WO2001039955A1 - Pipe with composite wall construction and method of making same - Google Patents

Pipe with composite wall construction and method of making same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001039955A1
WO2001039955A1 PCT/CA2000/001407 CA0001407W WO0139955A1 WO 2001039955 A1 WO2001039955 A1 WO 2001039955A1 CA 0001407 W CA0001407 W CA 0001407W WO 0139955 A1 WO0139955 A1 WO 0139955A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pipe
intermediate layer
wall
plastic
construction
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2000/001407
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Manfred A. A. Lupke
Stefan A. Lupke
Original Assignee
Lupke Manfred Arno Alfred
Lupke Stefan A
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from CA002291308A external-priority patent/CA2291308A1/en
Application filed by Lupke Manfred Arno Alfred, Lupke Stefan A filed Critical Lupke Manfred Arno Alfred
Priority to AU18468/01A priority Critical patent/AU1846801A/en
Publication of WO2001039955A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001039955A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
    • F16L9/006—Rigid pipes specially profiled
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/13—Articles with a cross-section varying in the longitudinal direction, e.g. corrugated pipes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/15—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. extrusion moulding around inserts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/15—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. extrusion moulding around inserts
    • B29C48/151—Coating hollow articles
    • B29C48/152—Coating hollow articles the inner surfaces thereof
    • B29C48/153—Coating both inner and outer surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/16—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers
    • B29C48/18—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers
    • B29C48/21—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers the layers being joined at their surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/30—Extrusion nozzles or dies
    • B29C48/303—Extrusion nozzles or dies using dies or die parts movable in a closed circuit, e.g. mounted on movable endless support
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/30—Extrusion nozzles or dies
    • B29C48/32—Extrusion nozzles or dies with annular openings, e.g. for forming tubular articles
    • B29C48/335—Multiple annular extrusion nozzles in coaxial arrangement, e.g. for making multi-layered tubular articles
    • B29C48/336—Multiple annular extrusion nozzles in coaxial arrangement, e.g. for making multi-layered tubular articles the components merging one by one down streams in the die
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
    • F16L9/12—Rigid pipes of plastics with or without reinforcement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
    • F16L9/14—Compound tubes, i.e. made of materials not wholly covered by any one of the preceding groups
    • F16L9/147—Compound tubes, i.e. made of materials not wholly covered by any one of the preceding groups comprising only layers of metal and plastics with or without reinforcement
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0012—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. foaming
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/04—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped cellular or porous
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2023/00—Tubular articles
    • B29L2023/18—Pleated or corrugated hoses
    • B29L2023/186—Pleated or corrugated hoses having a smooth internal wall

Definitions

  • TITLE PIPE WITH COMPOSITE WALL CONSTRUCTION AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME
  • the present invention relates , in general , to plastic pipes of the type having a multiple wall construction .
  • the present invention provides a pipe and method of making same where the bulk of the pipe is made from plastic with all the inherent benefits associated therewith.
  • the pipe includes materials other than plastic providing additional benefits such as lightweight reinforcement and/or vapor barriers within the pipe.
  • Figure 1 is a sectional view through a pipe molding apparatus for forming composite wall construction pipe according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a sectional view through a region of the pipe formed in the apparatus of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view through a different region of the pipe formed using the apparatus of Figure 1.
  • FIG. 1 shows a pipe forming apparatus generally indicated at 1 which is used to make pipe according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • This pipe molding apparatus includes an extruder 3 with downstream die equipment generally indicated at 5.
  • This die equipment feeds material to be described later in detail in a downstream direction to a mold tunnel 13 formed by moving mold block sections 15 and 17 which travel in the direction shown by the arrows in Figure 1 when in a molding run.
  • a first plastic stream 21 flows through passage 7 to the mold tunnel and is formed on the profiled surfaces of mold blocks 15 into an outer wall part for a pipe made in the apparatus .
  • a second plastic stream 23 feeds from the extruder through the die tooling along flow path 9 into the mold tunnel at a location downstream of flow path 7 feeding the first plastic stream 21.
  • This plastic stream 23 forms an interior wall part for the pipe.
  • a continuous length of material 25, which is a different material from the plastic in the two streams 21 and 23 is fed from opening 19 in the die tooling into the mold tunnel. Accordingly, the material 25 as well seen in Figure 1 of the drawings lies between the inner and outer wall parts of the pipe. Typically, material 25 is a non- plastic material .
  • plastic stream 21 and plastic stream 23 with material 25 sandwiched therebetween travel downstream in the mold tunnel, they bind together with one another in forming a unitary composite wall construction for the pipe.
  • this binding can occur in one of a number of different ways.
  • material 25 may have a porous construction such as that found in an open weave linen material or the like.
  • the plastic in the two streams 23 and 25 penetrate through the material to not only bind the material in place but also to bind the two streams directly to one another embedded within the material .
  • the intermediate layer 25 is made from a non-porous solid material such as an aluminum foil or the like which is extremely effective as a toxic vapor barrier.
  • adhesives are employed to either side of the material for securing it on one side to the interior wall part and on the other side to the exterior wall part. The material itself then acts as a binder for holding the two plastic wall parts together with one another.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)

Abstract

A pipe having a composite wall construction includes molded inner and outer plastic wall parts (23, 25) and an intermediate layer (25) between and of a different material from the inner and outer wall parts (25, 26).

Description

TITLE: PIPE WITH COMPOSITE WALL CONSTRUCTION AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates , in general , to plastic pipes of the type having a multiple wall construction .
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is known to mold pipes with inner and outer plastic wall parts that adhere to one another during the molding operation. The inner wall part may have a smooth wall surface while the outer wall part may have a profiled wall surface. Such plastic pipes may be used for example for underground drainage where the smooth interior wall surface provides a flow path for liquids through the pipe while the profiled exterior pipe surface adds strength to the pipe.
In accordance with known pipe construction, the addition of further reinforcement for the pipe is achieved through extruding yet a further plastic stream of material into the pipe wall. While this is effective from a pipe strengthening standpoint, it adds substantially to the overall weight of the pipe. Furthermore, pipe having double wall or even triple wall plastic wall thickness are not necessarily able to contain the fumes from toxic materials passed through these pipes . Such toxic umes , when escaping from a plastic pipe, can cause very serious environmental damage.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION The present invention provides a pipe and method of making same where the bulk of the pipe is made from plastic with all the inherent benefits associated therewith. However, in addition the pipe includes materials other than plastic providing additional benefits such as lightweight reinforcement and/or vapor barriers within the pipe.
More specifically, a pipe in accordance with the present invention comprises molded inner and outer plastic wall parts and an intermediate layer between and of a different material from the inner and outer wall parts. The inner wall part and the outer wall part are both bound with the intermediate layer to provide a composite wall construction for the pipe.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above as well as other advantages and features of the present invention will be described in greater detail according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention in which; Figure 1 is a sectional view through a pipe molding apparatus for forming composite wall construction pipe according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a sectional view through a region of the pipe formed in the apparatus of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a sectional view through a different region of the pipe formed using the apparatus of Figure 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION ACCORDING TO THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION IN WHICH:
Figure 1 shows a pipe forming apparatus generally indicated at 1 which is used to make pipe according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. This pipe molding apparatus includes an extruder 3 with downstream die equipment generally indicated at 5. This die equipment feeds material to be described later in detail in a downstream direction to a mold tunnel 13 formed by moving mold block sections 15 and 17 which travel in the direction shown by the arrows in Figure 1 when in a molding run.
The die tooling 5 includes first and second passages 7 and 9 through the tooling to the mold tunnel . It also includes a third passage 19 located between the two passages 7 and 9.
A first plastic stream 21 flows through passage 7 to the mold tunnel and is formed on the profiled surfaces of mold blocks 15 into an outer wall part for a pipe made in the apparatus .
A second plastic stream 23 feeds from the extruder through the die tooling along flow path 9 into the mold tunnel at a location downstream of flow path 7 feeding the first plastic stream 21. This plastic stream 23 forms an interior wall part for the pipe.
In accordance with the present invention, a continuous length of material 25, which is a different material from the plastic in the two streams 21 and 23 is fed from opening 19 in the die tooling into the mold tunnel. Accordingly, the material 25 as well seen in Figure 1 of the drawings lies between the inner and outer wall parts of the pipe. Typically, material 25 is a non- plastic material .
As the three different layers of material, i.e. plastic stream 21 and plastic stream 23 with material 25 sandwiched therebetween, travel downstream in the mold tunnel, they bind together with one another in forming a unitary composite wall construction for the pipe.
According to the type of material fed between the two plastic streams, this binding can occur in one of a number of different ways.
According to one aspect of the present invention, as demonstrated in Figures 2 and 3 of the drawings material 25 may have a porous construction such as that found in an open weave linen material or the like. When working with this type of material, the plastic in the two streams 23 and 25 penetrate through the material to not only bind the material in place but also to bind the two streams directly to one another embedded within the material .
In an example such as that given immediately above, the woven material provides reinforcement for a much higher pressure rating of the pipe without adding significantly to pipe weight.
In accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the intermediate layer 25 is made from a non-porous solid material such as an aluminum foil or the like which is extremely effective as a toxic vapor barrier. When using this type of material, adhesives are employed to either side of the material for securing it on one side to the interior wall part and on the other side to the exterior wall part. The material itself then acts as a binder for holding the two plastic wall parts together with one another.
It is to be understood that the types of materials described above for use as the intermediate layer are only some of many different materials which can be used as a structural layer between the two plastic wall parts of the pipe.
Although various preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that variations may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims .

Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A pipe having a composite wall construction comprising molded inner and outer plastic wall parts and an intermediate layer between and of a different material from said inner and outer wall parts .
2. A pipe as claimed in Claim 1 , wherein said intermediate layer has a porous construction and wherein said inner and outer wall parts are adhered to one another through said porous construction.
3. A pipe as claimed in Claim 2 , wherein said intermediate layer comprises a woven material providing pressure reinforcement for said pipe.
4. A pipe as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said intermediate layer has a solid vapor barrier construction.
5. A pipe as claimed in Claim 4, wherein said intermediate layer is secured by adhesive to said inner and outer parts .
6. A pipe as claimed in Claim 5, wherein said intermediate layer is made from a metallic material.
7. A method of making a pipe comprising molding an inner plastic wall part, molding an outer plastic wall part which is sleeved over said inner wall part, placing an intermediate layer of different material from said inner and outer wall parts therebetween and then binding said intermediate layer with said inner and outer wall parts to form a composite pipe wall construction.
A method of making a pipe comprising flowing a first plastic stream into a moving mold tunnel, flowing a second plastic stream into the moving mold tunnel at a location downstream of the first stream, feeding material different from that of the first and second streams into the mold tunnel at a location between the first and second streams and binding the first and second streams with the material to form a composite pipe wall construction.
9. A method as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the material is porous and wherein said first and second streams also bind with one another through the material .
10. A method as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the material is solid and wherein said composite wall construction is bound by adhesive to opposite sides of said intermediate layer.
PCT/CA2000/001407 1999-11-30 2000-11-29 Pipe with composite wall construction and method of making same WO2001039955A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU18468/01A AU1846801A (en) 1999-11-30 2000-11-29 Pipe with composite wall construction and method of making same

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002291308A CA2291308A1 (en) 1999-11-30 1999-11-30 Pipe with composite wall construction and method of making same
CA2,291,308 1999-11-30
US47847200A 2000-01-06 2000-01-06
US09/478,472 2000-01-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001039955A1 true WO2001039955A1 (en) 2001-06-07

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CA2000/001407 WO2001039955A1 (en) 1999-11-30 2000-11-29 Pipe with composite wall construction and method of making same

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU1846801A (en)
WO (1) WO2001039955A1 (en)

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1479111A1 (en) * 1965-06-04 1969-05-29 Dynamit Nobel Ag Process for the production of two-layer or multi-layer molded parts
DE3016134A1 (en) * 1980-04-24 1981-10-29 Mecano-Bundy Gmbh, 6900 Heidelberg Compound plastics tube assembly - is for fuel pipeline and has metal foil enclosed between inner and outer layer
CA1273768A (en) * 1986-09-29 1990-09-11 John M. Dealy Method of manufacturing discrete fiber reinforced plastic tube and apparatus therefor
WO1997010941A1 (en) * 1995-09-20 1997-03-27 Uponor B.V. Oriented polymeric products
WO1997021950A1 (en) * 1995-12-12 1997-06-19 Uponor B.V. Co-extruded multilayer plastic pipe, method for producing the same, and device therefor
US5732746A (en) * 1992-12-29 1998-03-31 Etablissements Courant Sa Multilayer pipe and die for manufacturing it
WO1998036897A1 (en) * 1997-02-21 1998-08-27 Peter James Boatman Composite structures

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1479111A1 (en) * 1965-06-04 1969-05-29 Dynamit Nobel Ag Process for the production of two-layer or multi-layer molded parts
DE3016134A1 (en) * 1980-04-24 1981-10-29 Mecano-Bundy Gmbh, 6900 Heidelberg Compound plastics tube assembly - is for fuel pipeline and has metal foil enclosed between inner and outer layer
CA1273768A (en) * 1986-09-29 1990-09-11 John M. Dealy Method of manufacturing discrete fiber reinforced plastic tube and apparatus therefor
US5732746A (en) * 1992-12-29 1998-03-31 Etablissements Courant Sa Multilayer pipe and die for manufacturing it
WO1997010941A1 (en) * 1995-09-20 1997-03-27 Uponor B.V. Oriented polymeric products
WO1997021950A1 (en) * 1995-12-12 1997-06-19 Uponor B.V. Co-extruded multilayer plastic pipe, method for producing the same, and device therefor
WO1998036897A1 (en) * 1997-02-21 1998-08-27 Peter James Boatman Composite structures

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Publication number Publication date
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