WO2001036472A2 - Compositions and methods for regulating tumor-associated antigen expression - Google Patents

Compositions and methods for regulating tumor-associated antigen expression Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001036472A2
WO2001036472A2 PCT/US2000/031511 US0031511W WO0136472A2 WO 2001036472 A2 WO2001036472 A2 WO 2001036472A2 US 0031511 W US0031511 W US 0031511W WO 0136472 A2 WO0136472 A2 WO 0136472A2
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tumor
cells
antigen
agent
expression
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PCT/US2000/031511
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French (fr)
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WO2001036472A3 (en
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James T. Kurnick
Paul J. Durda
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The General Hospital Corporation
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Priority to CA002388517A priority Critical patent/CA2388517A1/en
Priority to JP2001538961A priority patent/JP2003515535A/en
Priority to AU20432/01A priority patent/AU2043201A/en
Priority to EP00983714A priority patent/EP1232178A2/en
Publication of WO2001036472A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001036472A2/en
Publication of WO2001036472A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001036472A3/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/461—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
    • A61K39/4611—T-cells, e.g. tumor infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL], lymphokine-activated killer cells [LAK] or regulatory T cells [Treg]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/464—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the antigen targeted or presented
    • A61K39/4643—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/4644—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/46449—Melanoma antigens
    • A61K39/464491—Melan-A/MART
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
    • C07K14/4748—Tumour specific antigens; Tumour rejection antigen precursors [TRAP], e.g. MAGE
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0693—Tumour cells; Cancer cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5011—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing antineoplastic activity
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods and compositions for the treatment of tumors.
  • the invention relates to methods and agents for the treatment of tumors expressing a tumor-antigen [also known as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA). lineage specific, differentiation, or self -antigen], and more specifically to methods and agents for the treatment of melanomas expressing the Melan- A/M ART- 1 antigen.
  • TAA tumor-associated antigen
  • the invention also relates to methods for identifying agents that regulate expression of tumor -antigens.
  • TIL tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
  • TAA tumor-associated antigens
  • TILs show strong in vitro lytic activity which is often directed against targets expressing HLA-A2 and the immunodominant peptide of Melan- A/MART-1 (AAGIGILTV. SEQ ID NO:l) (Kawakami Y. and Rosenberg SA. Int Rev Immunol. 1997. 14: 173-92; Zhai. Y..
  • the invention provides methods for identifying agents that modulate expression of tumor-associated antigens in tumor cells.
  • the invention also provides agents and pharmaceutical compositions containing such agents that modulate expression of tumor- associated antigens in tumor cells.
  • the invention therefore, is particularly useful, inter alia, for treating subjects with autologous. solid tumors having cells that express, or that can be induced to express, tumor-associated antigens.
  • One category of materials according to the invention is tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agents. These agents include tumor cell isolates and isolated or substantially purified materials. Another category of materials according to the invention is inhibitors of such agents that down-regulate tumor-antigen expression.
  • a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells.
  • the cell isolate can be derived from Melan- A MART-1 antigen -expressing and/or -nonexpressing malignant melanoma cells.
  • the malignant melanoma cells are low-Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen-expressing cells.
  • the cell isolate comprises a polypeptide.
  • the cell isolate is a substantially pure polypeptide.
  • the substantially pure polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M.
  • the cell isolate is a supernatant, or fraction thereof, of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen-expressing malignant melanoma cells.
  • the cell isolate comprises at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M. Stanniocalcin, and Tissue Factor Pathway
  • the malignant melanoma cells express low levels of
  • the malignant melanoma cells express high levels of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen.
  • a substantially pure organic agent that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells at effective concentrations.
  • the agent is present at effective concentrations in the supernatant of confluent malignant melanoma cells cultured under standard conditions (e.g., flatbed, static culture) for a period of at least one hour.
  • the culture conditions include a ratio of 5 x 10 6 cells/ml medium, and the agent is heat sensitive at 80°C, proteinase K sensitive, and binds to and elutes-off blue- and/or red- Sepharose ® (Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piscataway, NJ).
  • the organic agent is a polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M. Stanniocalcin, and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
  • the malignant melanoma cells express low levels of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen. In further embodiments. the malignant melanoma cells express high levels of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen.
  • an isolated organic agent that binds selectively to a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells, and inhibits down-regulation of Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells.
  • the malignant melanoma cell isolate comprises at least one polypeptide.
  • the malignant melanoma cell isolate is a substantially pure polypeptide.
  • the substantially pure polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
  • the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide when the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide, can be an antibody or an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a F(ab) fragment, or a fragment including a CDR3 region selective for the polypeptide.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may be chimeric or humanized.
  • the antibody can be selected from the group consisting of an anti-Oncostatin-M antibody, an anti-Stanniocalcin antibody. and an anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 antibody.
  • an isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively to a substantially pure organic agent that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells, and inhibits down-regulation of
  • the substantially pure organic agent comprises at least one polypeptide having Melan- A/MART- 1 expression down-regulating properties in malignant melanoma cells.
  • the substantially pure organic agent is a substantially pure polypeptide.
  • the substantially pure polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
  • the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide. In yet further embodiments, when the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide can be an antibody or an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a F(ab) fragment, or a fragment including a CDR3 region selective for the polypeptide.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may be chimeric or humanized.
  • the antibody can be selected from the group consisting of an anti-Oncostatin-M antibody, an anti- Stanniocalcin antibody, and an anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 antibody.
  • a pharmaceutical composition includes an isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively to a substantially pure organic agent that down-regulates Melan- A/M ART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells.
  • the isolated binding organic agent that binds selectively the substantially pure organic agent inhibits such down-regulation, and is present in an effective amount to inhibit such down-regulation.
  • the composition also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition includes an isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells.
  • the isolated binding organic agent that binds selectively the malignant melanoma cell isolate inhibits such down-regulation, and is present in an effective amount to inhibit such down-regulation.
  • the composition also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention in another aspect provides a method for isolating a tumor cell-derived tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent.
  • the method involves (a) preparing a culture of tumor cells that have down-regulated tumor-antigen expression, (b) isolating a supernatant or cell isolate suspected of containing a tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent from the culture of step (a), (c) fractionating the supernatant or cell isolate into a plurality of fractions, (d) contacting a fraction from the plurality of fractions with a tumor-antigen expressing tumor cell, (e) measuring tumor-antigen expression on the tumor-antigen expressing cell, and (f) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is down-regulated as a result of such contacting, for example, by comparison to a control.
  • the origin of the tumor cells may be of: biliary tract cancer; brain cancer, including glioblastomas and medulloblastomas; breast cancer; cervical carcinoma; choriocarcinoma: colon cancer; endometrial cancer: esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; hematological neoplasms, including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia: multiple myeloma: AIDS associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma; intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen's disease and Page s disease; liver cancer: lung cancer; lymphomas.
  • neuroblastomas oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma; ovarian cancer, including those arising from epithelial cells, stromal cells, germ cells and mesenchymal cells: pancreas cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer: sarcomas, including leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma. liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma; skin cancer, including melanoma. Kaposi ' s sarcoma, basocellular cancer and squamous cell cancer: testicular cancer, including germinal tumors (seminoma.
  • the tumor- antigen can be Melan-A/MART-1.
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). adenosine deaminase- binding protein (ADAbp), cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— C017- 1A/GA733.
  • Carcinoembryonic Antigen CEA and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2, etv6, amll.
  • PSA Prostate Specific Antigen
  • PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen
  • T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain MAGE-family of tumor antigens, GAGE- 1.2, BAGE, RAGE. GnT-V, MUM-1.
  • CDK4 tyrosinase. p53. MUC family, HER2/neu, p21ras. RCAS1 , ⁇ -fetoprotein. E-cadherin.
  • the fraction from the plurality of fractions can be undiluted or concentrated.
  • cancers or tumors escaping immune recognition and tumor-antigens associated with such tumors include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (etv6; amll; cyclophilin b), glioma (E-cadherin: ⁇ -catenin: ⁇ -catenin; ⁇ -catenin; pl20ctn), bladder cancer
  • p21ras billiary cancer
  • breast cancer MUC family; HER2/neu: c-erbB-2
  • cervical carcinoma p53; p21ras
  • colon carcinoma p21ras: HER2/neu: c-erbB-2; MUC family
  • colorectal cancer Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— C017-1A/GA733; APC
  • CEA choriocarcinoma
  • CEA epithelial cell-cancer
  • gastric cancer HER2/neu; c- erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein
  • hepatocellular cancer ⁇ -fetoprotein
  • hodgkins lymphoma hepatocellular cancer
  • lymphoid cell-derived leukemia EBNA-1
  • lung cancer CEA: MAGE-3: NY-ESO-1). lymphoid cell-derived leukemia
  • cyclophilin b myeloma (MUC family; p21ras), non-small cell lung carcinoma (HER2/neu; c-erbB-2).
  • nasopharyngeal cancer lmp-1 : EBNA-1
  • ovarian cancer cancer MUC family; HER2/neu; c-erbB-2).
  • prostate cancer Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1.
  • PSA-2. and PSA-3 PSMA: HER2/neu; c-erbB-2), pancreatic cancer (p21ras; MUC family; HER2/neu; c-erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein).
  • HER2/neu c-erbB-2
  • testicular cancer NY-ESO-1.
  • T cell leukemia HTLV-1 epitopes
  • melanoma Melan- A/MART- 1 ; cdc27; MAGE-3: p21ras: gpl00 Pmel 117 ).
  • the invention in a further aspect provides a method of screening for tumor-antigen expression modulating agents.
  • the method involves (a) contacting an agent suspected of being a tumor antigen expression modulating agent with a tumor-antigen expressing tumor cell, (b) measuring tumor-antigen expression of the tumor cell, and (c) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is modulated as a result of such contacting, for example, by comparison to a control. Both up-modulating and down-modulating agents can be identified. Tumor cells and tumor-antigens expressed by the tumor cells are as described above.
  • the agent suspected of being a tumor-antigen expression modulating agent is an agent present in a tumor cell-culture supernatant, tumor cell eluate, or tumor cell lysate.
  • a method for isolating an agent that up-regulates tumor-antigen expression.
  • the method includes (a) providing a tumor- antigen expression down-regulating agent which may be isolated according to any of the foregoing methods of the invention, (b) preparing a culture of tumor cells, wherein the tumor cells may be identical to those used in the isolation of the tumor-antigen expression down- regulating agent of (a), (c) contacting the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent of (a) and a putative inhibitory agent of the isolated tumor-antigen expression down- regulating agent of (a) with the culture cells of (b), (d) determining tumor-antigen expression in the culture cells, and (e) comparing the tumor-antigen expression determined in (d) with a control.
  • Tumor cells and tumor-antigens expressed by the tumor cells are as described above.
  • the tumor cells are melanoma cells and the tumor-antigen is Melan- A/MART-1.
  • the control tumor-antigen expression is determined in the presence of an agent of (a) and in absence of the putative inhibitory agent of (a).
  • a method is provided for enhancing a melanoma-specific immune response in a subject with melanoma.
  • the method involves administering to a subject in need of such treatment an isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively to: (i) a substantially pure organic agent, or (ii) a malignant melanoma cell isolate, either of which down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells, in an amount effective to inhibit down- regulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells and enhance a melanoma-specific immune response in the subject.
  • the isolated binding organic agent is at least one polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M. Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
  • the method further comprises co-administering to the subject an anti-tumor agent other than the agents of the invention.
  • methods for preparing medicaments useful in enhancing a melanoma-specific immune response in a subject with melanoma are also provided.
  • Figure 1 shows graphs depicting Melan-A/MART-1 expression on different melanoma tumor lines and the differences culture density has on such expression: Fig. IA on MU-tumor; Fig. IB on MA-tumor; Fig.lC on MO-tumor: Fig. ID control, HLA-I expression on MU-tumor; Fig. IE control. HLA-A2 expression on MU-tumor.
  • Figure 2 shows graphs depicting the effect of MART- 1 /Melan- A expression on target cell recognition and lysis by TIL;
  • Fig. 2A shows MU-TIL lysis of autologous MU-tumor;
  • Fig. 2B shows MU-TIL lysis of Melan- A/MART- 1 -negative targets;
  • Fig. 2C shows anti-HLA- A2-specif ⁇ c lysis of targets.
  • SEQ ID NO:l is the immunodominant amino acid sequence of the Melan-A/MART-1 peptide.
  • SEQ ID NO:2 is a melanocyte lineage-derived peptide for Tyrosinase.
  • SEQ ID NO:3 is a melanocyte lineage-derived peptide for Tyrosinase.
  • SEQ ID NO:4 is a melanocyte lineage-derived peptide for MAGE-3.
  • agents and pharmaceutical compositions containing such agents that modulate expression of tumor-associated antigens in tumor cells can be used, inter alia, in vivo or in vitro, for the purpose of inhibiting growth of a tumor having cells expressing tumor-associated antigens, and in a variety of screening assays in order to identify additional agents that modulate expression of tumor-associated antigens in tumor cells.
  • TAA down-modulation is mediated through an agent secreted by the tumor cells (i.e.. autocrine secretion/down-modulation).
  • autocrine secretion/down-modulation an agent secreted by the tumor cells
  • Down-modulating (down-regulating), refers to inhibition of tumor- antigen (or TAA) expression.
  • Inhibition of tumor-antigen expression refers to inhibiting (i.e., reducing to a detectable extent) expression/presentation of the specific antigen intracellularly and/or at the surface of a tumor cell.
  • Such inhibition of tumor-antigen expression can be directly determined by detecting a decrease in the level of mRNA for the gene encoding the antigen, or the level of peptide expression of the tumor-antigen, using any suitable means known to the art, such as nucleic acid hybridization or, preferably, antibody detection methods, respectively (see Examples).
  • Inhibition of tumor-antigen expression can also be determined indirectly, for example, by detecting a change in tumor-cell lysis ability by TILs that specifically recognize the tumor-antigen.
  • the present invention relates in one aspect to a malignant melanoma cell isolate with Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-regulating activity. Therefore, in one important embodiment, the malignant melanoma cell isolate is useful in screening for binding agents that inhibit its activity. Inhibition of the isolate's activity is desirable in melanomas, where the proliferating cells secrete the isolate and down-modulate expression of the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen, to escape immune recognition, and continue to grow and expand.
  • isolated means separated from the environment of the cells, such as a supernatant, a lysate. a fraction thereof, etc.
  • isolated means separated from its native environment and present in sufficient quantity to permit its identification or use according to the invention. "Isolated” , when referring to a protein or polypeptide. means, for example: (i) selectively produced by expression cloning, or
  • Isolated proteins or polypeptides may. but need not be. substantially pure. Because an isolated protein may be admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a pharmaceutical preparation, the protein may comprise only a small percentage by weight of the preparation. The protein is nonetheless isolated in that it has been separated from many of the substances with which it may be associated in living systems, i.e. isolated from certain other proteins.
  • the agent that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells is a substantially pure, native, biological, organic agent.
  • the agent is heat sensitive at 80°C. proteinase K sensitive, and binds to and elutes-off blue- and/or Red Sepharose®.
  • the substantially pure organic agent is at least one polypeptide.
  • the at least one polypeptide with Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-regulating properties in malignant melanoma cells has a molecular weight between about 20kD and about 30 kD, and preferably at about 25kD.
  • the agent that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells is at least one. at least two. or at least three polypeptides. each polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin, and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
  • Oncostatin M is the subject of United States patent 5.618.715 to Shoyab et al., which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • Stanniocalcin is the subject of United States patents 5.994,301, 5,877,290, and 5,837,498, and of WO 952441 1. all of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 is the subject of United States patents 5,849.875, 5,773,251, 5.576.294. 5.466.783. 5.106.833. and 4.966.852. all of which are expressly inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • the malignant melanoma cell isolate can be obtained from a non-homogenous proteinaceous solution such as a cell culture supernatant or cell homogenate.
  • Malignant melanoma cells can be isolated from a subject using a tumor biopsy, by disaggregating the biopsy sample, and forming cell suspensions.
  • These malignant melanoma cell suspensions can be cultured according to standard cell culture techniques. In small scale, the cultures can be contained in culture plates, flasks, and dishes. In important embodiments, under standard culture conditions (e.g., on typical culture plates, flasks, and dishes that are 'static' -i.e. nonperfused), the culture conditions include a ratio of 5 x 10 6 cells/ml of medium. In larger
  • the cultures can be contained in roller bottles, spinner flasks (i.e. 'nonstatic " ) and other large scale culture vessels such as fermenters. Culturing in a three-dimensional, porous, solid matrices, as well as constant perfusion of media conditions may also be used.
  • the malignant melanoma cell isolate can be obtained from the supernatants of the above-described cell cultures, although the entire culture can be in homogenized and subjected to the steps described below for isolation of a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells.
  • the supernatant is removed by aspiration or by centrifugation of the cell culture to remove the cells.
  • the cultures can also be filtered to remove cells and cell debris.
  • the collected can be obtained from the supernatants of the above-described cell cultures, although the entire culture can be in homogenized and subjected to the steps described below for isolation of a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells.
  • the supernatant is removed by aspiration or by centrifugation of
  • 15 supernatant is (in its entirety) the malignant melanoma cell isolate.
  • the malignant melanoma cell supernatant can be fractionated according to standard chromatographic procedures to facilitate further isolation of the desired agent.
  • standard chromatographic procedures include, but are not limited to, size-exclusion chromatography, FPLC. HPLC, gel filtration chromatography, ion-exchange 0 chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, immune-affinity chromatography, electrophoresis. etc.
  • the fractions of malignant melanoma cell isolate-containing supernatant then are used to down-regulate Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells.
  • the down-regulating 5 activity of the fraction can be measured as described above, or according to the assays described in greater detail in the Examples. Other suitable methods will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be employed using routine experimentation.
  • the fractions which are positive for the malignant melanoma cell isolate can be subjected to additional rounds of screening using the foregoing methodology.
  • the purity of o the fraction can be assessed after each round of culture stimulation by subjecting an aliquot of the fraction to SDS-PAGE or other analytical methods for visualizing the mixture of constituents in the fraction.
  • the nature of the malignant melanoma cell isolate as a protein, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrate etc.. can be confirmed at any time by treating an aliquot of a positive fraction with non-specific degradative enzymes for the foregoing classes of molecules and testing the treated fraction in the same assays detailed above.
  • the malignant melanoma cell isolate can then be further purified for the active down- regulating agent, if desired, using immunological and molecular biological methods (see, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual J. Sambrook, et al.. eds.. Second Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989. or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel. et al., eds.. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York).
  • a fraction positive for one active agent e.g., the agent that is heat sensitive at 80°C, proteinase K sensitive, binds to and elutes-off blue-Sepharose®.
  • the fraction can be subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to a membrane such as polyvinylidene fluoride by electroblotting, and N-terminal amino sequence determined by Edman degradation, mass spectroscopy, etc.
  • a membrane such as polyvinylidene fluoride by electroblotting, and N-terminal amino sequence determined by Edman degradation, mass spectroscopy, etc.
  • Any sequence information can be used to screen databases for homology to existing proteins and also to generate degenerate nucleic acids useful for screening a cDNA library by standard methods such as colony hybridization or polymerase chain reaction.
  • the positive fraction can be used to generate antibodies which recognize the malignant melanoma cell isolate.
  • Such antibodies can then be used in expression cloning protocols, Western blots, and other techniques useful in isolation of the malignant melanoma cell isolate.
  • any cDNA libraries, expression libraries, etc.. are preferably created from malignant melanoma cells.
  • the malignant melanoma cell isolate comprises at least one, at least two. or at least three polypeptides. each polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
  • the invention also makes it possible to isolate agents which bind to the malignant melanoma cell isolate as disclosed herein, including antibodies and cellular binding partners of the malignant melanoma cell isolate, such as receptors or ligands.
  • the malignant melanoma cell isolate or active agent with down-regulating activity is substantially pure, it can be used, for example, to generate polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies according to standard methods (see e.g., Harlow and Lane. eds.. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Press. Cold Spring Harbor. NY, 1988)
  • the organic agents which bind to the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate can be used, for example, in screening assays to detect the presence or absence of the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate and complexes of the active agents and their respective binding partners, and in purification protocols to isolate the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate.
  • the binding organic agents also can be used to block the effects of the agent down-regulating TAA expression in malignant melanoma cells.
  • the invention therefore, embraces organic binding agents which, for example, can be antibodies or fragments of antibodies having the ability to selectively bind the active agent(s) in malignant melanoma cell isolates and inhibit the Melan-A/MART-1 expression down- modulating properties of the agent(s) in the isolate.
  • the organic binding agents are peptides.
  • the peptide binding agents bind selectively to the ⁇ 25kD polypeptide with Melan-A/MART-1 expression down- modulating activity and inhibit down-modulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells, thereby allowing TILs and other cells of the immune system to recognize the malignant melanoma cells as foreign leading to their elimination.
  • the organic binding peptides can be antibodies, including polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, prepared according to conventional methodology.
  • the organic binding peptides are antibodies that bind to one or more polypeptides. each polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
  • Anti-Oncostatin-M antibodies are known in the art. and include Mouse and Goat anti- human Oncostatin M from Research Diagnostics. Flanders. NJ.
  • Anti-stanniocalcin antibodies and methods of preparing such antibodies are known in the art, some of which are described in detail in United States patent 5.877.290 to Olsen.
  • Anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor antibodies are also known in the art. and include sheep anti-human Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor antibodies from Enzyme Research Laboratories. South Bend, IN.
  • an antibody from which the pFc' region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the pFc * region designated an F(ab') fragment
  • an antibody from which the Fc region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the Fc region designated an Fab fragment
  • Fab fragments consist of a covalently bound antibody light chain and a portion of the antibody heavy chain denoted Fd.
  • the Fd fragments are the major determinant of antibody specificity (a single Fd fragment may be associated with up to ten different light chains without altering antibody specificity) and Fd fragments retain epitope-binding ability in isolation.
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • FRs framework regions
  • CDRl through CDR3 complementarity determining regions
  • the present invention also provides for F(ab') 2 , Fab, Fv and Fd fragments: chimeric antibodies in which the Fc and/or FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences: chimeric F(ab " ) 2 fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences: chimeric Fab fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences: and chimeric Fd fragment antibodies in which the FR and or CDRl and/or CDR2 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences.
  • the present invention also includes so-called single chain antibodies.
  • the invention involves polypeptides of numerous size and type that bind specifically to the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate, and complexes of both the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate and its binding partners.
  • These specifically binding polypeptides may be derived also from sources other than antibody technology.
  • polypeptide binding agents can be provided by degenerate peptide libraries which can be readily prepared in solution, in immobilized form or as phage display libraries.
  • Combinatorial libraries also can be synthesized of peptides containing one or
  • Libraries further can be synthesized of peptides and non-peptide synthetic moieties.
  • antibodies and other binding molecules may be used for example to identify tissues expressing protein or to purify protein.
  • Antibodies also may be coupled to specific diagnostic labeling agents for imaging of cells and tissues that express the
  • the agent which is a tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent is an agent present in a tumor cell culture supernatant, tumor cell eluate. and/or tumor cell lysate.
  • the tumor cell may be of a cancer or tumor type thought to escape immune recognition.
  • cancers or tumors may be of the folowing origin: biliary tract cancer; brain cancer, including
  • glioblastomas and medulloblastomas breast cancer; cervical carcinoma: choriocarcinoma; colon cancer; endometrial cancer; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer: hematological neoplasms, including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia; multiple myeloma; AIDS associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma: intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen's disease and Paget ' s disease; liver cancer; lung cancer: lymphomas,
  • 2o including Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic lymphomas; neuroblastomas; oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma: ovarian cancer, including those arising from epithelial cells, stromal cells, germ cells and mesenchymal cells: pancreas cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer: sarcomas, including leiomvosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma. liposarcoma. fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma; skin cancer, including melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, basocellular cancer
  • tumor-antigen can be Melan- A/MART-1.
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), adenosine deaminase-binding protein in (ADAbp), cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)-C017-1A/GA733, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2. etv6, amll.
  • Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1. PSA-2, and PSA-3.
  • PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen
  • T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain MAGE- family of tumor antigens. GAGE- 1.2. BAGE, RAGE. GnT-N, MUM-1. CDK4.
  • the fraction from the plurality of fractions can be undiluted or concentrated.
  • cancers or tumors escaping immune recognition and tumor- antigens associated with such tumors include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (etv6; amll ; cyclophilin b), glioma (E-cadherin; ⁇ -catenin; ⁇ -catenin; ⁇ -catenin: pl20ctn), bladder cancer (p21ras), billiary cancer (p21ras), breast cancer (MUC family;
  • HER2/neu c-erbB-2
  • testicular cancer NY-ESO-1
  • T cell leukemia HTLV- 1 epitopes
  • melanoma Melan-A/MART-1 ; cdc27; MAGE-3; p21ras; gpl00 Pmel 1 17 .
  • a subject is a human, non-human primate, cow. horse, pig. sheep, goat, dog, cat or rodent. In all embodiments, human subjects are preferred.
  • the isolated Melan-A/MART- 1 expression down- modulation inhibitors of the invention are administered in therapeutically effective amounts.
  • a therapeutically effective amount means that amount necessary to delay the onset
  • a therapeutically effective amount will vary with the subject ' s age. condition, and sex. as well as the nature and extent of the disease in the subject, all of which can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the dosage may be adjusted by the individual physician or veterinarian, particularly in the event of any complication.
  • a therapeutically effective amount typically varies from 0.01 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg. preferably from about
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitors of the invention is that amount effective to inhibit Melan- A/MART-1 antigen expression down-modulation, and can be determined using, for example, standard tests known in the art.
  • a direct way to measure tumor-antigen (e.g., Melan-A/MART-1) expression the tumor cell (e.g.. melanoma) is to use antibodies specific for the tumor-antigen and a number of immunocyto- and immunohisto- chemical protocols well known in the art.
  • Antibodies specific for the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen for example, are fully described in U.S. Patent 5,674,749 to Chen et al, entitled: "Monoclonal antibodies which bind to tumor rejection antigen precursor Melan-A. and uses thereof.
  • the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitors of the invention may be co-administered with an anti-cancer agent other than an agent of the invention (e.g., other than an isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor), that can act cooperatively, additively or synergistically with an agent of the invention, for treating or preventing cancers that express (and. it is believed, through autocrine secretions down-modulate) tumor-antigens.
  • co-administered means administered substantially simultaneously with another agent (e.g., in different or same compositions/formulations).
  • a Melan- A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor of the invention is administered to the subject close enough in time with the administration of the other agent (e.g., an anti-cancer agent) whereby the two agents may exert an additive or even synergistic effect to upregulate Melan-A/MART-1 expression and inhibit growth and/or proliferation of the cancer.
  • the other agent e.g., an anti-cancer agent
  • Anti-cancer agents other than agents of the invention include, but are not limited to: Acivicin: Aclarubicin: Acodazole Hydrochloride; Acronine; Adozelesin; Aldesleukin: Altretamine; Ambomycin; Ametantrone Acetate: Aminoglutethimide: Amsacrine: Anastrozole; Anthramycin; Asparaginase; Asperlin; Azacitidine: Azetepa: Azotomycin: Batimastat; Benzodepa: Bicalutamide; Bisantrene Hydrochloride: Bisnafide Dimesylate: Bizelesin; Bleomycin Sulfate: Brequinar Sodium: Bropirimine; Busulfan: Cactinomycin; Calusterone; Caracemide; Carbetimer; Carboplatin: Carmustine: Carubicin Hydrochloride; Carzelesin; Cedefmgol: Chlorambucil; Cirolemycin
  • Enpromate Epipropidine; Epirubicin Hydrochloride; Erbulozole; Esorubicin Hydrochloride;
  • Etoprine Fadrozole Hydrochloride
  • Fazarabine Fenretinide: Floxuridine
  • Interferon Alfa-2a Interferon Alfa-2b; Interferon Alfa-nl ; Interferon Alfa-n3: Interferon Beta-I a; Interferon Gamma-I b: Iproplatin: Irinotecan Hydrochloride: Lanreotide Acetate; Letrozole: Leuprolide Acetate: Liarozole Hydrochloride; Lometrexol Sodium; Lomustine; Losoxantrone Hydrochloride; Masoprocol: Maytansine; Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride; Megestrol Acetate: Melengestrol Acetate: Melphalan: Menogaril: Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate: Methotrexate Sodium; Metoprine: Meturedepa; Mitindomide; Mitocarcin; Mitocromin: Mitogillin; Mitomalcin; Mitomycin; Mitosper; Mitotane; Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride: Mycophenolic Acid; Nocodazole
  • the above-described drug therapies are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and are administered by modes known to those of skill in the art.
  • the drug therapies are administered in amounts which are effective to achieve the physiological goals in combination with the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitors of the invention.
  • An isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor tumor-antigen
  • TAA TAA expression upregulating molecule
  • a pharmaceutical composition may include the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down- modulation inhibitor in combination with any standard physiologically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers which are known in the art.
  • the compositions can be sterile and contain a therapeutically effective amount of the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a patient.
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier as used herein means one or more compatible solid or liquid filler, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration into a human or other animal.
  • carrier denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application.
  • the components of the pharmaceutical compositions also are capable of being co-mingled with the molecules of the present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable further means a non-toxic material that is compatible with a biological system such as a cell, cell culture, tissue, or organism.
  • the characteristics of the carrier will depend on the route of administration.
  • Physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials which are well known in the art.
  • a variety of administration routes are available. The particular mode selected will depend, of course, upon the particular drug selected, the severity of the condition being treated, and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy.
  • the methods of the invention may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of the active compounds without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects.
  • modes of administration include oral, rectal, topical, nasal, intradermal. or parenteral routes.
  • parenteral includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or infusion. Intravenous or intramuscular routes are not particularly suitable for long-term therapy and prophylaxis. They could, however, be preferred in emergency situations. Oral administration will be preferred for prophylactic treatment because of the convenience to the patient as well as the dosing schedule.
  • compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous preparation of the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor, which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
  • This aqueous preparation may be formulated according to known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation also may be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1.3-butane diol.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water. Ringer ' s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid may be used in the preparation of injectables.
  • Carrier formulations suitable for oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. administrations can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mack Publishing Co.. Easton, PA.
  • compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the isolated Melan- A/MART- 1 expression down-modulation inhibitor.
  • Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir or an emulsion.
  • Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the isolated Melan- A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitors described above, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician.
  • Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include the above-described polymeric systems, as well as polymer base systems such as poly(lactide-glycolide). copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and polyanhydrides. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing drugs are described in. for example. U.S. Patent 5.075.109.
  • Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are: lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono- di- and tri-glycerides: hydrogel release systems; sylastic systems: peptide based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; partially fused implants: and the like.
  • lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono- di- and tri-glycerides
  • hydrogel release systems sylastic systems: peptide based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; partially fused implants: and the like.
  • Specific examples include, but are not limited to: (a) erosional systems in which the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor is contained in a form within a matrix such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,452,775.
  • pump-based hardware delivery systems can be used, some of which are adapted for implantation.
  • Long-term sustained release means that the implant is constructed and arranged to delivery therapeutic levels of the active ingredient for at least 30 days, and preferably 60 days.
  • Long-term sustained release implants are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art and include some of the release systems described above.
  • the invention also embraces methods for isolating tumor cell-derived tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agents.
  • a method according to this aspect of the invention typically involves: (a) preparing a culture of tumor cells that have down-regulated tumor- antigen expression, (b) isolating a supernatant or cell isolate suspected of containing a tumor- antigen expression down-regulating agent from the culture of tumor cells that have down- regulated tumor-antigen expression, (c) fractionating the supernatant or cell isolate into a plurality of fractions, (d) contacting a fraction from the plurality of fractions with a tumor- antigen expressing tumor cell, (e) measuring tumor-antigen expression on the tumor-antigen expressing cell, and (f) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is down-regulated as a result of such contacting, for example, by comparison to a control.
  • the tumor-antigen expressing cells contacted in step (d) with the supernatants (cell isolates, or fractions thereof) of the cultures of tumor cells that have down-regulated tumor- antigen expression cells of step (a), are of the same origin (i.e.. patient/tissue/cell line source) with the tumor cells that have down-regulated tumor-antigen expression cells of step (a), the only difference being that the tumor-antigen expressing cells still express the tumor-antigen.
  • the origin of the tumor cells may be of: biliary tract cancer; brain cancer, including glioblastomas and medulloblastomas: breast cancer; cervical carcinoma; choriocarcinoma: colon cancer; endometrial cancer: esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; hematological neoplasms, including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia: multiple myeloma; AIDS associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma: intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen ' s disease and Paget ' s disease: liver cancer: lung cancer: lymphomas.
  • Hodgkin ' s disease and lymphocytic lymphomas neuroblastomas
  • oral cancer including squamous cell carcinoma
  • ovarian cancer including those arising from epithelial cells, stromal cells, germ cells and mesenchymal cells
  • pancreas cancer prostate cancer
  • rectal cancer sarcomas, including leiomvosarcoma. rhabdomyosarcoma. liposarcoma. fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma
  • skin cancer including melanoma, Kaposi ' s sarcoma, basocellular cancer and squamous cell cancer
  • testicular cancer including germinal tumors (seminoma.
  • the tumor- antigen can be Melan-A/MART-1, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), adenosine deaminase- binding protein (ADAbp), cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— C017- 1A/GA733.
  • DPPIV Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
  • ADAbp adenosine deaminase- binding protein
  • CRC Colorectal associated antigen
  • PSA Prostate Specific Antigen
  • PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen
  • T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain MAGE-family of tumor antigens. GAGE- 1.2. BAGE. RAGE. GnT-V. MUM-1, CDK4. tyrosinase. p53, MUC family, HER2/neu, p21ras, RCASl, ⁇ -fetoprotein. E-cadherin. ⁇ - catenin, ⁇ -catenin and ⁇ -catenin, pl20ctn. gpl00 Pmel 117 , PRAME, NY-ESO-1, cdc27.
  • the fraction from the plurality of fractions can be undiluted or concentrated.
  • cancers or tumors escaping immune recognition and tumor- antigens associated with such tumors include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (etv ⁇ : amll: cyclophilin b), glioma (E-cadherin; ⁇ -catenin; ⁇ -catenin: ⁇ -catenin; pl20ctn).
  • bladder cancer p21ras
  • billiary cancer p21ras
  • breast cancer MUC family: HER2/neu: c-erbB-2).
  • cervical carcinoma p53; p21ras).
  • colon carcinoma p21ras: HER2/neu: c-erbB-2; MUC family
  • colorectal cancer Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— CO 17- 1A/GA733; APC
  • CEA choriocarcinoma
  • CEA epithelial cell-cancer
  • gastric cancer HER2/neu; c-erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein
  • ⁇ -fetoprotein hepatocellular cancer
  • hodgkins lymphoma lmp-1 ; EBNA-1).
  • lung cancer CEA; MAGE-3; NY-ESO-1). lymphoid cell-derived leukemia (cyclophilin b), myeloma (MUC family; p21ras).
  • non-small cell lung carcinoma HER2/neu: c-erbB-2
  • nasopharyngeal cancer lmp-1 : EBNA-1.
  • ovarian cancer cancer MUC family: HER2/neu; c-erbB-2).
  • prostate cancer Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1.
  • pancreatic cancer p21ras; MUC family: HER2/neu; c-erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein).
  • renal HER2/neu: c-erbB-2
  • testicular cancer NY-ESO-1).
  • T cell leukemia HTLV-1 epitopes).
  • the fraction from the plurality of fractions can be undiluted or concentrated.
  • the tumor cell isolate can be obtained from a non-homogenous proteinaceous solution such as a cell culture supernatant or a cell homogenate.
  • Tumor cells can be isolated from a subject using a tumor biopsy, by disaggregating the biopsy sample, and forming cell suspensions. These tumor cell suspensions can be cultured according to standard cell culture techniques. In small scale, the cultures can be contained in culture plates, flasks, and dishes.
  • a ratio of 5 x 10 cells/ml of medium is typically sufficient to yield an active agent according to the invention, enough so that its effects could be demonstrated.
  • the foregoing "typical" ratio of cells/ml of medium can of course vary according to the cell type, the stage of the tumor, etc., and a person of ordinary skill in the art can easily determine the optimal culture conditions on a per individual cell type basis utilizing routine experimentation. Such conditions will also vary when larger scale cell cultures are employed (e.g., use of roller bottles, spinner flasks, fermenters, three-dimensional, porous, solid matrices, as well as constant perfusion of media conditions).
  • the tumor cell isolate can be obtained from the supernatants of the above-described cell cultures [i.e.. of the cultured cells of step (a)], although the entire culture can be homogenized and subjected to the steps described below for isolation of a tumor cell isolate that down-regulates tumor-antigen expression when contacted with tumor cells that express a tumor antigen.
  • the supernatant is removed by aspiration or by centrifugation of the cell culture to remove the cells.
  • the cultures can also be filtered to remove cells and cell debris.
  • the collected supernatant is (in its entirety) the tumor cell isolate.
  • the tumor cell supernatant can be fractionated according to standard chromatographic procedures to facilitate further isolation of the desired agent.
  • the fractions of tumor cell isolate-containing supernatant then are used to down-regulate tumor-antigen expression in tumor cells when contacted with the tumor cells.
  • the down-regulating activity of the fraction can be measured according to assays described elsewhere herein. Other suitable methods will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be employed using routine experimentation.
  • Typical controls include identically isolated and cultured cells, with the exception that the supernatant medium in the control cultures is removed at regular intervals during the culture period (e.g. every 2-6 hours), being replaced with fresh culture medium. This media change effectively eliminates any down-regulatory effects a control-tumor cell isolate may exert on the control-tumor cell tumor-antigen expression.
  • the fractions which are positive for the tumor cell isolate can be subjected to additional rounds of screening using the foregoing methodology.
  • the purity of the fraction can be assessed after each round of culture stimulation by subjecting an aliquot of the fraction to SDS-PAGE or other analytical methods for visualizing the mixture of constituents in the fraction.
  • the nature of the tumor cell isolate as a protein, nucleic acid, lipid. carbohydrate etc. can be confirmed at any time by treating an aliquot of a positive fraction with nonspecific degradative enzymes for the foregoing classes of molecules and testing the treated fraction in the same assays detailed above.
  • the tumor cell isolate can then be further purified for the active down-regulating agent, if desired, using immunological and molecular biological methods (.see, e.g.
  • the invention in a further aspect provides a method of screening for tumor-antigen expression modulating agents.
  • the method involves (a) contacting an agent suspected of being a tumor antigen expression modulating agent with a tumor-antigen expressing tumor cell, (b) measuring tumor-antigen expression of the tumor cell, and (c) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is modulated as a result of such contacting, for example, by comparison to a control. Both up-modulating and down-modulating agents can be identified using such methods.
  • Tumor cells and tumor-antigens expressed by the tumor cells are as described above.
  • the agent suspected of being a tumor- antigen expression modulating agent is an agent present in a tumor cell-culture supernatant. tumor cell eluate. or tumor cell lysate.
  • a method for isolating an agent that up-regulates tumor-antigen expression.
  • the method involves (a) providing a tumor- antigen expression down-regulating agent which may be isolated according to any of the foregoing methods of the invention, (b) preparing a culture of tumor cells, wherein the tumor cells may be identical (as to the patient/tissue/cell line source) to those used in the isolation of the tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent which may be isolated according to any of the foregoing methods of the invention, (c) contacting the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent and its putative inhibitory agent with the culture cells of step (b), (d) determining tumor-antigen expression in the culture cells, and (e) comparing the tumor- antigen expression determined in (d) with a control.
  • Tumor cells and tumor-antigens expressed by the tumor cells are as described above.
  • the tumor cells are melanoma cells and the tumor-antigen is Melan-A/MART-1.
  • the control tumor-antigen expression is determined in the presence of an agent of (a) and in absence of the putative inhibitory agent of (a). Controls typically include cultures similar to the foregoing control cultures described earlier.
  • the method involves contacting the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent and its putative inhibitory agent with a culture of tumor cells, wherein the tumor cells may be identical (as to the patient/tissue/cell line source) to those used in the isolation of the tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent.
  • a plurality of cultures are run in parallel, each culture containing different concentrations of the putative inhibitory agent in order to obtain a different level of tumor- antigen expression.
  • one of these concentrations serves as a negative control, i.e.. at zero concentration of agent or at a concentration of agent below the limits of assay detection.
  • Putative inhibitory agents encompass numerous chemical classes, although typically they are organic compounds.
  • the putative inhibitory agents are small organic compounds, i.e.. those having a molecular weight of more than 50 yet less than about 2500. preferably less than about 1000 and. more preferably, less than about 500.
  • Putative inhibitory agents comprise functional chemical groups necessary for structural interactions with polypeptides and/or nucleic acids, and typically include at least an amine. carbonyl, hydroxyl or carboxyl group, preferably at least two of the functional chemical groups and more preferably at least three of the functional chemical groups.
  • the putative inhibitory agents can comprise cyclic carbon or heterocyclic structure and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above-identified functional groups. Putative inhibitory agents also can be biomolecules such as peptides.
  • the putative inhibitory agents are polypeptides that bind the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent (e.g.. antibodies).
  • the agent is a nucleic acid
  • the agent typically is a DNA or RNA molecule, although modified nucleic acids as defined herein are also contemplated.
  • Putative inhibitory agents are obtained from a wide variety of sources including libraries of synthetic or natural compounds. For example, numerous means are available for random and directed synthesis of a wide variety of organic compounds and biomolecules, including expression of randomized oligonucleotides, synthetic organic combinatorial libraries, phage display libraries of random peptides, and the like. Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animal extracts are available or readily produced. Additionally, natural and synthetically produced libraries and compounds can be readily be modified through conventional chemical, physical, and biochemical means. Further, known pharmacological agents may be subjected to directed or random chemical modifications such as acylation. alkylation. esterification. amidification. etc. to produce structural analogs of the agents.
  • reagents also can be included in the culture media. These include reagents such as neutral proteins (e.g., albumin), etc., which may be used to facilitate optimal protein-protein and/or protein-nucleic acid binding. Such a reagent may also reduce nonspecific or background interactions of the reaction components. Other reagents that improve the efficiency of the culture assay such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, and the like may also be used, provided that the reagents do not adversely affect the growth of the cells in the culture.
  • neutral proteins e.g., albumin
  • Other reagents that improve the efficiency of the culture assay such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, and the like may also be used, provided that the reagents do not adversely affect the growth of the cells in the culture.
  • incubation temperature typically is between 4°C and 40°C.
  • Incubation times preferably are minimized to facilitate rapid, high throughput screening, and typically are between 0.1 and 10 hours.
  • tumor-antigen expression down- regulating agent and its putative inhibitory agent are added to the tumor cell culture and after further incubation at cell culture conditions (typically between 1 and 48 hours), tumor-antigen expression is detected by any convenient method available to the user, supra.
  • TIL Tumor and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes
  • TIL tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
  • MU, MO, MA and EW were obtained from cutaneous metastatic melanoma deposits and some (MU, MO and MA), were previously described (Pandolfi F, et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol 1994, 95:141-7; Pandolfi F, et al., Cancer Res, 1991, 51:3164-3170).
  • MU, MO and MA cutaneous metastatic melanoma deposits and some (MU, MO and MA)
  • Pandolfi F et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol 1994, 95:141-7
  • Pandolfi F et al., Cancer Res, 1991, 51:3164-3170.
  • MU-X were obtained by culture of MU tumor cells at high density (>5xl0 cells/ml) for several days prior to immunoselection with anti-Melan- A/MART-1 specific TIL.
  • Conditioned medium from melanoma tumor lines were generated by culturing cells at
  • TIL were assayed for the ability to lyse melanoma target cells in 4 hour Cr-release assays as previously described (Hishii M, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94:1378- 1383).
  • the melanoma target cells with high constitutive expression of Melan-A/MART-1 were generated by low density culture (1-2 x 10 /ml) were compared with respect to their susceptibility to cytolysis with the same cells cultured for 3 to 6 days in the presence of conditioned medium from the Melan-A/MART-1 negative variant, MU-X. to derive target cells with low Melan-A/MART-1 expression.
  • EBV- transformed B lymphocyte targets EBV-3 (HLA-A1. B8. DR3). EBV-19 (HLA-A2. B18. 51
  • TIL Tumor Infiltrating T Lymphocytes
  • the IL-2 responding TIL propagated from patient MU were over 98% CD3+, CD8+, (CD4-) T cells expressing the ⁇ TCR. As previously reported (Pandolfi F. et al., Clin. Exp.
  • Tumour target lysis is shown a follows: ⁇ 10% specific lysis: -; 10-20%: + : 20-40%: ++ ;
  • MU-9 which lysed autologous melanoma targets could not be recovered from the freezer for testing for fine specificity with the melanoma peptides. although its TCR was identical to MU- 1 15, indicating that MU-9 was also likely to be Melan-A/MART-1 peptide specific. As noted, clones MU-45, MU-63 and MU-79 were identical to one another as determined by TCR gene is sequencing.
  • the diminution of expression of the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen 5 correlated with reduced susceptibility of the target cells to lysis by HLA-A2-restricted, Melan- A/MART-1 -specific CTL.
  • the level of Melan-A/MART-1 antigen expression by tumor cells diminished, while levels of HLA-A2 cell surface expression did not decrease, the T cell recognition of these targets decreased.
  • the target cells were pulsed with the Melan-A/MART-1 peptide (AAGIGILTV. SEQ ID NO:l) (Chen Y, et al.. Proc Natl Acad 0 Sci USA, 1996. 93:5915-5919; Mattei. S.. et al..
  • the Melan-A/MART-1 silencing activity could be heat inactivated by treatment of the supernatants at 80°C for 60 minutes. A similar treatment at 60°C did not influence the activity. o To define this silencing activity in more detail, an assessment of cytokine and chemokine production by tumor cells which lacked Melan-A/MART-1 protein expression was performed. These Melan-A/MART-1 silencing supernatants were found to contain several known cytokines. but they lacked TNF ⁇ . which has been demonstrated to have a partial down- regulatory activity directed at the Melan-A/MART-1 promoter (Butterfield. L. H., et al.. Gene, 5 1997. 191:129-34).
  • Material purified by binding and elution from Red Sepharose, followed by binding and elution to Con-A-Sepharose, can be size fractionated on G-50 Sephadex. with the activity centering at approximately 25kD.
  • the "activity” parallels the appearance of a "band” on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of material fractionated on G-50 Sephadex.
  • tryptic digest sequence analysis (performed at Harvard MicroChemistry, Cambridge, MA) showed the presence of sequences corresponding to at least 7 different human proteins. Some of these proteins include Oncostatin-M (OSM), stanniocalcin (STC), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2).
  • OSM Oncostatin-M
  • STC stanniocalcin
  • TFPI-2 tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2
  • Recombinant Oncostatin-M shows "antigen-silencing" activity when tested on the human melanoma cell line, "MU-89" (James T. Kurnick. Massachusetts General Hospital).
  • OSM Oncostatin-M
  • MU-89 human melanoma cell line
  • recombinant OSM causes down-modulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression comparable to that of "active" supernatants isolated from human melanoma cell lines, such as the EW tumor cell line (James T. Kurnick. Massachusetts General Hospital).
  • the down modulation of Melan-A/MART-1 on the MU-89 cell line minimal to undetectable.
  • a commercially available polyclonal antibody (Research Diagnostics, Flanders, NJ) to OSM can block the activity of the recombinant OSM.
  • the same polyclonal antibody can block the activity of the most purified fraction of EW-supernatant which had been purified by Red Sepharose binding and elution. followed by binding to and elution from Con-A— Sepharose, and fractionation on G-50 Sephadex. to isolate material of approximately 25kD.
  • the same polyclonal anti-OSM antibody which blocks recombinant OSM and "purified" fractions from EW-supernatant can only partially (approximately 50%) block the unfractionated EW- supernatant.
  • OSM-depleted EW-supernatant fluid (produced by passage over an anti-OSM immuno-affmity column ) is still active in down-modulating
  • EW-supernatants (as determined by quantitative ELISA) is approximately 1 ng/ml. yet the antigen-silencing activity of this material is equivalent of recombinant OSM at a dose of
  • Oncostatin-M a known cytokine, with well-characterized structure, and several known functions, is capable of mediating antigen-silencing in the melanoma system we have investigated, however, an additional molecule or molecules produced by melanoma cells are also able to manifest antigen silencing.
  • Antibodies to the receptor for Oncostatin-M reported to neutralize the OSM activity in other assay systems, do not block the antigen silencing activity of either purified, recombinant OSM or of the EW-supernatant.
  • the gpl 30 molecule is reported to be a shared chain in the OSM receptor, the
  • Oncostatin-M. and other molecules capable of manifesting antigen-silencing activity may act through additional receptors. including, but not limited to. oncostatin-M binding receptor molecules.
  • Oncostatin-M is produced by at least one melanoma cell line (EW), (detectable protein was demonstrated by ELISA), and mRNA transcripts can be isolated from several melanoma cell lines. Melanomas and melanocytes have nto been previously known to express oncostatin-
  • Antigen-silencing activity can be demonstrated from many different melanoma cell lines, including Melan-A/MART-1 negative cell lines, and from PMA-stimulated U937, a pro-monocytic leukemic cell line which can be shown to produce Oncostatin-M.
  • Oncostatin-M can be used at several fold the dose needed to manifest antigen-silencing (use up to lOOng/ml) without causing significant cellular toxicity, but EW supernatants contain significant toxic activities. even in partially purified fractions, indicating that additional factors are influencing the cellular viability and phenotype.

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Abstract

This invention relates to methods and compositions for the treatment of tumors. In particular, the invention relates to methods and agents for the treatment of tumors expressing a tumor-antigen [also known as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), lineage specific, differentiation, or self-antigens], and more specifically to methods and agents for the treatment of melanomas expressing the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen. The invention also relates to methods for identifying agents that regulate expression of tumor-antigens.

Description

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR REGULATING
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN EXPRESSION
Field of the Invention This invention relates to methods and compositions for the treatment of tumors. In particular, the invention relates to methods and agents for the treatment of tumors expressing a tumor-antigen [also known as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA). lineage specific, differentiation, or self -antigen], and more specifically to methods and agents for the treatment of melanomas expressing the Melan- A/M ART- 1 antigen. The invention also relates to methods for identifying agents that regulate expression of tumor -antigens.
Background of the Invention
Many solid tumors are presently known to involve the infiltration of autologous lymphocytes. These autologous lymphocytes, known in the art as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), have been shown to recognize specific antigens expressed by cells of the solid tumor. Expression of such tumor-associated antigens (TAA) in combination with appropriate accessory signals leads to a specific cytolytic (cytotoxic) reactivity of the TILs toward the solid tumors.
Several tumor antigens have been identified in association with a variety of tumors Boon T, et al., Ann Rev Immunol, 1994, 12:337-65; Kawakami Y. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994, 91:3515-9; Bakker A, et al., J Exp Med, 1994. 179:1005-9). In addition to the identification of TAAs, immunodominant epitopes recognized by TILs have also been described for widely-expressed lineage-specific antigens, for example, the HLA-A2-restricted Melan- A/MART- 1 in melanomas (Sensi M, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995. 92:5674-8; Kawakami Y. et al., J Exp Med. 1994, 180:347-52).
Melanomas are aggressive, frequently metastatic tumors derived from either melanocytes or melanocyte related nevus cells (Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 1991, (eds) Abbas A. K., Lechtman. A. H., Pober, J. S.; W. B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia: pages 340-341). In some melanoma patients. TILs show strong in vitro lytic activity which is often directed against targets expressing HLA-A2 and the immunodominant peptide of Melan- A/MART-1 (AAGIGILTV. SEQ ID NO:l) (Kawakami Y. and Rosenberg SA. Int Rev Immunol. 1997. 14: 173-92; Zhai. Y.. et al.,) J. Immunol 1996, 156:700-710; Stevens. E.. et al., J Immunol. 1995, 154:762-71; Rivoltini. L., et al.. J Immunol, 1995. 154:2257-2265). In such cases, the tumor cells which evoke a cytolytic immune response must also be able to implement a mechanism to elude the immune response. In other reported melanoma cases. however. TILs have been unable to recognize the melanoma cells leading to tumor progression. In these latter cases, loss of MHC surface molecules as a result of defective expression of MHC Class I heavy chain. β2-microglobulin or TAP genes, has been suggested as an escape mechanism from the host's immune defenses (Maeurer MJ. et al., J Clin Invest, 1996. 98: 1633-41: Rivoltini. L.. et al.. Cancer Res, 1995. 55:3149-57; Ferrone, S. &
Marincola. F., Immunol. Today. 1995, 16:487-94: Garrido. F., et al.. Immunol. Today, 1997,
18:89-95). Recently, the proto-oncogene PML-1 was reported to modulate MHC expression through control of TAP and LMP genes, thereby participating in tumor escape from TIL recognition (Zheng, P., et al., Nature. 1998. 396:373-6). In addition, selective loss of nominal antigen reportedly also results in immune escape (deVries T. et al.. Cancer Res, 1997,
57:3223-9: Labarriere, N., et al.. 1997, J Immunol 158:1238-45).
There exists a need to identify additional mechanisms for tumor recognition escape by the TILs and other cells of the immune system.
There also exists a need to identify agents that prevent such immune system recognition escape.
Summary of the Invention
The invention provides methods for identifying agents that modulate expression of tumor-associated antigens in tumor cells. The invention also provides agents and pharmaceutical compositions containing such agents that modulate expression of tumor- associated antigens in tumor cells. The invention, therefore, is particularly useful, inter alia, for treating subjects with autologous. solid tumors having cells that express, or that can be induced to express, tumor-associated antigens.
One category of materials according to the invention is tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agents. These agents include tumor cell isolates and isolated or substantially purified materials. Another category of materials according to the invention is inhibitors of such agents that down-regulate tumor-antigen expression.
According to one aspect of the invention, a malignant melanoma cell isolate is provided that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells. The cell isolate can be derived from Melan- A MART-1 antigen -expressing and/or -nonexpressing malignant melanoma cells. Preferably, the malignant melanoma cells are low-Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen-expressing cells. In certain embodiments, the cell isolate comprises a polypeptide. In further embodiments, the cell isolate is a substantially pure polypeptide. In important embodiments, the substantially pure polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M.
Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2. In one embodiment, the cell isolate is a supernatant, or fraction thereof, of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen-expressing malignant melanoma cells. In some embodiments, the cell isolate comprises at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M. Stanniocalcin, and Tissue Factor Pathway
Inhibitor-2. In certain embodiments, the malignant melanoma cells express low levels of
Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen. In yet further embodiments, the malignant melanoma cells express high levels of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen.
According to another aspect of the invention, a substantially pure organic agent is provided that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells at effective concentrations. The agent is present at effective concentrations in the supernatant of confluent malignant melanoma cells cultured under standard conditions (e.g., flatbed, static culture) for a period of at least one hour. In certain embodiments, the culture conditions include a ratio of 5 x 106 cells/ml medium, and the agent is heat sensitive at 80°C, proteinase K sensitive, and binds to and elutes-off blue- and/or red- Sepharose®(Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piscataway, NJ). In some embodiments, the organic agent is a polypeptide. In important embodiments, the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M. Stanniocalcin, and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2. In certain embodiments, the malignant melanoma cells express low levels of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen. In further embodiments. the malignant melanoma cells express high levels of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen.
According to another aspect of the invention, an isolated organic agent is provided that binds selectively to a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells, and inhibits down-regulation of Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells. In some embodiments, the malignant melanoma cell isolate comprises at least one polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the malignant melanoma cell isolate is a substantially pure polypeptide. In important embodiments, the substantially pure polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2. In further embodiments, the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide. In yet further embodiments, when the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide, the polypeptide can be an antibody or an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a F(ab) fragment, or a fragment including a CDR3 region selective for the polypeptide. The antibody or fragment thereof may be chimeric or humanized. In further important embodiments, the antibody can be selected from the group consisting of an anti-Oncostatin-M antibody, an anti-Stanniocalcin antibody. and an anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 antibody.
According to another aspect of the invention, an isolated binding organic agent is provided which binds selectively to a substantially pure organic agent that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells, and inhibits down-regulation of
Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells. In some embodiments, the substantially pure organic agent comprises at least one polypeptide having Melan- A/MART- 1 expression down-regulating properties in malignant melanoma cells. In certain embodiments, the substantially pure organic agent is a substantially pure polypeptide. In important embodiments, the substantially pure polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2. In further embodiments, the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide. In yet further embodiments, when the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide. the polypeptide can be an antibody or an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a F(ab) fragment, or a fragment including a CDR3 region selective for the polypeptide. The antibody or fragment thereof may be chimeric or humanized. In further important embodiments, the antibody can be selected from the group consisting of an anti-Oncostatin-M antibody, an anti- Stanniocalcin antibody, and an anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 antibody.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided. The composition includes an isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively to a substantially pure organic agent that down-regulates Melan- A/M ART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells. The isolated binding organic agent that binds selectively the substantially pure organic agent inhibits such down-regulation, and is present in an effective amount to inhibit such down-regulation. The composition also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
According to another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided. The composition includes an isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan- A/MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells. The isolated binding organic agent that binds selectively the malignant melanoma cell isolate inhibits such down-regulation, and is present in an effective amount to inhibit such down-regulation. The composition also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The invention in another aspect provides a method for isolating a tumor cell-derived tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent. The method involves (a) preparing a culture of tumor cells that have down-regulated tumor-antigen expression, (b) isolating a supernatant or cell isolate suspected of containing a tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent from the culture of step (a), (c) fractionating the supernatant or cell isolate into a plurality of fractions, (d) contacting a fraction from the plurality of fractions with a tumor-antigen expressing tumor cell, (e) measuring tumor-antigen expression on the tumor-antigen expressing cell, and (f) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is down-regulated as a result of such contacting, for example, by comparison to a control. In some embodiments, the origin of the tumor cells may be of: biliary tract cancer; brain cancer, including glioblastomas and medulloblastomas; breast cancer; cervical carcinoma; choriocarcinoma: colon cancer; endometrial cancer: esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; hematological neoplasms, including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia: multiple myeloma: AIDS associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma; intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen's disease and Page s disease; liver cancer: lung cancer; lymphomas. including Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic lymphomas; neuroblastomas: oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma; ovarian cancer, including those arising from epithelial cells, stromal cells, germ cells and mesenchymal cells: pancreas cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer: sarcomas, including leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma. liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma; skin cancer, including melanoma. Kaposi's sarcoma, basocellular cancer and squamous cell cancer: testicular cancer, including germinal tumors (seminoma. non-seminoma[teratomas, choriocarcinomas]), stromal tumors and germ cell tumors; thyroid cancer, including thyroid adenocarcinoma and medullar carcinoma; and renal cancer including adenocarcinoma and Wilms tumor. In certain embodiments, the tumor- antigen can be Melan-A/MART-1. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). adenosine deaminase- binding protein (ADAbp), cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— C017- 1A/GA733. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2, etv6, amll. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1, PSA-2, and PSA-3. prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain, MAGE-family of tumor antigens, GAGE- 1.2, BAGE, RAGE. GnT-V, MUM-1. CDK4. tyrosinase. p53. MUC family, HER2/neu, p21ras. RCAS1 , α-fetoprotein. E-cadherin. α- catenin, β-catenin and γ-catenin. pl20ctn, gpl00Pmel"7. PRAME. NY-ESO-1. cdc27, adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), fodrin. Smad family of tumor antigens, lmp-1. EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA)-l, or c-erbB-2. In any of the foregoing embodiments the fraction from the plurality of fractions can be undiluted or concentrated. In important embodiments, cancers or tumors escaping immune recognition and tumor-antigens associated with such tumors (but not exclusively), include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (etv6; amll; cyclophilin b), glioma (E-cadherin: α-catenin: β-catenin; γ-catenin; pl20ctn), bladder cancer
(p21ras), billiary cancer (p21ras). breast cancer (MUC family; HER2/neu: c-erbB-2), cervical carcinoma (p53; p21ras), colon carcinoma (p21ras: HER2/neu: c-erbB-2; MUC family), colorectal cancer (Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— C017-1A/GA733; APC), choriocarcinoma (CEA), epithelial cell-cancer (cyclophilin b), gastric cancer (HER2/neu; c- erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein). hepatocellular cancer (α-fetoprotein), hodgkins lymphoma (lmp-
1: EBNA-1), lung cancer (CEA: MAGE-3: NY-ESO-1). lymphoid cell-derived leukemia
(cyclophilin b), myeloma (MUC family; p21ras), non-small cell lung carcinoma (HER2/neu; c-erbB-2). nasopharyngeal cancer (lmp-1 : EBNA-1), ovarian cancer cancer (MUC family; HER2/neu; c-erbB-2). prostate cancer (Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1. PSA-2. and PSA-3: PSMA: HER2/neu; c-erbB-2), pancreatic cancer (p21ras; MUC family; HER2/neu; c-erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein). renal (HER2/neu: c-erbB-2), testicular cancer (NY-ESO-1). T cell leukemia (HTLV-1 epitopes). and melanoma (Melan- A/MART- 1 ; cdc27; MAGE-3: p21ras: gpl00Pmel 117).
The invention in a further aspect provides a method of screening for tumor-antigen expression modulating agents. The method involves (a) contacting an agent suspected of being a tumor antigen expression modulating agent with a tumor-antigen expressing tumor cell, (b) measuring tumor-antigen expression of the tumor cell, and (c) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is modulated as a result of such contacting, for example, by comparison to a control. Both up-modulating and down-modulating agents can be identified. Tumor cells and tumor-antigens expressed by the tumor cells are as described above. In some embodiments, the agent suspected of being a tumor-antigen expression modulating agent is an agent present in a tumor cell-culture supernatant, tumor cell eluate, or tumor cell lysate.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for isolating an agent that up-regulates tumor-antigen expression. The method includes (a) providing a tumor- antigen expression down-regulating agent which may be isolated according to any of the foregoing methods of the invention, (b) preparing a culture of tumor cells, wherein the tumor cells may be identical to those used in the isolation of the tumor-antigen expression down- regulating agent of (a), (c) contacting the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent of (a) and a putative inhibitory agent of the isolated tumor-antigen expression down- regulating agent of (a) with the culture cells of (b), (d) determining tumor-antigen expression in the culture cells, and (e) comparing the tumor-antigen expression determined in (d) with a control. Tumor cells and tumor-antigens expressed by the tumor cells are as described above.
In preferred embodiments the tumor cells are melanoma cells and the tumor-antigen is Melan- A/MART-1. In some embodiments, the control tumor-antigen expression is determined in the presence of an agent of (a) and in absence of the putative inhibitory agent of (a). According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for enhancing a melanoma-specific immune response in a subject with melanoma. The method involves administering to a subject in need of such treatment an isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively to: (i) a substantially pure organic agent, or (ii) a malignant melanoma cell isolate, either of which down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells, in an amount effective to inhibit down- regulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells and enhance a melanoma-specific immune response in the subject. In some embodiments, the isolated binding organic agent is at least one polypeptide. In important embodiments, the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M. Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises co-administering to the subject an anti-tumor agent other than the agents of the invention.
According to a further aspect, methods for preparing medicaments useful in enhancing a melanoma-specific immune response in a subject with melanoma, are also provided.
These and other aspects of the invention, as well as various advantages and utilities, will be more apparent with reference to the detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows graphs depicting Melan-A/MART-1 expression on different melanoma tumor lines and the differences culture density has on such expression: Fig. IA on MU-tumor; Fig. IB on MA-tumor; Fig.lC on MO-tumor: Fig. ID control, HLA-I expression on MU-tumor; Fig. IE control. HLA-A2 expression on MU-tumor.
Figure 2 shows graphs depicting the effect of MART- 1 /Melan- A expression on target cell recognition and lysis by TIL; Fig. 2A shows MU-TIL lysis of autologous MU-tumor; Fig. 2B shows MU-TIL lysis of Melan- A/MART- 1 -negative targets; and Fig. 2C shows anti-HLA- A2-specifιc lysis of targets. Brief Description of the Sequences
SEQ ID NO:l is the immunodominant amino acid sequence of the Melan-A/MART-1 peptide.
SEQ ID NO:2 is a melanocyte lineage-derived peptide for Tyrosinase. SEQ ID NO:3 is a melanocyte lineage-derived peptide for Tyrosinase. SEQ ID NO:4 is a melanocyte lineage-derived peptide for MAGE-3.
Detailed Description of the Invention
We describe herein, methods for identifying agents that modulate expression of tumor- associated antigens in tumor cells. We also describe herein, agents and pharmaceutical compositions containing such agents that modulate expression of tumor-associated antigens in tumor cells. The foregoing can be used, inter alia, in vivo or in vitro, for the purpose of inhibiting growth of a tumor having cells expressing tumor-associated antigens, and in a variety of screening assays in order to identify additional agents that modulate expression of tumor-associated antigens in tumor cells.
We have discovered, unexpectedly, that tumor cells which normally express or present TAAs (intracellularly or on their surface) "lose" (or down-modulate) such TAA expression/ presentation when cultured at high density. We also discovered, unexpectedly, that such TAA down-modulation is mediated through an agent secreted by the tumor cells (i.e.. autocrine secretion/down-modulation). The terms "down-modulation"' and "up-modulation" are used interchangeably with the terms "down-regulation" and "up-regulation," respectively, throughout this application.
"Down-modulating (down-regulating)," as used herein, refers to inhibition of tumor- antigen (or TAA) expression. Inhibition of tumor-antigen expression refers to inhibiting (i.e., reducing to a detectable extent) expression/presentation of the specific antigen intracellularly and/or at the surface of a tumor cell. Such inhibition of tumor-antigen expression can be directly determined by detecting a decrease in the level of mRNA for the gene encoding the antigen, or the level of peptide expression of the tumor-antigen, using any suitable means known to the art, such as nucleic acid hybridization or, preferably, antibody detection methods, respectively (see Examples). Inhibition of tumor-antigen expression can also be determined indirectly, for example, by detecting a change in tumor-cell lysis ability by TILs that specifically recognize the tumor-antigen.
The present invention relates in one aspect to a malignant melanoma cell isolate with Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-regulating activity. Therefore, in one important embodiment, the malignant melanoma cell isolate is useful in screening for binding agents that inhibit its activity. Inhibition of the isolate's activity is desirable in melanomas, where the proliferating cells secrete the isolate and down-modulate expression of the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen, to escape immune recognition, and continue to grow and expand. As used herein with respect to malignant melanoma cells, "isolate" means separated from the environment of the cells, such as a supernatant, a lysate. a fraction thereof, etc.
"Isolated" means separated from its native environment and present in sufficient quantity to permit its identification or use according to the invention. "Isolated", when referring to a protein or polypeptide. means, for example: (i) selectively produced by expression cloning, or
(ii) partially purified as by chromatography or electrophoresis. Isolated proteins or polypeptides may. but need not be. substantially pure. Because an isolated protein may be admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a pharmaceutical preparation, the protein may comprise only a small percentage by weight of the preparation. The protein is nonetheless isolated in that it has been separated from many of the substances with which it may be associated in living systems, i.e. isolated from certain other proteins.
In important embodiments of the present invention, the agent that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells, is a substantially pure, native, biological, organic agent. Preferably, the agent is heat sensitive at 80°C. proteinase K sensitive, and binds to and elutes-off blue- and/or Red Sepharose®. Preferably, the substantially pure organic agent is at least one polypeptide. In important embodiments, the at least one polypeptide with Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-regulating properties in malignant melanoma cells has a molecular weight between about 20kD and about 30 kD, and preferably at about 25kD. In further important embodiments, the agent that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells, is at least one. at least two. or at least three polypeptides. each polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin, and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
Oncostatin M is the subject of United States patent 5.618.715 to Shoyab et al., which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Stanniocalcin is the subject of United States patents 5.994,301, 5,877,290, and 5,837,498, and of WO 952441 1. all of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 is the subject of United States patents 5,849.875, 5,773,251, 5.576.294. 5.466.783. 5.106.833. and 4.966.852. all of which are expressly incoφorated herein by reference.
The malignant melanoma cell isolate can be obtained from a non-homogenous proteinaceous solution such as a cell culture supernatant or cell homogenate. Malignant melanoma cells can be isolated from a subject using a tumor biopsy, by disaggregating the biopsy sample, and forming cell suspensions. These malignant melanoma cell suspensions can be cultured according to standard cell culture techniques. In small scale, the cultures can be contained in culture plates, flasks, and dishes. In important embodiments, under standard culture conditions (e.g., on typical culture plates, flasks, and dishes that are 'static' -i.e. nonperfused), the culture conditions include a ratio of 5 x 106 cells/ml of medium. In larger
5 scale, the cultures can be contained in roller bottles, spinner flasks (i.e. 'nonstatic") and other large scale culture vessels such as fermenters. Culturing in a three-dimensional, porous, solid matrices, as well as constant perfusion of media conditions may also be used.
Conveniently, the malignant melanoma cell isolate can be obtained from the supernatants of the above-described cell cultures, although the entire culture can be in homogenized and subjected to the steps described below for isolation of a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells. Typically the supernatant is removed by aspiration or by centrifugation of the cell culture to remove the cells. The cultures can also be filtered to remove cells and cell debris. In important embodiments, the collected
15 supernatant is (in its entirety) the malignant melanoma cell isolate.
The malignant melanoma cell supernatant can be fractionated according to standard chromatographic procedures to facilitate further isolation of the desired agent. One of ordinary skill in the art will be familiar with such procedures that include, but are not limited to, size-exclusion chromatography, FPLC. HPLC, gel filtration chromatography, ion-exchange 0 chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, immune-affinity chromatography, electrophoresis. etc.
In preferred embodiments, the fractions of malignant melanoma cell isolate-containing supernatant then are used to down-regulate Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells. The down-regulating 5 activity of the fraction can be measured as described above, or according to the assays described in greater detail in the Examples. Other suitable methods will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be employed using routine experimentation.
The fractions which are positive for the malignant melanoma cell isolate can be subjected to additional rounds of screening using the foregoing methodology. The purity of o the fraction can be assessed after each round of culture stimulation by subjecting an aliquot of the fraction to SDS-PAGE or other analytical methods for visualizing the mixture of constituents in the fraction. The nature of the malignant melanoma cell isolate as a protein, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrate etc.. can be confirmed at any time by treating an aliquot of a positive fraction with non-specific degradative enzymes for the foregoing classes of molecules and testing the treated fraction in the same assays detailed above.
The malignant melanoma cell isolate can then be further purified for the active down- regulating agent, if desired, using immunological and molecular biological methods (see, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual J. Sambrook, et al.. eds.. Second Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989. or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel. et al., eds.. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York). For example, a fraction positive for one active agent (e.g., the agent that is heat sensitive at 80°C, proteinase K sensitive, binds to and elutes-off blue-Sepharose®. and has Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulating activity) which is sufficiently purified can be subjected to protein sequencing according to standard methods. For example, the fraction can be subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to a membrane such as polyvinylidene fluoride by electroblotting, and N-terminal amino sequence determined by Edman degradation, mass spectroscopy, etc. Any sequence information can be used to screen databases for homology to existing proteins and also to generate degenerate nucleic acids useful for screening a cDNA library by standard methods such as colony hybridization or polymerase chain reaction. Alternatively, the positive fraction can be used to generate antibodies which recognize the malignant melanoma cell isolate. Such antibodies can then be used in expression cloning protocols, Western blots, and other techniques useful in isolation of the malignant melanoma cell isolate. In the foregoing methods, any cDNA libraries, expression libraries, etc.. are preferably created from malignant melanoma cells.
In important embodiments, the malignant melanoma cell isolate, comprises at least one, at least two. or at least three polypeptides. each polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2. The invention also makes it possible to isolate agents which bind to the malignant melanoma cell isolate as disclosed herein, including antibodies and cellular binding partners of the malignant melanoma cell isolate, such as receptors or ligands. Once the malignant melanoma cell isolate or active agent with down-regulating activity is substantially pure, it can be used, for example, to generate polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies according to standard methods (see e.g., Harlow and Lane. eds.. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Press. Cold Spring Harbor. NY, 1988)
The organic agents which bind to the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate can be used, for example, in screening assays to detect the presence or absence of the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate and complexes of the active agents and their respective binding partners, and in purification protocols to isolate the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate. The binding organic agents also can be used to block the effects of the agent down-regulating TAA expression in malignant melanoma cells. The invention, therefore, embraces organic binding agents which, for example, can be antibodies or fragments of antibodies having the ability to selectively bind the active agent(s) in malignant melanoma cell isolates and inhibit the Melan-A/MART-1 expression down- modulating properties of the agent(s) in the isolate. In important embodiments, the organic binding agents are peptides. In further important embodiments, the peptide binding agents bind selectively to the ~25kD polypeptide with Melan-A/MART-1 expression down- modulating activity and inhibit down-modulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells, thereby allowing TILs and other cells of the immune system to recognize the malignant melanoma cells as foreign leading to their elimination. The organic binding peptides can be antibodies, including polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, prepared according to conventional methodology. In important embodiments, the organic binding peptides are antibodies that bind to one or more polypeptides. each polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin. and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
Anti-Oncostatin-M antibodies are known in the art. and include Mouse and Goat anti- human Oncostatin M from Research Diagnostics. Flanders. NJ.
Anti-stanniocalcin antibodies and methods of preparing such antibodies are known in the art, some of which are described in detail in United States patent 5.877.290 to Olsen.
Anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor antibodies are also known in the art. and include sheep anti-human Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor antibodies from Enzyme Research Laboratories. South Bend, IN.
Significantly, as is well-known in the art. only a small portion of an antibody molecule. the paratope. is involved in the binding of the antibody to its epitope (see. in general, Clark. W.R. (1986) The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York; Roitt. I. (1991) Essential Immunology. 7th Ed.. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford). The pFc" and Fc regions, for example, are effectors of the complement cascade but are not involved in antigen binding. An antibody from which the pFc' region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the pFc* region, designated an F(ab') fragment, retains both of the antigen binding sites of an intact antibody. Similarly, an antibody from which the Fc region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the Fc region, designated an Fab fragment, retains one of the antigen binding sites of an intact antibody molecule. Proceeding further. Fab fragments consist of a covalently bound antibody light chain and a portion of the antibody heavy chain denoted Fd.
The Fd fragments are the major determinant of antibody specificity (a single Fd fragment may be associated with up to ten different light chains without altering antibody specificity) and Fd fragments retain epitope-binding ability in isolation. Within the antigen-binding portion of an antibody, as is well-known in the art. there are complementarity determining regions (CDRs). which directly interact with the epitope of the antigen, and framework regions (FRs), which maintain the tertian' structure of the paratope (see. in general, Clark, 1986: Roitt. 1991). In both the heavy chain Fd fragment and the light chain of IgG immunoglobulins. there are four framework regions (FR1 through FR4) separated respectively by three complementarity determining regions (CDRl through CDR3). The CDRs. and in particular the CDR3 regions, and more particularly the heavy chain CDR3, are largely responsible for antibody specificity.
It is now well-established in the art that the non-CDR regions of a mammalian antibody may be replaced with similar regions of cospecific or heterospecific antibodies while retaining the epitopic specificity of the original antibody. This is most clearly manifested in the development and use of "humanized" antibodies in which non-human CDRs are covalently joined to human FR and/or Fc/pFc" regions to produce a functional antibody. Thus, for example. PCT International Publication Number WO 92/04381 teaches the production and use of humanized murine RSV antibodies in which at least a portion of the murine FR regions have been replaced by FR regions of human origin. Such antibodies, including fragments of intact antibodies with antigen-binding ability, are often referred to as "chimeric" antibodies.
Thus, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. the present invention also provides for F(ab')2, Fab, Fv and Fd fragments: chimeric antibodies in which the Fc and/or FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences: chimeric F(ab")2 fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences: chimeric Fab fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences: and chimeric Fd fragment antibodies in which the FR and or CDRl and/or CDR2 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non- human sequences. The present invention also includes so-called single chain antibodies.
Thus, the invention involves polypeptides of numerous size and type that bind specifically to the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate, and complexes of both the active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate and its binding partners. These specifically binding polypeptides may be derived also from sources other than antibody technology. For example, such polypeptide binding agents can be provided by degenerate peptide libraries which can be readily prepared in solution, in immobilized form or as phage display libraries. Combinatorial libraries also can be synthesized of peptides containing one or
. more amino acids. Libraries further can be synthesized of peptides and non-peptide synthetic moieties.
As detailed herein, the foregoing antibodies and other binding molecules may be used for example to identify tissues expressing protein or to purify protein. Antibodies also may be coupled to specific diagnostic labeling agents for imaging of cells and tissues that express the
10 active agent in the malignant melanoma cell isolate.
The agent which is a tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent is an agent present in a tumor cell culture supernatant, tumor cell eluate. and/or tumor cell lysate. The tumor cell may be of a cancer or tumor type thought to escape immune recognition. Such cancers or tumors may be of the folowing origin: biliary tract cancer; brain cancer, including
15 glioblastomas and medulloblastomas; breast cancer; cervical carcinoma: choriocarcinoma; colon cancer; endometrial cancer; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer: hematological neoplasms, including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia; multiple myeloma; AIDS associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma: intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen's disease and Paget's disease; liver cancer; lung cancer: lymphomas,
2o including Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic lymphomas; neuroblastomas; oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma: ovarian cancer, including those arising from epithelial cells, stromal cells, germ cells and mesenchymal cells: pancreas cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer: sarcomas, including leiomvosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma. liposarcoma. fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma; skin cancer, including melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, basocellular cancer
25 and squamous cell cancer; testicular cancer, including germinal tumors (seminoma, non- seminoma[teratomas. choriocarcinomas]). stromal tumors and germ cell tumors; thyroid cancer, including thyroid adenocarcinoma and medullar carcinoma; and renal cancer including adenocarcinoma and Wilms tumor. In certain embodiments, the tumor-antigen can be Melan- A/MART-1. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), adenosine deaminase-binding protein in (ADAbp), cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)-C017-1A/GA733, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2. etv6, amll. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1. PSA-2, and PSA-3. prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain, MAGE- family of tumor antigens. GAGE- 1.2. BAGE, RAGE. GnT-N, MUM-1. CDK4. tyrosinase, p53, MUC family, HER2/neu. p21ras. RCAS l . α-fetoprotein. E-cadherin. α-catenin. β-catenin and γ-catenin. pl20ctn, gpl 00Pme" 17, PRAME, NY-ESO-1. cdc27. adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC). fodrin. Smad family of tumor antigens, lmp- 1 , EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA)-l , or c-erbB-2. In any of the foregoing embodiments the fraction from the plurality of fractions can be undiluted or concentrated.
In important embodiments, cancers or tumors escaping immune recognition and tumor- antigens associated with such tumors (but not exclusively), include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (etv6; amll ; cyclophilin b), glioma (E-cadherin; α-catenin; β-catenin; γ-catenin: pl20ctn), bladder cancer (p21ras), billiary cancer (p21ras), breast cancer (MUC family;
10 HER2/neu; c-erbB-2), cervical carcinoma (p53; p21 ras). colon carcinoma (p21ras: HER2/neu; c-erbB-2; MUC family), colorectal cancer (Colorectal associated antigen (CR --C017- 1A/GA733; APC), choriocarcinoma (CEA), epithelial cell-cancer (cyclophilin b). gastric cancer (HER2/neu: c-erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein), hepatocellular cancer ( α-fetoprotein), hodgkins lymphoma (lmp- 1 ; EBNA-1 ), lung cancer (CEA; MAGE-3; NY-ESO- 1 ), lymphoid
15 cell-derived leukemia (cyclophilin b), myeloma (MUC family; p21ras), non-small cell lung carcinoma (HER2/neu: c-erbB-2). nasopharyngeal cancer (lmp-1 ; EBNA- 1 ). ovarian cancer cancer (MUC family; HER2/neu; c-erbB-2), prostate cancer (Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1 , PSA-2, and PSA-3; PSMA; HER2/neu: c-erbB-2), pancreatic cancer (p21ras; MUC family; HER2/neu; c-erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein). renal
20 (HER2/neu; c-erbB-2), testicular cancer (NY-ESO-1 ), T cell leukemia (HTLV- 1 epitopes), and melanoma (Melan-A/MART-1 ; cdc27; MAGE-3; p21ras; gpl00Pmel 1 17). Given the teachings of the present invention, a person of ordinary skill in the art can easily identify such tumor -antigens and apply the methods of the invention to identify agents which modulate expression of such antigens.
_\ϊ As used herein, a subject is a human, non-human primate, cow. horse, pig. sheep, goat, dog, cat or rodent. In all embodiments, human subjects are preferred.
When used therapeutically, the isolated Melan-A/MART- 1 expression down- modulation inhibitors of the invention are administered in therapeutically effective amounts. In general, a therapeutically effective amount means that amount necessary to delay the onset
3o of, inhibit the progression of, or halt altogether the particular condition being treated. Generally, a therapeutically effective amount will vary with the subject's age. condition, and sex. as well as the nature and extent of the disease in the subject, all of which can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The dosage may be adjusted by the individual physician or veterinarian, particularly in the event of any complication. A therapeutically effective amount typically varies from 0.01 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg. preferably from about
0.1 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, and most preferably from about 0.2 mg//kg to about 20 mg/kg, in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or more days.
The therapeutically effective amount of the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitors of the invention is that amount effective to inhibit Melan- A/MART-1 antigen expression down-modulation, and can be determined using, for example, standard tests known in the art. For example, a direct way to measure tumor-antigen (e.g., Melan-A/MART-1) expression the tumor cell (e.g.. melanoma) is to use antibodies specific for the tumor-antigen and a number of immunocyto- and immunohisto- chemical protocols well known in the art. Antibodies specific for the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen, for example, are fully described in U.S. Patent 5,674,749 to Chen et al, entitled: "Monoclonal antibodies which bind to tumor rejection antigen precursor Melan-A. and uses thereof."
Additionally, the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitors of the invention (i.e.. tumor-antigen(TAA) expression upregulating molecules of the invention) may be co-administered with an anti-cancer agent other than an agent of the invention (e.g., other than an isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor), that can act cooperatively, additively or synergistically with an agent of the invention, for treating or preventing cancers that express (and. it is believed, through autocrine secretions down-modulate) tumor-antigens. The term "co-administered." means administered substantially simultaneously with another agent (e.g., in different or same compositions/formulations). By substantially simultaneously, it is meant that a Melan- A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor of the invention is administered to the subject close enough in time with the administration of the other agent (e.g., an anti-cancer agent) whereby the two agents may exert an additive or even synergistic effect to upregulate Melan-A/MART-1 expression and inhibit growth and/or proliferation of the cancer.
Anti-cancer agents other than agents of the invention include, but are not limited to: Acivicin: Aclarubicin: Acodazole Hydrochloride; Acronine; Adozelesin; Aldesleukin: Altretamine; Ambomycin; Ametantrone Acetate: Aminoglutethimide: Amsacrine: Anastrozole; Anthramycin; Asparaginase; Asperlin; Azacitidine: Azetepa: Azotomycin: Batimastat; Benzodepa: Bicalutamide; Bisantrene Hydrochloride: Bisnafide Dimesylate: Bizelesin; Bleomycin Sulfate: Brequinar Sodium: Bropirimine; Busulfan: Cactinomycin; Calusterone; Caracemide; Carbetimer; Carboplatin: Carmustine: Carubicin Hydrochloride; Carzelesin; Cedefmgol: Chlorambucil; Cirolemycin: Cisplatin; Cladribine; Crisnatol Mesylate; Cyclophosphamide: Cytarabine; Dacarbazine: Dactinomycin; Daunorubicin Hydrochloride: Decitabine: Dexormaplatin; Dezaguanine; Dezaguanine Mesylate: Diaziquone: Docetaxel:
Doxorubicin; Doxorubicin Hydrochloride; Droloxifene; Droloxifene Citrate: Dromostanolone
Propionate: Duazomycin; Edatrexate; Eflornithine Hydrochloride: Elsamitrucin Enloplatin:
Enpromate: Epipropidine; Epirubicin Hydrochloride; Erbulozole; Esorubicin Hydrochloride;
Estramustine; Estramustine Phosphate Sodium; Etanidazole: Etoposide; Etoposide Phosphate:
Etoprine: Fadrozole Hydrochloride; Fazarabine: Fenretinide: Floxuridine; Fludarabine
Phosphate; Fluorouracil; Flurocitabine; Fosquidone; Fostriecin Sodium; Gemcitabine;
Gemcitabine Hydrochloride; Hydroxyurea; Idarubicin Hydrochloride: Ifosfamide; Ilmofosine;
Interferon Alfa-2a: Interferon Alfa-2b; Interferon Alfa-nl ; Interferon Alfa-n3: Interferon Beta-I a; Interferon Gamma-I b: Iproplatin: Irinotecan Hydrochloride: Lanreotide Acetate; Letrozole: Leuprolide Acetate: Liarozole Hydrochloride; Lometrexol Sodium; Lomustine; Losoxantrone Hydrochloride; Masoprocol: Maytansine; Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride; Megestrol Acetate: Melengestrol Acetate: Melphalan: Menogaril: Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate: Methotrexate Sodium; Metoprine: Meturedepa; Mitindomide; Mitocarcin; Mitocromin: Mitogillin; Mitomalcin; Mitomycin; Mitosper; Mitotane; Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride: Mycophenolic Acid; Nocodazole; Nogalamycin: Ormaplatin: Oxisuran: Paclitaxel: Pegaspargase; Peliomycin; Pentamustine; Peplomycin Sulfate; Perfosfamide; Pipobroman; Piposulfan; Piroxantrone Hydrochloride; Plicamycin; Plomestane: Podofilox; Porfimer Sodium; Porfiromycin; Prednimustine: Procarbazine Hydrochloride: Puromycin; Puromycin Hydrochloride; Pyrazofurin; Riboprine; Rogletimide; Safingol: Safmgol Hydrochloride: Semustine; Simtrazene; Sparfosate Sodium; Sparsomycin: Spirogermanium Hydrochloride: Spiromustine: Spiroplatin: Streptonigrin; Streptozocin Sulofenur; Talisomycin; Taxotere; Tecogalan Sodium: Tegafur; Teloxantrone Hydrochloride; Temoporfin; Teniposide: Teroxirone; Testolactone; Thiamiprine: Thioguanine: Thiotepa; Tiazofurin: Tirapazamine: Topotecan Hydrochloride; Toremifene Citrate: Trestolone Acetate; Triciribine Phosphate; Trimetrexate; Trimetrexate Glucuronate: Triptorelin: Tubulozole Hydrochloride; Uracil Mustard: Uredepa; Vapreotide; Verteporfin; Vinblastine Sulfate; Vincristine Sulfate; Vindesine; Vindesine Sulfate: Vinepidine Sulfate; Vinglycinate Sulfate; Vinleurosine Sulfate; Vinorelbine Tartrate; Vinrosidine Sulfate; Vinzolidine Sulfate; Vorozole: Zeniplatin Zinostatin: Zorubicin Hydrochloride.
The above-described drug therapies are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and are administered by modes known to those of skill in the art. The drug therapies are administered in amounts which are effective to achieve the physiological goals in combination with the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitors of the invention. An isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor (tumor-antigen
(TAA) expression upregulating molecule) may be administered alone or in combination with the above-described drug therapies as part of a pharmaceutical composition. Such a pharmaceutical composition may include the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down- modulation inhibitor in combination with any standard physiologically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers which are known in the art. The compositions can be sterile and contain a therapeutically effective amount of the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a patient. The term "pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier" as used herein means one or more compatible solid or liquid filler, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration into a human or other animal. The term "carrier" denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application. The components of the pharmaceutical compositions also are capable of being co-mingled with the molecules of the present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy. Pharmaceutically acceptable further means a non-toxic material that is compatible with a biological system such as a cell, cell culture, tissue, or organism. The characteristics of the carrier will depend on the route of administration. Physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials which are well known in the art.
A variety of administration routes are available. The particular mode selected will depend, of course, upon the particular drug selected, the severity of the condition being treated, and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy. The methods of the invention, generally speaking, may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of the active compounds without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects. Such modes of administration include oral, rectal, topical, nasal, intradermal. or parenteral routes. The term "parenteral" includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or infusion. Intravenous or intramuscular routes are not particularly suitable for long-term therapy and prophylaxis. They could, however, be preferred in emergency situations. Oral administration will be preferred for prophylactic treatment because of the convenience to the patient as well as the dosing schedule.
Compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous preparation of the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor, which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient. This aqueous preparation may be formulated according to known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation also may be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1.3-butane diol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water. Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition. sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may be used in the preparation of injectables. Carrier formulations suitable for oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. administrations can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mack Publishing Co.. Easton, PA.
The pharmaceutical compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the isolated Melan- A/MART- 1 expression down-modulation inhibitor. Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir or an emulsion.
Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the isolated Melan- A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitors described above, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician. Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include the above-described polymeric systems, as well as polymer base systems such as poly(lactide-glycolide). copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and polyanhydrides. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing drugs are described in. for example. U.S. Patent 5.075.109. Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are: lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono- di- and tri-glycerides: hydrogel release systems; sylastic systems: peptide based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; partially fused implants: and the like. Specific examples include, but are not limited to: (a) erosional systems in which the isolated Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulation inhibitor is contained in a form within a matrix such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,452,775.
4,675.189, and 5,736,152, and (b) diffusional systems in which an active component permeates at a controlled rate from a polymer such as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,854,480,
5,133,974 and 5,407,686. In addition, pump-based hardware delivery systems can be used, some of which are adapted for implantation.
Use of a long-term sustained release implant may be particularly suitable for treatment of chronic conditions. Long-term release, are used herein, means that the implant is constructed and arranged to delivery therapeutic levels of the active ingredient for at least 30 days, and preferably 60 days. Long-term sustained release implants are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art and include some of the release systems described above.
The invention also embraces methods for isolating tumor cell-derived tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agents. A method according to this aspect of the invention typically involves: (a) preparing a culture of tumor cells that have down-regulated tumor- antigen expression, (b) isolating a supernatant or cell isolate suspected of containing a tumor- antigen expression down-regulating agent from the culture of tumor cells that have down- regulated tumor-antigen expression, (c) fractionating the supernatant or cell isolate into a plurality of fractions, (d) contacting a fraction from the plurality of fractions with a tumor- antigen expressing tumor cell, (e) measuring tumor-antigen expression on the tumor-antigen expressing cell, and (f) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is down-regulated as a result of such contacting, for example, by comparison to a control. Typically, the tumor-antigen expressing cells contacted in step (d) with the supernatants (cell isolates, or fractions thereof) of the cultures of tumor cells that have down-regulated tumor- antigen expression cells of step (a), are of the same origin (i.e.. patient/tissue/cell line source) with the tumor cells that have down-regulated tumor-antigen expression cells of step (a), the only difference being that the tumor-antigen expressing cells still express the tumor-antigen. In some embodiments, the origin of the tumor cells may be of: biliary tract cancer; brain cancer, including glioblastomas and medulloblastomas: breast cancer; cervical carcinoma; choriocarcinoma: colon cancer; endometrial cancer: esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; hematological neoplasms, including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia: multiple myeloma; AIDS associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma: intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen's disease and Paget's disease: liver cancer: lung cancer: lymphomas. including Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic lymphomas: neuroblastomas; oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma; ovarian cancer, including those arising from epithelial cells, stromal cells, germ cells and mesenchymal cells; pancreas cancer: prostate cancer; rectal cancer: sarcomas, including leiomvosarcoma. rhabdomyosarcoma. liposarcoma. fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma; skin cancer, including melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, basocellular cancer and squamous cell cancer; testicular cancer, including germinal tumors (seminoma. non-seminoma[teratomas. choriocarcinomas]), stromal tumors and germ cell tumors: thyroid cancer, including thyroid adenocarcinoma and medullar carcinoma: and renal cancer including adenocarcinoma and Wilms tumor. In certain embodiments, the tumor- antigen can be Melan-A/MART-1, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), adenosine deaminase- binding protein (ADAbp), cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— C017- 1A/GA733. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2, etv6. amll, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1, PSA-2, and PSA-3, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain. MAGE-family of tumor antigens. GAGE- 1.2. BAGE. RAGE. GnT-V. MUM-1, CDK4. tyrosinase. p53, MUC family, HER2/neu, p21ras, RCASl, α-fetoprotein. E-cadherin. α- catenin, β-catenin and γ-catenin, pl20ctn. gpl00Pmel 117, PRAME, NY-ESO-1, cdc27. adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), fodrin, Smad family of tumor antigens, lmp-1, EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA)-l, or c-erbB-2. In any of the foregoing embodiments the fraction from the plurality of fractions can be undiluted or concentrated.
In important embodiments, cancers or tumors escaping immune recognition and tumor- antigens associated with such tumors (but not exclusively), include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (etvό: amll: cyclophilin b), glioma (E-cadherin; α-catenin; β-catenin: γ-catenin; pl20ctn). bladder cancer (p21ras), billiary cancer (p21ras). breast cancer (MUC family: HER2/neu: c-erbB-2). cervical carcinoma (p53; p21ras). colon carcinoma (p21ras: HER2/neu: c-erbB-2; MUC family), colorectal cancer (Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— CO 17- 1A/GA733; APC), choriocarcinoma (CEA), epithelial cell-cancer (cyclophilin b), gastric cancer (HER2/neu; c-erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein), hepatocellular cancer (α-fetoprotein). hodgkins lymphoma (lmp-1 ; EBNA-1). lung cancer (CEA; MAGE-3; NY-ESO-1). lymphoid cell-derived leukemia (cyclophilin b), myeloma (MUC family; p21ras). non-small cell lung carcinoma (HER2/neu: c-erbB-2), nasopharyngeal cancer (lmp-1 : EBNA-1). ovarian cancer cancer (MUC family: HER2/neu; c-erbB-2). prostate cancer (Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1. PSA-2. and PSA-3; PSMA: HER2/neu: c-erbB-2). pancreatic cancer (p21ras; MUC family: HER2/neu; c-erbB-2; ga733 glycoprotein). renal (HER2/neu: c-erbB-2), testicular cancer (NY-ESO-1). T cell leukemia (HTLV-1 epitopes). and melanoma (Melan-A/MART-1: cdc27: MAGE-3; p21ras; gpl00Pmel 1 17). In any of the foregoing embodiments the fraction from the plurality of fractions can be undiluted or concentrated.
The tumor cell isolate can be obtained from a non-homogenous proteinaceous solution such as a cell culture supernatant or a cell homogenate. Tumor cells can be isolated from a subject using a tumor biopsy, by disaggregating the biopsy sample, and forming cell suspensions. These tumor cell suspensions can be cultured according to standard cell culture techniques. In small scale, the cultures can be contained in culture plates, flasks, and dishes.
Under standard culture conditions (e.g.. on typical culture plates, flasks, and dishes that are
'static' -i.e. nonperfused and/or non oving), a ratio of 5 x 10 cells/ml of medium is typically sufficient to yield an active agent according to the invention, enough so that its effects could be demonstrated. The foregoing "typical" ratio of cells/ml of medium can of course vary according to the cell type, the stage of the tumor, etc., and a person of ordinary skill in the art can easily determine the optimal culture conditions on a per individual cell type basis utilizing routine experimentation. Such conditions will also vary when larger scale cell cultures are employed (e.g., use of roller bottles, spinner flasks, fermenters, three-dimensional, porous, solid matrices, as well as constant perfusion of media conditions).
Conveniently, the tumor cell isolate can be obtained from the supernatants of the above-described cell cultures [i.e.. of the cultured cells of step (a)], although the entire culture can be homogenized and subjected to the steps described below for isolation of a tumor cell isolate that down-regulates tumor-antigen expression when contacted with tumor cells that express a tumor antigen. Typically the supernatant is removed by aspiration or by centrifugation of the cell culture to remove the cells. The cultures can also be filtered to remove cells and cell debris. In important embodiments, the collected supernatant is (in its entirety) the tumor cell isolate. The tumor cell supernatant can be fractionated according to standard chromatographic procedures to facilitate further isolation of the desired agent. One of ordinary skill in the art will be familiar with such procedures that include, but are not limited to. size-exclusion chromatography. FPLC, HPLC, gel filtration chromatography. ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, immune-affinity chromatography. etc. In prefened embodiments, the fractions of tumor cell isolate-containing supernatant then are used to down-regulate tumor-antigen expression in tumor cells when contacted with the tumor cells. The down-regulating activity of the fraction can be measured according to assays described elsewhere herein. Other suitable methods will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be employed using routine experimentation. Determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is down-regulated as a result of such contacting, is facilitated by comparison to a control. Typical controls include identically isolated and cultured cells, with the exception that the supernatant medium in the control cultures is removed at regular intervals during the culture period (e.g. every 2-6 hours), being replaced with fresh culture medium. This media change effectively eliminates any down-regulatory effects a control-tumor cell isolate may exert on the control-tumor cell tumor-antigen expression.
The fractions which are positive for the tumor cell isolate can be subjected to additional rounds of screening using the foregoing methodology. The purity of the fraction can be assessed after each round of culture stimulation by subjecting an aliquot of the fraction to SDS-PAGE or other analytical methods for visualizing the mixture of constituents in the fraction. The nature of the tumor cell isolate as a protein, nucleic acid, lipid. carbohydrate etc., can be confirmed at any time by treating an aliquot of a positive fraction with nonspecific degradative enzymes for the foregoing classes of molecules and testing the treated fraction in the same assays detailed above. The tumor cell isolate can then be further purified for the active down-regulating agent, if desired, using immunological and molecular biological methods (.see, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. New York. 1989. or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel, et al.. eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York).
The invention in a further aspect provides a method of screening for tumor-antigen expression modulating agents. The method involves (a) contacting an agent suspected of being a tumor antigen expression modulating agent with a tumor-antigen expressing tumor cell, (b) measuring tumor-antigen expression of the tumor cell, and (c) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is modulated as a result of such contacting, for example, by comparison to a control. Both up-modulating and down-modulating agents can be identified using such methods. Tumor cells and tumor-antigens expressed by the tumor cells are as described above. In some embodiments, the agent suspected of being a tumor- antigen expression modulating agent is an agent present in a tumor cell-culture supernatant. tumor cell eluate. or tumor cell lysate.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for isolating an agent that up-regulates tumor-antigen expression. The method involves (a) providing a tumor- antigen expression down-regulating agent which may be isolated according to any of the foregoing methods of the invention, (b) preparing a culture of tumor cells, wherein the tumor cells may be identical (as to the patient/tissue/cell line source) to those used in the isolation of the tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent which may be isolated according to any of the foregoing methods of the invention, (c) contacting the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent and its putative inhibitory agent with the culture cells of step (b), (d) determining tumor-antigen expression in the culture cells, and (e) comparing the tumor- antigen expression determined in (d) with a control. Tumor cells and tumor-antigens expressed by the tumor cells are as described above. In preferred embodiments the tumor cells are melanoma cells and the tumor-antigen is Melan-A/MART-1. In some embodiments, the control tumor-antigen expression is determined in the presence of an agent of (a) and in absence of the putative inhibitory agent of (a). Controls typically include cultures similar to the foregoing control cultures described earlier.
As described in the foregoing paragraph, the method involves contacting the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent and its putative inhibitory agent with a culture of tumor cells, wherein the tumor cells may be identical (as to the patient/tissue/cell line source) to those used in the isolation of the tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent. Typically, a plurality of cultures are run in parallel, each culture containing different concentrations of the putative inhibitory agent in order to obtain a different level of tumor- antigen expression. Typically, one of these concentrations serves as a negative control, i.e.. at zero concentration of agent or at a concentration of agent below the limits of assay detection. Putative inhibitory agents encompass numerous chemical classes, although typically they are organic compounds. In certain embodiments, the putative inhibitory agents are small organic compounds, i.e.. those having a molecular weight of more than 50 yet less than about 2500. preferably less than about 1000 and. more preferably, less than about 500. Putative inhibitory agents comprise functional chemical groups necessary for structural interactions with polypeptides and/or nucleic acids, and typically include at least an amine. carbonyl, hydroxyl or carboxyl group, preferably at least two of the functional chemical groups and more preferably at least three of the functional chemical groups. The putative inhibitory agents can comprise cyclic carbon or heterocyclic structure and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above-identified functional groups. Putative inhibitory agents also can be biomolecules such as peptides. saccharides. fatty acids, sterols, isoprenoids. purines, pyrimidines. derivatives or structural analogs of the above, or combinations thereof and the like. In some embodiments, the putative inhibitory agents are polypeptides that bind the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent (e.g.. antibodies). Where the agent is a nucleic acid, the agent typically is a DNA or RNA molecule, although modified nucleic acids as defined herein are also contemplated.
Putative inhibitory agents are obtained from a wide variety of sources including libraries of synthetic or natural compounds. For example, numerous means are available for random and directed synthesis of a wide variety of organic compounds and biomolecules, including expression of randomized oligonucleotides, synthetic organic combinatorial libraries, phage display libraries of random peptides, and the like. Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animal extracts are available or readily produced. Additionally, natural and synthetically produced libraries and compounds can be readily be modified through conventional chemical, physical, and biochemical means. Further, known pharmacological agents may be subjected to directed or random chemical modifications such as acylation. alkylation. esterification. amidification. etc. to produce structural analogs of the agents.
A variety of other reagents also can be included in the culture media. These include reagents such as neutral proteins (e.g., albumin), etc., which may be used to facilitate optimal protein-protein and/or protein-nucleic acid binding. Such a reagent may also reduce nonspecific or background interactions of the reaction components. Other reagents that improve the efficiency of the culture assay such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, and the like may also be used, provided that the reagents do not adversely affect the growth of the cells in the culture.
The order of addition of components, incubation temperature, time of incubation, and other parameters of the assay may be readily determined. Such experimentation merely involves optimization of the assay parameters, not the fundamental composition of the assay. Preferably, the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent and its putative inhibitory agent may be contacted together prior to their addition to the cell culture. Under such circumstances, incubation temperatures typically are between 4°C and 40°C. Incubation times preferably are minimized to facilitate rapid, high throughput screening, and typically are between 0.1 and 10 hours. After incubation, the isolated tumor-antigen expression down- regulating agent and its putative inhibitory agent are added to the tumor cell culture and after further incubation at cell culture conditions (typically between 1 and 48 hours), tumor-antigen expression is detected by any convenient method available to the user, supra.
The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following examples. These examples, however, are merely intended to illustrate the embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed to limit the scope of the invention. Examples
Experimental procedures Materials and Methods
Tumor and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL)
Melanomas and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from the melanoma tissues were obtained according to approved Massachusetts General Hospital guidelines, and propagated in vitro as previously described (Hishii M. et al.. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 1378- 1383). Briefly, tumors were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS, and in TIL were propagated in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% Human Serum containing recombinant human IL-2 at 100 Units/ml (Cetus, Emoryville. CA). TIL clones were isolated by limiting dilution as previously described (Hishii M, et al., id). Briefly. TIL were cloned by limiting dilution using irradiated mononuclear feeder cells together with PHA as a polyclonal stimulus as previously described. Limiting dilution was performed on TIL which had been in
15 culture for two weeks prior to cloning. A minimum of 5 x 10 cells were utilized for functional assays and PCR analyses.
Tumor cell lines MU, MO, MA and EW were obtained from cutaneous metastatic melanoma deposits and some (MU, MO and MA), were previously described (Pandolfi F, et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol 1994, 95:141-7; Pandolfi F, et al., Cancer Res, 1991, 51:3164-3170). 0 Melan-A/MART-1 negative variant MU-X were obtained by culture of MU tumor cells at high density (>5xl0 cells/ml) for several days prior to immunoselection with anti-Melan- A/MART-1 specific TIL. After 1 week of co-culture of tumor and lymphocytes in the presence of recombinant human IL-2, the tumor cells which propagate were collected and maintained in culture in the absence of T cells. The melanoma origin of the lines was 5 confirmed using antibodies to melanoma-associated antigen S-100 and HMB-45 (Ordonez N, et al.. Am J Clin Pathol, 1988. 90:385-90). Both MU and MA tumor s expressed HLA-A2; MU tumor cells were also HLA-A1 positive. MO tumor was derived from a patient whose leukocytes expressed HLA-A2. while MO tumor cells did not express this class I MHC antigen. Tumor cells were cultured either in DMEM supplemented with 10% human serum π (MU). or in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% human serum (MA and MO). Expression of Melan- A/ MART- 1 by tumor cells
To evaluate the expression of Melan-A/MART-1 antigen in the cytoplasm of melanoma tumor cell lines, the cells were first fixed for lOmin in 1% paraformaldehyde, followed by 5min in 0.1% saponin prior to addition of monoclonal antibody specific for 5 Melan-A/MART-1, A-103, (Castelli C. et al. J Exp Med. 1995. 181:363-8)(a kind gift of E. Stockert and L. Old. Ludwig Institute. New York. NY) for 45min at 22°C. Following two washes, the cells were stained for 30min with FITC-conjugated goat-anti-mouse Ig antibody (DAKO. Carpenteria. CA) prior to fixation in 1% paraformaldehyde and analysis by flow cytometry (FACScan, Becton-Dickinson. Mt. View, CA). Histograms of fluorescence staining were generated for comparison of anti-Melan-A MART-1 staining of various cell populations. Mean channel fluorescence was calculated using the "Consort 30" software provided by the manufacturer. Generation of Conditioned Medium
Conditioned medium from melanoma tumor lines were generated by culturing cells at
5 a starting concentration of 5 x 10 cells/ml in DMEM medium supplemented with between 1 and 10% FBS. Supernatants were collected after 72 hours by centrifugation of the cell cultures and filtration of the medium through a 0.2 micron filter (Millipore. Bedford. MA). Conditioned medium containing 1% FBS was concentrated between 10 and 20 fold by collecting the retentate from a nominal 30kD YM membrane (Centriprep. Millipore. Bedford, MA).
Cytotoxicity Assays
TIL were assayed for the ability to lyse melanoma target cells in 4 hour Cr-release assays as previously described (Hishii M, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94:1378- 1383). The melanoma target cells with high constitutive expression of Melan-A/MART-1 were generated by low density culture (1-2 x 10 /ml) were compared with respect to their susceptibility to cytolysis with the same cells cultured for 3 to 6 days in the presence of conditioned medium from the Melan-A/MART-1 negative variant, MU-X. to derive target cells with low Melan-A/MART-1 expression. Low Melan-A/MART-1 expressing cells were further assayed after pulsing with Melan-A/MART-1 peptide 27-35, (AAGIGILTV, SEQ ID NO:l)( Boon T. et al., Ann Rev Immunol, 1994. 12:337-65: Sensi M. et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995, 92:5674-8: Mackensen A, et al, Cancer Res. 1993. 53:3569-73; Peoples G. et al., J Immunol 1993, 151:5472-80), by culturing these target cells at 37° for 2 hours in 1 ml of
5 1 medium containing 5μg of peptide prior to labeling with Cr for use in cytolytic assays to demonstrate renewed susceptibility to specific T cell recognition (essentially as previously described in Kurnick J. et al.. Clin Immunol lmmunopathol 1986. 38:367-380).
In further instances, bulk and cloned TIL progeny was also assayed against autologous tumor (MU). allogeneic melanomas, as well as NK (K562) and LAK (Daudi), and EBV- transformed B lymphocyte targets: EBV-3 (HLA-A1. B8. DR3). EBV-19 (HLA-A2. B18. 51
DR5), using the foregoing Cr-release assay. Pulsing included the following melanocyte lineage-derived peptides: Tyrosinase (Rivoltini, L.. et al., J. Immunol, 1995, 154:2257-2265): MLLAVLYCL (SEQ ID NO:2) or YM GTMSQV(SEQ ID NO:3). MAGE-3 (Gaugler B. et a\., J Exp Med, 1994, 179:921-30): EVDPIGHLY (SEQ ID NO:4). Clones were screened for cytotoxic activity at effector to target ratios of 50: 1 and below. Example 1 : Melanoma-Antigen Recognition by Tumor Infiltrating T Lymphocytes (TIL):
Effect of Differential Expression of Melan-A/MART-1 Results Phenotype and Function of TIL Bulk and Clones:
The IL-2 responding TIL propagated from patient MU were over 98% CD3+, CD8+, (CD4-) T cells expressing the αβ TCR. As previously reported (Pandolfi F. et al., Clin. Exp.
Immunol 1994, 95: 141-7). strong cytotoxic activity was noted, when tested in a Cr-release assay against the autologous MU-melanoma tumor cell line. This Bulk TIL line showed minimal NK or LAK activity, as it was only weakly lytic to K562 or Daudi target cells (18, Pandolfi F, et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol 1994, 95: 141-7; Pandolfi F, et al., Cancer Res, 1991, 51:3164-3170). The ability of Bulk MU-TIL to lyse autologous tumor targets was blocked by antibodies to HLA-Class I antigens (W6/32). Furthermore, the TIL did not lyse the EBV- transformed B cell lines, EBV-3 or EBV-19.
From limiting dilution of the Bulk culture (MU-TIL), a total of 145 MU-TIL clones were isolated as previously described (Pandolfi F, et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol 1994. 95: 141-7). As summarized in Table 1. for further analysis we selected 8 of the clones which showed consistent anti-tumor cytotoxicity (at <25:1 effector to target ratio), without NK activity.
Table 1. Summary of Functional Activities and TCR Usage By MU-TIL Clones
Figure imgf000029_0001
Figure imgf000029_0002
Figure imgf000029_0003
Figure imgf000029_0004
Figure imgf000030_0001
Figure imgf000030_0002
B. Tumour target lysis is shown a follows: <10% specific lysis: -; 10-20%: + : 20-40%: ++ ;
C. 40-60%: +++ ; 60-80%: ++++ ; >80%: ++++^ .
5 Peptide-Specificity of MU-TIL:
The Bulk-MU culture and clones MU-45. MU-57, MU-63, MU-79 and MU-1 15 showed strong reactivity against EBV-19 targets pulsed with Melan- A/MART- 1 peptide (AAGIGILTV, SEQ ID NO: l). Two additional clones (MU-10 and MU-58) failed to lyse these EBV-targets pulsed with the Melan-A/MART-1. None of the T cells lysed the EBV ID targets alone, or these targets pulsed with tyrosinase or MAGE 3 peptides. One of the clones. MU-9, which lysed autologous melanoma targets could not be recovered from the freezer for testing for fine specificity with the melanoma peptides. although its TCR was identical to MU- 1 15, indicating that MU-9 was also likely to be Melan-A/MART-1 peptide specific. As noted, clones MU-45, MU-63 and MU-79 were identical to one another as determined by TCR gene is sequencing.
Modulation of Melan-A/MART-1 on Melanoma Cell Lines:
The ability of the Bulk MU-TIL and MU-TIL clones to lyse MU tumor targets varied considerably over time; particularly when tumor cells were grown for protracted periods of time in the same culture vessel without trypsinization of strongly adherent cells. The ability of o the TIL to lyse such tumor targets was notably diminished. We therefore tested the tumor cells for the presence of both the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen, (the target antigen for six of the clones), and HLA-class I antigen required for peptide antigen presentation.
As shown in Figures 1 and 2. the intensity of intracytoplasmic Melan-A/MART-1 antigen expression in tumor cells varied widely, depending on in vitro culture conditions. The 5 ability of TIL to lyse the tumor cells was diminished in direct proportion to the intensity of cy oplasmic Melan-A/MART-1 expression (Figure 2).
As shown in Figure IA, when the MU tumor cells were cultured at high density (5 x
10" cells/ml) the mean channel of fluorescence of Melan-A/MART-1 was approximately half
5 that of the same tumor cells cultured at 1 xl O cells/ml. As shown in Figure A. the susceptibility to lysis of MU-tumor cells by TIL was similarly reduced by approximately half on the low-expressors. (cultured at higher cell density), in comparison to the high-expressors
(cultured at lower cell density). Further evidence that the diminished cytotoxicity noted with these high-density tumor cells was related to Melan-A/MART-1 expression was the finding that addition of Melan-A/MART-1 peptide to the low-expressor tumor targets. MU-Lo and
MU-X. restored high levels of cytotoxicity (Figure 2B). The specificity of TIL in this assay was further demonstrated by their ability to lyse HLA-A2-expressing EBV-transformed B cells only after they were pulsed with Melan-A/MART-1 peptide (Figure 2B).
Diminished Melan-A/MART-1 -expression (Figure IB) paralleled decreased target cell lysis for a second tumor cell. (MA), which expressed both Melan-A/MART-1 and HLA-A2. A third melanoma tumor target, (MO), also showed diminished Melan-A/MART-1 -expression with increasing culture density (Figure 1C), although the absence of HLA-A2 on this tumor rendered it non-susceptible to lysis by the TIL.
As shown in Figure ID, while Melan-A/MART-1 decreased among cells cultured at high density, the surface staining of HLA-class I antigen did not change significantly under the same conditions. The HLA-A2 staining, although weaker than that noted with the broad- specificity HLA-class I antibody, also did not change with culture conditions (Figure IE), indicating that this restricting element was not the limiting factor in the diminished lytic susceptibility. The unaltered HLA-staining also indicates that not all proteins were decreased in parallel with Melan-A/MART-1 when the tumor cells were cultured at higher cell density. Futhermore, the continued presence of HLA-A2. and its ability to serve as a target antigen for cytotoxic T cell recognition was reflected by the ability of HLA-A2-specific alloreactive T cells to lyse the low HL A- A2 -expressing tumor cells, (Figure 2C), as well as a Melan- A/MART-1 -deficient variant of the MU tumor, although the Melan-A/MART-1 specific T cells showed diminished target recognition with reduced Melan-A/MART-1 expression(see Figure 2A).
The decrease in Melan-A/MART-1. in cells cultured at higher density, was reversible when the cells were passaged at lower density. Cells cultured at high density showed diminished Melan-A/MART-1 expression (Mean Channel of Fluorescence: 48.9). If these
5 cells were passaged at high density (5 x 10 cells/ml), they continued to show low Melan- A/MART-1 (Mean Channel: 40.9), while culture of the same cells for 7 days beginning at 1 x
10" cells/ml resulted in an approximate doubling of Melan-A/MART-1 expression (Mean
5
Channel: 108.9). Successive passage of cells at 1 x 10 cells/ml allowed higher retention of higher levels of Melan-A/MART-1 expression (Mean Channel: 1 12.1). but. when these cells were allowed to grow to high density over a subsequent 7 day culture period, the resulting culture again showed decreased Melan-A/MART-1 intensity (Mean Channel: 46.9). These results indicate the cycling of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in relation to the time in culture and cell density. As noted in Figure 2. the decrease in Melan-A/MART-1 intensity was
5 paralleled with a decreased susceptibility to lysis.
Example 2: Autocrine down-modulation of tumor-antigen recognition Results
Melan- A/MART- 1 expressing melanocarcinoma cell lines can spontaneously down- modulate expression of this cytoplasmic antigen, as demonstrated by staining with the if) monoclonal antibody. A-103 (Chen Y, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93:5915-5919),
5 when the cells are cultured at high concentration (5 x 10 cells/ml), as compared to cells
5 cultured at lower density (1 x 10 cells/ml). Similarly, down-modulation of Melan-A/MART-1 was also observed by the addition of supernatants collected from melanomas with low. or undetectable. Melan-A/MART-1 expression. Culture of tumor cells at low cell concentration
15 (lxl 0^ cells/ml) in the presence of supernatants obtained from tumor cell cultured at high density which express low levels of Melan-A/MART-1. resulted in down-modulated levels of cytoplasmic Melan-A/MART-1 expression. Of particular note was that tumor variants which have constitutively low, or undetectable levels of expression of Melan-A/MART-1 molecules, such as MU-X and EW, produced the highest levels of "antigen silencing" activity. This 0 down-modulation is reversible, as the cytoplasmic expression of Melan-A/MART-1 is up- modulated when the tumor cells are returned to culture at low cell numbers. At the same time, HLA class I expression was NOT down-regulated by high density growth of tumor cells or following exposure to supernatants from Melan-A/MART-1 -negative tumor variants.
Significantly, the diminution of expression of the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen 5 correlated with reduced susceptibility of the target cells to lysis by HLA-A2-restricted, Melan- A/MART-1 -specific CTL. Thus, as the level of Melan-A/MART-1 antigen expression by tumor cells diminished, while levels of HLA-A2 cell surface expression did not decrease, the T cell recognition of these targets decreased. However, when the target cells were pulsed with the Melan-A/MART-1 peptide (AAGIGILTV. SEQ ID NO:l) (Chen Y, et al.. Proc Natl Acad 0 Sci USA, 1996. 93:5915-5919; Mattei. S.. et al.. Int. J. Cancer. 1994. 56:853-7: Paglia. D.. et al., J. Interferon Cytokine Res, 1995, 15:455-60. Armstrong. C. et al., Exp. Dermatol. 1992, 1:37-45; Bennicelli, j. L. & Guerry, D. Exp Dermatol. 1993, 2: 186-90; Francis. G. M., et al., Melanoma Res, 1996. 6: 191-201 ; Singh. R. K.. et al.. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 1995. 15:81- 7; Castelli C. et al.. J Exp Med. 1995. 181:363-8), normal levels of cell lysis were observed. indicating that the tumor cells had not become resistant to cell-mediated lysis.
Previously it was shown that the absence of Melan-A/MART-1 expression correlated with a lack of Melan-A/MART-1 gene promoter activity (Butterfield. L. H.. et al.. Gene. 1997, 191: 129-34). This activity was found to be mediated through the 233bp minimal promoter of the Melan-A/MART-1 gene.
The Melan-A/MART-1 silencing activity could be heat inactivated by treatment of the supernatants at 80°C for 60 minutes. A similar treatment at 60°C did not influence the activity. o To define this silencing activity in more detail, an assessment of cytokine and chemokine production by tumor cells which lacked Melan-A/MART-1 protein expression was performed. These Melan-A/MART-1 silencing supernatants were found to contain several known cytokines. but they lacked TNFα. which has been demonstrated to have a partial down- regulatory activity directed at the Melan-A/MART-1 promoter (Butterfield. L. H., et al.. Gene, 5 1997. 191:129-34). Moreover, the most prevalent proteins identified. IL-6. IL-8 and MCP-1 did not mimic the antigen silencing of the whole supernatant, either individually over a 3 log dosage, or in a "cocktail" approximating the levels detected in the active supernatants. In all. we have assessed over 20 proteins, including many known to be secreted by melanomas (Mattei. S., et al., Int. J. Cancer. 1994, 56:853-7: Paglia, D., et al.. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 0 1995, 15:455-60, Armstrong, C. et al., Exp. Dermatol. 1992, 1:37-45; Bennicelli. J. L. & Guerry. D. Exp Dermatol. 1993. 2:186-90; Francis. G. M.. et al.. Melanoma Res, 1996. 6:191- 201; Singh, R. K.. et al., J. Interferon Cytokine Res, 1995. 15:81-7). for their capacity to mimic the antigen silencing activity. Other than TNFα, which was not present in the active supernatants, none of the following proteins impacted cytoplasmic Melan- A M ART- 1 5 expression: MSG/GROα. EGF. PDGFa, PDGFb, TGFα. TGFβ. NGF. RANTES. MlP-lα,
LIF, PF-4. NAP-2. The following cytokines were not detected in the active supernatants : IL- l β, IL-2. IL-12. IL-15. TNFα, IFNγ. In addition, heparin. which is known to bind to several growth factors, did not affect Melan-A/MART-1 expression, and did not impact the silencing activity of active supernatants. o Example 3: Characterization of the Melan-A/MART-1 expression down-modulating activity (MASA) Preliminary data indicate that MASA was stable to low pH (3.0). It was resistant to repeated lyophilisation and to high temperature (60°C). but was labile at 80°C. Recovery of activity following membrane filtration was also possible (fully retained by 10 kD but only _"■ partially retained by 50 kD cutoff membranes). It also binds to blue and red Sepharose (and -j j- can be eluted off with 1.5M KC1). but not to heparin. The majority of the activity binds to Conconavalin A-sepharose (ConA) and can be eluted off with sugar and/or 0.5M a-methyl- mannoside. By isolating the ConA-bound-eluted material, and further purifying it by binding and eluting it from blue and/or red Sepharose, we can delete 99% of the protein, while retaining approximately 10% of the original antigen silencing activity.
Material purified by binding and elution from Red Sepharose, followed by binding and elution to Con-A-Sepharose, can be size fractionated on G-50 Sephadex. with the activity centering at approximately 25kD. The "activity" parallels the appearance of a "band" on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of material fractionated on G-50 Sephadex.
Fractionation of cell supernatant concentrate on a High Q anion-exchanger at pH 8.0 resulted in the majority of the MASA. eluting mostly in the unbound fraction (QUB pH 8.0). This activity was associated with less than 50% of the total protein. A small amount of MASA was bound to the column and was eluted off in high salt (1M NaCl (QB pH 8.0)) along with the majority of the protein. These preliminary data indicated that the MASA has a pi of about 8. MASA from the QUB pH8.0 fraction was refractionated on the High Q column at pH 9.5 and the unbound (QUB pH 9.5) and bound (QB pH 9.5, eluted with 1M NaCl) fractions were collected and assayed for activity. The activity bound at pH 9.5, suggesting that it has a pi of 7.5-9.5. Further experiments confirmed that the activity elutes at a molecular weight of about 25kD. Preliminary studies of the stability of MASA in reverse phase HPLC buffers. 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid / 30% acetonitrile, show that the 25kD molecular weight fraction retains its activity in these buffers, thus enabling reverse phase HPLC separation to be considered as a useful additional step in obtaining highly purified MASA. Results
Figure imgf000034_0001
* Fraction from Size Exclusion Column
**100 Units/mg total protein in internal laboratory "standard" active supernatant that provides maximal "antigen-silencing" activity in 72 hour Melan-A/MART-1 staining assay. Characterization of Activity (Summary):
Activity was found to be associated with an agent (melanoma isolate) that:
(i) binds to Blue and/or Red Sepharose dye resin (and can be eluted with 1.5M KC1), but does not bind to Heparin.
(ii) binds to Conconavalin-A-Sepharose. and can be eluted with 0.5M alpha-methyl mannoside.
(iii) when purified by binding and elution from Red Sepharose. followed by binding and elution to Con-A-Sepharose, can be size fractionated on G-50 Sephadex, with the activity centering at approximately 25kD. and
(iv) is sensitive to proteinase K digestion.
In addition, tryptic digest sequence analysis (performed at Harvard MicroChemistry, Cambridge, MA) showed the presence of sequences corresponding to at least 7 different human proteins. Some of these proteins include Oncostatin-M (OSM), stanniocalcin (STC), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2).
Recombinant Oncostatin-M (OSM) shows "antigen-silencing" activity when tested on the human melanoma cell line, "MU-89" (James T. Kurnick. Massachusetts General Hospital). At doses of 100-lOng/ml, recombinant OSM causes down-modulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression comparable to that of "active" supernatants isolated from human melanoma cell lines, such as the EW tumor cell line (James T. Kurnick. Massachusetts General Hospital). At doses below 2 ng/ml, the down modulation of Melan-A/MART-1 on the MU-89 cell line minimal to undetectable. (Assay of Melan-A/MART-1 is by cytoplasmic staining of Melan-A/MART-1 using monoclonal antibody A-103 (Lloyd Old, Ludwig Institute. NY), together with FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse antibody analyzed by flow cytometry for fluorescence intensity per cell).
A commercially available polyclonal antibody (Research Diagnostics, Flanders, NJ) to OSM can block the activity of the recombinant OSM. The same polyclonal antibody can block the activity of the most purified fraction of EW-supernatant which had been purified by Red Sepharose binding and elution. followed by binding to and elution from Con-A— Sepharose, and fractionation on G-50 Sephadex. to isolate material of approximately 25kD. However, the same polyclonal anti-OSM antibody which blocks recombinant OSM and "purified" fractions from EW-supernatant, can only partially (approximately 50%) block the unfractionated EW- supernatant. Furthermore OSM-depleted EW-supernatant fluid (produced by passage over an anti-OSM immuno-affmity column ) is still active in down-modulating
Melan-A/MART- 1 expression by MU-89 melanoma cells. OSM-depleted EW supernatant shows that most of the residual MASA still binds to Red-Sepharose. The OSM content of
EW-supernatants (as determined by quantitative ELISA) is approximately 1 ng/ml. yet the antigen-silencing activity of this material is equivalent of recombinant OSM at a dose of
10-20ng/ml. Supernatants from other melanoma cell lines, such as MU-96. which are active in antigen silencing, do not have detectable OSM.
In summary, the foregoing data indicate that Oncostatin-M, a known cytokine, with well-characterized structure, and several known functions, is capable of mediating antigen-silencing in the melanoma system we have investigated, however, an additional molecule or molecules produced by melanoma cells are also able to manifest antigen silencing.
Antibodies to the receptor for Oncostatin-M (Research Diagnostics. Flanders, NJ), reported to neutralize the OSM activity in other assay systems, do not block the antigen silencing activity of either purified, recombinant OSM or of the EW-supernatant.
The gpl 30 molecule is reported to be a shared chain in the OSM receptor, the
LIF-receptor, and IL-6 receptor. Antibodies to this molecule (also available from Research
Diagnostics, Flanders, NJ), do not block the antigen- silencing activity of either purified. recombinant OSM. or of the EW-supernatant. Antibodies to the LIF-receptor(also available from Research Diagnostics. Flanders, NJ), which can act as a receptor and signal transducer for OSM in some assay systems, do not block the antigen-silencing activity of either purified. recombinant OSM. or of the EW-supernatant.
In summary, the foregoing data indicate that Oncostatin-M. and other molecules capable of manifesting antigen-silencing activity may act through additional receptors. including, but not limited to. oncostatin-M binding receptor molecules.
Oncostatin-M is produced by at least one melanoma cell line (EW), (detectable protein was demonstrated by ELISA), and mRNA transcripts can be isolated from several melanoma cell lines. Melanomas and melanocytes have nto been previously known to express oncostatin-
M. Antigen-silencing activity can be demonstrated from many different melanoma cell lines, including Melan-A/MART-1 negative cell lines, and from PMA-stimulated U937, a pro-monocytic leukemic cell line which can be shown to produce Oncostatin-M. Oncostatin-M can be used at several fold the dose needed to manifest antigen-silencing (use up to lOOng/ml) without causing significant cellular toxicity, but EW supernatants contain significant toxic activities. even in partially purified fractions, indicating that additional factors are influencing the cellular viability and phenotype. All isolates which have been shown to be active at down-modulating Melan-A/MART-1 expression also seem to alter the shape and growth of melanoma cells in 3 day assays, indicating that additional phenotypic changes, including cytoskeletal alterations, are being manifested by . MASA-containing materials.
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
All references disclosed herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. What is claimed is presented below and is followed by a Sequence Listing.
We claim:

Claims

Claims
1. A malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan- A' MART- 1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells.
2. The malignant melanoma cell isolate of claim 1, wherein the isolate is derived from Melan-A/MART-1 antigen -expressing or -nonexpressing malignant melanoma cells.
3. The malignant melanoma cell isolate of claim 1, wherein the isolate comprises a polypeptide and wherein the polypeptide down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells.
4. The malignant melanoma cell isolate of claim 1. wherein the isolate is a substantially pure polypeptide.
5. The malignant melanoma cell isolate of claim 4, wherein the substantially pure polypeptide is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oncostatin M, Stanniocalcin, and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2.
6. The malignant melanoma cell isolate of claim 1, wherein the isolate is a supernatant, or fraction thereof, of Melan- A/MART- 1 antigen-expressing malignant melanoma cells.
7. A substantially pure organic agent that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells, at effective concentrations, wherein the agent is present at effective concentrations in the supernatant of confluent Melan-A/MART-1 antigen- expressing malignant melanoma cells cultured under standard conditions for a period of at least one hour, wherein the culture conditions include a ratio of 5 x 106 cells/ml medium, and wherein the agent is heat sensitive at 80°C, proteinase K sensitive, and binds to and elutes-off blue-Sepharose.
8. The organic agent of claim 7, wherein the agent is a polypeptide.
9. An isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively to a malignant melanoma cell isolate of claim 1 and inhibits down-regulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells.
10. The isolated binding organic agent of claim 9. wherein the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide.
11. The isolated binding organic agent of claim 9. wherein the malignant melanoma cell isolate of claim 1 comprises a polypeptide and wherein the polypeptide down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells.
12. The isolated binding organic agent of claim 9. wherein the malignant melanoma cell isolate of claim 1 is a substantially pure polypeptide.
13. The polypeptide of claim 10, wherein the polypeptide is an antibody or an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a F(ab) fragment, or a fragment including a CDR3 region selective for the polypeptide.
14. An isolated binding organic agent which binds selectively to a substantially pure organic agent of claim 7, and inhibits down-regulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells.
15. The isolated binding organic agent of claim 14. wherein the isolated binding organic agent is a polypeptide.
16. The isolated binding organic agent of claim 14. wherein the substantially pure organic agent of claim 7 comprises a polypeptide and wherein the polypeptide down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells.
17. The isolated binding organic agent of claim 14. wherein the substantially pure organic agent of claim 7 is a substantially pure polypeptide.
18. The polypeptide of claim 15, wherein the polypeptide is an antibody or an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a F(ab)2 fragment, or a fragment including a CDR3 region selective for the polypeptide.
19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: an agent comprising an isolated binding organic agent of claim 9. in a pharmaceutically effective amount to inhibit down-regulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells by a malignant melanoma cell isolate that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: an agent comprising an isolated binding organic agent of claim 14, in a pharmaceutically effective amount to inhibit down-regulation of Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells by a substantially pure organic agent that down-regulates Melan-A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells when contacted with malignant melanoma cells, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
21. A method for isolating a tumor cell-derived tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent, comprising:
(a) preparing a culture of tumor cells,
(b) isolating a supernatant suspected of containing a tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent from the culture of step (a),
(c) fractionating the supernatant into a plurality of fractions,
(d) contacting a fraction from the plurality of fractions with a tumor-antigen expressing tumor cell.
(e) measuring tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell, and
(f) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is down- regulated compared to a control.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, glioma cells, bladder cancer cells, billiary cancer cells, breast cancer cells, cervical carcinoma cells, colon carcinoma cells. colorectal cancer cells, choriocarcinoma cells, epithelial cancer cells, gastric cancer cells, hepatocellular cancer cells, hodgkins lymphoma cells, lung cancer cells. lymphoid cell-derived leukemia cells, myeloma cells, non-small cell lung carcinoma cells, nasopharyngeal cancer cells, ovarian cancer cancer cells, prostate cancer cells, pancreatic cancer cells, renal cancer cells, testicular cancer cells. T cell leukemia cells, and melanoma cells, and the tumor-cell antigen is selected from the group consisting of
Melan-A/MART-1. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), adenosine deaminase-binding protein (ADAbp), cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— CO 17-
1A/GA733, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2. etv6, amll. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes
PSA-1, PSA-2. and PSA-3. prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain. MAGE-family of tumor antigens. GAGE-1,2, BAGE,
RAGE, GnT-V, MUM-1, CDK4, tyrosinase, p53, MUC family. HER2/neu. p21ras,
RCASl, α-fetoprotein, E-cadherin. α-catenin, β-catenin and γ-catenin. pl20ctn, gplOOPme"17, PRAME, NY-ESO-1, cdc27, adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), fodrin, Smad family of tumor antigens, lmp-1, EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA)-
1, or c-erbB-2.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the tumor cells are melanoma cells and the tumor- antigen is Melan-A/MART-1.
24. The method according to any one of claims 21-23, wherein the fraction from the plurality of fractions is undiluted or concentrated.
25. A method of screening for tumor-antigen expression modulating agents, comprising:
(a) contacting an agent suspected of being a tumor-antigen expression modulating agent with a tumor-antigen expressing tumor cell.
(b) measuring tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell, and
(c) determining whether tumor-antigen expression on the tumor cell is modulated compared to a control.
26. The method of claim 25. wherein the tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, glioma cells, bladder cancer cells, billiary cancer cells, breast cancer cells, cervical carcinoma cells, colon carcinoma cells. colorectal cancer cells, choriocarcinoma cells, epithelial cancer cells, gastric cancer cells, hepatocellular cancer cells, hodgkins lymphoma cells, lung cancer cells. lymphoid cell-derived leukemia cells, myeloma cells, non-small cell lung carcinoma cells, nasopharyngeal cancer cells, ovarian cancer cancer cells, prostate cancer cells. pancreatic cancer cells, renal cancer cells, testicular cancer cells. T cell leukemia cells, and melanoma cells, and the tumor-cell antigen is selected from the group consisting of
Melan-A/MART-1, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), adenosine deaminase-binding protein (ADAbp), cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated antigen (CRC)— CO 17-
1A GA733, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2, etv6. amll. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes
PSA-1, PSA-2. and PSA-3, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain. MAGE-family of tumor antigens. GAGE- 1.2. BAGE.
RAGE, GnT-V, MUM-1. CDK4, tyrosinase, p53, MUC family, HER2/neu. p21ras,
RCASl, α-fetoprotein. E-cadherin. α-catenin. β-catenin and γ-catenin, pl20ctn, gpl00PmeI117, PRAME, NY-ESO-1 , cdc27, adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), fodrin. Smad family of tumor antigens, lmp-1, EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA)-
1, or c-erbB-2.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein the agent suspected of being a tumor-antigen expression modulating agent is an agent present in a tumor cell-culture supernatant, tumor cell eluate. or tumor cell lysate
28. A method for isolating an agent that up-regulates tumor-antigen expression, comprising:
(a) isolating a tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent according to
Claim 21.
(b) preparing a culture of tumor cells, wherein the tumor cells are identical to those used in the isolation of the tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent of
(a),
(c) contacting the isolated tumor-antigen expression down-regulating agent of (a) and a putative inhibitory agent of the isolated tumor-antigen expression down- regulating agent of (a) with the culture cells of (b),
(d) determining tumor-antigen expression in the culture cells, and (e) comparing the tumor-antigen expression determined in (d) with a control tumor-antigen expression.
29. The method of claim 28. wherein the control tumor-antigen expression is determined in the presence of an agent of (a) and in absence of the putative inhibitory agent of (a).
30. The method of claim 28. wherein the tumor cells used in the isolation of the tumor- antigen expression down-regulating agent of (a) are melanoma cells and the tumor- antigen is Melan-A/MART-1.
31. A method of enhancing a melanoma-specific immune response in a subject with melanoma, comprising: administering to a subject in need of such treatment the isolated binding organic agent of claim 9, in an amount effective to inhibit down-regulation of Melan- A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells and enhance a melanoma-specific immune response in the subject.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the isolated binding organic agent of claim 9 is a polypeptide.
33. The method of claim 31 , further comprising co-administering an anti-tumor agent other than the isolated binding organic agent of claim 9.
34. A method of enhancing a melanoma-specific immune response in a subject with melanoma, comprising: administering to a subject in need of such treatment the isolated binding organic agent of claim 14, in an amount effective to inhibit down-regulation of Melan- A/MART-1 expression in malignant melanoma cells and enhance a melanoma-specific immune response in the subject.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the isolated binding organic agent of claim 14 is a polypeptide.
36. The method of claims 31 or 35. wherein the polypeptide is an antibody selected from the group consisting of an anti-Oncostatin-M antibody, an anti-Stanniocalcin antibody, and an anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 antibody.
37. The method of claim 34, further comprising co-administering an anti-tumor agent other than the isolated binding organic agent of claim 14.
38. The isolated binding organic agent of claim 15, wherein the polypeptide is an antibody selected from the group consisting of an anti-Oncostatin-M antibody, an anti- Stanniocalcin antibody, and an anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 antibody.
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US20170196973A1 (en) * 2013-09-05 2017-07-13 Boise State University Oncostatin m (osm) antagonists for preventing cancer metastasis and il-6 related disorders
US10286070B2 (en) * 2013-09-05 2019-05-14 Boise State University Oncostatin M (OSM) antagonists for preventing cancer metastasis and IL-6 related disorders
US11633457B2 (en) 2019-04-11 2023-04-25 Boise State University Pharmaceutical compositions comprising oncostatin m (OSM) antagonist derivatives and methods of use

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