WO2001057189A2 - Fas pathway genes - Google Patents
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- WO2001057189A2 WO2001057189A2 PCT/US2001/003946 US0103946W WO0157189A2 WO 2001057189 A2 WO2001057189 A2 WO 2001057189A2 US 0103946 W US0103946 W US 0103946W WO 0157189 A2 WO0157189 A2 WO 0157189A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/136—Screening for pharmacological compounds
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
- G01N2500/10—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value involving cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of identifying genes, specifically genes that maintain specific cell phenotypes
- TKO Technical Knock Out
- the method involves mutagenesis of potentially large numbers of genes followed by a genetic selection of the cells containing the mutated genes This is followed by retrospective analysis of the effect of individual gene inactivation on the behavior cells containing these inactivations From this information new genes are determined This method has significant disadvantages for large scale gene identification
- the genetic footp ⁇ nting method involves mutagenesis by gene insertion and because of this requires a haploid target which imposes a limitation on the method
- the method of determining the effect of each gene inactivation on the fitness of the cells containing the mutation involves a PCR amplification of the target gene which requires prior knowledge of the nucleotide sequence of all the target genes that can be studied which limits the gene base which can be searched It would be useful to have a method which does not require a haploid target and does not require a known sequence
- a method for the identification of genes that are essential for the maintenance of specific cell phenotypes includes the initial step of identifying a cell type with a phenotype of interest
- the method allows the phenotype of interest to be phenotypes relating to growth, phenotypes relating to release of factors and phenotypes relating to other basic cell functions
- Gene inactivation is performed on an aliquot of cells of the cell type of interest Possible methods of gene inactivation include Genetic Suppressor Element (GSE) inactivation, Random Homozygous Knock-Out (RHKO) inactivation, or Technical Knock Out (TKO) inactivation Positive selection is then performed on an aliquot of the cell culture to which gene inactivation has been applied The positive selection includes manipulations that test the ability of cells to survive under specific culture conditions, ability to express a specific factor, changes in cell structure or differential gene expression
- the subtraction analysis can include the methods of differential display, representational differential analysis (RDA), suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH), serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), gene expression microarray (GEM) nucleic acid chip technology, or direct sequencing
- the invention further discloses the genes that are identified by the method of the present invention and for antibodies directed against the gene product of these identified genes
- the present invention also provides for a customized kit to practice the method of the present invention
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the method of the present invention with a regulated anti-sense cDNA expression library
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the AHM method of the present invention
- Figures 4 A-C show the effect of the AHM method on cell survival
- A shows that transfection of anti-sense bFGF sensitizes HeLa cells to Fas induced programmed cell death (PCD)
- B shows the levels of expression of bFGF
- C shows the quantitation of the levels of the different bFGF forms
- Figures 5 A-H show the effect of the AHM method on cell survival
- A shows that transfection of anti-sense Nrf2 sensitizes HeLa cells to Fas induced PCD
- B shows the levels of expression of Nrf2
- C shows that membrane permeable dominant negative Nrf2 polypeeeptide sensitizes HeLa cells to Fas induced PCD
- D shows that transfection of Nrf2 protects HeLa cells from Fas induced PCD
- E shows that Dicumarol sensitizes HeLa cells to Fas induced PCD as determined by the number of viable, trypan blue excluding cells
- F shows that Dicumarol sensitizes HeLa cells to Fas induced PCD as measured by the apoptotic index (calculated as the ratio of the number of apoptotic cells to the total number of cells as determined by DAPI staining)
- G Shows that sulfinpyrazone sensitizes HeLa cells to Fas induced killing
- H shows that N-acety
- Figures 6 shows the distribution of the differential abundance of cDNAs contained in the microarray, of the AHM method.
- Figure 7 shows that CKI-7 sensitizes HeLa cells to FAS induced PCD
- Phenotypes that can be studied are those for which changes can be monitored in either haploid or diploid cells
- the method requires two general steps The first is the inactivation of genes in the cell by any method known in the art and then in the second applying positive selection for the phenotype of interest followed by the identification via a subtraction analysis of the gene in the cells which has been inactivated that affects the phenotype of interest
- a collection of genes that are essential for the maintenance of a specific phenotype are identified at the conclusion of the procedure
- the invention further discloses the genes that are identified by the method of the present invention and for antibodies directed against the gene product of these identified genes
- the method includes initially the identification of a cell type for which genes controlling its phenotype are needed Once the cell type has been identified where required for the method an expression cDNA library is constructed of the cells as they are expressing the phenotype
- an aliquot of the treated cells are exposed to a positive selection That is, the cells are exposed to conditions requiring/activating the phenotype of interest
- a reserved aliquot of the treated cells is not exposed Following positive selection cells which continue to express the desired phenotype remain and those cells which cannot maintain the phenotype are lost
- the method then provides for determining the gene that was not expressed in the lost cells by a "subtraction" analysis by any method known in the art, generally utilizing a comparison between the reserved cell aliquot and the cells remaining after positive selection It should be noted that many aliquots can be tested and screened
- the gene(s) identified is at least one of the genes which controls the phenotype
- the relative abundance of the differences between the "targeted” and “untargeted” aliquots are simultaneously compared using a “subtraction” analysis (differential analysis) technique such as differential display, representational difference analysis (RDA), GEM-Gene Expression Microarrays (Schena et al , 1995, Aiello et al , 1994, Shen et al , 1995, Bauer et al , 1993, Liang and Pardee, 1992, 1995, Liang et al , 1993, Braun et al , 1995, Hubank and Schatz, 1994, United States Patent Number 5,545,531), suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH) and direct sequencing (WO96/17957)
- a “subtraction” analysis) technique such as differential display, representational difference analysis (RDA), GEM-Gene Expression Microarrays (Schena et al , 1995, Aiello et al , 1994, Shen et al , 1995, Bauer et al , 1993, Li
- the procedure involves the transfection of targets cells with an anti-sense expression library followed by the positive selection of cells which have maintained a specific phenotype in the face of a specific challenge to the phenotype
- one construct can be tested or many can be tested simultaneously in this method including over 100 000 constructs from an expression library Cells in which an anti-sense inactivation has targeted a "sense" gene essential for the selected phenotype can be lost during the selection Applicants have found that in general one cell has incorporated only one construct
- next steps are to identify and isolate anti-sense expression vectors that are lost from the cell population due to cell loss during positive selection, that is, that induce a disadvantage in transfected cells during specific, positive selection resulting in the loss of the cell carrying the vector
- These vectors are identified by subtracting the anti-sense expression vectors present after the selection from those present before the selection utilizing the reserved cell aliquot This difference represents the vectors that express anti- sense against gene(s) that are essential for the maintenance of the selected phenotype
- the first part of the method consists of transfecting a target cell culture aliquot with an anti-sense expression library
- the library is generated by cloning a cDNA library in the anti-sense orientation into an expression cassette that can express the anti-sense strand at a high efficiency
- the cassette also contains a resistance marker that allows for selection of cells that have been successfully transfected
- the cells that are transfected are ones that express a phenotype of interest
- the transfection results in a pool of cells that can express anti-sense messages against a large number of the genes expressed in the cell These anti-sense messages can inactivate the functional expression of the corresponding sense message This results in a pool of cells "knocked out" for the expression of many different genes In many cases due to the vector system used, applicant have noted that the resulting cells can contain only a single anti-sense expressing vector
- the anti-sense identity of the sense gene that has been knocked out is identified by isolating and sequencing the anti-sense expression cassette in the reserved unselected (untreated) aliquot
- the anti-sense strand on the anti-sense expression cassette is the compliment of the sense gene If the anti-sense strand in not a full length anti-sense, or does not match a sequence of a known gene, then the gene fragment can be used as a hybridization probe in order to isolate the full length gene
- the anti-sense expression vector serves as a tag to identify the gene inactivation event of interest
- the method involves the selection of the pool of anti-sense expressing cells for the specific phenotype
- the goal of the selection is to separate the majority of cells which continue to maintain a specific phenotype from the rare cells in which an anti-sense inactivation event has specifically knocked-out a gene that is essential for the maintenance of the specific phenotype
- the selection means is based on the ability of the cells to 1 Grow or survive under specific culture conditions that is the actual selection is for the growth or survival of the cells In an embodiment, this can be basic culture conditions, such that the selection is for growth or survival- essential genes
- the selection conditions could include sub-effective doses of specific factors which at effective doses can cause growth arrest or cell killing In this case the selection is for the identification of knock-outs which sensitize the cells to the specific added factor
- the selection can be in combination with a factor that normally does not cause an arrest or killing function
- a knock- out could be selected which only in combination with the added factor are effective in arresting or killing cells
- the selection can be for the inability to grow or survive when a parasite or infectious agent is added to the cell of interest
- the selection is for knock-outs that are targeting genes that are specifically essential for some aspect of viral or parasitic function within a cell that are only essential when that cell is infected Since some viral infection result in the induction of survival factors (such as CrmA, p35) it is likely that at least some cell functions are different and potentially selectively needed during viral, parasite growth
- the second type of selection means is for the expression of a specific factor that can be measured and this measurement can be adapted for a selection
- This factor can be anything that is accessible to measurement, including but not limited to, secreted molecules, cell surface molecules, soluble and insoluble molecules, binding activities, activities that induce activities on other cells or induce other organic or inorganic chemical reactions
- the third type of selection means is for changes in cell structure that are detected by any means that could be adapted for a selection scheme This includes, but is not limited to, morphological changes that are measured by physical methods such as differential sedimentation, differential light scattering, differential buoyant density, differential cell volume selected by sieving
- the fourth type of selection means is based on differences in gene expression that can be directly measured This includes changes in cell surface markers, changes in biochemical activities, any changes that can be re- selected in changes in binding of fluorescent labeled probes that could be used in conjunction with a Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) or any property that can be used as a basis for a selection
- FACS Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter
- the fifth type of selection means is based on differences in gene expression that can be indirectly measured This includes changes in transcription factor activity that are measured by a synthetic gene construct encoding a selective marker (such as a drug resistance marker or a cell surface marker that could be used in a FACS selection) This category can also include changes in mRNA stability, mRNA localization, mRNA translation control All of these changes could be the basis of a selection because a synthetic construct which is controlled by one of these regulatory events could be constructed which can d ⁇ ve the expression of an easily selected gene product
- the third part of the method involves steps identifying the anti-sense knock-outs that specifically inhibit the phenotype of interest Since the selection of the anti-sense transfected cells is based on the maintenance of the phenotype of interest, the cells of interest (those loosing the phenotype) can not be present after the selection but is present before the selection Since the functional changes are caused by expression from anti-sense expression vectors and the inactivated genes can be identified by sequence analysis of the cloned anti-sense cDNA insert, the goal of this step is actually to identify the anti-sense expression vectors that are lost from the population of cells during the selection procedure
- the anti-sense inserts are cloned into a defined position on the vector and the sequence elements surrounding the site are known, so all the cDNA inserts can be amplified with the use of a PCR amplification using primers from the sequences that surround the insert site Thus the goal becomes to identify DNA molecules present in one population and not in another This is accomplished by a variety of subtraction techniques Some of the methods that can be used are summarized below as is known to those skilled in the art However, the following is a non-exhaustive list and is not to be construed as limiting the present invention to these listed means Various differential hybridization methods as well as different subtractive hybridization techniques can be used They are summarized in some detail in the methods section
- fragments are identified that are lost during the selection and are candidates for genes of interest their function must be confirmed and the gene identified in the fourth part of the method
- the fragments can be recloned into the anti-sense expression cassette and individually re-transfected into the target cell to determine whether the expression of the isolated fragment can really change phenotype If the phenotype is really lost as is predicted then the isolated fragment can be sequenced and used to isolate the full length sense gene It can also be determined whether the fragment is indeed anti-sense with the use of strand specific probes
- the sense gene fragment can be used to derive antibodies that can be used to monitor expression levels to determine if there has been a functional anti-sense knock-out [Deiss et al , 1995]
- an anti-sense cDNA library can be introduced into a transformed and the non- transformed cells that it was derived from The anti-sense constructs that interfere with transformed cell growth and not from the non-transformed cells are found by subtracting the anti-sense RNA molecules expressed in surviving cells from both transfections Knock-outs specifically absent in the transformed cells but present in the non-transformed cells are desired These are isolated by the methods described herein
- the selection can be a most specific selection such as one where sub-lethal doses of chemotherapeutics are added during the selection In this case the selection can include gene knock-outs that sensitize the cells to chemotherapeutic treatments
- the growth or survival phenotype can also be used as a way of eliminating populations of cells that are not necessarily growing improperly but which function in a manner that is deleterious
- virally infected cells or parasite harboring cells could be used as a target and the un-infected or non- parasite containing cells used to subtract This can define all the genes that are specifically essential for the cell in the presence of these insults
- This class of selections includes events that increase or decrease the production of secreted factors These include inflammatory mediators whose release could be modulated For example, if the production of a specific mediator is necessary for normal immune function but is produced at lethal levels in aberrant situations (such as septic shock), then one could use the production as a screen and look for events that knock-out or down-regulate productions In a further embodiment, the selection can be done in the presence of sub-optimal doses of other drugs in order to identify sensitization events
- Figure 1 provides a general outline of the gene identification method of the present invention
- a population of cells is first transfected with an anti- sense cDNA expression library
- the expression library in this scheme codes for a drug resistance marker that is used to select transfected cells
- the population of transfected cells is then placed under a selection pressure Cells that survive this selection constitute population 2
- Transfected cells that become sensitive to the selection procedure can be lost or at least reduced in abundance in population 2
- the expression cassettes contained in the two population are extracted from the cells
- the cDNA inserts are excised by PCR amplification using primers that flank the cDNA cloning sites This results in two pools of PCR fragments
- a subtraction is done between the two pools
- Elements are identified that are present in population 1 and absent or reduced in abundance in population 2
- individual fragments are recloned into the identical vector and than individually retransfected into cells These cells are then individually assayed for sensitivity to the selection procedure
- a correctly cloned element can induce sensitization of the transfected clones to the selection procedure
- Figure 2 provides a diagram of the method with a regulated anti-sense cDNA expression library
- the object is to clone the anti- sense cDNA library into a vector in which expression of the anti-sense is regulatable
- the method is then modified so that during the original transfection, the expression of anti-sense is turned “OFF"
- After cells are selected for the presence of the vector an aliquot of cells is harvested and vectors are extracted and inserts excised by PCR This constitutes pool 1
- the remaining transfected cells are treated to turn "ON” the expression of the anti- sense expression
- An aliquot of these cells are taken after several cell divisions (pool 2) Again the aliquot of cells are extracted and cDNA inserts excised by PCR
- an aliquot of the cells with anti-sense turned “ON” is placed under a specific selection and cells after this selection are harvested Again following extraction and PCR amplification there is pool 3
- the first subtraction can be pool 2 from pool 1 This identifies anti-sense inactivations that are lethal or growth arresting
- the second subtraction can be subtracting pool 3 from pool 2 This identifies anti-sense knock-outs which sensitize cells to the specific selection
- the method of the present invention is used with different cell types
- This variation involves transfecting two different cell types This could be cells of different genetic background or of different tissue origins, or even from different organisms
- two cell types are transfected with the same anti-sense cDNA expression library
- the different cell types are propagated in different containers Transfected cells are then selected for the presence of the library
- the cells containing the library are harvested, vectors extracted and cDNA inserts are excised by PCR
- For each cell type a different pool is generated The subtraction between these pools, both pool 1 from 2 and pool 2 from 1 identify anti sense knockouts that are specifically lethal or growth arresting to one cell type but not the other
- the method of the present invention is used for determining the fitness of specific genes in a population
- populations of PCR fragments are generated which potentially differ by some number of elements due to the biological activity of those elements
- the subtraction of these pools is then used as a method to identify cDNA fragments which have biological effects when expressed
- there are a variety of tools available to individually measure the relative abundance of anti sense construct representing specific cDNAs in pool 1 and pool 2 A variety of methods are known for quantitating the abundance of DNA molecules in different samples following is a non-exhaustive list Southern blot analysis either using a fragment of the gene of interest as a probe against the two pools, Quantitative PCR with specific primers identifying the gene of interest GEM analysis, using the pools 1 and 2 as the probes and hybridizing
- sequences of genes have been identified by the method of the present invention (SEQ ID Nos 15- 36)
- An antisense construct of these sequences delivered to a cell reduces a gene product (gene inactivation) and thereby provides sensitization of the cells to anti-Fas antibodies
- the sequences are SEQ ID Nos 19,20,23,25,26,36
- Antisense therapeutic construct can be delivered to the cells and can be rendered nudease resistant as is known in the art [Agrawal, 1996, Calabretta, et al, 1996, Crooke, 1995, Feigner, 1997, Gewirtz, 1993, Hanania, et al 1995, Lefebvre-d'Hellencourt et al, 1995, Lev-Lehman et al , 1997, Loke et al, 1989, Wagner et al , 1996, Wagner, 1994, Radhak ⁇
- Pool 1 and Pool 2 cDNAs are labeled and used as probes for hybridization to cDNA microarray filters
- Computer analysis identifies the cDNAs depleted from Pool 2 In both cases "function profiling" is being employed to identify signal pathway inhibitors
- AHM is used to identify of inhibitors of FAS induced apoptosis since the activation of the Fas pathway is relevant to several different pathologies Activation of the Fas pathway is physiologically associated with both detrimental and with protective processes For example, the activation of the Fas pathway is associated with liver damage in fulminate hepatitis and with immune mediated tissue destruction Conversely, activation of the Fas pathway is required for prevention of autoimmunity (elimination of auto- reactive T-cells) and suppression of tumo ⁇ genesis (Askew et al 1991 , Evan et al 1992, Shi et al 1992, Wagner et al 1994) Thus, it is clinically beneficial to generate tools for enhancing or inhibiting the Fas pathway depending on the pathology of interest
- the identification of inhibitors of the Fas pathway can be used for both of these purposes
- the genes identified by the Fas AHM screen are putative survival agents As such, over-expression of these genes are predicted to prevent killing, and thus can be used for clinical benefit in situations where
- Nrf2 transcription factor 2
- NAC chemical compound
- genes identified by AHM screens for any given pathway can then be used as targets to develop inhibitors that act as cofactors to activate the pathway
- genes, which inhibit killing induced by chemotherapeutics Inhibition of such genes sensitizes tumors to chemotherapeutics Inhibitors of the inhibitor genes have utility in treating cancer patients
- the present invention also discloses a novel gene sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No 37
- the present invention also provides for a customized kit to practice the method of the present invention
- the kit can be assembled to include at least an expression cDNA library constructed for specified cells as they are expressing the phenotype Further a culture of cells of the requested phenotype could also be provided in the kit
- the invention provides a method for producing a nucleic acid molecule involved in the regulation of the Fas pathway by nucleic acid sequence homology using a nucleic acid probe, the sequence of which is derived from the nucleic acid sequence encoding the nucleic acid molecule
- the method of making and using the probes are known in the art e g see references cited in EXAMPLES section under the heading GENERAL METHODS
- the invention provides a method for producing a nucleic acid molecule involved in the regulation of the Fas pathway which includes the use of the polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide primers, the sequence of which is derived from the nucleic acid sequence encoding the nucleic acid molecule
- the method of making the primers and using them in the polymerase chain reaction are known in the art e g see references cited in EXAMPLES section under the heading GENERAL METHODS
- a screening method for identifying a compound which stimulates or inhibits a Fas-pathway gene including the steps of (a) contacting a cell expressing a gene with the compound, and (b) determining the ability of the compound to stimulate or inhibit apoptosis as compared to a control
- the gene is selected from the set of genes consisting of casein kinase alpha 1 , Nrf-2, basic fibroblast growth factor, TNF receptor associated factor 6, human COP9, antithrombin III, mucin 1 transmembrane, adenosine receptor A3, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II human protein immunoreactive with anti-parathyroid hormone antibodies and retinoic acid receptor gamma 1
- the gene is transcribed to an mRNA, the corresponding cDNA of which comprises one of the nucleic acids selected from the set of nucleic acids having SEQ ID Nos 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 ,20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31 , 32, 33 34, 35, 36 and 37
- the screening method for compounds can be a cell-based method
- the cell-based method utilizes tetracyline-inducible gene expression or expression of a reporter gene
- Compounds identified by these methods are also contemplated as embodiments of the present invention
- Fas pathway genes disclosed in this application all oppose the Fas pathway, i e they all cause inhibition of Fas - induced killing
- a compound which stimulates such a Fas pathway gene is a compound which causes an increase in the amount and/or the activity of gene product, this compound renders the cells more resistant to Fas-induced apoptosis
- a compound which inhibits such a Fas pathway gene is a compound which causes an decrease in the amount and/or the activity of gene product, this compound renders the cells more sensitive to Fas-induced apoptosis PCD can also take place via pathways other than Fas, and the genes described here can also function in such pathways
- a method for treating a tumor in a subject includes administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound which inhibits an gene (Fas pathway inhibitor) in the Fas pathway
- the gene (Fas pathway inhibitor) can be selected from but is not limited to, the set of genes consisting of casein kinase alpha 1 , Nrf-2, basic fibroblast growth factor, TNF receptor associated factor 6 human COP9, antithrombin III, mucin 1 transmembrane adenosine receptor A3 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, human protein immunoreactive with anti-parathyroid hormone antibodies and retinoic acid receptor gamma 1
- the gene can be casein kinase alpha 1 and the compound can be a casein kinase inhibitor, preferably CKI-7
- the gene can also be Nrf-2 and the compound can be dicumarol, sulfinpyrazone or Nrf2 inhibitor Additionally, said contacting
- tumor as used herein is intended to include, but is not limited to, cancers of various types including carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma and leukemia, inter aha
- a method of treating auto-immune diseases in a subject includes administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound which inhibits a gene (Fas pathway inhibitor) in the Fas pathway
- the gene (Fas pathway inhibitor) can be selected from the set of genes including, but not limited to casein kinase alpha 1 , Nrf-2, basic fibroblast growth factor, TNF receptor associated factor 6, human COP9, antithrombin III, mucin 1 transmembrane, adenosine receptor A3, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, human protein immunoreactive with anti-parathyroid hormone antibodies and retinoic acid receptor gamma 1
- the preferred gene is casein kinase alpha 1 and the compound is a casein kinase inhibitor, preferably CKI-7
- the preferred gene can be Nrf-2 and the compound is then dicumarol, sulfinpyr
- a method of treating degenerative disease in a subject includes administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound which stimulates a gene (Fas pathway inhibitor) in the Fas pathway
- a gene Fas pathway inhibitor
- the term is intended to include, but is not limited to, degenerative disease of the liver, especially fulminate hepatitis, as well as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also termed ALS)
- the gene which is stimulated is selected from the set of genes including, but not limited to, casein kinase alpha 1 , Nrf-2, basic fibroblast growth factor, TNF receptor associated factor 6, human COP9, antithrombin III, mucin 1 transmembrane, adenosine receptor A3, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, human protein immunoreactive with anti-parathyroid hormone antibodies and retinoic acid receptor gam
- the method of treating degenerative disease in a subject can include the use of a casein kinase inhibitor, preferably CKI-7, or dicumarol or sulfinpyrazone or a Nrf-2 inhibitor in the preparation of a medicament for anti-tumor therapy and/or for auto-immune disease therapy
- a casein kinase inhibitor preferably CKI-7, or dicumarol or sulfinpyrazone or a Nrf-2 inhibitor
- the method can use a glutathione precursor, preferably N-acetyl Cysteine, in the preparation of a medicament for treatment for degenerative disease
- Also provided by the present invention is a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition which includes the steps of determining whether a compound stimulates or inhibits a Fas-pathway gene by using the screening method described above, and admixing the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline, water and emulsions, such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents
- PCR Polymerase chain reaction
- Vectors are constructed containing the cDNA of the present invention by those skilled in the art and should contain all expression elements necessary to achieve the desired transcription of the sequences (see below in specific methods for a more detailed description)
- Other beneficial characteristics can also be contained within the vectors such as mechanisms for recovery of the nucleic acids in a different form
- Phagemids are a specific example of such beneficial vectors because they can be used either as plasmids or as bacte ⁇ ophage vectors
- Other vectors include viruses such as bacte ⁇ ophages baculoviruses and retroviruses, DNA viruses, cosmids, plasmids, liposomes and other recombination vectors
- the vectors can also contain elements for use in either procaryotic or eucaryotic host systems One of ordinary skill in the art knows which host systems are compatible with a particular vector
- the vectors are introduced into cells or tissues by any one of a variety of known methods within the art (calcium phosphate transfection, electroporation, lipofection, protoplast fusion, polybrene transfection)
- the host cell can be any eucaryotic and procaryotic cells, which can be transformed with the vector and which supports the production of the enzyme Methods for transformation can be found generally described in Sambrook et al , Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, New York (1992), in
- ELISAs are the preferred immunoassays employed to assess a specimen ELISA assays are well known to those skilled in the art Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies can be used in the assays Where appropriate other immunoassays, such as radioimmunoassays (RIA) can be used as are known to those in the art Available immunoassays are extensively described in the patent and scientific literature See, for example, United States patents 3,791 ,932, 3,839,153, 3,850,752, 3,850,578, 3,853,987, 3,867,517, 3,879,262, 3,901 ,654, 3,935,074, 3,984,533, 3,996,345, 4,034,074, 4,098,876, 4,879,219, 5,011 ,771 and 5,281 ,521 as well as Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor, New York 1989
- Antibody Production Antibodies can be either monoclonal or polyclonal Conveniently, the antibodies can be prepared against a synthetic peptide based on the sequence, or prepared recombinantly by cloning techniques or the natural gene product and/or portions thereof can be isolated and used as the immunogen Such proteins or peptides can be used to produce antibodies by standard antibody production technology well known to those skilled in the art as described generally in Harlow and Lane, Antibodies A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1988 and Borrebaeck, Antibody Engineering - A Practical Guide, W H Freeman and Co , 1992
- a host such as a rabbit or goat
- the protein or peptide generally with an adjuvant and, if necessary coupled to a carrier, antibodies to the protein are collected from the sera
- the technique involves hype ⁇ mmunization of an appropriate donor with the protein or peptide fragment, generally a mouse, and isolation of splenic antibody producing cells These cells are fused to a cell having immortality, such as a myeloma cell, to provide a fused cell hybrid which has immortality and secretes the required antibody
- a cell having immortality such as a myeloma cell
- the cells are then cultured, in bulk, and the monoclonal antibodies harvested from the culture media for use
- the antibody can be bound to a solid support substrate or conjugated with a detectable moiety or be both bound and conjugated as is well known in the art (For a general discussion of conjugation of fluorescent or enzymatic moieties see Johnstone & Thorpe, Immunochemistry in Practice, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1982 )
- the binding of antibodies to a solid support substrate is also well known in the art (see for a general discussion Harlow & Lane Antibodies A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Publications, New York, 1988 and Borrebaeck, Antibody Engineering - A Practical Guide, W H Freeman and Co , 1992)
- the detectable moieties contemplated with the present invention can include, but are not limited to, fluorescent, metallic, enzymatic and radioactive markers such as biotin, gold, fer ⁇ tin, alkaline phosphatase, a-galactosidase, peroxidase, urease, fluorescein, rhodamine, tritium, C and lodin
- EBV Epstein Barr Virus
- the EBV episomal vector consists of DNA segments that are necessary for the episomal maintenance of the episome both in bacteria (E coli) and in human cells (this include an origin of replication and a trans-acting factor (EBNA-1 )
- the episome also includes genes encoding resistance markers for selection either in bacteria or in human cells
- the vector contains a transcription cassette Initially it is based on the vector as described in Deiss et al [1991], but the present invention contemplates any transcription cassette that produces high levels of anti-sense expression
- the EBV episomal vector contains a RNA Polymerase II promoter and or enhancer driving the transcription of a synthetic transcript containing a set of cloning sites, a splice donor and acceptor site and a polyadenylafion signal, followed by a second set of enhancers This vector can be efficiently shuttled from animal cells to bacteria and vice versa
- Hirt [1967]
- promoters and enhancers are dependent on the exact selection condition and the cell line used This must be empirically determined for each selection condition as is known to those skilled in the art
- the EBV vector can also contain an inducible expressed promoter such that the expression of the anti-sense library can be inducibly expressed by a specific inducer This allows additional flexibility in designing selection protocols
- directional cDNA libraries There are several methods available to construct directional cDNA libraries Any of these methods can be sufficient since they result in the production of a directionally identified cDNA library and the practitioner can use the method they are most familiar with
- the directional cDNA is then cloned into the expression cassette in the anti-sense orientation
- a method that can be used is detailed in Deiss et al, 1991 Briefly, it consists of making cDNA by the method of Gubler and Hoffman [1983] and making the cDNA directional by the method of Meisner et al [1987]
- RNA is prepared at time points that can contain messages that are always present as well as messages that are induced by the selection procedure This is achieved by extracting RNA previous to the selection and at times during the selection The various pools of RNA are then mixed together so that all possible RNA molecules are present [Deiss and Kimchi, 1991]
- An alternative method that can be used consists of deriving a library of genomic DNA fragments cloned into the expression cassette Since all the transc ⁇ bed messages are derived from genomic DNA (with the exception of RNA edited messages, this actually includes mitochond ⁇ al DNA as well) this method can generate all possible messages The directionality can be lost so the library can be only half anti-sense Since the sense fragments are unlikely to frequently encode full length proteins or have biological activity the anti- sense fragments can still likely produce the most frequent biological effects The genomic fragments are produced by restriction enzyme cleavage of genomic DNA Only one library per species is necessary to produce, since with 5 the exception of the B and T cell receptors, genomic DNA does not differ in different cell types at least in mammals (again erythrocytes or any cells that lack nuclei are an exception)
- the method selected must both efficiently delivery DNA into cells and not effect the biological responses that can be selected following the transfection Viral vector system can also be used and this can entail producing infectious virus and infecting the target cells
- Applicant has found electroporation to be an efficient method, but other methods can be used as are known in the art
- the methods of identifying the differentially expressed antisense messages in a preferred embodiment can include the methods described in Braun [1996] and as described in Diatchenko et al [1996] These methods include a PCR amplification of subtracted populations Appropriate restriction sites are included in the expression vector so that following PCR amplification of the cDNA inserts, the inserts are flanked by appropriate restriction sites Restriction digestion is then used to produce templates that are useful for these techniques
- ⁇ GEMD gene expression microarray as described in Schena et al [1995]
- PCR fragments corresponding to a set of specific plasmids are fixed to a glass template and this is hybridized with two fluorescently labeled probes
- the probes are reverse transcribed antisense transcripts derived from cells transfected with the antisense expression library either before or following a selection
- Another strategy employed in the present invention is to generate randomly primed cDNA and cleave the cDNA with two restriction enzymes X and Y and clone the resulting mixture into two different expression cassette
- X can transcnpfionally precede Y
- Y can transc ⁇ ptionally precede X
- the cDNA is divided into sections that can have different abilities to serve as an efficient antisense inhibitor The strongest differential signal is likely to be produced by the fragment that is the most efficient antisense inhibitor Thus, the screening is more likely to produce a meaningful differential signal
- genes are inactivated in order to determine whether individual genes are essential for a specific phenotypic change It is advantageous if these inactivation can have a phenotype both in haploid cells and in diploid cells Since many cells of interest are diploid in nature Furthermore, it is also an advantage if the inactivation method allows for the rapid identification of the inactivated genes This can be achieved in a variety of manners
- the inactivation methods are generally based on one of three different principles
- the first principle is that genes can be functionally inactivated by expressing mRNA that is derived from the anti-sense strand of the sense message This allows for inactivating the mRNA in the cell and does not require a specific gene dose This can work for single copy or multiple copy genes either from haploid or diploid organism It has been shown that anti-sense inactivation can be effective in a wide range of organisms including bacterial, plant and animal Applicants and others have extended the original observation by generating anti-sense expressing cDNA libraries Applicants termed this method Technical Knock Out (TKO) These libraries contain collections of many (usually 100,000 to 1 ,000,000) different anti-sense expression constructs that can individually express a single anti-sense RNA molecule when transfected into appropriate target cells Since these libraries contain large collections of these vectors they in effect can express anti-sense RNA to virtually all expressed mRNA molecules Several investigators have used these type of libraries to inactivate genes and change the phenotype of cells Once an altered cell is identified the expression cassette contained in the cells can
- the second gene inactivation method that fits these requirement is an inactivation method that relies on production of "dominant negative polypeptides" corresponding to fragments of genes from an expression cDNA library
- This method is called the Genetic Suppressor Element method (GSE)
- GSE Genetic Suppressor Element method
- a GSE library thus consists of fragmented cDNA molecules which are cloned into an expression cassette When expressed from translation initiation signals in the cDNA molecule or from translation initiation signals present in the expression cassette these polypeptides corresponding to gene fragments can interfere with gene function
- the libraries used in the GSE method also include some anti-sense fragments and therefore gene inactivation can occur either by anti-sense or by dominant negative inactivation of gene function
- the third method of gene inactivation that could be used is called “Random Homozygous Knock-Out (RHKO)"
- RHKO Random Homozygous Knock-Out
- gene inactivation is achieved in two steps
- a retroviral vector is used to infect target cells
- the integration of the retroviral element itself can lead to inactivation of one copy of a gene if the integration event itself functionally disrupts the normal transcription or activity of the gene in which it integrates
- the retroviral vector used has an additional property that it encodes a transcription element that should transcribe into the chromosomal location in which it has integrated In the case that this generates and anti-sense RNA transcript, additional copies of the gene could be inactivated
- this method also relies on anti-sense inactivation
- the TKO method was chosen for generating mactivations in these examples as the preferred embodiment because the other methods described above are not as compatible with the second step in the method of the present invention as the TKO procedure However, as improvements become available in these methods they could be used
- the RHKO method was also difficult to adapt to a high throughput subtractive procedure
- the potential anti- sense fragments generated in this procedure must be cloned out individually and this is a process that is hard to adapt to subtraction
- the TKO method was easily adapted to subtraction
- the cDNA inserts contained in expression vectors should be all or at least mostly anti-sense in nature
- the cloning procedure outlined in Deiss and Kimchi was used This generates anti-sense cDNA libraries and results in libraries that are biased to be anti-sense It is possible to obtain some sense cDNA inserts with this method
- the subtraction step is mainly between different cDNA fragments that were expressed as anti-sense constructs
- the principle of the present invention is that the abundance of an anti-sense construct(s) that induces a disadvantageous phenotype can be reduced after a biological selection It is important to understand the identity of these constructs
- the TKO method was the method of choice for the gene inactivation step of the present invention It can
- the second step in the gene identification method requires identifying the loss of specific anti-sense gene constructs from a large population of anti- sense constructs that are not lost This can be accomplished in a variety of different ways Because it is a great advantage to be able to identify specific losses in the presence of large numbers of molecules that are not lost a method is needed that has a high throughput capacity
- One method that fits this requirement involves using high density arrayed chips such as the GEM chips These are arrayed dots containing specific DNA molecules corresponding to genes The dots are arrayed at high density on a glass covershp with the position of each dot and the identity of the DNA molecule fixed on each dot precisely determined
- Two probes derived from different population of DNA or RNA molecules are labeled with two different fluorescent dyes and hybridized to the arrays After appropriate washing the relative binding of the dyes at each dot is determined The amount of dye bound at each spot reflects the abundance of the gene fixed on that dot relative in the whole population Thus when two populations of DNA molecules are labeled with different dyes one can
- a second method uses to identify the loss of specific anti-sense gene constructs from a large population of anti-sense constructs that are not lost is called “Subtraction” This involves manipulating two populations of DNA or RNA molecules so that only molecules that are present in one population and not in another are recovered The version that was actually used is called PCR-Select which is a commercially available kit from CLONTECH Briefly
- tester sample The population that is assumed to have extra species of molecules is called the tester sample
- driver The second population that is assumed not to have these specific species is called the driver
- tester population is separately hgated to two different linkers This generates tester population 1 and tester population 2
- the driver is left without linkers
- the method of the present invention was applied to HeLa cells treated with anti-Fas antibody in order to identify genes that when knocked-out cause sensitization of HeLa cells to the action of anti-Fas antibodies
- HeLa cells are derived from a human cervical carcinoma and were used in the original TKO [Deiss and Kimchi, 1991] HeLA cells were used as an exemplar of the method of the present system as they are easily grown in culture, are easily transfected and respond to anti-Fas antibody treatment
- Anti-Fas antibody (Kamiya Biomedical Company Seattle, Washington catalog number MC-060) is directed against Fas/CD95/Apo-1 a transmembrane receptor that is known to signal a death response in a variety of cell types
- This antibody is an activating antibody, that is, the binding of the antibody mimics the effects of binding of ligand Applying the appropriate dose to responding cells has been shown to lead to induction of cells death (Deiss et al , 1996) HeLa cells respond to this treatment
- genes are identified that regulate the sensitivity of HeLa cells to killing by anti-Fas antibody Specifically, genes are identified whose loss sensitizes HeLa cells to anti-Fas treatment
- HeLa cells were transfected with an anti-sense cDNA library
- the cells were treated with a lethal dose of anti-Fas antibody (100 ng/ml)
- the cells were harvested at 24 hours, before the majority of cells had been killed
- applicants were looking for anti-sense events that accelerate the killing associated with anti-Fas treatment as another type of sensitization
- the anti-sense expression plasmids containing the cDNA inserts that were identified in the method of the present invention were individually re- transfected into HeLa cells and the transfectant cells were assayed for sensitivity to anti-Fas antibody treatment
- HeLa cells were transfected with anti-sense cDNA library cloned in the episomal vector, anti-sense expression vector pTKO-1 This is the same library described in Deiss and Kimchi [1991]
- One million cells plated in a 100 mm dish were transfected with 15 ig of DNA containing the anti-sense cDNA library, by using the Superfect reagent (Qiagen, Santa Cla ⁇ ta, California) as suggested by the manufacturer
- Two days following transfection cells were treated with Hygromycin B (200 ig/ml) (Calbiochem-Novabiochem Corporation, La Jolla, California) Following two weeks of selection, the population of cells was completely resistant to Hygromycin B
- the following reaction was set in a total volume of 100 il 1 il of the DNA, 200 ⁇ M of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, 500 ng each of primers prLPD#64 (SE(SEQ ID No 2) and prLPD#65 (SEQ ID No 3), 10 mM T ⁇ s-HCI pH 9 0, 0 1% Triton -100, 1 0 mM MgCI and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Gibco/BRL, Gaithersburg, Maryland)
- This reaction was incubated in a Thermocycler 2400 (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, California) according to the following protocol First, the reaction was heated to 943 C for five minutes, then was cycled 25 times using the following three temperatures 58DC for one minute, 72DC for five minutes, 94 DC for one minute After 25 cycles, the reaction was incubated at 723C for seven minutes This resulted
- Re-cloning of the subtracted fragments was accomplished by cleaving the subtracted population with BamHI and Hmdlll and purifying the cleaved products with the Wizard PCR Prep Kit (Promega Madison Wisconsin) The cleaved products were then directly cloned into the pTK01 -DHFR vector between the Hmdlll and Bglll sites This replaced the DHFR sequences with the cDNA This is precisely the procedure that was used to generate the anti- sense cDNA expression library Thus, the fragments that were generated by the subtraction were exactly re-cloned into the original anti-sense expression vector that was used to transfect cells at the beginning of the procedure The re-cloned constructs exactly duplicate the constructs that were present in the library The re-cloned constructs were introduced into bacteria and DNA was extracted from the bacteria following conventional methods These DNA preparations were used as a template for sequencing in order to determine the nucleotide sequence of the isolated cDNA inserts Primer prLPD#51
- HeLa cells were transfected with 15 Ig of plasmids or control vectors as described for transfection of the original library The cells were selected for two weeks for resistance to Hygromycin B treatment (200 ig/ml) This selects for cells which contain expression cassettes One million cells were plated in a 100 mm dish and treated with anti-Fas antibody Effects of anti-Fas antibody on the transfected cultures were quantified by MTT assays as described by the manufacturer (Sigma, St Louis, Missouri)
- Clone LPD#599 shows no match against known gene sequences in the nonredundant database as of November 9, 1997, but does match several EST sequences such as a 99% match against gene bank entry AA043612 Sequence analysis indicates that this fragment is oriented in the sense orientation in the antisense expression library Applicants have noticed that although the library is designed to preferentially express the antisense strand, there are some sense gene fragments included in the library [Levy- Strumpf et al , 1997]
- Clone LPD#601 shows no match against known genes in the nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997, but matches many genomic clone pieces and many EST entries as for example a 95% match to a portion of gene bank entry N20920
- Clone LPD#602 shows no match against known genes in the nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997 It does show some similarity to a large number of gene back entries such as gene bank entry Z68269 Many of these matches are in the 60-70% range and can indicate a repeated sequence
- Clone LPD#606 shows no match against known genes in the nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997 It does shown some matches against mouse EST in the 80% range (gene bank entry W71379, W29410 and AA409950) and a stretch of a good match against a human EST (gene bank W19764)
- Clone LPD#607 shows no match against known genes in the nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997 This clone does show a very good match against three EST (gene bank entries, T08248, H42827 and T30569) The sequence analysis indicates that this fragment was transcribed in the antisense o ⁇ entation in the original library Thus, reduction (inactivation) of the gene product that is encoded by the full length message representing this clone leads to supersensitization of cells to the treatment with anti-Fas antibodies
- Clone I PD#609 shows no good match against know genes or EST in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997
- Clone I PD#610 shows no good match against known genes in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997, but does show a good match against several EST entries including gene bank entries AA447349, H24439, R72995, H 17221 and R24985 Sequence analysis indicates that this fragment was in the sense orientation in the original library
- Clone I PD#61 1 shows no good match against known genes in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997, but does show good matches with a variety of EST (including gene bank entries R76164, R25241 N66591 and N66577)
- the sequence analysis indicates that this fragment was transcribed in the antisense orientation in the original library
- reduction of the gene product that is encoded by the full length message representing this clone leads to supersensitization of cells to the treatment with anti-Fas antibodies
- Clone LPD#613 shows no good match against known genes in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997, but a portion of the sequence shows homology to a large number of sequences and likely contains a repetitive element
- Clone I PD#616 shows an excellent match with human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (see emb X67928 for example)
- the sequence analysis indicates that this fragment was transcribed in the antisense orientation in the original library
- reduction of tryptophany-tRNA synthetase leads to supersensitization of cells to the treatment with anti-Fas antibodies
- Clone I PD#619 shows no good match against known genes in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7 1997, but does show good matches with the sequence of a human retroviral element called pHE 1 (for example emb Z95333, emb Z84475, gb M85205)
- Clone I 7_10_1_l PP shows no good match against known genes in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997, but does show very good matches against several EST (for example, see gb T7771 1 , gb T78724, gb AA324254) Sequence analysis indicates that the fragment inserted in the expression library was in the sense orientation
- Clone I 7_10_?_l PP shows no good match against known genes in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997, but does show good matches with several EST (for example, see gb
- Clone F7_100_1 1J PD shows no good match against known genes or EST in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997
- Clone L7_10_8_BS shows no good match against known genes or EST in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997
- Clone L7_10_3 shows no good match against known genes or EST in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997
- Clone F7_100_10 shows a good match with mitochondria! DNA (see gb L00016)
- Clone E7_10_9 shows no good match against known genes in the combined nonredundant database as of November 7, 1997 It does show good matches against two EST entries (see gb R54192, gb H39863) The sequence analysis indicates that this fragment was transcribed in the antisense orientation in the original library Thus, reduction of this protein leads to supersensitization of cells to the treatment with anti-Fas antibodies
- the Achilles Heel Method utilizes functional profiling as diagrammed in Figure 3
- the first step consists of introducing an anti-sense expression library (Deiss and Kimchi, 1991 ) into target cells to generate a pool of cells, each expressing a different anti-sense fragment (Pool 1 )
- the transfectants are treated with a sub-optimal dose of a PCD inducer and the surviving cells are collected (Pool 2)
- Cells containing inactivation events that sensitize the cells to killing are preferentially lost from Pool 2 Consequently, the anti-sense cDNAs contained in the sensitized cells are depleted from Pool 2
- the "sensitizing" cDNA inserts that are present in Pool 1 but depleted from Pool 2 are identified by two methods, subtraction or hybridization to cDNA microarray Following the subtraction of Pool 2 cDNAs from Pool 1 cDNAs, the potentially sensitizing cDNAs are cloned in an anti-sense orientation in an epi
- AHM is a powerful genetic tool for "function profiling" in mammalian cells Moreover, AHM can be easily scaled up to generate "function profiles" of all expressed human genes AHM is used to identify inhibitors of the Fas induced programmed cell death (PCD) pathway Fas is a trans-membrane death receptor of the TNF super family
- PCD programmed cell death pathway
- Fas is a trans-membrane death receptor of the TNF super family
- the binding of Fas ligand to Fas results in the cascade of events that lead in most cell types to apoptosis Fas induced killing is utilized in different physiological processes as follows (for review see (Nagata 1997)) elimination of auto-reactive T-cells, tumor induced immune suppression and destruction of virally infected cells, transformed cells and b- cells in cases of Insulin Dependent Diabetes Melitus
- Function profiling also termed functional profiling
- FGF-2, bFGF Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
- bFGF is a potent survival factor that plays a role in development, angiogenesis, and in cell migration
- Previous reports have shown that down regulation of bFGF by anti-sense expression or by blocking antibodies result in loss of a transformed phenotype reduced tumor growth and reduced angiogenesis
- Five different polypeptides of 34kD, 24kD, 22 5kD, 22kD and 18 kD are translated from the human bFGF gene, initiating at different sites and terminating at the same position
- the anti-sense cDNA fragment isolated in the subtraction is 295 nucleotides long and corresponds to nucleotide 873 to 1167 of the bFGF gene (Genebank Accession Number NM_002006) It spans the last 60 nucleotides of the coding region (shared by all bFGF polypeptides) and a portion of the 3' un-translated region
- Nrf2 cap-n-collar b-zip transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2
- Nrf2 activates the transcription of phase II detoxifying enzymes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxireductase (NQ01 ) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) by direct binding to the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) in the promoter of these genes
- phase II detoxifying enzymes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxireductase (NQ01 ) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST)
- ARE Antioxidant Response Element
- Nrf2 is a transcription factor that contains an ammo terminal trans-activation domain and a carboxyl terminal DNA binding domain
- a dominant negative (DN) version of Nrf2 consisting of the DNA binding domain but lacking the trans- activation domain was generated Ohtsubo et al had shown that such a construct effectively inhibits the ability of wild-type Nrf2 to activate transcription (Ohtsubo et al , 1999)
- a membrane solubilization domain of HIV TAT was added to it
- the membrane soluble DN Nrf2 was produced in bacteria and used to treat HeLa cells ( Figure 5C) In the presence of low dose of vehicle (1x) or high dose vehicle (4x), an apoptotic index of approximately 10% is observed in the untreated cultures and 25% in cultures treated with anti-Fas antibody Similarly, the administration of low or high dose of the control membrane soluble Green Fluorescent
- Nrf2 coding region of Nrf2 was cloned into a retroviral vector Cells infected with the retrovirus were selected for resistance to puromycm, since the retrovirus carries a puromycin resistance marker Two pools of puromycm resistant cells, as well as the corresponding control vector infected cells were assayed for their response to Fas induced apoptosis The results shown in Figure 5D demonstrate that expression of Nrf2 protects cells from Fas induced apoptosis Untreated cells show a very low apoptotic index Anti-Fas antibody treatment of cells infected with vector alone (Control-1 , -2) results in apoptotic index of 89% and 87%, while cells infected with an Nrf2 encoding retrovirus (Nrf2-1 , -2) show apoptotic index of only 32% and 34% respectively The role of Nrf2 as an inhibitor of the
- Nrf2 regulates genes involved in phase II detoxification
- testing was conducted to determine whether other activities involved in detoxification can also influence the sensitivity of cells to Fas induced apoptosis
- the detoxification of some compounds involves the phase II gene GST and the action of a sulfinpyrazone sensitive export pump (Morrow et al 2000)
- sulfinpyrazone treatment of cells can sensitize to Fas induced apoptosis
- treatment of cells with 2mM sulfinpyrazone strongly sensitizes cells to the effect of Fas induced killing compared to treatment with vehicle alone, by approximately 4 fold
- treatment of cells with sulfinpyrazone can have clinical benefits in situations where enhanced cell killing can be beneficial
- Nrf2 Since down regulation of Nrf2 sensitizes cell to Fas induced apoptosis, it was questioned whether increasing any of the activities induced by Nrf2 protects HeLa cells from apoptosis Nrf2 up-regulates GST that conjugates glutathione to the reactive products of phase I detoxification It was predicted that increased activity of GST protects cells from Fas induced apoptosis GST activity was elevated by treating HeLa cells with the glutathione precursor N- acetyl Cysteine (NAC) that increases the glutathione pool As shown in Figure 5H, NAC strongly protects HeLa cells from Fas induced apoptosis as previously reported for microgha, neutrophils and T-cells (Delneste et al 1996 Watson et al 1997, Spanaus et al 1998)
- Nrf2 was identified as an inhibitor of Fas induced PCD in HeLa cells and this result was validated by genetic and pharmacological approaches Down regulation of Nrf2 sensitizes to killing while over-expression of Nrf2 protects from Fas induced apoptosis
- these genes include survival factors
- the most depleted cDNA (5 6-fold) corresponds to TNF receptor associated factor 6 that relays a strong survival signal via the activation of NFkB and AKT
- casein kinase 1 alpha (CSNK1A1 ) and adenosine A3 receptor have been associated with survival in certain situations
- AHM is a novel powerful tool for identifying signaling inhibitors in human cells
- AHM can be broadly used to identify inhibitors of any given selectable pathway for the purposes of basic research or clinical applications Moreover, since it does not require previous knowledge of any sequences, AHM can be employed as a high throughput method of
- AHM HeLa cells (10 6 cells/100 mm plate) were transfected with 15 ug of anti-sense cDNA library in pTKO-1 (Deiss and Kimchi 1991 ) by Superfect reagent (Qiagen) Two days later cells were treated with 200 ug/ml Hygromycin B (Calbiochem-Novabiochem) for two weeks 2 5X10 6 Hygromyc ⁇ n R cells were plated in a 150 mm plate 24 hours prior to treatment withl O ng/ml anti-Fas antibody (clone CH-1 1 , Kamiya Biomedical Company) (Pool 2) Five days post treatment approximately 30-40% of the cells were killed as estimated by microscopic examination A parallel culture was grown in the absence of anti-Fas antibody (Pool 1 ) After five days, cells were washed twice with PBS, scraped off the plate and stored as pellets at -80° 100 ul of frozen pellet were lysed by addition of 200 ul of solution P1 , followed by
- primers are derived from the sequences that flank the cDNA insertion site in the pTKO-1 anti-sense expression vector
- the primers are designed to restore a Hmdlll restriction site on the promoter proximal side of the cDNA and a BamHI site on the promoter distal side to conserve the orientation of the cDNA fragments upon their cloning in pTKO-1
- the reaction was incubated 94°C for 5 minutes, subjected to 25 cycles of 94°C for one minute, 58°C for one minute and 72°C for five minutes, followed by 72°C for seven minutes
- the PCR products were cleaved by BamHI and Hmdlll, purified (Wizard PCR Prep Kit, Promega) and used in subtraction (PCR-Select kit, Clontech)
- the driver for the subtraction was the product of the PCR reaction derived from the untreated cells (Pool 1 ) and the tester was derived
- prLPD#88 AGCTTACCTCGGCCG
- prLPD#89 GATCCACCTCGGCCG
- prLPD#90 prLPD#90
- Cohesive end adapters hgate more efficiently to the cDNA and permit 20 the directional cloning of the cDNA inserts 0 3 ug of the tester was used for adapter gation 3
- the initial hybridization included 0 9 ug of the driver and 0 03 ug of the adapted ligated tester
- the products of the subtraction were cleaved with BamHI and Hmdlll, purified and cloned into the pTKO-1 between Bglll and Hmdlll sites Individual clones were sequenced and transfected into 25 HeLa cells
- Nrf2 Infection and Bioassys To generate HeLa cells that over- express Nrf2 the human Nrf2 cDNA (Moi et al 1994) was cloned into the retrovirus expression vector pBABEpuro (Morgenstern and Land 1990) by standard methods The plasmid was transiently transfected into X and virus was collected at 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours post transfection At each time point, freshly collected virus stock was filtered through a 0 45f ⁇ lter, mixed with 4Dgr/ml polybrene (Sigma/Ald ⁇ ch) and applied to HeLa cells 24 hours after the last addition of the virus, the cells were subjected to selection in 1gr/ml Puromycm (Sigma/Ald ⁇ ch) The pool of Puromycm resistant colonies was expanded For bioassays (1 6x10 5 cells/ well in 6 wells plates) were plated 20-24 hours prior to the treatment with 200 ng/ml anti-Fas antibody (clone
- HeLa cells 8 3x10 4 cells /well were plated in 12 wells plates 20 hours later cells were treated with various concentrations of 5 recombinant protein or PBS 60 minutes prior to the addition of 200 ng/ml anti- Fas antibody (clone CH-1 1 , Kamiya Biomedical Company) (where indicated) 20 hours later the apoptotic index of treated cells was determined as described for the Nrf2 bioassays
- N-acetyl cysteine HeLa cells 8 3x10 4 cells /well in 6 wells plates
- NAC Sigma/Ald ⁇ ch
- 50 ng/ml anti-Fas antibody clone CH-11 , Kamiya Biomedical Company
- the number of viable, trypan blue (Gibco/BRL) excluding cells that remained attached to the plate following rinsing with PBS was counted 5 days post treatment
- Dicumarol HeLa cells 1 6x10 5 cells /well were plated in 6 wells plates 20-24 hours later cells were treated with various concentrations of Dicumarol (Sigma/Ald ⁇ ch) in 0 2 mM NaOH for 15 minutes prior to the addition of 200 ng/ml anti-Fas antibody (clone CH-1 1 , Kamiya Biomedical Company)
- the number of viable, trypan blue (Gibco/BRL) excluding cells that remained attached to the plate following rinsing with PBS was counted 17 hours post treatment
- the apoptotic index of treated cells was determined as described for the Nrf2 bioassays
- CKI-7 HeLa cells, 1 6x10 5 cells /well were plated in 6 wells plates in duplicates 20-24 hours later cells were treated with various concentrations of CKI-7 in 1 % DMSO (Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) an hour prior to the addition of 200 ng/ml anti-FAS antibody (clone CH-11 , catalog number MC-060, Kamiya Biomedical Company) The number of viable, trypan blue (Gibco/BRL) excluding cells that remained attached to the plate following rinsing with PBS was counted 17 hours post treatment
- cDNA microarray analysis Approximately 500ng of the PCR products of Pool 1 and Pool 2 (same preparations that were used for the subtraction, before their cleavage by BamHI and Hmdlll) were labeled with 100 mCi of [ 33 P] dCTP (3000 O/mmole ICN) by the random primers DNA labeling system (Gibco/BRL), purified (Amersham/Pharmacia, ProbeQuant G50 micro columns) and individually hybridized to Human GeneFilters (GF21 1 , Research Genetics) The filter was pre-hyb ⁇ dized for 40-60 minutes at 68 °C in ExpressHyb Hybridization solution (Clontech), followed by hybridization for 3-5 hours at 68°C The filter was washed in 2xSSC, 0 05% SDS at room temperature 3-5 times for 10-15 minutes each time followed by 2 washes for 15 minutes each in 0 1x SSC, 0 1 % SDS at 55°C The image was generated by
- Each of the genes identified by means of the present invention can be used as a candidate gene in a screening assay for identifying and isolating compounds which inhibit or stimulate PCD, in particular, Fas -induced apoptosis
- the compounds to be screened comprise inter aha small chemical molecules antibodies or fragments thereof including single chain antibodies, antisense o gonucleotides, antisense DNA or RNA molecules, proteins, polypeptides and peptides including peptido-mimetics and dominant negatives, and expression vectors (A synthetic antisense oligonucleotide drug can inhibit translation of mRNA encoding the gene product of a Fas pathway gene )
- screening assays are known to those of ordinary skill in the art The specific assay which is chosen depends to a great extent on the activity of the candidate gene or the protein expressed thereby Thus, if it is known that the expression product of a candidate gene has enzymatic activity, then an assay which is based on inhibition (or stimulation) of the enzymatic activity can be used If the candidate protein is known to bind to a ligand or other mteractor, then the assay can be based on the inhibition of such binding or interaction When the candidate gene is a known gene, then many of its properties can also be known, and these can be used to determine the best screening assay If the candidate gene is novel, then some analysis and/or experimentation is appropriate in order to determine the best assay to be used to find inhibitors of the activity of that candidate gene The analysis can involve a sequence analysis to find domains in the sequence which shed light on its activity Other experimentation described herein to identify the candidate gene and its activity can also be engaged in so as to identify the type of screen that is appropriate to find inhibitors
- Tet-mducible retroviruses have been designed incorporating the Self- inactivatmg (SIN) feature of a 3' Ltr enhancer/promoter retroviral deletion mutant Expression of this vector in cells is virtually undetectable in the presence of tetracychne or other active analogs However, in the absence of Tet, expression is turned on to maximum within 48 hours after induction, with uniform increased expression of the whole population of cells that harbor the inducible retrovirus, thus indicating that expression is regulated uniformly within the infected cell population
- Tet-mducible expression prevents apoptosis in target cells
- a specific reporter gene construct can be designed such that phosphorylation of this reporter gene product causes its activation, which can be followed by a color reaction
- the candidate gene can be specifically induced, using the Tet-mducible system discussed above, and a comparison of induced versus non-induced genes provides a measure of reporter gene activation
- a reporter system can be designed that responds to changes in protein-protein interaction of the candidate protein If the reporter responds to actual interaction with the candidate protein, a color reaction occurs
- a specific promoter or regulatory element controlling the activity of a candidate gene is defined by methods well known in the art
- a reporter gene is constructed which is controlled by the specific candidate gene promoter or regulatory elements
- the DNA containing the specific promoter or regulatory agent is actually linked to the gene encoding the reporter Reporter activity depends on specific activation of the promoter or regulatory element
- inhibition or stimulation of the reporter is a direct assay of stimulation/inhibition of the reporter gene, see, for example, Komarov et al (1999), Science vol 285,1733-7 and Storz et al (1999) Analytical Biochemistry, 216 ⁇ 97-104
- non-cell-based screening assays are also well within the skill of those of ordinary skill in the art
- the target protein can be defined and specific phosphorylation of the target can be followed
- the assay can involve either inhibition of target phosphorylation or stimulation of target phosphorylation, both types of assay being well known in the art, for example see Mohney et al (1998) J NeuroscienceJS, 5285 and Tang et al (1997) J Clin Invest 1Q0_,1180 for measurement of kinase activity
- the candidate protein is immobilized on beads
- An mteractor such as a receptor ligand, is radioactively labeled and added When it binds to the candidate protein on the bead, the amount of radioactivity carried on the beads (due to interaction with the candidate protein) can be measured
- the assay indicates inhibition of the interaction by measuring the amount of radioactivity on the bead
- Any of the screening assays can include a step of identifying the compound (as described above) which tests positive in the assay and can also include the further step of producing as a medicament that which has been so identified It is considered that medicaments comprising such compounds are part of the present invention
- the use of any such compounds identified for inhibition or stimulation of PCD, in particular, Fas -induced apoptosis is also considered to be part of the present invention
- SEQ ID No 5 prLPD#81 SEQUENCE CTAATACGACTCACTATAG GGCTCGAGCGGCCGCCCGGGCAGGTG
- prLpd#83 SEQUENCE AGCTTACCTGCCCGG SEQ ID No 8 prLPD#84 SEQUENCE GATCCACCTGCCCGG SEQ ID No 9 prLPD#85 SEQUENCE CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGC SEQ ID No 10 prLpd#86 SEQUENCE TCGAGCGGCCGCCCGGGCAGGT SEQ ID No 1 1 prLPD#87 SEQUENCE AGCGTGGTCGCGGCCGAGGT SEQ ID No 12 prLPD#88 SEQUENCE AGCTTACCTCGGCCG SEQ ID No 13 prLPD#89 SEQUENCE GATCCACCTCGGCCG SEQ ID No 14 prLPD#90 SEQUENCE CTAATACGACTCACTAT
- GGTACTA SEQ ID No:20 seqLPD#608pr51
- Cathepsin D protease mediates programmed cell death induced by interferon-a, Fas/APO-1 and TNF-a EMBO 15(15) 3861-3870
- Tsg101 A novel tumor susceptibility gene isolated by controlled homozygous functional knockout of allehc loci in mammalian cells CeJ, 85 319-329
- LYAR a novel nucleolar protein with zinc finger DNA-bindmg motifs, is involved in cell growth regulation Genes Dev., 7 735-748 Schena et al (1995) Science, 270 467-470
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0219775A GB2375172A (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2001-02-07 | Fas pathway genes |
IL15107901A IL151079A0 (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2001-02-07 | Fas pathway genes |
AU2001236733A AU2001236733A1 (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2001-02-07 | Fas pathway genes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US49955300A | 2000-02-07 | 2000-02-07 | |
US09/499,553 | 2000-02-07 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2001057189A2 true WO2001057189A2 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
WO2001057189A3 WO2001057189A3 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
WO2001057189A9 WO2001057189A9 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
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PCT/US2001/003946 WO2001057189A2 (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2001-02-07 | Fas pathway genes |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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AU (1) | AU2001236733A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2375172A (en) |
IL (1) | IL151079A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001057189A2 (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10147088A1 (en) * | 2001-09-25 | 2003-04-17 | Medinnova Ges Med Innovationen | Use of active substances for the prophylaxis and / or therapy of diseases which are associated with cell growth disorders and test system for finding such active substances |
WO2003043565A2 (en) * | 2001-09-24 | 2003-05-30 | University Of Aarhus | Methods for diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with altered expression of nrf2 |
WO2004092411A1 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2004-10-28 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Insulin-induced gene as therapeutic target in diabetes |
WO2005046726A2 (en) * | 2003-11-12 | 2005-05-26 | Allergan, Inc. | Combinations for inhibiting cell growth which contains an inhibitor of human ck1 alpha activity and a rxr agonist |
EP1907013A2 (en) * | 2005-05-26 | 2008-04-09 | The Johns Hopkins University | Compositions and methods for the treatment or prevention of chemoresistant neoplasia |
WO2015114638A3 (en) * | 2014-02-03 | 2015-09-17 | Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem Ltd. | Use of casein kinase i inhibitors for depleting stem cells |
CN111671749A (en) * | 2020-06-12 | 2020-09-18 | 重庆医科大学 | Application of dicoumarol in preparation of HBx protein stability inhibitor |
CN112121043A (en) * | 2020-10-27 | 2020-12-25 | 澳门大学 | Application of dicoumarol in antitumor |
US11058767B2 (en) | 2018-02-21 | 2021-07-13 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | CAMK2D antisense oligonucleotides and uses thereof |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5612180A (en) * | 1993-05-13 | 1997-03-18 | Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Genetic footprinting: insertional mutagenesis and genetic selection |
-
2001
- 2001-02-07 WO PCT/US2001/003946 patent/WO2001057189A2/en active Search and Examination
- 2001-02-07 AU AU2001236733A patent/AU2001236733A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-02-07 GB GB0219775A patent/GB2375172A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-02-07 IL IL15107901A patent/IL151079A0/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5612180A (en) * | 1993-05-13 | 1997-03-18 | Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Genetic footprinting: insertional mutagenesis and genetic selection |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003043565A2 (en) * | 2001-09-24 | 2003-05-30 | University Of Aarhus | Methods for diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with altered expression of nrf2 |
WO2003043565A3 (en) * | 2001-09-24 | 2003-11-13 | Univ Aarhus | Methods for diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with altered expression of nrf2 |
DE10147088A1 (en) * | 2001-09-25 | 2003-04-17 | Medinnova Ges Med Innovationen | Use of active substances for the prophylaxis and / or therapy of diseases which are associated with cell growth disorders and test system for finding such active substances |
JP2006525244A (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2006-11-09 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフトング | Insulin-inducible genes as therapeutic targets for diabetes |
WO2004092411A1 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2004-10-28 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Insulin-induced gene as therapeutic target in diabetes |
WO2005046726A2 (en) * | 2003-11-12 | 2005-05-26 | Allergan, Inc. | Combinations for inhibiting cell growth which contains an inhibitor of human ck1 alpha activity and a rxr agonist |
WO2005046726A3 (en) * | 2003-11-12 | 2005-12-08 | Allergan Inc | Combinations for inhibiting cell growth which contains an inhibitor of human ck1 alpha activity and a rxr agonist |
EP1907013A2 (en) * | 2005-05-26 | 2008-04-09 | The Johns Hopkins University | Compositions and methods for the treatment or prevention of chemoresistant neoplasia |
EP1907013A4 (en) * | 2005-05-26 | 2009-12-23 | Univ Johns Hopkins | Compositions and methods for the treatment or prevention of chemoresistant neoplasia |
US8216777B2 (en) | 2005-05-26 | 2012-07-10 | The Johns Hopkins University | Compositions and methods for the treatment or prevention of chemoresistant neoplasia |
WO2015114638A3 (en) * | 2014-02-03 | 2015-09-17 | Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem Ltd. | Use of casein kinase i inhibitors for depleting stem cells |
CN111068053A (en) * | 2014-02-03 | 2020-04-28 | 耶路撒冷希伯来大学的益生研究开发有限公司 | Use of casein kinase I inhibitors to deplete stem cells |
US11058767B2 (en) | 2018-02-21 | 2021-07-13 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | CAMK2D antisense oligonucleotides and uses thereof |
CN111671749A (en) * | 2020-06-12 | 2020-09-18 | 重庆医科大学 | Application of dicoumarol in preparation of HBx protein stability inhibitor |
CN112121043A (en) * | 2020-10-27 | 2020-12-25 | 澳门大学 | Application of dicoumarol in antitumor |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2001057189A9 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
GB2375172A (en) | 2002-11-06 |
GB0219775D0 (en) | 2002-10-02 |
WO2001057189A3 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
IL151079A0 (en) | 2003-04-10 |
AU2001236733A1 (en) | 2001-08-14 |
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