WO2001054579A1 - Methods and systems for performing medical procedures with reference to projective images and with respect to pre-stored images - Google Patents
Methods and systems for performing medical procedures with reference to projective images and with respect to pre-stored images Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001054579A1 WO2001054579A1 PCT/US2001/000074 US0100074W WO0154579A1 WO 2001054579 A1 WO2001054579 A1 WO 2001054579A1 US 0100074 W US0100074 W US 0100074W WO 0154579 A1 WO0154579 A1 WO 0154579A1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B6/44—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4429—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units
- A61B6/4435—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units the source unit and the detector unit being coupled by a rigid structure
- A61B6/4441—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units the source unit and the detector unit being coupled by a rigid structure the rigid structure being a C-arm or U-arm
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- A61B6/504—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications for diagnosis of blood vessels, e.g. by angiography
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- A61B6/508—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications for non-human patients
Definitions
- the present invention relates to medical procedures that are performed with reference to images of the patient and, more particularly, to medical procedures performed with reference to projective images such as fluoroscope images, and also to medical procedures performed with reference to images acquired prior to, and independently of, the procedures.
- Representational images such as CT images, MR images and ultrasound images
- Representational images represent physical properties of the patient's body at particular locations therein.
- each pixel of a 2D digital ultrasound image of a patient represents an acoustic impedance contrast at a corresponding point inside the patient's body
- each voxel of a 3D CT image volume represents the density of the patient's body tissue at a corresponding point inside the patient's body.
- Projective images such as fluoroscopic X-ray images, represent projections of physical properties of the patient's body into a plane.
- each point in a fluoroscopic X-ray image is an integral along a ray, from the X-ray source to the X-ray image, of the density ofthe patient's body tissue.
- WO 00/10456 teaches intra-body navigation of a probe in conjunction with imaging by a C-mount fluoroscope.
- WO 00/16684 teaches the use of a representational imaging device, such as an ultrasound probe, in conjunction with the C-mount fluoroscope of WO 00/10456, for the purpose of identifying and recording points-of-interest, within the body of the patient, towards which the probe subsequently is navigated.
- Figure 1A which is adapted from Figure 2 of WO 00/16684, shows a patient 24 lying on an operation platform 34 and being imaged by a C-mount fluoroscope 22.
- a catheter 26 is navigated within a body cavity 28 of patient 24. This navigation is enabled by the provision of a transmitter 30 of electromagnetic radiation under platform 34, a receiver 40 of electromagnetic radiation rigidly attached to fluoroscope 22, and a receiver 32 of radiation rigidly attached to catheter 26, all three of which are connected by wires 51 to a computer 50.
- Fluoroscope 22 is used to acquire an image of a portion of the body of patient 24 that includes body cavity 28.
- transmitter 30 defines a reference frame
- the signals received by computer 50 from receivers 40 and 32 in response to the electromagnetic radiation transmitted by transmitter 30 are indicative of the locations and orientations of fluoroscope 22 and catheter 26 relative to the reference frame.
- computer 50 displays, on a display unit 48, the image of body cavity 28 acquired by fluoroscope 22, with an icon representing catheter 26 superposed on the image in the true location and orientation of catheter 26 relative to body cavity 28.
- patient 24 may move, relative to platform 34, during the medical procedure, patient 24 also is provided with a receiver 38 of electromagnetic radiation.
- Computer 50 computes, from the signals received from receiver 38 in response to the electromagnetic radiation transmitted by transmitter 30, the location and orientation of the body of patient 24 relative to the reference frame.
- Computer 50 records the location and orientation of patient 24 when the image of body cavity 28 is acquired. If patient 24 does moves, computer 50 adjusts the joint display of the image and the catheter icon on display unit 48 to reflect the movement of patient 24, so that the catheter icon always is displayed in a manner that reflects the true location and orientation of catheter 26 relative to body cavity 28.
- catheter 26 and patient 24 are provided with respective imageable markers 46 and 44.
- Computer 50 locates the shadows of markers 46 and 44 in the image, using standard image processing techniques, and computes, from the locations of these shadows, the locations and orientations of catheter 26 and patient 24.
- a representational imaging device 52 equipped with a receiver 40a of electromagnetic radiation, also is provided, to acquire a representational image of a portion of the body of patient 24 that overlaps with the portion of the body of patient 24 that is acquired using fluoroscope 22.
- Computer 50 computes, from the signals received from receiver 40a in response to the electromagnetic radiation transmitted by transmitter 30, the location and orientation of imaging device 52 relative to the reference frame.
- Computer 50 displays the representational image, on display unit 48, superposed on the image acquired by fluoroscope 22, so that a point-of-interest, towards which catheter 26 is to be navigated, can be picked on display unit 48, even prior to the introduction of catheter 26 into body cavity 28. Improved methods of effecting this superposition are taught by Gilboa et al.
- Representational imaging device 52 may be external to the body of patient 24, as illustrated in Figure 1A, or internal to the body of patient 24.
- the specific example of representational imaging device 52 that is presented in WO 00/16684 is an intracardiac ultrasound probe that is used to image and identify the fossa ovalis of the cardiac septum and one or more of the openings of pulmonary veins. These points within the heart may be targets of ablation for treating atrial fibrillation, and so constitute points-of-interest within the heart (as body cavity 28) of patient 24. Following the representational imaging of these targets by intracardiac ultrasound probe 52 and the picking of the points-of-interest, intracardiac ultrasound probe 52 is withdrawn and an ablating catheter 26 is navigated towards the points-of-interest.
- Transmitter 30 is an example of what is called in WO 00/16684 a "locating implement”.
- Receivers 32, 38, 40 and 40a are examples of what is called in WO 00/16684 "location implements”.
- Transmitter 30, together with receiver 32, 38, 40 or 40a constitute what is called in WO 00/16684 a "locating system”.
- the location and the orientation of an object are called the "disposition" of the object, so what WO 00/16684 calls a "locating system” is called herein a "disposing system”.
- location system is used herein to refer, not only to systems that measure both the location and the orientation of an object, but also to systems that measure only the location of an object; such a system includes a locating implement and a location implement.
- one disposing instrument may be shared by all the disposing systems as is the case with transmitter 30, in which case the shared disposing instrument defines a common reference frame for all the disposing systems; or, alternatively, one disposition implement may be shared by all the disposing systems, in which case the shared disposition instrument defines a common reference frame for all the disposing systems.
- Common examples of disposing systems include electromagnetic disposing systems, magnetic disposing systems, acoustic disposing systems and stereopair optical systems.
- This procedure commonly is performed by injecting a contrast agent into the target coronary artery tree and then navigating a catheter that bears the stent towards the target blockage with the help of X-ray angiographic images acquired in real time by a fluoroscope such as fluoroscope 22.
- the points-of-interest are the blockage itself, and the branches of the coronary artery tree that must be traversed on the way to the blockage.
- the prior art discussed above can be used to identify the points-of-interest, provided that these points-of-interest can be picked on the image provided by representational imaging device 52.
- representational imaging device 52 may be a CT scanner: the contrast agent, being X-ray opaque, shows up in both the projective images acquired using fluoroscope 22 and the representational CT scan acquired using the CT scanner.
- CT computed tomography
- a CT scanner produces its representational image volume by appropriate processing (typically, by backprojection) of a set of projective images.
- fluoroscope 22 itself as both a projective imager and a representational imager.
- a similar reconstruction should be possible using fluoroscopic images acquired at different dispositions relative to patient 24.
- a binary representational image volume of the contrast agent in the coronary artery tree would show the portion of the coronary artery tree that contains the contrast agent at one of the two display levels (e.g., "1") and the rest of the imaged portion of the patient's body at the other level (e.g., "0"), and so would suffice to allow picking of the points-of-interest.
- fluoroscope 22 lacks sufficient mechanical stability to allow accurate reconstruction of even a binary image volume.
- Known successful reconstructions of image volumes from 2D projective images all require very accurate positioning of the imaging apparatus.
- This projective image is used as a background "road map" for catheter navigation with the help of other images subsequently acquired of the target coronary artery tree, but only if the fluoroscope and the patient remain in the same relative disposition.
- a method of navigating a probe to a target point-of-interest in a body cavity of a patient including the steps of: (a) acquiring a plurality of projective images of at least a portion of the body cavity, using a projective imaging device, each projective image being acquired with the projective imaging device in a different respective disposition relative to a reference frame; (b) for each projective image, measuring the respective disposition of the projective imaging device; (c) estimating a location of the target point-of-interest, relative to the reference frame, from the projective images, the estimating being based on the measured dispositions of the projective imaging device; (d) inserting the probe into the body cavity; (e)measuring a location of the probe relative to the reference frame; and (f) moving the probe, within the body cavity, so as to minimize a difference between the measured location of the probe and the estimated location of the target point-of-interest.
- a navigating system for navigating a probe to a point-of-interest in a body cavity of a patient, including: (a) a projective imaging device for acquiring a plurality of projective images of at least a portion of the body cavity; (b) a disposing system for measuring, for each projective image, a respective disposition of the projective imaging device relative to a reference frame; (c) a mechanism for estimating a location of the point-of-interest, relative to the reference frame, from the projective images, the estimating being based on the measured dispositions of the projective imaging device; and (d) a locating system for measuring a location ofthe probe relative to the reference frame.
- a method of acquiring an image volume of a body including the steps of: (a) for each of a plurality of nominal dispositions of a projective imaging device relative to a reference frame: (i) measuring an actual disposition of the projective imaging device relative to the reference frame, (ii) if the actual disposition is not substantially the same as the each nominal disposition, moving the projective device until the actual disposition is substantially the same as the each nominal disposition, and (iii) acquiring a respective projective image of the body, using the projective imaging device at the each nominal disposition; and (b) transforming the plurality of projective images into the image volume.
- an imaging system for acquiring an image volume of a body, including: (a) a projective imaging device for acquiring projective images of the body; (b) a disposing system for measuring dispositions of the projective imaging device relative to a reference frame; (c) a mechanism for moving the projective imaging device among a plurality of nominal dispositions thereof, with reference to the measured disposition; and (d) a processor for transforming the projective images into the image volume, each projective image having been acquired at a different respective nominal disposition.
- a method of acquiring an image volume of a body including the steps of: (a) for each of a plurality of dispositions of a projective imaging device relative to a reference frame: (i) moving the imaging device to the disposition, as measured by a disposing system, and (ii) acquiring a respective projective image of the body; and (b) transforming the projective images into the image volume according to the measurements of the dispositions.
- an imaging system for acquiring an image volume of a body, including: (a) a projective imaging device for acquiring projective images of the body; (b) a disposing system for measuring dispositions of the projective imaging device relative to a reference frame; and (c) a processor for transforming the projective images into the image volume according to the measured dispositions.
- a method of acquiring an output image volume of a body including the steps of: (a) for each of a plurality of actual dispositions of a projective imaging device: (i) moving the projecting imaging device to the each actual disposition, and (ii) acquiring a respective projective image of the body, using the projective imaging device at the each actual disposition; (b) based on the projective images, estimating the actual dispositions; and (c) based on the estimated dispositions, transforming the projective images into the output image volume.
- an imaging system for acquiring an image volume of a body, including: (a) a projective imaging device for acquiring a plurality of projective images of at least a portion of the body at actual respective dispositions of the projective imaging device; and (b) a processor for estimating the actual dispositions from the projective images and for transforming the projective images into the image volume, the transforming being based on the estimated dispositions.
- a method of navigating a probe in a body cavity of a patient including the steps of: (a) acquiring a plurality of images of at least a portion of the body cavity, using an imaging device, while measuring, for each image, a i espective disposition of the imaging device relative to a reference frame, each image oe ; ng acquired at a different respective disposition; (b) selecting one of the first images to use as a guide image; and (c) displaying the guide image along with an icon representative of a disposition of the probe within the body cavity.
- a method of treating a body of a patient including the steps of: (a) simultaneously: (i) acquiring a first image of at least a portion of the body, using an imaging device, (ii) measuring a disposition of the imaging device relative to a reference frame, and (iii) measuring a disposition of the body relative to the reference frame; (b) restoring the imaging device and the body to respective dispositions that are equivalent to the measured dispositions; and (c) performing a medical procedure on the body with reference to the first image after the restoring ofthe imaging device and of the body to the equivalent dispositions.
- a method of treating a body of a patient including the steps of: (a) simultaneously: (i) acquiring a first image of at least a portion of the body, using an imaging device, (ii) measuring a disposition of the imaging device relative to a reference frame, and (iii) measuring a first disposition of the body relative to the reference frame; (b) measuring a second disposition of the body relative to the reference frame; and (c) performing a medical procedure on the body with reference to the first image and with reference to all three dispositions.
- the patient upon whom the methods of the present invention are practiced could be either a person or an animal.
- the term "medical procedure” as used herein should be construed as including veterinary procedures.
- probe as used herein should be construed as including any device or instrument, such as a catheter, an endoscope or a surgical tool, that is introduced to the body of a patient and that is navigated towards a target for the purpose of performing a medical procedure.
- the medical procedures that fall within the scope of the present invention include but are not limited to diagnostic procedures and therapeutic procedures, including surgical procedures.
- a plurality of projective images of at least a portion of a body cavity are acquired by a projective imaging device such as fluoroscope 22 at different respective dispositions relative to a reference frame, while measuring these dispositions, for example by using a disposing system.
- Each projective image includes a point that corresponds to a target point-of-interest in the body cavity; these points in the projective images are termed herein "projections" of the target point-of-interest.
- a location of the point-of-interest, relative to the reference frame, is estimated, preferably by picking the projections of the point-of-interest on two or more projective images, constructing rays corresponding to the picked projections, and computing the location, relative to the reference frame, of the point-of-nearest-mutual-approach of the rays.
- the projections may be picked manually. Alternatively, the projections are picked manually on a first projective image and automatically on subsequent projective images, for example by using standard image processing and feature recognition techniques to track the projection from image to image.
- the projective images are displayed successively and repeatedly, along with an icon that represents a point in space. The coordinates of the point are varied until the icon substantially coincides with all the projections.
- the projective images are transformed into an image volume, preferably by backprojection, and the target point-of-interest is picked directly in the image volume.
- a probe is inserted in the body cavity.
- the location of the probe is measured, preferably using a locating system, and the probe is moved towards the target point-of-interest.
- a contrast agent is introduced to the imaged portion of the body cavity prior to imaging.
- the location of at least one intermediate point-of-interest, relative to the reference frame also is estimated from the projective images, and the probe is moved towards the target point of interest with reference to a display of icons that represent the estimated locations ofthe points-of-interest and the measured location of the probe.
- This display may be from any convenient point of view. In particular, this display may be from a point of view different from the points of view from which the projective images were acquired.
- a system for implementing the first aspect of the present invention includes a projective imaging device for acquiring the projective images; a disposing system for measuring the disposition of the projective imaging device relative to the reference frame as the images are acquired; a mechanism for estimating the location of the point-of-interest relative to the reference frame, based on the acquired images; and a locating system for measuring the location ofthe probe in the reference frame.
- the disposing system includes a disposition implement associated with the projective imaging device and a disposing implement associated with the reference frame.
- the disposing system includes a disposing implement associated with the projective imaging device and a disposition implement associated with the reference frame.
- the disposing system is an electromagnetic disposing system, a magnetic disposing system, an acoustic disposing system or a stereopair optical system.
- the locating system includes a location implement associated with the projective imaging device and a locating implement associated with the reference frame.
- the locating system includes a locating implement associated with the probe and a location implement associated with the reference frame.
- the locating system is an electromagnetic locating system, a magnetic locating system or an acoustic locating system.
- the projective images are transformed into the image volume, preferably by backprojection, according to respective nominal dispositions of the projective imaging device relative to a reference frame.
- the actual dispositions of the projective imaging device are measured. If an actual disposition differs from the corresponding nominal disposition, the projective imaging device is moved until the actual disposition substantially coincides with the nominal disposition, and only then is the corresponding image acquired.
- the projective image device may be moved manually, or automatically via a feedback loop.
- the corresponding imaging system includes the projective imaging device, a disposing system for measuring the dispositions of the projective imaging device, a mechanism for moving the projective imaging device to make the actual dispositions coincide with the nominal dispositions, and a processor for transforming the projective images into the image volume.
- the dispositions of the projective imaging device are measured explicitly as the projective images are acquired, and the acquired projective images are transformed into the image volume according to the measured dispositions, preferably by backprojection.
- the corresponding imaging system includes the projective imaging device, a disposing system for measuring the dispositions of the projective imaging device, and a processor for transforming the projective images into the image volume according to the measured dispositions of the projective imaging device.
- the disposing system of the devices of the first and second variants of the second aspect of the present invention, includes a disposition implement associated with the projective imaging device and a disposing implement associated with the reference frame.
- this disposing system includes a disposing implement associated with the projective imaging device and a disposition implement associated with the reference frame.
- this disposing system is an electromagnetic disposing system, a magnetic disposing system, an acoustic disposing system or a stereopair optical system.
- the projective images are transformed into the image volume, preferably by backprojection, according to respective actual dispositions of the projective imaging device. Because these actual dispositions are not known initially with sufficient accuracy to effect the transformation, these actual dispositions are estimated from the projective images themselves, and the transformation then is based on the estimated dispositions.
- the estimating of the actual dispositions is effected by transforming the projective images into a working image volume, on the assumption that the images were acquired at respective computational dispositions of the projective imaging device; an i then correcting the computational dispositions, on the basis of the preliminary image volume, to obtain the estimated dispositions.
- the correcting of the computational dispositions is effected by, for each computational disposition, computing a respective synthetic projective image from the working image volume; comparing the synthetic projective image to the corresponding acquired projective image; estimating, based on the comparison, the difference between the computational disposition and the actual disposition; and adjusting the computational disposition by subtracting this difference from the computational disposition.
- This transforming of the acquired projective images into the working image volume, and this correcting of the computational dispositions, are iterated until the estimated differences between the computational dispositions and the actual dispositions are negligible.
- the imaging system of the third variant of the second aspect of the present invention includes the projective imaging device and a processor for performing the relevant calculations.
- the projective imaging device is a fluoroscope.
- a plurality of first images of at least a portion of the body cavity is acquired at different respective dispositions of the imaging device relative to a reference frame, while measuring these dispositions.
- One of the first images is selected as a guide image, and the guide image is displayed along with an icon that represents the true disposition of the probe within the body cavity.
- the dispositions of the imaging device are measured using a disposing system that includes a disposition implement associated with the imaging device and a disposing system associated with the reference frame.
- the dispositions are measured using a disposing system that includes a disposing implement associated with the imaging device and a disposition implement associated with the reference frame.
- the disposing system is an electromagnetic disposing system, a magnetic disposing system, an acoustic disposing system or a stereopair optical system.
- a contrast agent is introduced to the portion ofthe body that is to be imaged prior to acquiring the plurality of first images.
- the disposition of the probe relative to the common reference frame also is measured.
- the disposition of the probe is measured using a disposing system that includes a disposition implement associated with the probe and a disposing implement associated with the reference frame.
- the disposition of the probe is measured using a disposing system that includes a disposing implement associated with the probe and a disposition implement associated with the reference frame.
- the disposing system is an electromagnetic disposing system, a magnetic disposing system or an acoustic disposing system.
- a first image of at least a portion of the body of a patient is acquired while measuring both the disposition of the imaging device and the disposition of the patient relative to a common reference frame. Subsequently, both the body of the patient and the imaging device are restored to dispositions that are equivalent to the dispositions of the body of the patient and of the imaging device when the first image was acquired, and a medical procedure is performed on the body of the patent with reference to the first image.
- "Equivalent dispositions" means that the disposition of the body of the patient relative to the imaging device (or. equivalently, of the imaging device relative to the body of the patient) after restoration is the same as when the first image was acquired.
- the dispositions of the body of the patient and of the imaging device are measured using disposing systems that include respective disposition implements associated with the imaging device and with the body of the patient and a common disposing system associated with the reference frame.
- the dispositions are measured using disposing systems that include respective disposing implements associated with the imaging device and with the body of the patient and a common disposition implement associated with the reference frame.
- the disposing systems are electromagnetic disposing systems, magnetic disposing systems, acoustic disposing systems or stereopair optical systems.
- a contrast agent is introduced to the portion ofthe body that is to be imaged prior to acquiring the first image.
- the medical procedure includes navigating a probe to a point-of-interest in the targeted portion ofthe patient's body, with reference to the first image.
- a second image is acquired, and the medical procedure is performed with reference to both images.
- the medical procedure includes navigating a probe to a point-of-interest in the targeted portion of the patient's body, then the disposition of the probe relative to the common reference frame also is measured.
- the disposition of the probe is measured using a disposing system that includes a disposition implement associated with the probe and a disposing implement associated with the common reference frame.
- the disposition of the probe is measured using a disposing system that includes a disposing implement associated with the probe and a disposition implement associated with the common reference frame.
- the disposing system is an electromagnetic disposing system, a magnetic disposing system or an acoustic disposing system.
- a first image of at least a portion of the body of a patient is acquired while measuring both the disposition of the imaging device and the disposition of the patient relative to a common reference frame. Subsequently, the disposition of the patient is measured again, in case the patient has moved since the first disposition measurements, and a medical procedure is performed on the patient with reference to both the first image and all three measured dispositions.
- the dispositions of the body of the patient and of the imaging device are measured using disposing systems that include respective disposition implements associated with the imaging device and with the body of the patient and a common disposing system associated with the reference frame.
- the dispositions are measured using disposing systems that include respective disposing implements associated with the imaging device and with the body of the patient and a common disposition implement associated with the reference frame.
- the disposing systems are electromagnetic disposing systems, magnetic disposing systems, acoustic disposing systems or stereopair optical systems.
- a contrast agent is introduced to the portion of the body that is to be imaged prior to acquiring the first image.
- the medical procedure includes navigating a probe to a point-of-interest in the targeted portion ofthe patient's body. This navigation includes measuring the disposition of the probe relative to the common reference frame.
- the disposition of the probe is measured using a disposing system that includes a disposition implement associated with the probe and a disposing implement associated with the common reference frame.
- the disposition of the probe is measured using a disposing system that includes a disposing implement associated with the probe and a disposition implement associated with the common reference frame.
- the disposing system is an electromagnetic disposing system, a magnetic disposing system or an acoustic disposing system.
- the imaging device may be either a projective imaging device or a representational imaging device, so that the first image may be either a projective image or a representational image.
- the preferred projective imaging device is a fluoroscope.
- prior art computer-aided surgery if a 3D image volume is used to guide the navigation of a surgical tool within the patient, then this image volume is acquired prior to surgery. That guide image volume then must be registered to the frame of reference of the disposing system that is used to track the surgical tool. Because the locations of the intermediate points of interest of the first aspect of the present invention, as well as the guide image of the third aspect of the present invention, are acquired with the help of location and disposition systems that share a common component that is associated with a common reference frame, no such registration is necessary.
- the location system (under the first aspect of the present invention) or the disposition system (under the third aspect of the present invention) for catheter 26 includes transmitter 30 and receiver 32;
- the disposition system for fluoroscope 22 includes transmitter 30 and receiver 40;
- the disposition system for the body of patient 24 includes transmitter 30 and re
- FIG. 1A illustrates a system for intra-body navigation of a probe towards a point-of-interest in a body cavity of a patient, with the help of a projective imaging device and a representational imaging device;
- FIG. IB shows the system of FIG. 1A modified according to the present invention by the removal of the representational imaging device;
- FIG. 2 (prior art) is a more detailed illustration of the C-mount fluoroscope of FIGs. lA and IB;
- FIG. 3 illustrates the near intersection of three rays
- FIG. 4 shows further details of the mechanical construction of the fluoroscope of FIG. 1 as modified for the purposes ofthe present invention
- FIG. 5 illustrates the backprojection algorithm of the present invention
- FIG. 6 is a flow chart for iteratively estimating actual dispositions at which the fluoroscope of FIG. 1 acquired a set of projective images while refining an image volume constructed from those projective images.
- the present invention is of a method of performing invasive medical procedures with the help of a single imaging device, particularly with the help of a single projective imaging device such as a fluoroscope.
- the present invention can be used to facilitate intrabody navigation of a probe in a medical procedure such as stent deployment in a coronary artery.
- the present invention is explained herein with reference to stent deployment in a coronary artery as an example of an invasive medical procedure.
- This example is merely illustrative, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention, which is applicable to any invasive medical procedure that requires intra-body navigation of a probe to a point-of-interest.
- Figure IB which is identical to Figure 1A with representational imaging device 52 and receiver 40a removed, illustrates a system of the present invention.
- body cavity 28 represents a coronary artery tree and catheter
- 26 is a catheter that is used to carry the stent to the blockage.
- FIG. 2 illustrates C-mount fluoroscope 22 in more detail, in schematic cross-section.
- C-mount fluoroscope 22 is based on a C-arm 60.
- an X-ray source 62 that includes an X-ray tube 63 and a collimator 64.
- an imaging tube 66 that includes an anti-scatter grid 68, an image intensifier 70 and a CCD camera 72.
- Collimator 64 blocks the X-rays emerging from X-ray tube 63 except at an aperture 76.
- a cone 74 of X-rays emerges from aperture 76 and impinges on anti-scatter grid 68 and imaging tube 70. The image thus created in imaging tube 70 is captured by camera 72.
- each element of the CCD array of camera 72 receives more or less light from imaging tube 70, and the corresponding pixel of the projective image produced by fluoroscope 22 is correspondingly darker or lighter.
- Each element of the CCD array receives X-rays in a very narrow subcone of cone 74, corresponding to how much of cone 74 is subtended by the portion of the image created in imaging tube 70 that is focused onto that element.
- the attenuation of this X-ray subcone is proportional to the integrated density of the material traversed by the subcone between X-ray tube 63 and imaging tube 66.
- this subcone can be treated as a geometric ray from X-ray tube 63 to imaging tube 66. Because the disposition of fluoroscope 22 is measured by computer 50 with the help of transmitter 30 and receiver 40, computer 50 knows the true location of X-ray tube 63 and every CCD element of camera 72 for every image acquired by fluoroscope 22.
- computer 50 can form a mathematical representation ofthe corresponding ray.
- a contrast agent is injected into coronary artery tree 28, and then several images of coronary artery tree 28 are acquired, using fluoroscope 22, from several angles. Projections of points-of-interest, such as the blockage to be opened by the stent, and such as branch points of coronary artery tree 28 that must be traversed on the way to the blockage, appear on these images. These projections are picked on these images as displayed on display unit 48.
- Figure 3 shows, for three projections of one particular point-of-interest, three corresponding rays 78.
- rays 78 do not intersect; but there is a point in space, labeled in Figure 3 by reference numeral 80, such that the sum of the distances from point 80 to rays 78 is less than the sum of the distances from any other point to rays 78.
- Point 80 is referred to herein as the "point of nearest mutual approach" of rays 78.
- computer 50 Given mathematical representations of rays 78, computer 50 computes the coordinates of point 80 in the reference frame of transmitter 30. These coordinates are an estimate of the true spatial location ofthe point-of-interest corresponding to rays 78.
- a minimum of two rays 78 are required to define point 80. Therefore, at least two images of patient 24 must be acquired in order to estimate the locations of all the points-of-interest.
- the projections of the points-of-interest may be picked manually.
- the preferred method of manual picking is to acquire a set of images at an evenly spaced series of dispositions of fluoroscope 22 and to display the images successively and repeatedly on display 48 as a movie. All the images are displayed in true mutual relative spatial location orientation, on the basis of the measured dispositions of fluoroscope 22 when the images were acquired.
- an icon representing a point in space is displayed.
- the user changes the coordinates of the point represented by the icon until the icon coincides with the projection of the point-of-interest on each of the images.
- the coordinates of the point are approximately the true spatial coordinates of the point-of-interest, so that the coordinates of the point serve as an alternative to the point of nearest approach as an estimate ofthe true spatial location ofthe point-of-interest.
- the projections of the points-of-interest are picked manually on the first acquired image and are tracked automatically to subsequent images. Standard image processing and feature recognition techniques are used to track the projections of each point-of-interest from image to image. The true spatial locations of the points-of-interest having been established, the methods of WO 00/16684 are used to navigate the stent into position.
- the set of points-of-interest contains all the information needed to navigate catheter 26 to the target location, and the images are redundant.
- the target location in coronary tree 28 is referred to herein as the "target point-of-interest” and the branches of coronary artery tree 28 are referred to herein as "intermediate point-of-interest”.
- the points of interest may be displayed superposed on one of the images, from the point of view at which that image was acquired.
- the projective images acquired using fluoroscope 22 are transformed into an image volume, and the points-of-interest are picked in the image volume. How this transformation is accomplished, despite the relative mechanical instability of fluoroscope 22, is the subject ofthe second aspect ofthe present invention.
- the mathematics of the tomographic transformation of a set of projective images into an image volume is well-established, being described, for example, in A. G. Ramm and A. I. Katsevich, The Radon Transform and Local Tomography, CRC Press, 1996; in F. Natterer, r he Mathematics of Computerized Tomography, Wiley, 1989; in G. T.
- Standard tomographic reconstruction algorithms assume that the input projective images are acquired at regularly spaced angles around the target being imaged, or equivalently, in the terminology used herein, at regularly spaced dispositions of the projective imaging device.
- the operator of fluoroscope 22 moves fluoroscope 22 (manually or under the control of computer 50) to successive nominal dispositions of fluoroscope 22, as indicated by the controls of fluoroscope 22. At each nominal disposition, the operator acquires a corresponding projective image. Because of inaccuracies in the construction of a typical fluoroscope 22, and because of the inherent mechanical flexibility of components of fluoroscope 22 such as C-arm 60, the actual disposition of fluoroscope 22 when each projective image is acquired usually is not quite identical to the corresponding nominal disposition of fluoroscope 22. The difference between the actual disposition of fluoroscope 22 and the corresponding nominal disposition of fluoroscope 22 is sufficient to introduce artifacts in the tomographically reconstructed image volume.
- One way to overcome the mechanical instability of fluoroscope 22 is to ignore the indications of the nominal disposition of fluoroscope 22 as indicated by the controls of fluoroscope 22, but instead to use transmitter 30 and receiver 40 to measure the actual disposition of fluoroscope 22.
- Computer 50 computes this actual disposition from signals received from receiver 40 in response to electromagnetic radiation transmitted by transmitter 30.
- Computer 50 displays this actual disposition on display unit 48.
- the operator uses the controls of fluoroscope 22 to move fluoroscope 22 until the actual disposition displayed on display unit 48 is substantially identical to the desired nominal disposition.
- computer 50 itself moves fluoroscope 22 to the desired nominal disposition, as illustrated schematically in Figure 4, which shows further aspects of the mechanical construction of fluoroscope 22 in the context of other components of the system of the present invention as illustrated in Figure IB.
- C-arm 60 is mounted in a yoke 82.
- a motor 88 in yoke 82 rotates C-arm 60 about an axis 92 that is perpendicular to the plane of Figure 4.
- Yoke 82 itself is rigidly secured to a shaft 86 that is turned by a motor 90, so that motor 90 rotates yoke 82 about an axis 94 that is in the plane of Figure 4.
- Motor 90 is secured to a base 84. Just as transmitter 30 and receiver 40 are connected to computer 50 by wires 51, so motors 88 and 90 are connected to computer 50 by wires 51'.
- computer 50 receives signals from receiver 40 that are indicative ofthe actual disposition of fluoroscope 22, computer 50 computes the actual disposition of fluoroscope 22 and operates motors 88 and 90 to move C-arm 60 until the actual disposition of fluoroscope 22, as measured using transmitter 30 and receiver 40, is substantially the same as the desired nominal disposition.
- the cooperative action of computer 50, transmitter 30, receiver 40 and motors 88 and 90 constitutes a feedback loop for automatically moving fluoroscope 22 to the desired nominal disposition.
- a second way to overcome the mechanical instability of fluoroscope 22 is to move fluoroscope 22 to the nominal dispositions for acquiring the projective images, as indicated by the controls of fluoroscope 22; to measure the actual dispositions of fluoroscope 22 after fluoroscope 22 has been moved to these nominal dispositions; and to transform the acquired projective images into an image volume, not according to the nominal dispositions, but according to the actual dispositions.
- This transformation is done by a modified backprojection algorithm, as illustrated in Figure 5.
- computer 50 can form, for each pixel of the projective image acquired at that disposition, a mathematical representations of the rays from X-ray tube 63 to the corresponding CCD element of camera 72.
- the space occupied by the imaged portion of the body of patient 24 is partitioned mathematically into a set of voxels.
- Some of these voxels are illustrated in Figure 5 as squares 96, it being understood that this illustration is schematic, as voxels 96 actually are geometrically three-dimensional, and in fact typically are cubes.
- Also shown in Figure 5 are some rays 98, corresponding to one disposition of fluoroscope 22, and some other rays 100, corresponding to another disposition of fluoroscope 22.
- each voxel 96 is traversed by many such rays.
- the value assigned to each voxel 96 in the image volume is the sum of the pixels that correspond to the rays that traverse the voxel, weighted by the lengths of the portions of the rays that are inside the voxel. For example, if the value of the pixel associated with ray 98a is v a , if the value of the pixel associated with ray 100c is v c , and if the value associated with ray lOOd is Vd, then the value assigned to voxel 96e is l a v a + l v c + IjVd + corresponding terms for all the other rays that traverse voxel 96e.
- a third way to overcome the mechanical instability of fluoroscope 22 is to estimate the actual dispositions of fluoroscope 22 from the acquired projective images and to then transform the projective images into an image volume according to the estimated actual dispositions instead of according to the nominal dispositions.
- FIG. 6 shows a flow chart 110 of how this is accomplished.
- the input to flow chart 110 is a set 112 of acquired projective images and the corresponding nominal dispositions.
- the output of flow chart 110 is an image volume 114 that is initialized in flow chart 110 according to the nominal dispositions and then is corrected iteratively.
- acquired projective images 112 are backprojected into a working version of image volume 114 on the basis of the current estimate of the actual dispositions, corrections to these dispositions are computed from the working version of image volume 114 and from acquired projective images 112, and the corrections are applied to the current dispositions to obtain a new estimate of the dispositions to be used in the next iteration.
- the computational dispositions to be used in the backprojection are initialized to the nominal dispositions.
- acquired projective images 112 are backprojected according to the computational dispositions to obtain image volume 114.
- image volume 114 is an approximate rendition of the image volume that would have been obtained if acquired projective images had been acquired at the computational dispositions. Therefore, in box 120, image volume 114 is projected forward according to these dispositions to obtain a set 122 of synthetic projective images, which are approximations of what acquired projective images 112 would have been if acquired projective images 112 had been acquired at the computational dispositions.
- synthetic projective images 122 are compared to acquired projective images 112 to obtain estimates of the differences between the computational dispositions and the actual dispositions. For example, if a particular synthetic projective image is rotated relative to the corresponding acquired projective image, the degree of rotation is an indication of how much the corresponding computational disposition is rotated relative to the corresponding actual disposition.
- these differences are compared to a threshold. If the differences are sufficiently small, the current version of image volume 114 is accepted as the final image volume (box 128). Otherwise, the differences are subtracted from the computational dispositions in box 130 and steps 118, 120, 124 and 126 are repeated.
- a contrast agent is injected into the target coronary artery tree 28, and then several images of coronary artery tree 28 are acquired, using fluoroscope 22, from several angles.
- This image is referred to herein as the "guide image”.
- the corresponding disposition of fluoroscope 22 is measured using transmitter 30 and receiver 40, and the corresponding disposition of patient 24 is measured using transmitter 30 and receiver 38.
- the first way to navigate catheter 26 is to restore fluoroscope 22 to the disposition of fluoroscope 22 at which the guide image was acquired.
- New images of coronary artery tree 28 are acquired using fluoroscope 22 while catheter 26 is inserted into coronary artery tree 28.
- the projection of catheter 26 appears on the newly acquired images as a shadow.
- the guide image is supe ⁇ osed on each newly acquired image, so that the instantaneous location of catheter 26 in coronary artery tree 28 can be seen.
- Catheter 26 is directed accordingly towards the target location in coronary artery tree 28.
- the second way to navigate catheter 26 is to measure the disposition of catheter 26, using transmitter 30 and receiver 32, to display the guide image on display unit 48, and to display an icon, on display unit 48, that represents the shadow of catheter 26 that would ha- e been projected onto the guide image if the guide image had been acquired with c ⁇ theter 26 at the measured disposition of catheter 26.
- Navigation of catheter 26 wuh reference to the guide image then is conducted similarly to navigation of catheter 26 with reference to both the guide image and the newly acquired images according to the first way of navigating catheter 26.
- the first way of navigating catheter 26 minimizes the exposure of patient 24 to the contrast agent.
- the second way of navigating catheter 26 also minimizes the exposure of patient 24 and the operators of fluoroscope 22 to X-radiation.
- E represent the disposition of the body of patient 24, relative to the reference frame defined by transmitter 30, when the guide image was acquired.
- D b represent the present disposition of the body of patient 24, relative to the reference frame defined by transmitter 30.
- E and E are related by a translation 7" and a rigid rotation R:
- D b 2 RTD b l
- Fluoroscope 22 must be moved to a corresponding new disposition Df , relative to the reference frame defined by transmitter 30: Note that dispositions Df and Df are measured using transmitter 30 and receiver 40, and that dispositions and D b are measured using transmitter 30 and receiver 38.
- the icon that represents catheter 26, on the display on display unit 48 must be positioned in that display as though the guide image had been acquired with fluoroscope 22 at disposition Df instead of at disposition Df .
- a display of these points-of-interest on display unit 48 may be substituted for the guide image.
- This has the advantage of allowing navigation of catheter 26 with reference to a display oriented according to whatever point of view is most convenient.
- the display may be from the point of view from which the guide image was acquired, and the points-of-interest may be supe ⁇ osed on the guide image.
- the disposition of the body of patient 24 is measured using transmitter 30 and receiver 38.
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US13/906,705 US20140188204A1 (en) | 2000-01-10 | 2013-05-31 | Methods And Systems For Performing Medical Procedures With Reference To Projective Image And With Respect To Pre-Stored Images |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1246564A1 (en) | 2002-10-09 |
US8565858B2 (en) | 2013-10-22 |
US20090264729A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
AU2001224721A1 (en) | 2001-08-07 |
WO2001054579A9 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
US20020193686A1 (en) | 2002-12-19 |
US20140188204A1 (en) | 2014-07-03 |
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