WO2001060243A1 - Procede et appareil de traitement de la dyslexie fondes sur le reseau - Google Patents

Procede et appareil de traitement de la dyslexie fondes sur le reseau Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001060243A1
WO2001060243A1 PCT/US2001/004630 US0104630W WO0160243A1 WO 2001060243 A1 WO2001060243 A1 WO 2001060243A1 US 0104630 W US0104630 W US 0104630W WO 0160243 A1 WO0160243 A1 WO 0160243A1
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Prior art keywords
subject
treatment
auditory
workstation
foreground
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PCT/US2001/004630
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English (en)
Inventor
Harold N. Levinson
Original Assignee
Levinson Harold N
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Levinson Harold N filed Critical Levinson Harold N
Priority to AU2001235014A priority Critical patent/AU2001235014A1/en
Publication of WO2001060243A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001060243A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/16—Devices for psychotechnics; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/16—Devices for psychotechnics; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
    • A61B5/168—Evaluating attention deficit, hyperactivity

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to individualized methods and apparatus for the online and thus remote treatment of large numbers of individual subjects for neurological
  • disorders such as dyslexia and related cerebellar-vestibular system (CVS) disorders.
  • CVS cerebellar-vestibular system
  • dyslexia is a CVS syndrome that includes difficulties with reading, writing, spelling, and concentration/distractibility (e.g. , Attention
  • DDD dysmetric dyslexic and dyspraxic
  • cerebellar-vestibular (inner-ear) system of the brain controls sensory input. It was
  • cerebellar-vestibular system acts to dynamically filter the speed and quantity of sensory-motor and related inputs so that they can be recognized and dealt with on a
  • cerebellar-vestibular disturbance in sequencing results in scrambling
  • cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction e.g. , dysmetric dyslexia and dyspraxia, DDD
  • DDD dyspraxia
  • induced eye vibration occurs at a frequency that can be controlled, being more specifically a function of the speed of movement of the material being visualized or read by the subject.
  • Such induced eye vibration is maintained below the normal threshold level producing blurred vision in normal subjects, but
  • CVS cerebellar-vestibular system
  • cerebellar-vestibular impairment In a screening method using incoming visual stimuli, such as described in the '822 patent, cerebellar-vestibular impairment
  • cerebellar-vestibular system slows down the input rate of auditory and tactile information
  • cerebellar-vestibular system is impaired, the order of incoming sequential stimuli cannot be
  • the methods of the '728 patent are practiced using (a) acoustical or auditory material, and (b) tactile stimulation, as said non-visual sensory inputs,
  • incoming and sequential auditory stimuli leads, by analogy, to auditory ataxia or nystagmus and auditory scrambling occurs.
  • auditory ataxia or nystagmus leads, by analogy, to auditory ataxia or nystagmus and auditory scrambling occurs.
  • auditory scrambling occurs.
  • the '728 patent also describes a dynamic sequential tactile test where tactile sequential stimuli are speeded up to the
  • a pattern of two or three sequential pinpricks or other sensa ions applied to the skin, when speeded up, may then be
  • cerebellar-vestibular circuits have been unable to slow down the rate and maintain the order of incoming sequential stimuli before sending them up to the cortex for interpretation
  • the stimuli are transmitted to the cortex at a rate and in a scramble beyond the cortical perception or recognition threshold.
  • dyslexic subjects have more than one blurring speed. While they have the same blurring speed as do non-dyslexic subjects (i.e., a sequential blurring speed, in which a whole
  • sequence of objects is seen as a panorama and the entire sequence blurs at once), they also have another blurring speed, referred to as the “single-targeting blurring speed. " This latter
  • the single targeting blurring speed results from the observation that the subjects have a functionally abnormal narrow lateral or peripheral span of vision. This abnormality is observed when a dyslexic or CV-dysfunctioning subject is forced to
  • the moving display is a continuous line of several discrete objects, the number of which in the
  • the present invention is directed to methods and apparatus for the remote yet
  • CV cerebellar- vestibular
  • DDD dysmetric dyslexia and dyspraxia
  • the present invention provides a server or host computer which is accessible via a communications network such as the Internet, a direct dial-up connection or
  • the server optionally comprising visual, acoustic and/ or tactile i/o apparatus.
  • the server optionally comprising visual, acoustic and/ or tactile i/o apparatus.
  • treatment software which can be downloaded and executed at a client workstation or
  • testing Prior to treatment, testing can be done to determine which impairment condition has impairment condition such as DDD.
  • results of the test are reported to the test taker and may be accompanied by
  • test results may also be communicated to the server which may, inter alia, obtain additional information from
  • test taker administer additional tests, provide further result-dependent information, or
  • Treatment in accordance with the present invention is significantly more
  • the treatment instructions will generally be the same,
  • workstations or server are generally based on repetition of the visual, auditory and/or tactile
  • the displayed objects are first
  • the displayed objects are then set in linear motion, while terminal objects arranged on either side
  • This procedure is based upon the discovery that dyslexic subjects have a significantly smaller lateral field of vision than persons not suffering from dysmetric dyslexia,
  • the visual display although planar is moved at a speed significantly less than the threshold level
  • the moving objects that are displayed are identical to each other and
  • terminal objects are different from the terminal stationary objects, which terminal objects are preferably
  • the objects are readily identifiable pictorial
  • terminal stationary objects be intermittently visible as, for example, by flashing the objects on the display, at a rate substantially equal to the linear movement of the series objects
  • determining the lateral or peripheral fields of vision are basically eliminated.
  • a moving grid or scene is accelerated across a stationary visual sequence.
  • CVS dysfunctioning (DDD) individuals, especially children, will frequently experience visual
  • compensatory single targeting which dyslexics often attempt. Also, compensatory single tracking is often associated with a CV dysfunctioning individual becoming aware that he is
  • the eye exercises induce a mild and tolerable nystagmus in a subject with a dysfunction (e.g., dysmetric dyslexia), and in so doing call forth compensatory
  • procedures of this invention provide a reflex reduction of the subject's dysfunction.
  • developing and improving compensatory mechanisms in the subject may prevent the dysfunction
  • improving visual functioning may simultaneously improve auditory
  • the eye exercise is one which requires the subject to track
  • the subject is required to identify selected static, fixed foreground
  • an auditory treatment is carried out at a
  • the workstation comprises conventional audio processing means, including, for example a sound card and one or more loudspeakers, and/or a headset.
  • audio processing means including, for example a sound card and one or more loudspeakers, and/or a headset.
  • the workstation plays spoken words at a selected location.
  • a pointing device such as a mouse.
  • the volume level of the background auditory material is the volume level of the background auditory material
  • background auditory material is identified as possibly having CV dysfunctioning and thus predisposition to DDD. Repetition of the procedure improves performance and is an effective
  • enhanced auditory processing may also reflexively trigger
  • recited words is progressively increased to pressure the ability of the listeners, and thus their cerebellar-vestibular system, to achieve proper identification of the recited words.
  • the rate of recited words and sentences starts out very high— above the recognition speed— and then is decreased until recognition of the words and sentences can be
  • the auditory recognition speed should equal the equivalent blurring speed and appears to be a more objective parameter.
  • treatment of a CV dysfunction can be based on the time
  • dyslexic hears something and when they register and respond. Thus often, a dyslexic person will ask a speaker to repeat what they said and then know what was said to them before it is
  • tactile treatment is carried out at a
  • the workstation comprises tactile stimulation means, including for
  • a skin-contacting heat application device for example, a skin-contacting heat application device.
  • the heat application device applies a progressively increasing pattern of an intermittently
  • dyslexic subjects perceive the stimulation as an uninterrupted heat source, i.e. , one without a
  • the treatment methods and apparatus of the present invention can quickly reach a
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a workstation in
  • FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary network in accordance with the
  • FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of an exemplary treatment session in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show exemplary embodiments of displays in accordance
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of exemplary acoustic stimuli presented to a subject being treated in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 A and FIG. 6B show exemplary embodiments of apparatus for applying
  • tactile stimuli to a subject being treated in accordance with the present invention.
  • a computer workstation 100 is shown for carrying out
  • CV cerebellar-vestibular
  • the computer workstation 100 can store dyspraxia (DDD), in accordance with the present invention.
  • DMD dyspraxia
  • the computer workstation 100 can
  • a computer 102 having a CPU, memory, and mass storage, connected to a display monitor 104.
  • the monitor 104 provides visual prompting and feedback to the user or subject being treated.
  • Attached to the computer 102 are preferably a keyboard 105, speakers 106, a microphone 107,
  • the computer 102 preferably contains a sound processing
  • the microphone 107 enables the computer to receive spoken input from the subject.
  • the mouse 108 allows the subject to navigate through the computer program, and to select particular responses after visual or auditory prompting by the workstation.
  • the keyboard 105 allows entry of alpha numeric information into the computer 102.
  • a variety of different computer platforms are applicable to the present invention, including the so-called
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary computer network 200 comprising workstations 202, 204, similar to that described above with reference to FIG. 1 , connected to a server or host computer 206.
  • the connection between the computers 202, 204 and the server 206 can be
  • a computer network such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network
  • LAN local area network
  • wide area network a wide area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • Internet Internet or World Wide Web
  • the workstations 202, 204 include the
  • appropriate data communications software such as internet browser software (e.g. , Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer), for enabling the workstations to communicate over
  • internet browser software e.g. , Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer
  • the network 200 with other computers on the network, particularly the server 206.
  • the computer network 200 allows the bidirectional flow of information between each of the
  • Each workstation 202, 204 can access the server
  • the downloadable computer software may be kept on one or more
  • servers 206 on the network accessible by any client computer or terminal capable and
  • data can be downloaded once and reused repeatedly at the client workstation 202, 204.
  • the downloadable computer software and data can be downloaded for each individual treatment session via the network as needed.
  • the various network computing techniques and implementations that can be used with the present invention are well known in the art and thus need not be described here in greater detail for brevity's sake.
  • Performance scores, statistics, and other subject information can
  • the server 206 can then review the information and can then download configuration and control information pertaining to a
  • a printer 208 may be coupled to a
  • FIG. 3 shows a flow chart illustrating the major steps involved in the operation of
  • step 301 a person using a
  • the server 206 via the Internet, for example, using the workstation's browser software and
  • the user can browse a site maintained on the server 206, which
  • dysmetric dyslexia In addition to browsing the site, the user can take one or more tests to determine whether he may suffer from such a disorder.
  • the user may download
  • the software to run the treatments is preferably downloaded from the server and executed locally by the workstation. (Naturally, with improved network bandwidth and
  • the treatments may also be executed
  • the user may be asked to go through a questioning process 303 which may entail, for example, providing
  • the information provided by the user may be used by the server 206 to determine
  • results of the treatment may then be evaluated locally (step 309) by the workstation in
  • the workstation may report the results of the treatment and its evaluation of the results to the user and at step 313 the workstation may
  • the workstation may not perform an evaluation and simply report
  • the server 206 can evaluate the results and provide
  • the user with its evaluation in real-time or the results can be provided to trained personnel who can evaluate the results off-line and provide their evaluation to the user at a later time, such as
  • the server 206 As part of the post-treatment processing, represented by step 315, the server 206
  • obtaining additional information from the user may perform a variety of functions including obtaining additional information from the user, providing the user with additional information such as contact information for suggested health care professionals specializing in the user's condition as indicated by the treatment results, administering additional treatment procedures including downloading additional software, incorporating the results in a statistical database, etc.
  • the visual procedure of the exemplary embodiment is based on the
  • FIG. 4A which shows an exemplary, multipart image 410 as displayed on the monitor 104 of a
  • the objects 420 are shown in FIG. 1 as being animals, specifically elephants, for ease of identification.
  • the form of the objects 420 is not critical, except that they should be the same
  • a different non-movable object is projected in each of the flanking fields 416 and 418, shown in FIG. 4A as animals, namely, a bear 422 in the left field 416 and a giraffe 424 in the right field 418.
  • the stationary objects 422 and 424 are different
  • the stationary objects 422 and 424 are
  • flanking fields 416 and 418 as well as the central field 414 and will be able as well to
  • the downloaded software is executed which causes the display monitor 104 to display the image of FIG. 4A.
  • the subject and the monitor 104 should be placed at a distance relative to each other, and the size of the image should be selected so
  • the movable objects ⁇ 20 in the central field 414 are then caused to traverse across
  • the display in the direction of arrow A, starting at a very low speed below the threshold level at which blurring occurs so that the subject will maintain clear imaging of the objects.
  • flanking fields 416 and 418 are flashed at the same rate or beat as the rate of travel of the central field 414.
  • the workstation queries the subject to report (a) if he can
  • CV dysfunction with respect to these mechanisms can be used to determine the proper speed to
  • the exemplary visual treatment procedure described may also be run with the
  • the moving objects 420 may also traverse the display in a vertical direction (i.e..
  • FIG. 4A the image of FIG. 4A is essentially rotated 90 degrees, with the peripheral stationary fields 416, 418 arranged at the top and bottom of the image and the central field oriented vertically between the peripheral stationary fields.
  • flanking objects moving at a high speed so as to be appear blurred even to normal subjects.
  • representations can be displayed instead of words.
  • reflex Cerebellar-vestibular fixation and tracking capacity.
  • the workstation 100 Before setting the objects 420 in motion, the workstation 100
  • a stationary grid 415 e.g., a picket fence, or the like
  • the workstation 100 Before setting the objects 420 in motion, the workstation 100
  • the objects 420 are maintained in a stationary state as the grid 415 is accelerated across the central field 414. The subject is then
  • a visual treatment procedure in accordance with the present invention is based on the observation that dyslexics frequently focus
  • a stationary object 420 is displayed in the center of the display while rapidly
  • flashing visuals appear simultaneously and at varying peripheral distances equidistant from the central object. The user is prompted to identify the rapidly flashed visuals. By flashing different visuals at different distances from the central object, the subject's ability to identify the
  • potential CVS dysfunctioning is treated through the subject's ability to
  • flutter as opposed to horizontal (i.e. , right/left, left/right) and vertical (i.e. , up/down, down/up) movements.
  • horizontal i.e. , right/left, left/right
  • vertical i.e. , up/down, down/up
  • the front/back recognition speed is spontaneously or developmentally compensated for so that recognition of reading material occurs despite low horizontal and/or
  • the flicker can be adjusted as appropriate to treat a given subject.
  • the visual treatments can be carried out with a variety
  • the color can be any color which may vary from treatment to treatment and during a treatment.
  • the color can be any color which may vary from treatment to treatment and during a treatment.
  • the color can be
  • the monitor 104 is thus preferably a color monitor. It is also preferable that the monitor 104 be of a low-glare variety or have glare-reducing means applied thereto.
  • One preferred treatment is to improve ocular fixation, sequential scanning and
  • the induced eye oscillations can result form various images on the computer monitor, such as providing a visual display that moves across the subject's line of vision at a selected rate of speed.
  • the subject fixes their vision upon a foreground image on the monitor (e.g., words or other symbols) while a background image (e.g., pictorial representations) is moved at a selected speed and the subject is asked to identify changing foreground fixation objects against the moving background.
  • a background image e.g., pictorial representations
  • Other embodiments can be derived by those of skill in the art from similar eye exercises such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,955,564, which has been incorporated by reference herein.
  • An advantageous treatment can be to repeatedly present the subjects with the specific word and object sizes and densities for which they are having difficulty to encourage and improve compensatory mechanisms in them.
  • the subject can then be further treated by any one or more additional treatments.
  • the subject can be given relevant information or be asked to provide information.
  • the subject can also be referred to an appropriate clinic or professional.
  • the system of the present invention can be used to administer an exemplary procedure which uses auditory principles to treat a cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction such as dysmetric dyslexia.
  • exemplary auditory treatment procedures which, upon repetition form the basis for a treatment procedure of the present invention are generally based on the procedures described in U.S. Patent No. 3,952,728.
  • the aforementioned auditory treatment procedure can be carried out by a
  • the software controls the presentation of auditory information via the sound control card and loudspeakers 106 or headphone 110.
  • the software controls the presentation of auditory information via the sound control card and loudspeakers 106 or headphone 110.
  • the workstation 100 generates through one or both speakers 106 a stream of words
  • the foreground auditory material is recited one after the other, preferably in a language understood by the subject.
  • the recited words are referred to herein as foreground auditory material.
  • the foreground auditory material is referred to herein as foreground auditory material.
  • the background auditory material is
  • the background auditory material may also comprise a stream of words, preferably spoken with a different voice than the foreground material. Initially, the background auditory material is generated at a volume level
  • the subject is required to identify the foreground auditory
  • the subject is instructed to identify the foreground material by speaking it into the
  • the subject can use other input means provided by the workstation, such as the keyboard 105 to type
  • a failure to properly identify the foreground auditory material is a potential
  • dysmetric dyslexia is a condition caused by a dysfunctioning cerebellar-vestibular system, and said dysfunction results in an inability of the individual to suppress the distraction caused by the background auditory material so that proper identification can be made of the foreground
  • dyslexia Repetition of the procedure results in improved responses that translate into the subject's improving their performance on many tasks in their day-to-day living.
  • FIG. 5 provides a graphic representation of the manner in which the auditory
  • foreground auditory material 520 consists, as indicated above, of common words recited one
  • time interval 530 (e.g. , one or two seconds) which is followed by the
  • the background auditory material is generated, which as discussed above is intended to interfere, in a controlled
  • material designated generally by the reference numeral 540, may, in a preferred exemplary embodiment, consist of words in a language which is not known to the subject. For example,
  • the background material 540 may consist of the French word “parler” 542 and "vous” 544.
  • the background material 540 is presented initially at a volume
  • This auditory material may also consist of words of a foreign language, as exemplified by the
  • the background auditory material 550 differs from the background auditory
  • volume levels 558 and 560 are made at progressively increasing volume levels, such as volume levels 558 and 560.
  • dysmetric dyslexic are unable to make proper identification of the foreground auditory material 520 even when the background auditory material is at a significantly diminished volume level
  • CV Dysfunctioning or dysmetric dyslexic subjects may, for example, identify the foreground word 522 and next identify the foreground word 526 but
  • the dysmetric dyslexic entirely miss the intermediate foreground word 524. In some instances, the dysmetric dyslexic
  • subject may fail to identify several of the foreground words 520 and, in some instances may
  • the auditory treatment procedure of the present invention may be administered in
  • Administering both treatments provides an additional, integrated approach to treating any impairment or dysfunctioning of the cerebellar-vestibular system of the subject. As may readily be appreciated
  • an overall treatment program can be modified to exclude or appropriately limit particular
  • auditory material 520 use can effectively be made of music or a different quality sound as the
  • the foreground auditory material 520 can be
  • time intervals 530 between adjacent words 522, 524 are a form of
  • This embodiment can provide objective data on and improvements in auditory
  • a background auditory distraction can also be used to treat or improve the subject's cerebellar-vestibular system dysfunction.
  • the background distraction can be used to treat or improve the subject's cerebellar-vestibular system dysfunction.
  • the background can be of a fixed volume level, or it may have an initial low volume level which is progressively increased, depending on the extent it is desired to interfere with the
  • the treatment can be appropriately adjusted for a given patient.
  • the treatment can begin with the rapid recitation of words above the recognition speed of even normal subjects. The speed of the treatment is then progressively reduced until the subject
  • present invention is based on the subject's directional abilities. More specifically, it has been
  • the workstation 100 under the control of appropriate software can
  • the system of the present invention can be used to administer an exemplary treatment procedure which uses tactile principles to treat a cerebellar-vestibular condition such
  • the tactile treatment procedure of the present invention can be carried out by a workstation 100 operating in accordance with software downloaded from the server 206.
  • a workstation 100 operating in accordance with software downloaded from the server 206.
  • the software controls a tactile stimulation device for the presentation of tactile stimuli to
  • the results of the treatment are evaluated to determine if the subject
  • FIGs. 6 A and 6B are illustrated in FIGs. 6 A and 6B.
  • FIG. 6A shows an exemplary arrangement in which thermistors 670, 672 and
  • thermistor 674 are arranged on various points of the subject's skin. As is generally understood, a thermistor has a large thermal co-efficient of resistance, such that when
  • each of the thermistors 670, 672, and 674 is placed in
  • Each of the thermistors are connected by a conductor 684 to an output of an output card 690 installed in the
  • the output card 690 under the control of software executed by the
  • the output card 690 can be implemented, for example, with a multi-channel
  • thermistors can also be activated by other circuit
  • configurations controlled by the workstation 100 e.g. , a specialized control circuit coupled to
  • the thermistors are preferably energized intermittently, thereby providing an interval between the application of stimuli by successive thermistors. As the treatment progresses, the speed of activation of the thermistors may be increased thereby
  • the workstation 100 activates the thermistors in a given pattern based on the
  • the thermistors may be activated in a clockwise or counterclockwise circular pattern. More complex patterns are possible with larger numbers of
  • thermistors e.g. , four thermistors can be activated in clockwise and counterclockwise circular
  • thermistors in a given pattern and query the subject to identify the pattern and/or the direction of
  • the computer preferably alters the activation pattern regularly so as to increase the difficulty of the procedure.
  • the rate of activation can be increased progressively until blurring occurs.
  • FIG. 6B illustrates a further exemplary embodiment of an arrangement for
  • one thermistor 600 is used on the subject's forearm at location 602.
  • the thermistor 600 is coupled to the control card 690 via a conductor 608.
  • the thermistor 600 is activated intermittently by the controller 690.
  • the rate, duration and intensity of thermistor activation and the interval between successive activations can be varied under software control. It is generally known that at a substantially lower application rate than for normal
  • DDD subjects perceive the tactile stimulation as a continuously applied elevated
  • the procedure of FIG. 6B can be administered as a treatment for cerebellar-vestibular defects such as dysmetric dyslexia.
  • the treatment can begin with the rapid application of tactile stimuli at a rate above the recognition threshold even of normal subjects.
  • the application rate is then reduced until the subject can recognize the stimuli as discrete events. Repetition of the procedure results in improved results which translate into the subject's
  • Preferred embodiments of the invention use a server which provides a visual
  • the workstation has a monitor for any visual treatments.
  • the workstation also
  • the workstation preferably has a speaker or speakers for any auditory treatments.
  • the workstation also has a speaker or speakers for any auditory treatments.
  • a visual display on the workstation's computer monitor is preferably configured to provide tactile stimulation if tactile treatments are to be done.
  • Eye oscillations are induced in the subject through the visual display and the point at which the individual subject's vision is blurred is recorded. Eye oscillations may be preferably induced by having the visual display move across the
  • the individual subject's vision will blur, and the individual subject will improve with repetition.
  • the individual subject is instructed to fix their vision upon a point on a foreground region on the visual display of the computer monitor, a
  • the workstation In a preferred embodiment for treating auditory dysfunction, the workstation
  • the workstation In a preferred embodiment for treating tactile dysfunction, the workstation
  • tactile stimulation e.g., heat or touch
  • rate or intensity
  • the values at which visual, auditory or tactile "blurring” occurs e.g. ,
  • a distraction threshold at which the inability to distinguish or identify different visual, auditory or tactile stimuli is manifest are re :orded and evaluated to determine whether repetition of the
  • a procedure may be administered as a scored game, with higher scores rewarded for

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Abstract

On décrit un système (200) utilisé pour administrer à distance un procédé de traitement qui est fondé sur les individus et par conséquent plus juste, d"un grand nombre d"anomalies cérébelleuses-vestibulaires telles que la dyslexie dynamique au moyen de postes de travail informatiques communs (202, 204) couplés à un serveur (206) ou à un hôte présent sur le réseau tel que le réseau Internet.
PCT/US2001/004630 2000-02-14 2001-02-14 Procede et appareil de traitement de la dyslexie fondes sur le reseau WO2001060243A1 (fr)

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