et al. (1986) Bio/Techniques 4:214; Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321 :552-525; Verhoeyan et al. (1988) Science 239:1534; and Beidler et al. (1988) J. Immunol. 141 :4053-4060. Completely human antibodies are particularly desirable for therapeutic treatment of human patients. Such antibodies can be produced using transgenic mice that are incapable of expressing endogenous immunoglobulin heavy and light chains genes, but which can express human heavy and light chain genes. See, for example, Lonberg and Huszar (1995) Int. Rev. Immunol. 13:65-93); and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,569,825; 5,661,016; and 5,545,806. In addition, companies such as Abgenix, Inc. (Fremont, CA), can be engaged to provide human antibodies directed against a selected antigen using technology similar to that described above.

Completely human antibodies that recognize a selected epitope can be generated using a technique referred to as "guided selection." In this approach a selected non-human monoclonal antibody, e.g., a murine antibody, is used to guide the selection of a completely human antibody recognizing the same epitope. This technology is described by Jespers et al. (1994) Bio/Technology 12:899-903).

An anti-like antibody (e.g., monoclonal antibody) can be used to isolate ATPase-like proteins by standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation. An anti-ATPase-like antibody can facilitate the purification of natural ATPase-like protein from cells and of recombinantly produced ATPase-like protein expressed in host cells. Moreover, an anti-ATPase-like antibody can be used to detect ATPase-like protein (e.g., in a cellular lysate or cell supernatant) in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of expression ofthe ATPase-like protein. Anti- ATPase-like antibodies can be used diagnostically to monitor protein levels in tissue as part ofa clinical testing procedure, e.g., to, for example, determine the efficacy of a given treatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling the antibody to a detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example ofa luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples of suitable radioactive material include I, I, S, or ³H.

Further, an antibody (or fragment thereof) may be conjugated to a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive metal ion. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples include taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1 - dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis- dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine). The conjugates ofthe invention can be used for modifying a given biological response, the drug moiety is not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, for example, a toxin such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor, alpha-interferon, beta- interferon, nerve growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator; or, biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1 ("IL-1"), interleukin-2 ("IL-2"), interleukin-6 ("IL-6"), granulocyte macrophase colony stimulating factor ("GM-CSF"), granulocyte colony stimulating factor ("G-CSF"), or other growth factors.

Techniques for conjugating such therapeutic moiety to antibodies are well known, see, e.g., Arnon et al, "Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.), pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1985); Hellstrom et al, "Antibodies For Drug Delivery", in Controlled Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson et al. (eds.), pp. 623-53 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1987); Thorpe, "Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review", in Monoclonal Antibodies '84:Biological And Clinical Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985); "Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), and Thorpe et al., "The Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates", Immunol. Rev., 62:119-58 (1982). Alternatively, an antibody can be conjugated to a second antibody to form an antibody heteroconjugate as described by Segal in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980.

III. Recombinant Expression Vectors and Host Cells

Another aspect ofthe invention pertains to vectors, preferably expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid encoding an ATPase-like protein (or a portion thereof). "Vector" refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked, such as a "plasmid", a circular double- stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated, or a viral vector, where additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. The vectors are useful for autonomous replication in a host cell or may be integrated into the genome ofa host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome (e.g., nonepisomal mammalian vectors).

Expression vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operably linked. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids (vectors). However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses), that serve equivalent functions. The recombinant expression vectors ofthe invention comprise a nucleic acid ofthe invention in a form suitable for expression ofthe nucleic acid in a host cell. This means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis ofthe host cells to be used for expression, operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. "Operably linked" is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner that allows for expression ofthe nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell). The term "regulatory sequence" is intended to include promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). See, for example, Goeddel (1990) in Gene Expression Technology: Methods in

Enzymology 185 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA). Regulatory sequences include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those that direct expression ofthe nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design ofthe expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice ofthe host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. The expression vectors ofthe invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., ATPase-like proteins, mutant forms of ATPase-like proteins, fusion proteins, etc.).

It is further recognized that the nucleic acid sequences ofthe invention can be altered to contain codons, which are preferred, or non preferred, for a particular expression system. For example, the nucleic acid can be one in which at least one altered codon, and preferably at least 10%), or 20%) ofthe codons have been altered such that the sequence is optimized for expression in E. coli, yeast, human, insect, or CHO cells. Methods for determining such codon usage are well known in the art. The recombinant expression vectors ofthe invention can be designed for expression of ATPase-like protein in prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells. Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried out in E. coli with vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters directing the expression of either fusion or nonfusion proteins. Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, usually to the amino terminus ofthe recombinant protein. Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith and Johnson (1988) Gene 67:31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA), and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein.

Examples of suitable inducible nonfusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amann et al. (1988) Gene 69:301-315) and pET l id (Studier et al. (1990) in Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA), pp. 60-89). Strategies to maximize recombinant protein expression in E. coli can be found in Gottesman (1990) in Gene Expression Technology: Methods in

Enzymology 185 (Academic Press, CA), pp. 119-128 and Wada et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111-2118. Target gene expression from the pTrc vector relies on host RNA polymerase transcription from a hybrid trp-lac fusion promoter.

Suitable eukaryotic host cells include insect cells (examples of Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf 9 cells) include the pAc series (Smith et al. (1983) Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers (1989) Virology 170:31-39)); yeast cells (examples of vectors for expression in yeast S. cereivisiae include pYepSecl (Baldari et al. (1987) EMBOJ. 6:229-234), pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz (1982) Cell 30:933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al. (1987) Gene 54:113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation,

San Diego, CA), and pPicZ (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, CA)); or mammalian cells (mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed (1987) Nature 329:840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6: 187: 195)). Suitable mammalian cells include Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or COS cells. In mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functions are often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus, and Simian Virus 40. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, see chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY). See, Goeddel (1990) in Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA). Alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.

The terms "host cell" and "recombinant host cell" are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell but are still included within the scope ofthe term as used herein. A "purified preparation of cells", as used herein, refers to, in the case of plant or animal cells, an in vitro preparation of cells and not an entire intact plant or animal. In the case of cultured cells or microbial cells, it consists of a preparation of at least 10% and more preferably 50%> ofthe subject cells.

In one embodiment, the expression vector is a recombinant mammalian expression vector that comprises tissue-specific regulatory elements that direct expression ofthe nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type. Suitable tissue- specific promoters include the albumin promoter (e.g., liver-specific promoter; Pinkert et al. (1987) Genes Dev. 1 :268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame and Eaton (1988) Adv. Immunol. 43:235-275), in particular promoters of T cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore (1989) EMBO J. 8:729-733) and immunoglobulins (Banerji et al. (1983) Cell 33:729-740; Queen and Baltimore (1983) Cell 33:741-748), neuron-specific promoters (e.g., the neurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5473-5477), pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund et al. (1985) Science 230:912-916), and mammary gland-specific promoters (e.g., milk whey promoter; U.S. Patent No. 4,873,316 and European Application Patent Publication No. 264,166). Developmentally-regulated promoters are also encompassed, for example the murine hox homeobox promoters (Kessel and Gruss (1990) Science 249:374-379), the α-fetoprotein promoter (Campes and Tilghman (1989) Genes Dev. 3:537-546), and the like.

The invention further provides a recombinant expression vector comprising a DNA molecule ofthe invention cloned into the expression vector in an antisense orientation. That is, the DNA molecule is operably linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner that allows for expression (by transcription ofthe DNA molecule) of an RNA molecule that is antisense to ATPase-like mRNA. Regulatory sequences operably linked to a nucleic acid cloned in the antisense orientation can be chosen to direct the continuous expression ofthe antisense RNA molecule in a variety of cell types, for instance viral promoters and/or enhancers, or regulatory sequences can be chosen to direct constitutive, tissue-specific, or cell-type-specific expression of antisense RNA. The antisense expression vector can be in the form of a recombinant plasmid, phagemid, or attenuated virus in which antisense nucleic acids are produced under the control ofa high efficiency regulatory region, the activity of which can be determined by the cell type into which the vector is introduced. For a discussion of the regulation of gene expression using antisense genes see Weintraub et al. (1986) Reviews - Trends in Genetics, Vol. 1(1).

Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques. As used herein, the terms "transformation" and "transfection" are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation. Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY) and other laboratory manuals.

For stable transfection of mammalian cells, it is known that, depending upon the expression vector and transfection technique used, only a small fraction of cells may integrate the foreign DNA into their genome. In order to identify and select these integrants, a gene that encodes a selectable marker (e.g., for resistance to antibiotics) is generally introduced into the host cells along with the gene of interest. Preferred selectable markers include those which confer resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin, and methotrexate. Nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a host cell on the same vector as that encoding an ATPase-like protein or can be introduced on a separate vector. Cells stably transfected with the introduced nucleic acid can be identified by drug selection (e.g., cells that have incorporated the selectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells die).

A host cell ofthe invention, such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e., express) ATPase-like protein. Accordingly, the invention further provides methods for producing ATPase-like protein using the host cells ofthe invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises culturing the host cell ofthe invention, into which a recombinant expression vector encoding an

ATPase-like protein has been introduced, in a suitable medium such that ATPase-like protein is produced. In another embodiment, the method further comprises isolating ATPase-like protein from the medium or the host cell.

The host cells ofthe invention can also be used to produce nonhuman transgenic animals. For example, in one embodiment, a host cell ofthe invention is a fertilized oocyte or an embryonic stem cell into which ATPase-like-coding sequences have been introduced. Such host cells can then be used to create nonhuman transgenic animals in which exogenous ATPase-like sequences have been introduced into their genome or homologous recombinant animals in which endogenous ATPase- like sequences have been altered. Such animals are useful for studying the function and/or activity of ATPase-like genes and proteins and for identifying and/or evaluating modulators of ATPase-like activity. As used herein, a "transgenic animal" is a nonhuman animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a rodent such as a rat or mouse, in which one or more ofthe cells ofthe animal includes a transgene. Other examples of transgenic animals include nonhuman primates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, amphibians, etc. A transgene is exogenous DNA that is integrated into the genome ofa cell from which a transgenic animal develops and which remains in the genome ofthe mature animal, thereby directing the expression of an encoded gene product in one or more cell types or tissues ofthe transgenic animal. As used herein, a "homologous recombinant animal" is a nonhuman animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a mouse, in which an endogenous ATPase-like gene has been altered by homologous recombination between the endogenous gene and an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into a cell ofthe animal, e.g., an embryonic cell ofthe animal, prior to development ofthe animal.

A transgenic animal ofthe invention can be created by introducing ATPase- like-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviral infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant female foster animal. The ATPase-like cDNA sequence can be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a nonhuman animal. Alternatively, a homologue ofthe mouse ATPase-like gene can be isolated based on hybridization and used as a transgene. Intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals can also be included in the transgene to increase the efficiency of expression ofthe transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably linked to the ATPase-like transgene to direct expression of ATPase-like protein to particular cells. Methods for generating transgenic animals via embryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such as mice, have become conventional in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,736,866, 4,870,009, and 4,873,191 and in Hogan (1986) Manipulating the Mouse Embryo (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1986). Similar methods are used for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic founder animal can be identified based upon the presence ofthe ATPase-like transgene in its genome and/or expression of ATPase-like mRNA in tissues or cells ofthe animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, transgenic animals carrying a transgene encoding ATPase-like gene can further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying other transgenes.

To create a homologous recombinant animal, one prepares a vector containing at least a portion of an ATPase-like gene or a homolog ofthe gene into which a deletion, addition, or substitution has been introduced to thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the ATPase-like gene. In a preferred embodiment, the vector is designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous ATPase-like gene is functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional protein; also referred to as a "knock out" vector). Alternatively, the vector can be designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous ATPase-like gene is mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional protein (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter the expression ofthe endogenous ATPase-like protein). In the homologous recombination vector, the altered portion ofthe ATPase- like gene is flanked at its 5' and 3' ends by additional nucleic acid ofthe ATPase-like gene to allow for homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous ATPase-like gene carried by the vector and an endogenous ATPase-like gene in an embryonic stem cell. The additional flanking ATPase-like nucleic acid is of sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (at both the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the vector (see, e.g., Thomas and Capecchi (1987) Cell 51 :503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors). The vector is introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by electroporation), and cells in which the introduced ATPase-like gene has homologously recombined with the endogenous ATPase-like gene are selected (see, e.g., Li et al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected cells are then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse) to form aggregation chimeras (see, e.g., Bradley (1987) in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical

Approach, ed. Robertson (IRL, Oxford pp. 113-152). A chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to breed animals in which all cells ofthe animal contain the homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission ofthe transgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination vectors and homologous recombinant animals are described further in Bradley (1991) Current Opinion in Bio/Technology 2:823-829 and in PCT Publication Nos. WO 90/11354, WO 91/01140, WO 92/0968, and WO 93/04169. In another embodiment, transgenic nonhuman animals containing selected systems that allow for regulated expression ofthe transgene can be produced. One example of such a system is the cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage PI. For a description ofthe cre/loxP recombinase system, see, e.g., Lakso et al (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6232-6236. Another example of a recombinase system is the FLP recombinase system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (O'Gorman et al. (1991) Science 251 :1351-1355). If a cre/loxP recombinase system is used to regulate expression ofthe transgene, animals containing transgenes encoding both the Cre recombinase and a selected protein are required. Such animals can be provided through the construction of "double" transgenic animals, e.g., by mating two transgenic animals, one containing a transgene encoding a selected protein and the other containing a transgene encoding a recombinase. Clones ofthe nonhuman transgenic animals described herein can also be produced according to the methods described in Wilmut et al. (1997) Nature 385:810- 813 and PCT Publication Nos. WO 97/07668 and WO 97/07669.

IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions The ATPase-like nucleic acid molecules, ATPase-like proteins, and anti-

ATPase-like antibodies (also referred to herein as "active compounds") ofthe invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. Such compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein the language "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

The compositions ofthe invention are useful to treat any ofthe disorders discussed herein. The compositions are provided in therapeutically effective amounts. By "therapeutically effective amounts" is intended an amount sufficient to modulate the desired response. As defined herein, a therapeutically effective amount of protein or polypeptide (i.e., an effective dosage) ranges from about 0.001 to 30 mg/kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, and even more preferably about 1 to 10 mg/kg, 2 to 9 mg/kg, 3 to 8 mg/kg, 4 to 7 mg/kg, or 5 to 6 mg/kg body weight.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity ofthe disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age ofthe subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a protein, polypeptide, or antibody can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments. In a preferred example, a subject is treated with antibody, protein, or polypeptide in the range of between about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, preferably between 2 to 8 weeks, more preferably between about 3 to 7 weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of antibody, protein, or polypeptide used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays as described herein.

The present invention encompasses agents which modulate expression or activity. An agent may, for example, be a small molecule. For example, such small molecules include, but are not limited to, peptides, peptidomimetics, amino acids, amino acid analogs, polynucleotides, polynucleotide analogs, nucleotides, nucleotide analogs, organic or inorganic compounds (i.e., including heteroorganic and organometallic compounds) having a molecular weight less than about 10,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 5,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 1 ,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 500 grams per mole, and salts, esters, and other pharmaceutically acceptable forms of such compounds.

It is understood that appropriate doses of small molecule agents depends upon a number of factors within the knowledge of the ordinarily skilled physician, veterinarian, or researcher. The dose(s) ofthe small molecule will vary, for example, depending upon the identity, size, and condition ofthe subject or sample being treated, further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered, if applicable, and the effect which the practitioner desires the small molecule to have upon the nucleic acid or polypeptide ofthe invention. Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts ofthe small molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram. It is furthermore understood that appropriate doses of a small molecule depend upon the potency of the small molecule with respect to the expression or activity to be modulated. Such appropriate doses may be determined using the assays described herein. When one or more of these small molecules is to be administered to an animal (e.g., a human) in order to modulate expression or activity of a polypeptide or nucleic acid ofthe invention, a physician, veterinarian, or researcher may, for example, prescribe a relatively low dose at first, subsequently increasing the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular animal subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity ofthe specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet ofthe subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, any drug combination, and the degree of expression or activity to be modulated.

A pharmaceutical composition ofthe invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF; Parsippany, NJ), or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance ofthe required particle size in the case of dispersion, and by the use of surfactants. Prevention ofthe action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, in the composition. Prolonged absorption ofthe injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (e.g., an ATPase-like protein or anti-ATPase-like antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying, which yields a powder ofthe active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part ofthe composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any ofthe following ingredients, or compounds ofa similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressurized container or dispenser that contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated with each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. Depending on the type and severity ofthe disease, about 1 μg/kg to about 15 mg/kg (e.g., 0.1 to 20 mg/kg) of antibody is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. A typical daily dosage might range from about 1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above. For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. However, other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays. An exemplary dosing regimen is disclosed in WO 94/04188. The specification for the dosage unit forms ofthe invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics ofthe active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.

The nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention can be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (U.S. Patent 5,328,470), or by stereotactic injection (see, e.g., Chen et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation ofthe gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system. The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

V. Uses and Methods ofthe Invention The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues, and antibodies described herein can be used in one or more ofthe following methods: (a) screening assays; (b) detection assays (e.g., chromosomal mapping, tissue typing, forensic biology); (c) predictive medicine (e.g., diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical trials, and pharrnacogenomics); and (d) methods of treatment (e.g., therapeutic and prophylactic). The isolated nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention can be used to express ATPase-like protein (e.g., via a recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy applications), to detect ATPase-like mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample) or a genetic lesion in an ATPase-like gene, and to modulate ATPase-like activity. In addition, the ATPase-like proteins can be used to screen drugs or compounds that modulate the ATPase activity described above as well as to treat disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive production of ATPase-like protein or production of ATPase-like protein forms that have decreased or aberrant activity compared to ATPase-like wild type protein. In addition, the anti-ATPase-like antibodies ofthe invention can be used to detect and isolate ATPase-like proteins and modulate ATPase-like activity.

A. Screening Assays

The invention provides a method (also referred to herein as a "screening assay") for identifying modulators, i.e., candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules, or other drugs) that bind to ATPase-like proteins or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, for example, ATPase-like expression or ATPase-like activity.

The test compounds ofthe present invention can be obtained using any ofthe numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including biological libraries, spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries, synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution, the "one-bead one- compound" library method, and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection. The biological library approach is limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to peptide, nonpeptide oligomer, or small molecule libraries of compounds (Lam (1997) Anticancer Drug Des. 12:145). Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art, for example in: DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6909; Erb et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :11422; Zuckermann et al. (1994). J. Med. Chem. 37:2678; C o et al. (1993) Science 261 :1303; Carrell et α/. (1994) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2059; Carell et al (1994) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2061 ; and Gallop et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37:1233.

Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution (e.g., Houghten (1992) Bio/Techniques 13:412-421), or on beads (Lam (1991) Nature 354:82-84), chips (Fodor (1993) Nαtwre 364:555-556), bacteria (U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409), spores (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,571,698; 5,403,484; and 5,223,409), plasmids (Cull et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1865-1869), or phage (Scott and Smith (1990) Science 249:386-390; Devlin (1990) Science 249:404-406; Cwirla et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6378-6382; and Felici (1991) J Mol. Biol. 222:301-310).

Determining the ability ofthe test compound to bind to the ATPase-like protein can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the test compound with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding ofthe test compound to the ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof can be determined by detecting the labeled compound in a complex. For example, test compounds can be labeled with ¹²⁵1, ³⁵S, ¹⁴C, or ³H, either directly or indirectly, and the radioisotope detected by direct counting of radioemission or by scintillation counting. Alternatively, test compounds can be enzymatically labeled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination of conversion of an appropriate substrate to product.

In a similar manner, one may determine the ability ofthe ATPase-like protein to bind to or interact with an ATPase-like target molecule. By "target molecule" is intended a molecule with which an ATPase-like protein binds or interacts in nature. In a preferred embodiment, the ability ofthe ATPase-like protein to bind to or interact with an ATPase-like target molecule can be determined by monitoring the activity of the target molecule. For example, the activity ofthe target molecule can be monitored by detecting alterations in protein degradation, respiratory dysfunction, protein sorting, cell division, organelle biogenesis, etc.; detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity ofthe target on an appropriate substrate; or detecting a cellular response, for example, cell proliferation.

In yet another embodiment, an assay ofthe present invention is a cell-free assay comprising contacting an ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof with a test compound and determining the ability ofthe test compound to bind to the ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof. Binding ofthe test compound to the ATPase-like protein can be determined either directly or indirectly as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the assay includes contacting the ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof with a known compound that binds ATPase-like protein to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability ofthe test compound to preferentially bind to ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof as compared to the known compound.

In another embodiment, an assay is a cell-free assay comprising contacting ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof with a test compound and determining the ability ofthe test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the activity ofthe ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof.

Determining the ability ofthe test compound to modulate the activity of an ATPase- like protein can be accomplished, for example, by determining the ability ofthe ATPase-like protein to bind to an ATPase-like target molecule as described above for determining direct binding. In an alternative embodiment, determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of an ATPase-like protein can be accomplished by determining the ability ofthe ATPase-like protein to further modulate an ATPase-like target molecule. For example, the catalytic/enzymatic activity ofthe target molecule on an appropriate substrate can be determined as previously described. In yet another embodiment, the cell-free assay comprises contacting the

ATPase-like protein or biologically active portion thereof with a known compound that binds an ATPase-like protein to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability ofthe test compound to preferentially bind to or modulate the activity of an ATPase-like target molecule.

In the above-mentioned assays, it may be desirable to immobilize either an ATPase-like protein or its target molecule to facilitate separation of complexed from uncomplexed forms of one or both ofthe proteins, as well as to accommodate automation ofthe assay. In one embodiment, a fusion protein can be provided that adds a domain that allows one or both ofthe proteins to be bound to a matrix. For example, glutathione-S-transferase/ ATPase-like fusion proteins or glutathione-S- transferase/target fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) or glutathione-derivatized microtitre plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the nonadsorbed target protein or ATPase-like protein, and the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtitre plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components and complex formation is measured either directly or indirectly, for example, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, and the level of ATPase-like binding or activity determined using standard techniques.

Other techniques for immobilizing proteins on matrices can also be used in the screening assays ofthe invention. For example, either ATPase-like protein or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin. Biotinylated ATPase-like molecules or target molecules can be prepared from biotin- NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, IL), and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated 96-well plates (Pierce Chemicals). Alternatively, antibodies reactive with an ATPase-like protein or target molecules but which do not interfere with binding ofthe ATPase-like protein to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells ofthe plate, and unbound target or ATPase-like protein trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation. Methods for detecting such complexes, in addition to those described above for the GST-immobilized complexes, include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with the ATPase-like protein or target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays that rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the ATPase-like protein or target molecule.

In another embodiment, modulators of ATPase-like expression are identified in a method in which a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of ATPase-like mRNA or protein in the cell is determined relative to expression of ATPase-like mRNA or protein in a cell in the absence ofthe candidate compound. When expression is greater (statistically significantly greater) in the presence ofthe candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of ATPase-like mRNA or protein expression. Alternatively, when expression is less (statistically significantly less) in the presence ofthe candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of ATPase-like mRNA or protein expression. The level of ATPase-like mRNA or protein expression in the cells can be determined by methods described herein for detecting ATPase-like mRNA or protein. In yet another aspect of the invention, the ATPase-like proteins can be used as

"bait proteins" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,283,317; Zervos et al. (1993) Cell 72:223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268: 12046-12054; Bartel et al. (1993) Bio/Techniques 14:920-924; Iwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene 8: 1693-1696; and PCT Publication No. WO 94/10300), to identify other proteins, which bind to or interact with ATPase-like protein ("ATPase-like- binding proteins" or "ATPase-like-bp") and modulate ATPase-like activity. Such ATPase-like-binding proteins are also likely to be involved in the propagation of signals by the ATPase-like proteins as, for example, upstream or downstream elements ofthe ATPase-like pathway. This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the above- described screening assays and uses thereof for treatments as described herein.

B. Detection Assays

Portions or fragments ofthe cDNA sequences identified herein (and the corresponding complete gene sequences) can be used in numerous ways as polynucleotide reagents. For example, these sequences can be used to: (1) map their respective genes on a chromosome; (2) identify an individual from a minute biological sample (tissue typing); and (3) aid in forensic identification ofa biological sample. These applications are described in the subsections below.

1. Chromosome Mapping The isolated complete or partial ATPase-like gene sequences ofthe invention can be used to map their respective ATPase-like genes on a chromosome, thereby facilitating the location of gene regions associated with genetic disease. Computer analysis of ATPase-like sequences can be used to rapidly select PCR primers (preferably 15-25 bp in length) that do not span more than one exon in the genomic DNA, thereby simplifying the amplification process. These primers can then be used for PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individual human chromosomes. Only those hybrids containing the human gene corresponding to the ATPase-like sequences will yield an amplified fragment.

Somatic cell hybrids are prepared by fusing somatic cells from different mammals (e.g., human and mouse cells). As hybrids of human and mouse cells grow and divide, they gradually lose human chromosomes in random order, but retain the mouse chromosomes. By using media in which mouse cells cannot grow (because they lack a particular enzyme), but in which human cells can, the one human chromosome that contains the gene encoding the needed enzyme will be retained. By using various media, panels of hybrid cell lines can be established. Each cell line in a panel contains either a single human chromosome or a small number of human chromosomes, and a full set of mouse chromosomes, allowing easy mapping of individual genes to specific human chromosomes (D'Eustachio et al. (1983) Science 220:919-924). Somatic cell hybrids containing only fragments of human chromosomes can also be produced by using human chromosomes with translocations and deletions.

Other mapping strategies that can similarly be used to map an ATPase-like sequence to its chromosome include in situ hybridization (described in Fan et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6223-27), pre-screening with labeled flow- sorted chromosomes, and pre-selection by hybridization to chromosome specific cDNA libraries. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a DNA sequence to a metaphase chromosomal spread can be used to provide a precise chromosomal location in one step. For a review of this technique, see Verma etα a.

(1988) Human Chromosomes: A Manual of Basic Techniques (Pergamon Press, NY).

The FISH technique can be used with a DNA sequence as short as 500 or 600 bases.

However, clones larger than 1,000 bases have a higher likelihood of binding to a unique chromosomal location with sufficient signal intensity for simple detection.

Preferably 1,000 bases, and more preferably 2,000 bases will suffice to get good results in a reasonable amount of time.

Reagents for chromosome mapping can be used individually to mark a single chromosome or a single site on that chromosome, or panels of reagents can be used for marking multiple sites and/or multiple chromosomes. Reagents corresponding to noncoding regions ofthe genes actually are preferred for mapping purposes. Coding sequences are more likely to be conserved within gene families, thus increasing the chance of cross hybridizations during chromosomal mapping.

Another strategy to map the chromosomal location of ATPase-like genes uses ATPase-like polypeptides and fragments and sequences ofthe present invention and antibodies specific thereto. This mapping can be carried out by specifically detecting the presence of a ATPase-like polypeptide in members of a panel of somatic cell hybrids between cells ofa first species of animal from which the protein originates and cells from a second species of animal, and then determining which somatic cell hybrid(s) expresses the polypeptide and noting the chromosomes(s) from the first species of animal that it contains. For examples of this technique, see Pajunen et αl

(1988) Cytogenet. Cell. Genet. 47:37-41 and Van Keuren et αl. (1986) Hum. Genet.

74:34-40. Alternatively, the presence ofa ATPase-like polypeptide in the somatic cell hybrids can be determined by assaying an activity or property ofthe polypeptide, for example, enzymatic activity, as described in Bordelon-Riser et αl. (1979) Somatic

Cell Genetics 5:597-613 and Owerbach et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

75:5640-5644.

Once a sequence has been mapped to a precise chromosomal location, the physical position ofthe sequence on the chromosome can be correlated with genetic map data. (Such data are found, for example, in V. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man, available on-line through Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library).

The relationship between genes and disease, mapped to the same chromosomal region, can then be identified through linkage analysis (co-inheritance of physically adjacent genes), described in, e.g., Egeland et al. (1987) Nature 325:783-787.

Moreover, differences in the DNA sequences between individuals affected and unaffected with a disease associated with the ATPase-like gene can be determined. If a mutation is observed in some or all ofthe affected individuals but not in any unaffected individuals, then the mutation is likely to be the causative agent ofthe particular disease. Comparison of affected and unaffected individuals generally involves first looking for structural alterations in the chromosomes such as deletions or translocations that are visible from chromosome spreads or detectable using PCR based on that DNA sequence. Ultimately, complete sequencing of genes from several individuals can be performed to confirm the presence of a mutation and to distinguish mutations from polymorphisms.

2. Tissue Typing The ATPase-like sequences ofthe present invention can also be used to identify individuals from minute biological samples. The United States military, for example, is considering the use of restriction fragment length polymoφhism (RFLP) for identification of its personnel. In this technique, an individual's genomic DNA is digested with one or more restriction enzymes and probed on a Southern blot to yield unique bands for identification. The sequences ofthe present invention are useful as additional DNA markers for RFLP (described, e.g., in U.S. Patent 5,272,057).

Furthermore, the sequences ofthe present invention can be used to provide an alternative technique for determining the actual base-by-base DNA sequence of selected portions of an individual's genome. Thus, the ATPase-like sequences ofthe invention can be used to prepare two PCR primers from the 5' and 3' ends ofthe sequences. These primers can then be used to amplify an individual's DNA and subsequently sequence it.

Panels of corresponding DNA sequences from individuals, prepared in this manner, can provide unique individual identifications, as each individual will have a unique set of such DNA sequences due to allelic differences. The ATPase-like sequences ofthe invention uniquely represent portions ofthe human genome. Allelic variation occurs to some degree in the coding regions of these sequences, and to a greater degree in the noncoding regions. It is estimated that allelic variation between individual humans occurs with a frequency of about once per each 500 bases. Each of the sequences described herein can, to some degree, be used as a standard against which DNA from an individual can be compared for identification puφoses. The noncoding sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 can comfortably provide positive individual identification with a panel of perhaps 10 to 1,000 primers that each yield a noncoding amplified sequence of 100 bases. If a predicted coding sequence, such as that in SEQ ID NO:2, is used, a more appropriate number of primers for positive individual identification would be 500 to 2,000.

3. Use of Partial ATPase-like Sequences in Forensic Biology DNA-based identification techniques can also be used in forensic biology. In this manner, PCR technology can be used to amplify DNA sequences taken from very small biological samples such as tissues, e.g., hair or skin, or body fluids, e.g., blood, saliva, or semen found at a crime scene. The amplified sequence can then be compared to a standard, thereby allowing identification ofthe origin ofthe biological sample.

The sequences ofthe present invention can be used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., PCR primers, targeted to specific loci in the human genome, which can enhance the reliability of DNA-based forensic identifications by, for example, providing another "identification marker" that is unique to a particular individual. As mentioned above, actual base sequence information can be used for identification as an accurate alternative to patterns formed by restriction enzyme generated fragments. Sequences targeted to noncoding regions of SEQ ID NO:l are particularly appropriate for this use as greater numbers of polymoφhisms occur in the noncoding regions, making it easier to differentiate individuals using this technique. Examples of polynucleotide reagents include the ATPase-like sequences or portions thereof, e.g., fragments derived from the noncoding regions of SEQ ID NO:l having a length of at least 20 or 30 bases. The ATPase-like sequences described herein can further be used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., labeled or labelable probes that can be used in, for example, an in situ hybridization technique, to identify a specific tissue. This can be very useful in cases where a forensic pathologist is presented with a tissue of unknown origin. Panels of such ATPase-like probes, can be used to identify tissue by species and/or by organ type.

In a similar fashion, these reagents, e.g., ATPase-like primers or probes can be used to screen tissue culture for contamination (i.e., screen for the presence of a mixture of different types of cells in a culture).

C. Predictive Medicine

The present invention also pertains to the field of predictive medicine in which diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, pharmacogenomics, and monitoring clinical trails are used for prognostic (predictive) puφoses to thereby treat an individual prophylactically. These applications are described in the subsections below.

1. Diagnostic Assays One aspect ofthe present invention relates to diagnostic assays for detecting

ATPase-like protein and/or nucleic acid expression as well as ATPase-like activity, in the context of a biological sample. An exemplary method for detecting the presence or absence of ATPase-like proteins in a biological sample involves obtaining a biological sample from a test subject and contacting the biological sample with a compound or an agent capable of detecting ATPase-like protein or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA, genomic DNA) that encodes ATPase-like protein such that the presence of ATPase-like protein is detected in the biological sample. Results obtained with a biological sample from the test subject may be compared to results obtained with a biological sample from a control subject. "Misexpression or aberrant expression", as used herein, refers to a non-wild type pattern of gene expression, at the RNA or protein level. It includes: expression at non-wild type levels, i.e., over or under expression; a pattern of expression that differs from wild type in terms ofthe time or stage at which the gene is expressed, e.g., increased or decreased expression (as compared with wild type) at a predetermined developmental period or stage; a pattern of expression that differs from wild type in terms of decreased expression (as compared with wild type) in a predetermined cell type or tissue type; a pattern of expression that differs from wild type in terms ofthe splicing size, amino acid sequence, post-transitional modification, or biological activity ofthe expressed polypeptide; a pattern of expression that differs from wild type in terms ofthe effect of an environmental stimulus or extracellular stimulus on expression ofthe gene, e.g., a pattern of increased or decreased expression (as compared with wild type) in the presence of an increase or decrease in the strength of the stimulus.

A preferred agent for detecting ATPase-like mRNA or genomic DNA is a labeled nucleic acid probe capable of hybridizing to ATPase-like mRNA or genomic DNA. The nucleic acid probe can be, for example, a full-length ATPase-like nucleic acid, such as the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, or a portion thereof, such as a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15, 30, 50, 100, 250, or 500 nucleotides in length and sufficient to specifically hybridize under stringent conditions to ATPase-like mRNA or genomic DNA. Other suitable probes for use in the diagnostic assays ofthe invention are described herein. A preferred agent for detecting ATPase-like protein is an antibody capable of binding to ATPase-like protein, preferably an antibody with a detectable label. Antibodies can be polyclonal, or more preferably, monoclonal. An intact antibody, or a fragment thereof (e.g., Fab or F(abN) )can be used. The term "labeled", with regard to the probe or antibody, is intended to encompass direct labeling ofthe probe or antibody by coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substance to the probe or antibody, as well as indirect labeling ofthe probe or antibody by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labeled. Examples of indirect labeling include detection of a primary antibody using a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody and end-labeling ofa DNA probe with biotin such that it can be detected with fluorescently labeled streptavidin.

The term "biological sample" is intended to include tissues, cells, and biological fluids isolated from a subject, as well as tissues, cells, and fluids present within a subject. That is, the detection method ofthe invention can be used to detect ATPase-like mRNA, protein, or genomic DNA in a biological sample in vitro as well as in vivo. For example, in vitro techniques for detection of ATPase-like mRNA include Northern hybridizations and in situ hybridizations. In vitro techniques for detection of ATPase-like protein include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots, immunoprecipitations, and immunofluorescence. In vitro techniques for detection of ATPase-like genomic DNA include Southern hybridizations. Furthermore, in vivo techniques for detection of ATPase-like protein include introducing into a subject a labeled anti-ATPase-like antibody. For example, the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can be detected by standard imaging techniques.

In one embodiment, the biological sample contains protein molecules from the test subject. Alternatively, the biological sample can contain mRNA molecules from the test subject or genomic DNA molecules from the test subject. The invention also encompasses kits for detecting the presence of ATPase-like proteins in a biological sample (a test sample). Such kits can be used to determine if a subject is suffering from or is at increased risk of developing a disorder associated with aberrant expression of ATPase-like protein. For example, the kit can comprise a labeled compound or agent capable of detecting ATPase-like protein or mRNA in a biological sample and means for determining the amount of an ATPase-like protein in the sample (e.g., an anti-ATPase-like antibody or an oligonucleotide probe that binds to DNA encoding an ATPase-like protein, e.g., SEQ ID NO:l or 3). Kits can also include instructions for observing that the tested subject is suffering from or is at risk of developing a disorder associated with aberrant expression of ATPase-like sequences if the amount of ATPase-like protein or mRNA is above or below a normal level.

For antibody-based kits, the kit can comprise, for example: (1) a first antibody (e.g., attached to a solid support) that binds to ATPase-like protein; and, optionally, (2) a second, different antibody that binds to ATPase-like protein or the first antibody and is conjugated to a detectable agent. For oligonucleotide-based kits, the kit can comprise, for example: (1) an oligonucleotide, e.g., a detectably labeled oligonucleotide, that hybridizes to an ATPase-like nucleic acid sequence or (2) a pair of primers useful for amplifying an ATPase-like nucleic acid molecule.

The kit can also comprise, e.g., a buffering agent, a preservative, or a protein stabilizing agent. The kit can also comprise components necessary for detecting the detectable agent (e.g., an enzyme or a substrate). The kit can also contain a control sample or a series of control samples that can be assayed and compared to the test sample contained. Each component ofthe kit is usually enclosed within an individual container, and all ofthe various containers are within a single package along with instructions for observing whether the tested subject is suffering from or is at risk of developing a disorder associated with aberrant expression of ATPase-like proteins.

2. Other Diagnostic Assays

In another aspect, the invention features a method of analyzing a plurality of capture probes. The method can be used, e.g., to analyze gene expression. The method includes: providing a two dimensional array having a plurality of addresses, each address ofthe plurality being positionally distinguishable from each other address ofthe plurality, and each address ofthe plurality having a unique capture probe, e.g., a nucleic acid or peptide sequence; contacting the array with a ATPase- like nucleic acid, preferably purified, polypeptide, preferably purified, or antibody, and thereby evaluating the plurality of capture probes. Binding, e.g., in the case of a nucleic acid, hybridization, with a capture probe at an address ofthe plurality, is detected, e.g., by signal generated from a label attached to the ATPase-like nucleic acid, polypeptide, or antibody. The capture probes can be a set of nucleic acids from a selected sample, e.g., a sample of nucleic acids derived from a control or non- stimulated tissue or cell. The method can include contacting the ATPase-like nucleic acid, polypeptide, or antibody with a first array having a plurality of capture probes and a second array having a different plurality of capture probes. The results of each hybridization can be compared, e.g., to analyze differences in expression between a first and second sample. The first plurality of capture probes can be from a control sample, e.g., a wild type, normal, or non-diseased, non-stimulated, sample, e.g., a biological fluid, tissue, or cell sample. The second plurality of capture probes can be from an experimental sample, e.g., a mutant type, at risk, disease-state or disorder-state, or stimulated, sample, e.g., a biological fluid, tissue, or cell sample.

The plurality of capture probes can be a plurality of nucleic acid probes each of which specifically hybridizes, with an allele of a ATPase-like sequence ofthe invention. Such methods can be used to diagnose a subject, e.g., to evaluate risk for a disease or disorder, to evaluate suitability of a selected treatment for a subject, to evaluate whether a subject has a disease or disorder.

The method can be used to detect single nucleotide polymoφhisms (SNPs), as described below. In another aspect, the invention features a method of analyzing a plurality of probes. The method is useful, e.g., for analyzing gene expression. The method includes: providing a two dimensional array having a plurality of addresses, each address ofthe plurality being positionally distinguishable from each other address of the plurality having a unique capture probe, e.g., wherein the capture probes are from a cell or subject which express a ATPase-like polypeptide ofthe invention or from a cell or subject in which a ATPase-like-mediated response has been elicited, e.g., by contact ofthe cell with a ATPase-like nucleic acid or protein ofthe invention, or administration to the cell or subject a ATPase-like nucleic acid or protein ofthe invention; contacting the array with one or more inquiry probes, wherein an inquiry probe can be a nucleic acid, polypeptide, or antibody (which is preferably other than a ATPase-like nucleic acid, polypeptide, or antibody ofthe invention); providing a two dimensional array having a plurality of addresses, each address ofthe plurality being positionally distinguishable from each other address ofthe plurality, and each address ofthe plurality having a unique capture probe, e.g., wherein the capture probes are from a cell or subject which does not express a ATPase-like sequence ofthe invention (or does not express as highly as in the case ofthe ATPase-like positive plurality of capture probes) or from a cell or subject in which a ATPase-like-mediated response has not been elicited (or has been elicited to a lesser extent than in the first sample); contacting the array with one or more inquiry probes (which is preferably other than a ATPase-like nucleic acid, polypeptide, or antibody ofthe invention), and thereby evaluating the plurality of capture probes. Binding, e.g., in the case ofa nucleic acid, hybridization, with a capture probe at an address ofthe plurality, is detected, e.g., by signal generated from a label attached to the nucleic acid, polypeptide, or antibody. In another aspect, the invention features a method of analyzing a ATPase-like sequence ofthe invention, e.g., analyzing structure, function, or relatedness to other nucleic acid or amino acid sequences. The method includes: providing a ATPase-like nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, e.g., the 19053 sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or a portion thereof; comparing the ATPase-like sequence with one or more preferably a plurality of sequences from a collection of sequences, e.g., a nucleic acid or protein sequence database; to thereby analyze the ATPase-like sequence ofthe invention. The method can include evaluating the sequence identity between a ATPase- like sequence ofthe invention, e.g., the 19053 sequence, and a database sequence. The method can be performed by accessing the database at a second site, e.g., over the internet.

In another aspect, the invention features, a set of oligonucleotides, useful, e.g., for identifying SNP's, or identifying specific alleles of a ATPase-like sequence ofthe invention, e.g., the 19053 sequence. The set includes a plurality of oligonucleotides, each of which has a different nucleotide at an interrogation position, e.g., an SNP or the site of a mutation. In a preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides ofthe plurality identical in sequence with one another (except for differences in length). The oligonucleotides can be provided with differential labels, such that an oligonucleotides which hybridizes to one allele provides a signal that is distinguishable from an oligonucleotides which hybridizes to a second allele.

3. Prognostic Assays The methods described herein can furthermore be utilized as diagnostic or prognostic assays to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a disease or disorder associated with ATPase-like protein, ATPase-like nucleic acid expression, or ATPase-like activity. Prognostic assays can be used for prognostic or predictive puφoses to thereby prophylactically treat an individual prior to the onset ofa disorder characterized by or associated with ATPase-like protein, ATPase-like nucleic acid expression, or ATPase-like activity.

Thus, the present invention provides a method in which a test sample is obtained from a subject, and ATPase-like protein or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA, genomic DNA) is detected, wherein the presence of ATPase-like protein or nucleic acid is diagnostic for a subject having or at risk of developing a disease or disorder associated with aberrant ATPase-like expression or activity. As used herein, a "test sample" refers to a biological sample obtained from a subject of interest. For example, a test sample can be a biological fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample, or tissue.

Furthermore, using the prognostic assays described herein, the present invention provides methods for determining whether a subject can be administered a specific agent (e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide, nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) or class of agents (e.g., agents of a type that decrease ATPase-like activity) to effectively treat a disease or disorder associated with aberrant ATPase-like expression or activity. In this manner, a test sample is obtained and ATPase-like protein or nucleic acid is detected. The presence of ATPase-like protein or nucleic acid is diagnostic for a subject that can be administered the agent to treat a disorder associated with aberrant ATPase-like expression or activity.

The methods ofthe invention can also be used to detect genetic lesions or mutations in an ATPase-like gene, thereby determining if a subject with the lesioned gene is at risk for a disorder characterized by aberrant ATPase activity. In preferred embodiments, the methods include detecting, in a sample of cells from the subject, the presence or absence of a genetic lesion or mutation characterized by at least one of an alteration affecting the integrity of a gene encoding an ATPase-like-protein, or the misexpression ofthe ATPase-like gene. For example, such genetic lesions or mutations can be detected by ascertaining the existence of at least one of: (1) a deletion of one or more nucleotides from an ATPase-like gene; (2) an addition of one or more nucleotides to an ATPase-like gene; (3) a substitution of one or more nucleotides of an ATPase-like gene; (4) a chromosomal rearrangement of an ATPase- like gene; (5) an alteration in the level ofa messenger RNA transcript of an ATPase- like gene; (6) an aberrant modification of an ATPase-like gene, such as ofthe methylation pattern ofthe genomic DNA; (7) the presence of a non- wild-type splicing pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of an ATPase-like gene; (8) a non-wild-type level of an ATPase-like-protein; (9) an allelic loss of an ATPase-like gene; and (10) an inappropriate post-translational modification of an ATPase-like-protein. As described herein, there are a large number of assay techniques known in the art that can be used for detecting lesions in an ATPase-like gene. Any cell type or tissue in which ATPase-like proteins are expressed may be utilized in the prognostic assays described herein.

In certain embodiments, detection ofthe lesion involves the use of a probe/primer in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202), such as anchor PCR or RACE PCR, or, alternatively, in a ligation chain reaction (LCR) (see, e.g., Landegran et al. (1988) Science 241:1077- 1080; and Nakazawa et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :360-364), the latter of which can be particularly useful for detecting point mutations in the ATPase-like- gene (see, e.g., Abravaya et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23:675-682). It is anticipated that PCR and/or LCR may be desirable to use as a preliminary amplification step in conjunction with any ofthe techniques used for detecting mutations described herein.

Alternative amplification methods include self sustained sequence replication (Guatelli et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1874-1878), transcriptional amplification system (Kwoh et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 1 173-1177), Q-Beta Replicase (Lizardi et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:1197), or any other nucleic acid amplification method, followed by the detection ofthe amplified molecules using techniques well known to those of skill in the art. These detection schemes are especially useful for the detection of nucleic acid molecules if such molecules are present in very low numbers.

In an alternative embodiment, mutations in an ATPase-like gene from a sample cell can be identified by alterations in restriction enzyme cleavage patterns of isolated test sample and control DNA digested with one or more restriction endonucleases. Moreover, the use of sequence specific ribozymes (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,498,531 ) can be used to score for the presence of specific mutations by development or loss of a ribozyme cleavage site.

In other embodiments, genetic mutations in an ATPase-like molecule can be identified by hybridizing a sample and control nucleic acids, e.g., DNA or RNA, to high density arrays containing hundreds or thousands of oligonucleotides probes (Cronin et al. (1996) Human Mutation 7:244-255; Kozal et al. (1996) Nature

Medicine 2:753-759). In yet another embodiment, any of a variety of sequencing reactions known in the art can be used to directly sequence the ATPase-like gene and detect mutations by comparing the sequence ofthe sample ATPase-like gene with the corresponding wild-type (control) sequence. Examples of sequencing reactions include those based on techniques developed by Maxim and Gilbert ((1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:560) or Sanger ((1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463). It is also contemplated that any of a variety of automated sequencing procedures can be utilized when performing the diagnostic assays ((1995) Bio/Techniques 19:448), including sequencing by mass spectrometry (see, e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 94/16101; Cohen et al. (1996) Adv. Chromatogr. 36:127-162; and Griffin et al. (1993) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 38:147-159). Other methods for detecting mutations in the ATPase-like gene include methods in which protection from cleavage agents is used to detect mismatched bases in RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA heteroduplexes (Myers et al. (1985) Science 230:1242). See, also Cotton et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4397; Saleeba et al. (1992) Methods Enzymol. 217:286-295. In a preferred embodiment, the control DNA or RNA can be labeled for detection.

In still another embodiment, the mismatch cleavage reaction employs one or more "DNA mismatch repair" enzymes that recognize mismatched base pairs in double-stranded DNA in defined systems for detecting and mapping point mutations in ATPase-like cDNAs obtained from samples of cells. See, e.g., Hsu et al. (1994) Carcinogenesis 15:1657-1662. According to an exemplary embodiment, a probe based on an ATPase-like sequence, e.g., a wild-type ATPase-like sequence, is hybridized to a cDNA or other DNA product from a test cell(s). The duplex is treated with a DNA mismatch repair enzyme, and the cleavage products, if any, can be detected from electrophoresis protocols or the like. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,459,039.

In other embodiments, alterations in electrophoretic mobility will be used to identify mutations in ATPase-like genes. For example, single-strand conformation polymoφhism (SSCP) may be used to detect differences in electrophoretic mobility between mutant and wild-type nucleic acids (Orita et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2766; see also Cotton (1993) Mutat. Res. 285:125-144; Hayashi (1992)

Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl. 9:73-79). The sensitivity ofthe assay may be enhanced by using RNA (rather than DNA), in which the secondary structure is more sensitive to a change in sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the subject method utilizes heteroduplex analysis to separate double-stranded heteroduplex molecules on the basis of changes in electrophoretic mobility (Keen et al. (1991) Trends Genet. 7:5).

In yet another embodiment, the movement of mutant or wild-type fragments in polyacrylamide gels containing a gradient of denaturant is assayed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (Myers et al. (1985) Nature 313:495). When DGGE is used as the method of analysis, DNA will be modified to insure that it does not completely denature, for example by adding a GC clamp of approximately 40 bp of high-melting GC-rich DNA by PCR. In a further embodiment, a temperature gradient is used in place ofa denaturing gradient to identify differences in the mobility of control and sample DNA (Rosenbaum and Reissner (1987) Biophys. Chem. 265:12753).

Examples of other techniques for detecting point mutations include, but are not limited to, selective oligonucleotide hybridization, selective amplification, or selective primer extension. For example, oligonucleotide primers may be prepared in which the known mutation is placed centrally and then hybridized to target DNA under conditions that permit hybridization only if a perfect match is found (Saiki et al. (1986) Nature 324:163); Saiki et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6230). Such allele-specific oligonucleotides are hybridized to PCR-amplified target DNA or a number of different mutations when the oligonucleotides are attached to the hybridizing membrane and hybridized with labeled target DNA.

Alternatively, allele-specific amplification technology, which depends on selective PCR amplification, may be used in conjunction with the instant invention. Oligonucleotides used as primers for specific amplification may carry the mutation of interest in the center ofthe molecule so that amplification depends on differential hybridization (Gibbs et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:2437-2448) or at the extreme 3' end of one primer where, under appropriate conditions, mismatch can prevent or reduce polymerase extension (Prossner (1993) Tibtech 11 :238). In addition, it may be desirable to introduce a novel restriction site in the region ofthe mutation to create cleavage-based detection (Gasparini et al. ( 1992) Mol. Cell Probes 6:1). It is anticipated that in certain embodiments amplification may also be performed using Taq ligase for amplification (Barany (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:189). In such cases, ligation will occur only if there is a perfect match at the 3' end ofthe 5' sequence making it possible to detect the presence of a known mutation at a specific site by looking for the presence or absence of amplification.

The methods described herein may be performed, for example, by utilizing prepackaged diagnostic kits comprising at least one probe nucleic acid or antibody reagent described herein, which may be conveniently used, e.g., in clinical settings to diagnosed patients exhibiting symptoms or family history of a disease or illness involving an ATPase-like gene.

4. Pharmacogenomics

Agents, or modulators that have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on ATPase- like activity (e.g., ATPase-like gene expression) as identified by a screening assay described herein, can be administered to individuals to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically) disorders associated with aberrant ATPase-like activity as well as to modulate the phenotype resulting from an aberrant ATPase activity. In conjunction with such treatment, the pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study ofthe relationship between an individual's genotype and that individual's response to a foreign compound or drug) ofthe individual may be considered. Differences in metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the relation between dose and blood concentration ofthe pharmacologically active drug. Thus, the pharmacogenomics ofthe individual permits the selection of effective agents (e.g., drugs) for prophylactic or therapeutic treatments based on a consideration ofthe individual's genotype. Such pharmacogenomics can further be used to determine appropriate dosages and therapeutic regimens. Accordingly, the activity of ATPase- like protein, expression of ATPase-like nucleic acid, or mutation content of ATPase- like genes in an individual can be determined to thereby select appropriate agent(s) for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment ofthe individual.

Pharmacogenomics deals with clinically significant hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. See, e.g., Linder (1997) Clin. Chem. 43(2):254-266. In general, two types of pharmacogenetic conditions can be differentiated. Genetic conditions transmitted as a single factor altering the way drugs act on the body are referred to as "altered drug action." Genetic conditions transmitted as single factors altering the way the body acts on drugs are referred to as "altered drug metabolism". These pharmacogenetic conditions can occur either as rare defects or as polymoφhisms. For example, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is a common inherited enzymopathy in which the main clinical complication is haemolysis after ingestion of oxidant drugs (antimalarials, sulfonamides, analgesics, nitrofurans) and consumption of fava beans.

One pharmacogenomics approach to identifying genes that predict drug response, known as "a genome-wide association", relies primarily on a high- resolution map ofthe human genome consisting of already known gene-related markers (e.g., a "bi-allelic" gene marker map which consists of 60,000-100,000 polymoφhic or variable sites on the human genome, each of which has two variants.) Such a high-resolution genetic map can be compared to a map ofthe genome of each ofa statistically significant number of patients taking part in a Phase II/III drug trial to identify markers associated with a particular observed drug response or side effect. Alternatively, such a high resolution map can be generated from a combination of some ten-million known single nucleotide polymoφhisms (SNPs) in the human genome. As used herein, an "SNP" is a common alteration that occurs in a single nucleotide base in a stretch of DNA. For example, a SNP may occur once per every 1000 bases of DNA. A SNP may be involved in a disease process, however, the vast majority may not be disease-associated. Given a genetic map based on the occurrence of such SNPs, individuals can be grouped into genetic categories depending on a particular pattern of SNPs in their individual genome. In such a manner, treatment regimens can be tailored to groups of genetically similar individuals, taking into account traits that may be common among such genetically similar individuals.

Alternatively, a method termed the "candidate gene approach", can be utilized to identify genes that predict drug response. According to this method, if a gene that encodes a drug's target is known (e.g., a ATPase-like protein ofthe present invention), all common variants of that gene can be fairly easily identified in the population and it can be determined if having one version ofthe gene versus another is associated with a particular drug response. Alternatively, a method termed the "gene expression profiling", can be utilized to identify genes that predict drug response. For example, the gene expression of an animal dosed with a drug (e.g., a ATPase-like molecule or ATPase-like modulator of the present invention) can give an indication whether gene pathways related to toxicity have been turned on.

Information generated from more than one ofthe above pharmacogenomics approaches can be used to determine appropriate dosage and treatment regimens for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of an individual. This knowledge, when applied to dosing or drug selection, can avoid adverse reactions or therapeutic failure and thus enhance therapeutic or prophylactic efficiency when treating a subject with a ATPase- like molecule or ATPase-like modulator ofthe invention, such as a modulator identified by one ofthe exemplary screening assays described herein.

The present invention further provides methods for identifying new agents, or combinations, that are based on identifying agents that modulate the activity of one or more ofthe gene products encoded by one or more ofthe ATPase-like genes ofthe present invention, wherein these products may be associated with resistance ofthe cells to a therapeutic agent. Specifically, the activity ofthe proteins encoded by the ATPase-like genes ofthe present invention can be used as a basis for identifying agents for overcoming agent resistance. By blocking the activity of one or more of the resistance proteins, target cells, e.g., will become sensitive to treatment with an agent that the unmodified target cells were resistant to.

Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the expression or activity of a ATPase-like protein can be applied in clinical trials. For example, the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay as described herein to increase ATPase-like gene expression, protein levels, or upregulate ATPase-like activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased ATPase- like gene expression, protein levels, or downregulated ATPase-like activity. Alternatively, the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay to decrease ATPase-like gene expression, protein levels, or downregulate ATPase-like activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting increased ATPase- like gene expression, protein levels, or upregulated ATPase-like activity. In such clinical trials, the expression or activity of a ATPase-like gene, and preferably, other genes that have been implicated in, for example, a ATPase-like-associated disorder can be used as a "read out" or markers ofthe phenotype of a particular cell.

As an illustrative embodiment, the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes is a major determinant of both the intensity and duration of drug action. The discovery of genetic polymoφhisms of drug metabolizing enzymes (e.g., N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT 2) and cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19) has provided an explanation as to why some patients do not obtain the expected drug effects or show exaggerated drug response and serious toxicity after taking the standard and safe dose of a drug. These polymoφhisms are expressed in two phenotypes in the population, the extensive metabolizer (EM) and poor metabolizer (PM). The prevalence of PM is different among different populations. For example, the gene coding for CYP2D6 is highly polymoφhic and several mutations have been identified in PM, which all lead to the absence of functional CYP2D6. Poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 quite frequently experience exaggerated drug response and side effects when they receive standard doses. If a metabolite is the active therapeutic moiety, a PM will show no therapeutic response, as demonstrated for the analgesic effect of codeine mediated by its CYP2D6-formed metabolite moφhine. The other extreme are the so called ultra-rapid metabolizers who do not respond to standard doses. Recently, the molecular basis of ultra-rapid metabolism has been identified to be due to CYP2D6 gene amplification.

Thus, the activity of ATPase-like protein, expression of ATPase-like nucleic acid, or mutation content of ATPase-like genes in an individual can be determined to thereby select appropriate agent(s) for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment ofthe individual. In addition, pharmacogenetic studies can be used to apply genotyping of polymoφhic alleles encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes to the identification of an individual's drug responsiveness phenotype. This knowledge, when applied to dosing or drug selection, can avoid adverse reactions or therapeutic failure and thus enhance therapeutic or prophylactic efficiency when treating a subject with an ATPase-like modulator, such as a modulator identified by one ofthe exemplary screening assays described herein. 5. Monitoring of Effects During Clinical Trials

Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs, compounds) on the expression or activity of ATPase-like genes (e.g., the ability to modulate protein degradation, organelle biogenesis, protein sorting, gene expression, ect.) can be applied not only in basic drug screening but also in clinical trials. For example, the effectiveness of an agent, as determined by a screening assay as described herein, to increase or decrease ATPase-like gene expression, protein levels, or protein activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased or increased ATPase-like gene expression, protein levels, or protein activity.

For example, and not by way of limitation, genes that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent (e.g., compound, drug, or small molecule) that modulates ATPase-like activity (e.g., as identified in a screening assay described herein) can be identified. Thus, to study the effect of agents on cellular disorders resulting from aberrant ATPase activity, for example, in a clinical trial, cells can be isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels of expression of ATPase-like genes and other genes implicated in the disorder. The levels of gene expression (i.e., a gene expression pattern) can be quantified by Northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, as described herein, or alternatively by measuring the amount of protein produced, by one ofthe methods as described herein, or by measuring the levels of activity of

ATPase-like genes or other genes. In this way, the gene expression pattern can serve as a marker, indicative ofthe physiological response ofthe cells to the agent. Accordingly, this response state may be determined before, and at various points during, treatment ofthe individual with the agent. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of a subject with an agent (e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide, nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate identified by the screening assays described herein) comprising the steps of (1) obtaining a preadministration sample from a subject prior to administration of the agent; (2) detecting the level of expression of an ATPase-like protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the preadministration sample; (3) obtaining one or more postadministration samples from the subject; (4) detecting the level of expression or activity ofthe ATPase-like protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the postadministration samples; (5) comparing the level of expression or activity ofthe ATPase-like protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the preadministration sample with the ATPase-like protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the postadministration sample or samples; and (vi) altering the administration ofthe agent to the subject accordingly to bring about the desired effect, i.e., for example, an increase or a decrease in the expression or activity of an ATPase-like protein.

C. Methods of Treatment The present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) a disorder or having a disorder associated with aberrant ATPase-like expression or activity. Additionally, the compositions ofthe invention find use in the treatment of disorders described herein. Thus, therapies for disorders associated with an ATPase-like molecule are encompassed herein. "Subject", as used herein, can refer to a mammal, e.g., a human, or to an experimental or animal or disease model. The subject can also be a non- human animal, e.g., a horse, cow, goat, or other domestic animal.

"Treatment" is herein defined as the application or administration of a therapeutic agent to a patient, or application or administration of a therapeutic agent to an isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, who has a disease, a symptom of disease or a predisposition toward a disease, with the puφose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disease, the symptoms of disease or the predisposition toward disease. A "therapeutic agent" includes, but is not limited to, small molecules, peptides, antibodies, ribozymes and antisense oligonucleotides.

1. Prophylactic Methods

In one aspect, the invention provides a method for preventing in a subject a disease or condition associated with an aberrant ATPase-like expression or activity by administering to the subject an agent that modulates ATPase-like expression or at least one ATPase-like gene activity. Subjects at risk for a disease that is caused, or contributed to, by aberrant ATPase-like expression or activity can be identified by, for example, any or a combination of diagnostic or prognostic assays as described herein. Administration of a prophylactic agent can occur prior to the manifestation of symptoms characteristic ofthe ATPase-like aberrancy, such that a disease or disorder is prevented or, alternatively, delayed in its progression. Depending on the type of ATPase-like aberrancy, for example, an ATPase-like agonist or ATPase-like antagonist agent can be used for treating the subject. The appropriate agent can be determined based on screening assays described herein.

2. Therapeutic Methods

Another aspect ofthe invention pertains to methods of modulating ATPase- like expression or activity for therapeutic puφoses. The modulatory method ofthe invention involves contacting a cell with an agent that modulates one or more ofthe activities of ATPase-like protein activity associated with the cell. An agent that modulates ATPase-like protein activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring cognate ligand of an ATPase-like protein, a peptide, an ATPase-like peptidomimetic, or other small molecule. In one embodiment, the agent stimulates one or more ofthe biological activities of ATPase- like protein. Examples of such stimulatory agents include active ATPase-like protein and a nucleic acid molecule encoding an ATPase-like protein that has been introduced into the cell. In another embodiment, the agent inhibits one or more ofthe biological activities of ATPase-like protein. Examples of such inhibitory agents include antisense ATPase-like nucleic acid molecules and anti-ATPase-like antibodies.

These modulatory methods can be performed in vitro (e.g., by culturing the cell with the agent) or, alternatively, in vivo (e.g, by administering the agent to a subject). As such, the present invention provides methods of treating an individual afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized by aberrant expression or activity of an ATPase-like protein or nucleic acid molecule. In one embodiment, the method involves administering an agent (e.g., an agent identified by a screening assay described herein), or a combination of agents, that modulates (e.g., upregulates or downregulates) ATPase-like expression or activity. In another embodiment, the method involves administering an ATPase-like protein or nucleic acid molecule as therapy to compensate for reduced or aberrant ATPase-like expression or activity. Stimulation of ATPase-like activity is desirable in situations in which an ATPase-like protein is abnormally downregulated and/or in which increased ATPase- like activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. Conversely, inhibition of ATPase- like activity is desirable in situations in which ATPase-like activity is abnormally upregulated and/or in which decreased ATPase-like activity is likely to have a beneficial effect.

This invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting.

EXPERIMENTAL

Example 1 : Tissue Distribution of mRNA Expression of Clone 19053

Taqman expression analysis of 19053 revealed expression in a number of tissues. A high level of expression was found in esophagus, ovary, prostate, and vein. Moderate levels of expression were found in cervix, liver, muscle, placenta, and small intestine. Lower levels of expression were found in the aorta, brain breast, colon, heart, kidney, lung, lymph, spleen, testes, thymus, and thyroid. See Figure 5. The quantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Taqman® brand PCR kit, Applied Biosystems) was performed according to the kit manufacturer's instructions.

The TaqMan expression analysis shown in Figures 6, 7 and 8 demonstrates the expression level ofthe 19053 mRNA in a variety of normal and tumorous tissues. Expression ofthe 19053 mRNA was analyzed in the following tissues: colon normal; colon tumorous; liver metastasis; normal liver; brain normal; astrocytes; tumorous brain; HMVEC-Arr; HMVEC-Prol; placenta; fetal adrenal; and fetal liver. The TaqMan expression analysis shown in Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12 demonstrates the expression level ofthe 19053 mRNA in a variety of normal and tumorous tissues. Expression ofthe 19053 mRNA was analyzed in the following tissues: normal and tumorous breast tissue, normal and tumorous ovary tissue; and normal and tumorous lung tissues.

Furthermore, the expression level ofthe 19053 mRNA transcript was analyzed in the following tissues in Figure 13: hemangioma; normal kidney; renal cell carcinoma; Wilms Tumor; skin; uterine adenocarcinoma; neuroblastoma; fetal adrenal; fetal kidney; fetal heart; normal heart; cartilage; spinal cord; lymphangiona; endometrial polyps; synovium (RA); and hyperkeratotic skin.

Example 2: Recombinant Expression of 19053 in Bacterial Cells

In this example, the 19053 sequence is expressed as a recombinant glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion polypeptide in E. coli and the fusion polypeptide is isolated and characterized. Specifically, the 19053sequence is fused to GST and this fusion polypeptide is expressed in E. coli, e.g., strain PEB 199. Expression of the GST- 19053 fusion protein in PEB 199 is induced with IPTG. The recombinant fusion polypeptide is purified from crude bacterial lysates ofthe induced PEB 199 strain by affinity chromatography on glutathione beads. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis ofthe polypeptide purified from the bacterial lysates, the molecular weight ofthe resultant fusion polypeptide is determined.

Example 3: Expression of Recombinant 19053 Protein in COS Cells

To express the 19053 gene in COS cells, the pcDNA/Amp vector by Invitrogen Coφoration (San Diego, CA) is used. This vector contains an SV40 origin of replication, an ampicillin resistance gene, an E. coli replication origin, a CMV promoter followed by a polylinker region, and an SV40 intron and polyadenylation site. A DNA fragment encoding the entire 19053 protein and an HA tag (Wilson et al. (1984) Cell 37:767) or a FLAG tag fused in-frame to its 3' end ofthe fragment is cloned into the polylinker region ofthe vector, thereby placing the expression ofthe recombinant protein under the control ofthe CMV promoter.

To construct the plasmid, the 19053 DNA sequence is amplified by PCR using two primers. The 5' primer contains the restriction site of interest followed by approximately twenty nucleotides ofthe 19053 coding sequence starting from the initiation codon; the 3' end sequence contains complementary sequences to the other restriction site of interest, a translation stop codon, the HA tag or FLAG tag and the last 20 nucleotides ofthe 19053 coding sequence. The PCR amplified fragment and the pCDN A/Amp vector are digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes and the vector is dephosphorylated using the CIAP enzyme (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA). Preferably the two restriction sites chosen are different so that the 19053 gene is inserted in the correct orientation. The ligation mixture is transformed into E. coli cells (strains HB101, DH5α, SURE, available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA, can be used), the transformed culture is plated on ampicillin media plates, and resistant colonies are selected. Plasmid DNA is isolated from transformants and examined by restriction analysis for the presence ofthe correct fragment.

COS cells are subsequently transfected with the 19053-pcDNA/Amp plasmid DNA using the calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation methods, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation. Other suitable methods for transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989. The expression ofthe 19053 polypeptide is detected by radiolabelling (³⁵S- methionine or ³⁵S-cysteine available from NEN, Boston, MA, can be used) and immunoprecipitation (Harlow, E. and Lane, D. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1988) using an HA specific monoclonal antibody. Briefly, the cells are labeled for 8 hours with ³⁵S- methionine (or ³⁵S-cysteine). The culture media are then collected and the cells are lysed using detergents (RIPA buffer, 150 mM NaCl, 1 % NP-40, 0.1 % SDS, 0.5% DOC, 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5). Both the cell lysate and the culture media are precipitated with an HA specific monoclonal antibody. Precipitated polypeptides are then analyzed by SDS-PAGE.

Alternatively, DNA containing the 19053 coding sequence is cloned directly into the polylinker ofthe pCDNA/Amp vector using the appropriate restriction sites. The resulting plasmid is transfected into COS cells in the manner described above, and the expression ofthe 19053 polypeptide is detected by radiolabelling and immunoprecipitation using a 19053 specific monoclonal antibody.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative ofthe level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incoφorated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incoφorated by reference.

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments ofthe invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims

THAT WHICH IS CLAIMED:

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l or SEQ ID NO:3, wherein said sequence encodes a polypeptide having biological activity; b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a fragment of at least 20 nucleotides ofthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l or SEQ ID NO:3; c) a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; d) a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a fragment of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the fragment comprises at least 15 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2; e) a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a naturally occurring allelic variant of a biologically active polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the complement of SEQ ID NO:l or SEQ ID NO: 3 under stringent conditions; and, f) a nucleic acid molecule comprising the complement of a), b), c), d), or e).

2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, which is selected from the group consisting of: a) a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l, SEQ ID NO:3 or complement thereof; and, b) a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

3. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 further comprising vector nucleic acid sequences.

4. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 further comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding a heterologous polypeptide.

5. A host cell which contains the nucleic acid molecule of claim 3.

6. The host cell of claim 5 which is a mammalian host cell.

7. A non-human mammalian host cell containing the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1.

8. An isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a) a biologically active polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity to a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l or SEQ ID NO:3; b) a naturally occurring allelic variant of a biologically active polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the complement of SEQ ID NO:l or SEQ ID NO: 3 under stringent conditions; and, c) a fragment of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the fragment comprises at least 15 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2; and, d) a biologically active polypeptide having at least 60% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:2.

9. The isolated polypeptide of claim 8 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

10. The polypeptide of claim 8 further comprising heterologous amino acid sequences.

11. An antibody which selectively binds to a polypeptide of claim 8.

12. A method for producing a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a) a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; b) a polypeptide comprising a fragment ofthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the fragment comprises at least 15 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2; c) a naturally occurring allelic variant of a biologically active polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the complement of SEQ ID NO:l; and, d) a biologically active polypeptide having at least 60% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; comprising culturing a host cell under conditions in which a nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptide is expressed.

13. A method for detecting the presence of a polypeptide of claim 8 in a sample, comprising: a) contacting the sample with a compound which selectively binds to a polypeptide of claim 8; and, b) determining whether the compound binds to the polypeptide in the sample.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the compound which binds to the polypeptide is an antibody.

15. A kit comprising a compound which selectively binds to a polypeptide of claim 8 and instructions for use.

16. A method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 in a sample, comprising the steps of: a) contacting the sample with a nucleic acid probe or primer which selectively hybridizes to the nucleic acid molecule; and b) determining whether the nucleic acid probe or primer binds to a nucleic acid molecule in the sample.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the sample comprises mRNA molecules and is contacted with a nucleic acid probe.

18. A kit comprising a compound which selectively hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 and instructions for use.

19. A method for identifying a compound which binds to a polypeptide of claim 8 comprising the steps of: a) contacting a polypeptide, or a cell expressing a polypeptide of claim 8 with a test compound; and b) determining whether the polypeptide binds to the test compound.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the binding ofthe test compound to the polypeptide is detected by a method selected from the group consisting of: a) detection of binding by direct detecting of test compound/polypeptide binding; b) detection of binding using a competition binding assay; c) detection of binding using an assay for ATPase-like activity.

21. A method for modulating the activity of a polypeptide of claim 8 comprising contacting a polypeptide or a cell expressing a polypeptide of claim 8 with a compound which binds to the polypeptide in a sufficient concentration to modulate the activity ofthe polypeptide.

22. A method for identifying a compound which modulates the activity of a polypeptide of claim 8, comprising: a) contacting a polypeptide of claim 8 with a test compound; and b) determining the effect ofthe test compound on the activity of the polypeptide to thereby identify a compound that modulates the activity ofthe polypeptide.