WO2001068363A1 - Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging - Google Patents
Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001068363A1 WO2001068363A1 PCT/EP2001/002229 EP0102229W WO0168363A1 WO 2001068363 A1 WO2001068363 A1 WO 2001068363A1 EP 0102229 W EP0102229 W EP 0102229W WO 0168363 A1 WO0168363 A1 WO 0168363A1
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- film
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- polymers
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- polyamide
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C55/00—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor
- B29C55/02—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor of plates or sheets
- B29C55/023—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor of plates or sheets using multilayered plates or sheets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/91—Product with molecular orientation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
- Y10T428/31728—Next to second layer of polyamide
- Y10T428/31732—At least one layer is nylon type
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
- Y10T428/31739—Nylon type
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
- Y10T428/31739—Nylon type
- Y10T428/31743—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomer[s]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
- Y10T428/31739—Nylon type
- Y10T428/31743—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomer[s]
- Y10T428/31746—Polymer of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
- Y10T428/3175—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomer[s]
Definitions
- the present invention refers to a highly oriented, heat-set, multilayer thermoplastic film comprising a layer comprising a polyamide, and an outer heat-sealing layer comprising a polyolefin, to a process for the manufacture thereof and to the use of the film as a packaging material.
- Multi-layer thermoplastic films are typically employed for the packaging of food and non-food products.
- One method for the packaging of products by means of a flexible thermoplastic film provides for the use of pre-made bags or pouches of the suitable size, where the product to be packaged is loaded either manually or automatically.
- the loaded bags or pouches are optionally vacuumized, and/or gas-flushed and then their open mouth is clipped or sealed.
- Another method is by means of a form-fill-seal machine, such as a Horizontal Form-
- a FFS machine typically includes a former for forming a flat web of flexible film into a tubular configuration, a longitudinal sealer to seal the longitudinal edges of the film in the tubular configuration, either by means of a lap seal or a fin seal, a conveyor for feeding the products into the tubular film one after the other in suitably spaced configuration, or a feeding tube in case of a VFFS machine, and a transverse sealer for sealing the tubular film in a cross-wise direction to separate the products into discrete packages.
- a former for forming a flat web of flexible film into a tubular configuration
- a longitudinal sealer to seal the longitudinal edges of the film in the tubular configuration, either by means of a lap seal or a fin seal
- a conveyor for feeding the products into the tubular film one after the other in suitably spaced configuration, or a feeding tube in case of a VFFS machine
- a transverse sealer for sealing the tubular film in a cross-wise direction to separate the products into discrete packages.
- a third method involves the use of shaped containers of widely varying configurations and materials, such as trays, closed by flat lids sealed to the containers' flanges.
- films for these types of applications need to have an optimum balance of performance properties, including good mechanical properties, in particular high modulus to provide a satisfactory machinability of the film mainly in high speed packaging processes and at the same time good puncture resistance to guarantee protection of the packaged product from the intrusion of unwanted materials such as dust and dirt, good heat-sealability properties, in particular low temperature heat-sealability combined with strong seal strength particularly when the film is sealed to itself, good optical properties, in particular low haze and high gloss, - no shrinkage even at high temperatures, as in some of these application hot products are packaged, and, often, oxygen barrier properties.
- the packaging materials currently used for these types of applications are cast coextruded sheets of high thickness containing polyolefin outer layers and as an internal oxygen barrier layer either a polyamide and/or an ethylene-vinyl alcohol layer.
- the thickness of these cast coextruded structures is fairly high and sheets of a thickness ranging from at least 60 to about 250 ⁇ m are typically employed depending on the specific application.
- laminates of a biaxially oriented and heat-set resin (such as BO-PET, BO-PP, or BO-PA) glue laminated to a heat-sealing and optionally barrier film are employed. In this latter case the thickness required may be lower as the presence of an oriented layer improves the mechanical properties of the film.
- Laminates having a thickness of from about 40 to about 100 ⁇ m are in fact generally available for these applications.
- the lamination is however an additional step in the manufacturing process that adds to the cost of the end products so that for economy reasons very often the thicker cast co-extruded structures are preferred. It has now been found that it is possible to obtain a film that has the desired balance of properties, including good mechanical properties, at a very low thickness with a manufacturing process that does not require any lamination step.
- Orientation is a process whereby a plastic film or sheet is stretched in such a way to orient the polymeric chains of the plastic material in the direction of the force applied. Orientation is known to increase the strength and stiffness of the polymer system, and therefore the tensile properties of the film.
- Polyamides are widely employed in the manufacture of oriented films.
- oriented films comprising a polyamide layer and an outer heat-sealing polyolefin layer, are obtained by a tubular orientation process.
- a thick multi-layer tube is first extruded through a round die, quenched as rapidly as possible to prevent or slow down crystallization, reheated, e.g. by passing it into a hot water bath and/or an IR or hot air oven, and then stretched in the transverse direction (TD) by introducing into the tube an air pressure that expands the tube diameter to a sort of a bubble and in the machine direction (MD) by running the two sets of nip rolls that contain said bubble at a different speed.
- TD transverse direction
- MD machine direction
- the orientation ratios that can be applied with the tubular orientation processes are however limited and ratios up to about 3.5:1 are typically applied.
- Higher stretching ratios could, in line of principle, be employed using flat extrusion and flat stretching.
- Flat stretching may be done sequentially, i.e. the extruded tape is first stretched in the MD and then in the TD, or simultaneously.
- the sequential flat stretching the MD stretching is accomplished by drawing the heated sheet between sets of heated rolls with the downstream set moving at a higher speed and the TD stretching is obtained by means of a tenter frame, a machine that consists of two continuous chains on which are mounted clamps gripping the two edges of the film and carrying it along as the chain is driven forward.
- the simultaneous stretching the extruded cast sheet is fed to a pre-heating zone of the simultaneous tenter apparatus, where the film is clipped but not stretched yet, and brought to the temperature desired for bi-axial orientation and then simultaneously stretched in the machine and the transverse direction.
- stretching ratios for the flat, tenter frame orientation process are up to about 7:1 in MD and up to about 12:1 in TD.
- oriented films comprising a polyamide layer and a polyolefin outer layer obtained by tenter frame stretching, that however have been stretched to a limited stretching ratio ( ⁇ 2.2: 1 in MD and > 4:1 in TD in Japanese kokai 79/15981 (Derwent AN 79-20793B) or 3: 1 in MD and 4:1 in TD in Japanese kokai 92/52137 (Derwent AN 92-117943)).
- the use of high stretching temperatures, particularly for the transverse stretching would help to increase the stretching ratios but these high temperatures would not be compatible with the presence of the polyolefin resin of the outer layer.
- a multi-layer film comprising a layer comprising a polyamide and an outer heat-sealing layer comprising a polyolefin, which film has been oriented at a stretching ratio > about 3.0: 1 in the machine direction and at a stretching ratio > about 6.0:1 in the transverse direction, when the polyamide is a crystalline or partially crystalline co-polyamide with a T g ⁇ 100 °C.
- the highly oriented multi-layer film is characterized by the following combination of properties that would render it particularly suitable for the above indicated packaging applications : - good mechanical properties, in particular a very high puncture resistance, comparable to that of much thicker cast coextruded films still containing polyamides, good heat-sealability, good optical properties, - from good to very good oxygen barrier properties depending on the particular copolyamide employed, and no shrinkage at high temperatures ( ⁇ 3 % at 100 °C in each direction).
- An object of the present invention is therefore a multi-layer, thermoplastic film oriented at a stretching ratio > about 3.0:1 in the machine direction and at a stretching ratio > about 6.0: 1 in the transverse direction, which film comprises a layer a) comprising at least 50 wt. % of a crystalline or partially crystalline copolyamide characterized by a T g ⁇ 100 °C, and at least one outer heat-sealing layer b) comprising a polyolefin, said film being further characterized in that it has a % free shrink at 100 °C ⁇ 3 in each direction.
- Another object of the present invention is a process for the manufacture of such a film which process comprises stretching an extruded tape comprising a layer a) comprising at least 50 wt. % of a crystalline or partially crystalline copolyamide characterized by a T g ⁇ 100 °C, and at least one outer heat-sealing layer b) comprising a polyolefin, in the machine direction with a stretching ratio of > 3.0:1 and in the transverse direction with a stretching ratio of > 6.0:1, either sequentially or simultaneously, at suitably selected orientation temperatures and then heat-setting the film at a temperature from about 15 °C below the orientation temperature to the orientation temperature applied or even higher.
- films of use in the present invention have a thickness of 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably they have a thickness of from about 10 to about 90 ⁇ m, and even more preferably of from about 12 to about 80 ⁇ m.
- oriented designates a structure which has been stretched at a temperature
- the term "oriented” designates bi-axially oriented materials, i.e. materials wherein the stretching is earned out in two perpendicular directions, i.e. the machine or longitudinal direction (MD) as well as the transverse direction (TD).
- the term "/zomo-polymer” is used with reference to a polymer resulting from the polymerization of a single monomer, i.e., a polymer consisting essentially of a single type of repeating unit.
- co-polymer refers to polymers formed by the polymerization reaction of at least two different monomers.
- polymer refers to both /zomo-polymers and co-polymers as defined above.
- polyamide refers to both polyamide zomo- polymers and polyamide co-polymers, also called co-polyamides.
- co-polyamide identifies the polyamide product built from at least two different starting materials, i.e. lactams, aminocarboxylic acids, equimolar amounts of diamines and dicarboxylic acids, in any proportion; this term therefore also encompasses ter-polyamides and, in general, multi- polyamides.
- polyolefin refers to any polymerised olefin, which can be linear, branched, cyclic, aromatic, substituted, or unsubstituted. More specifically, included in the term polyolefin are /zomo-polymers of olefin, co-polymers of olefin, copolymers of an olefin and a non-olefinic comonomer copolymerizable with the olefin, such as vinyl monomers, modified polymers thereof, and the like.
- ethylene /zomo-polymers examples include ethylene /zomo-polymers, ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymers and terpolymers, propylene zomo-polymers, propylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymers and terpolymers, butene /zomo-polymers, butene- ⁇ -olefin copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene- methyl acrylate copolymers, ionomer resins, and modified polyolefins.
- ethylene /zomo-polymers As used herein the term "ethylene /zomo-polymers”, “propylene /zomo-polymers”, or “butene zomo-polymers” identify polymers consisting essentially of an ethylene, propylene or butene repeating unit respectively.
- ethylene ⁇ -olefin co-polymer refers to such heterogeneous materials as linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) and very low and ultra low density polyethylene (VLDPE and ULDPE); and homogeneous polymers such as metallocene catalyzed polymers such as for instance EXACTTM materials supplied by Exxon, AFFINITYTM and ENGAGETM materials supplied by Dow, LUFLEXENTM materials supplied by BASF and TAFMERTM materials supplied by Mitsui Petrochemical Corporation.
- LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
- LLDPE linear medium density polyethylene
- VLDPE and ULDPE very low and ultra low density polyethylene
- homogeneous polymers such as metallocene catalyzed polymers such as for instance EXACTTM materials supplied by Exxon, AFFINITYTM and ENGAGETM materials supplied by Dow, LUFLEXENTM materials supplied by BASF and TAFMERTM materials supplied by Mitsui Petrochemical Corporation.
- These materials generally include co-polymers of ethylene with one or more co-monomers selected from C 4 to C I0 ⁇ -olefins such as butene-1 (i.e., 1-butene), hexene-1, octene-1, etc.
- modified polyolefin as well as more specific phrases such as “modified ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer”, or “modified ethylene- ⁇ -olefin co-polymer” refer to such polymers having an acid or, preferably, an anhydride functionality, such as maleic or fumaric acid, or anhydride, grafted thereon and/or co- polymerized therewith and/or blended therewith.
- modified polymers Preferably, such modified polymers have the anhydride functionality grafted on or polymerized therewith, as opposed to merely blended therewith.
- the phrase "directly adhered”, as applied to film layers, is defined as adhesion of the subject film layer to the object film layer, without a tie layer, adhesive, or other layer there-between.
- the word "between”, as applied to a film layer expressed as being between two other specified layers includes both direct adherence of the subject layer to the two other layers it is between, as well as lack of direct adherence to either or both of the two other layers the subject layer is between, i.e., one or more additional layers can be imposed between the subject layer and one or more of the layers the subject layer is between.
- the phrases “inner layer” and “internal layer” refer to any film layer having both of its principal surfaces directly adhered to another layer of the film.
- outer layer refers to any film layer having only one of its principal surfaces directly adhered to another layer of the film.
- core refers to any internal film layer that has a primary function other than serving as an adhesive or compatibilizer for adhering two layers to one another.
- the term "ba ⁇ ier” as used herein means a layer of a multilayer film that comprises a material which acts as a physical barrier to gaseous oxygen molecules.
- the presence of the polyamide barrier layer in the film of the present invention will reduce the oxygen permeability of the film to less than 700 cm 3 /m 2 .day.bar, at 23 °C and 0 % relative humidity.
- the oxygen permeability value is obtained in accordance with ASTM D3985-81.
- Additional “barrier layers” may be present, such as layers comprising PVDC, ethylene-vinyl alcohol co-polymers, polyamides. blends of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers and polyamides, etc.
- PVDC refers to a vinylidene chloride copolymer wherein a major amount of the copolymer comprises vinylidene chloride and a minor amount of the copolymer comprises one or more unsaturated monomers copolymerisable therewith, typically vinyl chloride, and alkyl acrylates or methacrylates (e.g. methyl acrylate or methacrylate) or to a blend thereof in different proportions.
- said PVDC contains plasticizers and/or stabilizers as known in the art.
- the phrase "bulk layer” refers to any layer that is present for the purpose of improving the abuse-resistance, toughness, modulus, etc., of the film.
- Bulk layers generally comprise polymers which are inexpensive relative to other polymers in the film which provide some specific purpose unrelated to abuse-resistance, modulus, etc.
- tie layer refers to any internal layer having the primary purpose of adhering two layers to one another.
- crystalline or at least partially crystalline co- polyamide is used to distinguish the co-polyamide referred to from the amorphous ones, wherein the amorphous polyamides are characterized by no measurable melting point (and correspondingly by a heat of fusion less than 2.1 J/g), when measured by DSC according to ASTM 3417.
- polyester is intended to refer to any thermoplastic film- forming, polyester and co-polyester comprising alkylene terephthalate or alkylene naphthalenate as the main recu ⁇ ing units in the polymer chain.
- Polyesters comprising alkylene terephthalate as the main recurring units in the polymer chain are however preferred. These polyesters are produced mainly by the polycondensation of terephthalic acid or an ester-forming derivative thereof with an alkylene dihydroxyl compound.
- alkylene dihydroxyl compounds include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, neopentyl glycol and the ester- forming derivatives thereof.
- the copolyesters will comprise these polyalkylene terephthalate groups as the main constituent units and 30 % molar or less, preferably 20 % molar or less of another comonomer.
- the comonomers that can be used are dicarboxylic acids such as isophthalic, naphthalendicarboxylic, cyclohexanedicarboxylic, adipic, and sebacic acids as well as the substituted derivatives thereof.
- dicarboxylic acids can be used in the form of ester- forming derivatives such as lower alcohol esters.
- dihydroxyl compounds for forming the copolyesters include one or more of hydroquinone, dihydroxyphenyl, cyclohexanediol, polyoxyalkylene glycols and the substituted derivatives thereof.
- a first object of the present invention is a multi-layer, thermoplastic film oriented at a stretching ratio > about 3.0:1 in the machine direction and at a stretching ratio > about 6.0:1 in the transverse direction, which film comprises a layer a) comprising at least 50 wt. % of a crystalline or partially crystalline co- polyamide characterized by a T g ⁇ 100 °C, and at least one outer heat-sealing layer b) comprising a polyolefin, said film being further characterized in that it has a % free shrink at 100 °C ⁇ 3 in each direction.
- the film is oriented at a stretching ratio > about 3.5:1, more preferably > about 3.8:1, and even more preferably > about 4.0:1, in the machine direction and at a stretching ratio > about 6.2:1, and more preferably > about 6.5:1, in the transverse direction.
- crystalline or partially crystalline co-polyamides characterized by a T g
- polyamide aliphatic copolymers obtained by co-polymerization of ⁇ -caprolactam and ⁇ -laurolactam
- polyamides 6/12 such as GrilonTM CF6S commercially available from EMS
- certain aliphatic co-polymers obtained by co-polymerization of ⁇ -caprolactam, hexamethylenediamine and azelaic acid
- polyamides 6/69 such as GrilonTM CF62BS commercially available from EMS
- MDX6/MDXI such as GrilonTM FE 4581 commercially available from EMS
- some multi-polyamides obtained from hexamethylenediamine, meta-xylylendiamine, adipic acid, and sebacic acid such as GrilonTM XE3569 commercially available
- the co-polyamides of layer a) can be used alone or admixed with any other resin compatible therewith provided they would not impair the orientability of the overall structure, such as less than about 50 wt. %, preferably less than about 40 wt. %, and even more preferably less than about 30 wt. % of amorphous polyamides, ethylene- vinyl alcohol co-polymers, polyesters, co-polyesters, or even crystalline or partially crystalline polyamides having a T g > 100 °C, etc.
- the thickness of the co-polyamide comprising layer a) is typically of from about 1.5 to about 25 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the co-polyamide comprising layer a) is of from about 2.5 to about 15 ⁇ m, and more preferably of from about 3.0 to about 10 ⁇ m,
- the outer heat-sealing layer b) may comprise a single polymer or a blend of two or more polymers as known in the art.
- the melting point of the polyolefin resin(s) of the outer heat-sealing layer b) will be ⁇ 150 °C, and preferably ⁇ 140°C. In a more preferred embodiment it will be comprised between about 80°C and about 135 °C and in an even more preferred embodiment it will be comprised between about 90°C and about 128 °C.
- Such a layer may for example comprise one or more heterogeneous or homogeneous ethylene- (C 4 -C 8 )- ⁇ -olefin co-polymers having a density ⁇ 0.925 g/cm 3 ; blends thereof with minor amount of polyethylene /zomo-polymers or heterogeneous or homogeneous ethylene- (C 4 -C 8 )- ⁇ -olefin co-polymers having a density > 0.925 g/cm 3 ; ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymers; ethylene-acrylic or methacrylic acid co-polymers including ionomers; blends of heterogeneous or homogeneous ethylene-(C 4 -C 8 )- ⁇ -olefin copolymers having a density from about 0.915 g/cm 3 to about 0.935 g/cm 3 with ethylene- vinyl acetate co-polymers or ethylene-alkyl (meth)acrylate co
- the heat-sealing layer b) will comprise a heterogeneous or homogeneous ethylene-(C 4 -C 8 )- ⁇ -olefin co-polymer having a density ⁇ 0.925 g/cm 3 , and even more preferably a heterogeneous or homogeneous ethylene-(C 4 -C 8 )- ⁇ -olefin co-polymer having a density comprised between about 0.900 g/cm 3 and about 0.922 g/cm 3 .
- the Melt Index of said heterogeneous or homogeneous ethylene-(C 4 -C 8 )- ⁇ -olefin co-polymer may range from about 0.1 to about 15 g/10' (measured by ASTM D-1238, Condition E). However, prefe ⁇ ed values are in the range 0.5-10 g/10' and still more prefe ⁇ ed values are in the range 1.0-7.0 g/10'.
- the thickness of the outer heat-sealing b) is generally higher than 2 ⁇ m, and preferably higher than 3 ⁇ m.
- a tie layer c) between the layer comprising the co-polyamide and the outer heat-sealing polyolefin one, in order to get a sufficient bond between the film layers.
- Prefe ⁇ ed resins for such a tie layer will be e.g. modified ethylene- ⁇ -olefm co-polymers or modified co-polymers of ethylene and an ethylenically unsaturated ester, typically modified ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymers.
- the co-polyamide layer a) is an internal layer and the film has an additional outer layer d).
- Said second outer layer d) may comprise one or more polyolefins, modified polyolefins, polyamides, and polyesters.
- the thickness of said outer layer d) is not a critical feature and the optimized value will depend on the overall thickness of the structure, the type of resin employed therefor, and the function said outer layer d) would serve.
- said outer layer d) will have a thickness comprised between about 1 and about 30 ⁇ m.
- said outer layer d) will comprise a polyolefin.
- the composition of the outer layer d) will be the same of the outer heat-sealing layer b), so as to provide for a symmetrical structure.
- a symmetrical structure is highly prefe ⁇ ed when thin films (from about 10 to about 40 ⁇ m) are desired to be employed in high-speed HFFS (Horizontal-Form- Fill-Seal) machines.
- a symmetrical structure does not give any curl and if the modulus is sufficiently high has a good machinability.
- a symmetrical structure can also be lap-sealed, if desired, still giving strong seals.
- the composition of the second outer layer d) may be different from that of the layer b) and for example it may comprise a so-called "peelable" blend as known in the art.
- the transverse fin seals will be very strong seals and the longitudinal lap seal will be a peelable one. This will provide for the integrity of the package during conventional storage and handling conditions and easy openability, when desired, by a peeling mechanism.
- the outer layer d) may comprise a blend of at least two thermoplastic polymers known to provide for the cohesive failure of the layer and the pouch will comprise transverse fin seals and a longitudinal easy openable lap seal.
- blend of polymers exhibiting cohesive failure are for instance those blends of an ethylene terpolymer with an ionomer described in US-A-4,469,754; or of an ethylene polymer and a propylene polymer described in US-A-5, 160,767; or those ternary blends of copolymers of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, modified ethylene vinyl acetate, and polybutylene described in International patent application PCT/EP99/0241 1 ; and the like blends.
- the outer layer d) may have the same composition of the heat-sealing layer b) but its thickness be less than 10 ⁇ m and an intermediate layer e), containing a cohesive failure blend be directly adhered thereto.
- a thicker structure (from about 20 to about 80 ⁇ m) will be prefe ⁇ ed and the outer layer d) will be suitably selected, independently from the outer heat-sealing layer b), with the aim at providing the bag with a high abuse resistance.
- prefe ⁇ ed resins for said outer layer d) would be polyamides, polyesters, and some polyolefins, such as the heterogeneous or homogeneous ethylene-(C 4 -C 8 )- ⁇ -olef ⁇ n co-polymers having a density from about 0.915 g/cm 3 to about 0.935 g/cm 3 possibly blended with polyethylene /zomo-polymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymers or ethylene-alkyl (meth)acrylate co-polymers; and ethylene-propylene co-polymers.
- polyamides such as the heterogeneous or homogeneous ethylene-(C 4 -C 8 )- ⁇ -olef ⁇ n co-polymers having a density from about 0.915 g/cm 3 to about 0.935 g/cm 3 possibly blended with polyethylene /zomo-polymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate co-pol
- tie layer c' is defined as tie layer c) above, but it can be equal or different from c).
- the film will therefore comprise at least 5 layers with tie layers c) and c') positioned between the internal co- polyamide layer a) and the outer layers b) and d).
- Additional layers may be present in the overall structure to improve the characteristics thereof.
- thermoplastic resins which are employed in these optional, additional, layers need however to be highly orientable at temperatures compatible with the rest of the structure and with the mechanical properties desired for the end film.
- Suitable resins are, for example, polyolefins, and in particular heterogeneous ethylene- ⁇ -olefin co-polymers, homogeneous ethylene- ⁇ -olefin co-polymers, ethylene- vinyl acetate co-polymers, ethylene-(meth)acrylic acid co-polymers, ethylene- alkyl(meth)acrylate co-polymers, ionomers, propylene polymers, modified polyolefins, and blends thereof. These resins can be used for instance in internal layers to provide the required bulk.
- PVDC also is a suitable resin that can be employed in a core layer when high barrier properties (oxygen permeability lower than 50 cm 3 /m 2 .day.bar, at 23 °C and 0 % or 100 % relative humidity) are required.
- the resins used in the manufacture of the films according to the present invention can be suitably additivated as known in the art in order to improve the properties of the film or to ease the manufacture thereof.
- the resins may contain stabilizers, anti oxidants, pigments, UV absorbers, cross-linking enhancers or cross-linking inhibitors, anti-fog agents or compositions, slip and anti-blocking agents, etc., as conventionally used in this field.
- the outer layers may comprise slip and anti-blocking agents as conventionally used in this field, such as silica, either natural or synthetic silica, calcium stearate, amides or bis-amides, etc. They may also contain small amounts of fluorinated hydrocarbon resins to improve processability and in particular improve extrudability and resin distribution through the flat extrusion die.
- the thickness ratio between the different layers in the final film is not critical and depends on the overall thickness desired for the end film, on the number of layers in the structure and on the OTR desired for the structure.
- the film according to the present invention is manufactured by extrusion of a thick primary tape that is then stretched, either sequentially or simultaneously, using a tenter frame.
- the primary tape can be obtained by any known extrusion technique and, if a round die is employed, by opening of the tubular tape to give the sheet to be flat stretched.
- the primary tape is extruded through a flat die.
- the tape is co-extruded but the technique of extrusion coating for the preparation of said primary tape is however possible.
- the flat multi-layer tape is extruded onto a cooled roll and quenched as known in the art. Then it is re-heated and stretched in the machine direction and in the transverse direction.
- the tape is passed through at least two sets of heated rolls revolving at different speed, with the downstream set moving at a higher speed.
- the temperature at which stretching in the machine direction is ca ⁇ ied out typically ranges from about 85 °C to about 140 °C.
- the pre-heating temperature i.e. the temperature of the heated rolls through which the tape is passed before the stretching step starts
- the relaxation temperature i.e. the temperature of the heated rolls through which the tape is passed after the stretching step in machine direction is complete
- the stretching ratio in the machine direction is at least 3.0: 1 but higher stretching ratios, up to 5.0: 1, 6.0: 1 or 7.0: 1, can be applied.
- the stretching in the transverse direction is ca ⁇ ied out by means of a tenter frame oven that comprises a certain number of heating zones and suitable stretching means.
- the stretching temperature is typically comprised between about 120 and about 150 °C, with a pre-heating temperature of 5 to 15 °C higher.
- the stretching ratio in the transverse direction is at least 6.0: 1 but higher stretching ratios, e.g. up to 8.0: 1, 9.0:1 or even more, might possibly be applied.
- the transversal orientation is then followed by a heat-setting step that is ca ⁇ ied out by subjecting the film, while still clipped but no longer stretched, to a temperature comparable to that used for the transversal stretching.
- a heat-setting step that is ca ⁇ ied out by subjecting the film, while still clipped but no longer stretched, to a temperature comparable to that used for the transversal stretching.
- the stretching rails in the end section of the tenter frame are not kept parallel but are allowed to slightly converge.
- the stretching can be ca ⁇ ied out simultaneously in both perpendicular directions.
- This simultaneous stretching is preferably obtained by a system where the clips are propelled throughout the opposed loops of the tenter frame by means of a linear synchronous motor.
- a suitable line for simultaneous stretching with linear motor technology has been designed by Brueckner GmbH and advertised as LISIM® line.
- the orientation temperature is typically comprised between about 120 and about 150 °C, with a pre-heating temperature of 5 to 15 °C higher and a heat-setting temperature close to the orientation one.
- the film of the present invention may be partially or wholly cross-linked.
- a suitable radiation dosage of high- energy electrons preferably using an electron accelerator, with the dosage level being determined by standard dosimetry methods.
- Other accelerators such as a Van der Graaf generator or resonating transformer may be used.
- the radiation is not limited to electrons from an accelerator since any ionizing radiation may be used. Radiation dosages are refe ⁇ ed to herein in terms of kGreys.
- a suitable radiation dosage of high energy electrons is up to about 140 kGreys, typically in the range of from about 10 to about 120 kGreys, preferably it is in the range of from about 20 to about 100 and even more preferably in the range of from about 30 to about 80 kGreys.
- Irradiation is most preferably performed prior to orientation but it could also be performed during and/or after orientation.
- the film may also be printed.
- the film of the present invention may be primed using a coating of a resin that improves adhesion, gloss or durability of the following print, or alternatively the surface of the film which will be printed, can be rendered more receptive to ink by subjecting it to a corona discharge treatment or to any other treatment that is known to increase surface energy, such as flame treatment.
- thermoplastic films thermoplastic films
- Melt Flow Indexes (MFI's), unless otherwise indicated, are measured by ASTM D- 1238, Condition E, 190°C/2.16 kg, and are anyway reported in grams/10 minutes. The densities have been measured by ASTM D 792.
- a 5 -layer film having the following structure:
- AdmerTM AT1094E commercially available from Mitsui
- C is a mu/tz-polyamide obtained from the following monomers : hexamethylenediamine, met ⁇ -xylylenediamine, adipic acid and sebacic acid characterized by a glass transition point of 57 °C and a melting point of 181 °C (GrilonTM XE3569 commercially available from EMS), and the thickness of the various layers is respectively 12/4/3.5/4/12 ⁇ m, is prepared by co-extrusion through a flat die at a die temperature of about 230 °C.
- the tape 920 ⁇ m thick and 575 mm wide, is cooled by means of a chill roll kept at
- the linear speed of the quenched tape is 20 m/min.
- the tape is cross-linked to 60 kGreys and then pre-heated to a temperature of about 110 °C on oil heated rolls and stretched in machine direction at a temperature of about 90 °C with a stretching ratio of about 4.0: 1.
- the MD oriented tape is passed through another set of rolls heated to a temperature of about 1 10 °C for relaxation, and then transferred to a tenter frame oven having four heating zones in which the temperature (pre-heating temperature) is about 135 °C.
- A/B/C'/B/A wherein A and B are as in Example 1 and C is an MXD6/MXDI co- polyamide characterized by a glass transition point of 96 °C and a melting point of 213 °C (GrilonTM FE4581 commercially available from EMS), is prepared by following essentially the same procedure as in the foregoing example.
- the thickness of the various layers is respectively 7.5/3.5/3.0/3.5/7.5 ⁇ m for a total thickness of 25 ⁇ m.
- Example 4 A 5-layer film having the following structure: A7B/C7B/A', wherein
- Example B is as in Example 1 and C is as in Example 2 and the thickness of the various layers is respectively 10/4/3.5/4/10 ⁇ m, is prepared by co-extrusion through a flat die at a die temperature of about 230 °C and simultaneous stretching (MD 4.0: 1, TD 7.0: 1).
- the temperature in the preheating zone is kept between about 130 °C and about 140 °C and the orientation temperature is comprised between about 120 °C and about 130 °C.
- Heat-setting is ca ⁇ ied out at a temperature of about 130 °C.
- a 5-layer film having the following structure A'"/B/A"7B/C'" wherein A'" is an ethylene-propylene copolymer (MoplenTM EP2C30F commercially available from Montell), B is as in Example 1, and C" is as in Example 5, and the thickness of the various layers is respectively 4/3/10/3/10 ⁇ m, is prepared by co-extrusion through a flat die equipped with a deckling system, at a die temperature of about 250 °C, irradiation of the obtained tape at about 75 kGy, followed by simultaneous stretching (with stretching ratio in the machine direction of 4.0:1 and stretching ratio in the transverse direction of 6.0: 1) at an orientation temperature comprised between 130 and 140 °C (pre-heating at 140-150 °C) and finally by heat- setting at about 150 °C.
- A'" is an ethylene-propylene copolymer (MoplenTM EP2C30F commercially available from Montell)
- B is as in Example 1
- C
- a 7-layer film having the following structure A"/B7A'"/B7C"7B7D' wherein A" and C" are as in Example 5, A'" is as in Example 6, B' is as in Example 7, and D' is a co-polyester based on polyethyleneterephtahalate units and containing 1,4- cyclohexanediol co-monomers (PETg - Eastman 6763 commercially available from Eastman Chemicals), and the thickness of the various layers is respectively 10/5/15/5/5/5/10 ⁇ m, is prepared by co-extrusion through a flat die, at a die temperature of about 250 °C, i ⁇ adiation of the obtained tape at about 100 kGy, followed by stretching in the machine direction at a stretching temperature of about 85 °C (preheating at about 90 °C) and with a stretching ratio of 4.0: 1 and in the transverse direction at a stretching temperature of about 135 °C (pre-heating at about 145 °
- % Free shrink the percent free shrink, i.e. the i ⁇ eversible and rapid reduction, as a percent, of the original dimensions of a sample subjected to a given temperature under conditions where nil restraint to inhibit shrinkage is present, has been measured according to ASTM D2732, by immersing for 4 seconds specimens of the structures to be tested (10 cm x 10 cm) into a bath of hot oil at 100 °C. This attribute has been measured in the machine or longitudinal direction (MD) as well as in the transversal direction (TD) and is reported as the sum thereof, i.e. the total free shrink.
- MD machine or longitudinal direction
- TD transversal direction
- Oxygen Transmission rate OTR is evaluated, at 23 °C and 0 % R.H., according to ASTM D-3985 using an OX-TRAN instrument by Mocon and is expressed as cm 3 /m 2 .day.bar.
- Haze haze is defined as that percentage of transmitted light which in passing through the specimen deviates from the incident beam by forward scattering, and it has been measured by ASTM D 1003 (Procedure A).
- Gloss the specular gloss of the films, i.e. the relative luminous reflectance factor of a specimen in the mirror direction has been measured using ASTM 2457 - 90 with a gloss angle of 60°.
- Modulus the ratio of the tensile stress to co ⁇ esponding strain below the proportional limit (kg/cm 2 ); measured by ASTM D 882.
- Tensile a measure of the force required at constant elongation to break a specimen of the film (kg/cm 2 ); measured by ASTM D 882.
- Elongation a measure of the percent extension required to break a specimen of the film (%); measured by ASTM D 882.
- Thickness variation % is the percent value obtained by measuring the maximum and minimum thickness of the film, calculating the average thickness value and applying these numbers to the following formula: film thickness (max) - film thickness (min)
- Thickness variation (%) x 100. film thickness (avg)
- the maximum and minimum thicknesses are determined by taking a total of 10 thickness measurements at regular distance intervals along the entirety of the transverse direction of a film sample, recording the highest and lowest thickness values as the maximum and minimum thickness values, respectively, while the average value is determined by summing up the same 10 thickness measurements and dividing the result by ten.
- the thickness variation is then computed (as a percent value) using the formula above.
- a thickness variation of 0 % represents a film with no measurable differences in thickness.
- a thickness variation over 20 % is unacceptable industrially while a thickness variation below 10 % is a good value.
- Puncture resistance the puncture resistance is the resistance force arising when pushing a punch against a surface of flexible film. There is not a standard test method to measure this attribute.
- a film sample (6.5 cm x 6.5 cm) is fixed in a specimen holder connected to a compression cell (1-50 kg normal sensitivity) mounted on a dynamometer (an Instron tensile tester); when the dynamometer is started, a punch (a punching sphere, 5-mm in diameter, soldered on a plunger) is brought against the film sample at a constant speed (30 cm/min.) and the force needed to puncture the sample is graphically recorded.
- Example 2 of the present invention has been tested for use as the lidding film in a standard thermoforming Tiromat Powerpack machine under the following packaging conditions: sealing temperature: 120°C and sealing time 2 s, showing good sealability and good machinability.
- Example 2 has been evaluated also on a Hayssen 1800 RT machine at 90 ppm without any problem
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Shaping By String And By Release Of Stress In Plastics And The Like (AREA)
- Wrappers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE60118719T DE60118719T2 (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | BIAXIALLY RIED AND THERMOFIXED, MULTILAYER, THERMOPLASTIC PACKING FOIL |
AU5214901A AU5214901A (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging |
US10/221,429 US7063885B2 (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Biaxially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging |
EP01925361A EP1276609B1 (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging |
CA002403073A CA2403073A1 (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging |
NZ521428A NZ521428A (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film comprising a polyamide layer and an outer heat-sealing polyolefin layer suitable for packaging |
HU0300258A HUP0300258A2 (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging |
AU2001252149A AU2001252149B2 (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00105242 | 2000-03-13 | ||
EP00105242.2 | 2000-03-13 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001068363A1 true WO2001068363A1 (en) | 2001-09-20 |
Family
ID=8168083
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2001/002229 WO2001068363A1 (en) | 2000-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Bi-axially oriented and heat-set multilayer thermoplastic film for packaging |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7063885B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1276609B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE322978T1 (en) |
AU (2) | AU5214901A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2403073A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60118719T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1276609T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2261395T3 (en) |
HU (1) | HUP0300258A2 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ521428A (en) |
PL (1) | PL365383A1 (en) |
PT (1) | PT1276609E (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001068363A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2003051740A2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2003-06-26 | Cryovac, Inc. | Package having an inflated frame |
EP1415930A1 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-05-06 | Cryovac, Inc. | Improved flexible packaging container and method of sealing a flexible container |
US6815486B2 (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2004-11-09 | Dow Corning Corporation | Thermally conductive phase change materials and methods for their preparation and use |
WO2006049281A1 (en) * | 2004-11-08 | 2006-05-11 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | Stretched aromatic-polyamide film |
WO2007092265A1 (en) * | 2006-02-07 | 2007-08-16 | Evergreen Packaging International B.V. | Barrier laminate containing partially aromatic nylon materials, blank constructed from the barrier laminate, and container constructed from the barrier laminate |
US8198207B2 (en) | 2006-05-23 | 2012-06-12 | Dow Corning Corporation | Borane catalyst complexes with amide functional polymers and curable compositions made therefrom |
WO2016174111A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2016-11-03 | Cryovac, Inc. | Package, packaged product, method of releasing at least one agent into chamber portion of package, and process of packaging |
WO2023026593A1 (en) * | 2021-08-23 | 2023-03-02 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | Stretched film, multilayered film, and packaging material |
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DE102005043172A1 (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2007-03-15 | Basf Ag | Process for the preparation of soft capsule shells based on polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymers |
US8167490B2 (en) | 2009-04-22 | 2012-05-01 | Reynolds Consumer Products Inc. | Multilayer stretchy drawstring |
WO2011019056A1 (en) * | 2009-08-11 | 2011-02-17 | 日清食品ホールディングス株式会社 | Heat-sealing laminate and method for producing same |
EP2608960B1 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2020-05-20 | Cryovac, LLC | Ovenable heat-sealed package |
SG11201605238UA (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2016-07-28 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Multilayered films, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same |
WO2015123827A1 (en) * | 2014-02-19 | 2015-08-27 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | High performance sealable co-extruded oriented film, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same |
US20150231862A1 (en) | 2014-02-19 | 2015-08-20 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Multilayered polyolefin films, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same |
JP6242299B2 (en) * | 2014-06-19 | 2017-12-06 | 株式会社クラレ | Method for measuring puncture strength of stretched film |
CN113710482B (en) * | 2019-05-03 | 2023-10-17 | 库恩设备制造有限公司 | Method for producing multilayer composite film, and use thereof |
DE102019111440A1 (en) * | 2019-05-03 | 2020-11-05 | Kuhne Anlagenbau Gmbh | Method for producing a multilayer composite film, multilayer composite film and their use |
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- 2001-02-27 PT PT01925361T patent/PT1276609E/en unknown
- 2001-02-27 NZ NZ521428A patent/NZ521428A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-02-27 ES ES01925361T patent/ES2261395T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-27 DE DE60118719T patent/DE60118719T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-27 PL PL01365383A patent/PL365383A1/en unknown
- 2001-02-27 WO PCT/EP2001/002229 patent/WO2001068363A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-02-27 DK DK01925361T patent/DK1276609T3/en active
- 2001-02-27 EP EP01925361A patent/EP1276609B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-27 US US10/221,429 patent/US7063885B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-02-27 CA CA002403073A patent/CA2403073A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-02-27 HU HU0300258A patent/HUP0300258A2/en unknown
- 2001-02-27 AU AU5214901A patent/AU5214901A/en active Pending
- 2001-02-27 AU AU2001252149A patent/AU2001252149B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-02-27 AT AT01925361T patent/ATE322978T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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WO2003051740A2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2003-06-26 | Cryovac, Inc. | Package having an inflated frame |
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WO2023026593A1 (en) * | 2021-08-23 | 2023-03-02 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | Stretched film, multilayered film, and packaging material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE322978T1 (en) | 2006-04-15 |
NZ521428A (en) | 2004-06-25 |
EP1276609B1 (en) | 2006-04-12 |
EP1276609A1 (en) | 2003-01-22 |
PL365383A1 (en) | 2005-01-10 |
DE60118719T2 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
AU2001252149B2 (en) | 2005-07-14 |
CA2403073A1 (en) | 2001-09-20 |
AU5214901A (en) | 2001-09-24 |
HUP0300258A2 (en) | 2003-07-28 |
US20040009360A1 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
US7063885B2 (en) | 2006-06-20 |
DK1276609T3 (en) | 2006-08-14 |
DE60118719D1 (en) | 2006-05-24 |
ES2261395T3 (en) | 2006-11-16 |
PT1276609E (en) | 2006-07-31 |
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