WO2001018948A1 - Apparatus and method for propulsion - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for propulsion Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001018948A1 WO2001018948A1 PCT/US2000/024471 US0024471W WO0118948A1 WO 2001018948 A1 WO2001018948 A1 WO 2001018948A1 US 0024471 W US0024471 W US 0024471W WO 0118948 A1 WO0118948 A1 WO 0118948A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/54—Plasma accelerators
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
- H02N11/006—Motors
Definitions
- This invention relates to methods and apparatus for providing propulsion, in particular methods and apparatus for providing propulsion using a scattered electron beam.
- gravitational attraction has been investigated in the field of astrophysics applying a large scale perspective of cosmological spacetime, as distinguished from currently held theories of atomic and subatomic structure.
- gravity originates on the atomic scale.
- Newtonian gravitation the mutual attraction between two particles of masses m, and m 2 separated by a distance r is
- Einstein's general relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein, whereby he intended to incorporate and extend the special theory of relativity to accelerated frames of reference.
- Einstein's theory of general relativity is based on a flawed dynamic formulation of Galileo's law. Einstein took as the basis to postulate his gravitational field equations a certain kinematical consequence of a law which he called the "Principle of Equivalence" which states that it is impossible to distinguish a uniform gravitational field from an accelerated frame. However, the two are not equivalent since they obviously depend on the direction of acceleration relative to the gravitation body and the distance from the gravitating body since the gravitational force is a central force.
- the present invention of a propulsion device comprises a source of matter, a means to give the matter a spatial velocity function having negative curvature which causes the matter to react to a gravitation body such that it has a negative gravitational mass, and a means to produce a force on the matter in opposition to the repulsive gravitational force between the matter and the gravitating body.
- the force on the matter is applied in the opposite direction of the force of the gravitating body on the matter.
- This second force is provided by one or more of an electric field, a magnetic field or an electromagnetic field.
- the repulsive force of the gravitating body is then transferred to the source of the second force which further transfers the force to an attached structure to be propelled.
- the matter produces useful work against the gravitational field of the gravitating body.
- the propulsion means comprises a means to inject particles such as electrons which serve as the matter. It is possible to elastically scatter electrons of an electron beam from atoms such that electrons having a spatial velocity function having negative curvature (hyperbolic electrons) emerge.
- the emerging beam of hyperbolic electrons experience a force away from a gravitating body (e.g. the Earth) and the beam will tend to move upward (away from the Earth).
- the upward force of the electron beam is transferred to a negatively charged plate.
- the Coulombic repulsion between the beam of electrons and the negatively charged plate causes the plate (and anything connected to the plate) to lift.
- FIGURE 1 is a saddle
- FIGURE 2 is a pseudosphere
- FIGURE 3 is a propulsion device according to the present invention
- FIGURE 4 is the magnitude of the velocity distribution
- FIGURE 5 is a cutaway of the magnitude of the velocity distribution ( IvJ) on a two dimension sphere along the z-axis (vertical axis) of a hyperbolic electron;
- FIGURE 6 is an propulsion device driven by hyperbolic electrons
- FIGURE 7 is a drawing of an propulsion apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention to give electrons a spatial velocity function having negative curvature and, therefore, cause the electrons to have a negative gravitational mass;
- FIGURE 8 is a schematic of the hyperbolic path of a hyperbolic electron of mass m in an inverse-square repulsive field of a gravitating body comprised of matter of positive curvature of the velocity surface of total mass M;
- FIGURE 9 is a schematic of the helical motion of a hyperbolic electron in a synchrotron orbit in the xy-plane with a repulsive gravitational force along the +z axis which is transferred to the capacitor, and
- FIGURE 10 is a schematic of the forces on a spinning craft which is caused to tilt.
- the constant K is called the constant of curvature.
- Th e curvature of spacetime results from a discontinuity of matter having curvature confined to two spatial dimensions. This is the property of all matter as an orbitsphere. Consider an isolated orbitsphere and radial distances, r, from its center. For r less than r n there is no mass; thus, spacetime is flat or Euclidean.
- r rread there exists a discontinuity of mass of the orbitsphere. This results in a discontinuity of the curvature tensor for radial distances greater than or equal to r n .
- the discontinuity requires relativistic corrections to spacetime itself. It requires radial length contraction and time dilation that results in the curvature of spacetime.
- the gravitational radius of the orbitsphere and infinitesimal temporal displacement in spacetime which is curved by the presence of the orbitsphere are derived in the Gravity Section of Mills [4].
- the Schwarzschild metric gives the relationship whereby matter causes relativistic corrections to spacetime that determines the curvature of spacetime and is the origin of gravity.
- the correction is based on the boundary conditions that no signal can travel faster that the speed of light including the gravitational field that propagates following particle production from a photon wherein the particle has a finite gravitational velocity given by Newton's Law of Gravitation.
- the separation of proper time between two events ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ ⁇ + dx ⁇ given by Eq. (23.38), the Schwarzschild metric [5-6], is
- F Gm ⁇ ⁇ 26 3 ) r where G is the Newtonian gravitational constant.
- Eq. (26.2) relativistically corrects Newton's gravitational theory. In an analogous manner, Lorentz transformations correct Newton's laws of mechanics. The effects of gravity preclude the existence of inertial frames in a large region, and only local inertial frames, between which relationships are determined by gravity are possible.
- K — (26.4) r,r 2 the inverse product of the radius of the maximum and minimum circles, r, and r 2 , which fit the surface at the point, and the radii are normal to the surface at the point.
- r,r 2 the inverse product of the radius of the maximum and minimum circles, r, and r 2 , which fit the surface at the point, and the radii are normal to the surface at the point.
- the radii of the two circles of curvature are the same at every point and equivalent to the radius of a great circle of the sphere.
- the sphere is a surface of constant curvature ;
- K (26.5) r at every point.
- the circles fall on the same side of the surface, but when the circles are on opposite sides, the curve has negative curvature.
- a saddle, a cantenoid, and a pseudosphere are negatively curved.
- a saddle is shown schematically in FIGURE 1.
- a pseudosphere is constructed by revolving the tractrix about its asymptote.
- the length of any tangent measured from the point of tangency to the x-axis is equal to the height R of the curve from its asymptote-in this case the x-axis.
- the pseudosphere is a surface of constant negative curvature.
- a pseudosphere is shown schematically in FIGURE 2.
- surfaces of constant potential are concentric spherical shells.
- the general law of potential for surfaces of constant curvature is
- the radii r, and r 2 represent the distances measured along the normal from the negative potential surface to the two sheets of its evolute, envelop of normals (cantenoid and x- axis).
- the force is given as the gradient of the potential which is proportional to — in the case of a sphere.
- the particle's velocity surface is positively curved in the case of an orbitsphere, or the velocity surface is negatively curved in the case of an electron as a hyperboloid (hereafter called a hyperbolic electron given in the Hyperbolic Electrons Section).
- the effect of this "local" curvature on the non-local spacetime is to cause it to be Riemannian, in the case of an orbitsphere, or hyperbolic, in the case of a hyperbolic electron, as opposed to Euclidean which is manifest as a gravitational field that is attractive or repulsive, respectively.
- the spacetime is curved with constant spherical curvature in the case of an orbitsphere, or spacetime is curved with hyperbolic curvature in the case of a hyperbolic electron.
- d ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1 - + r 2 d ⁇ 2 + r 2 sin 2 d ⁇ 2 (26. 1 3 )
- d d ⁇ 2 l - dt 2 - ⁇ 1 dr 2 + r 2 d ⁇ 2 + r sin 2 ⁇ d ⁇ 2 (26. 14)
- the metric given by Eqs. (26.13-26.14) corresponds to positive curvature.
- the metric given by Eqs. (26.15-26.16) corresponds to negative curvature.
- the negative solution arises naturally as a match to the boundary condition of matter with a velocity function having negative curvature.
- r 0 v 0 sin ⁇ (26. 19)
- Eq. (26.20) and Eq. (26.17) the eccentricity is one and the particle production trajectory is a parabola relative to the center of mass of the antiparticle.
- the right-hand side of Eq. (23.43) represents the correction to the laboratory coordinate metric for time corresponding to the relativistic correction of spacetime by the particle production event.
- Riemannian space is conservative. Only changes in the metric of spacetime during particle production must be considered. The changes must be conservative. For example, pair production occurs in the presence of a heavy body. A nucleus which existed before the production event only serves to conserve momentum but is not a factor in determining the change in the properties of spacetime as a consequence of the pair production event.
- the particle At production, the particle must have a finite velocity called the gravitational velocity according to Newton's Law of Gravitation. In order that the velocity does not exceed c in any frame including that of the particle having a finite gravitational velocity, the laboratory frame of an incident photon that gives rise to the particle, and that of a gravitational field propagating outward at the speed of light, spacetime must undergo time dilation and length contraction due to the production event.
- the speed of light as a constant maximum as well as phase matching and continuity conditions require the following form of the squared displacements due to constant motion along two orthogonal axes in polar coordinates:
- n d d ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ dr ( l - - j dr 2 + r 2 d ⁇ 2 + r 2 sin 2 ⁇ d ⁇ 2 (26.29)
- the velocity function is a paraboloid in a two dimensional plane.
- the corresponding gravity field front corresponds to a radius at infinity in Eq. (26.22).
- an ionized or free electron has a gravitational mass that is zero; whereas, the inertial mass is constant (e.g. equivalent to its mass energy given by Eq. (24.13)).
- Minkowski space applies to the free electron.
- a free electron is shown to be a two-dimensional plane wave — a flat surface. Because the gravitational mass depends on the positive curvature of a particle, a free electron has inertial mass but not gravitational mass.
- the experimental mass of the free electron measured by Witteborn [8] using a free fall technique is less than 0.09 m e , where m L is the inertial mass of the free electron (9.109534 X 10 "31 kg).
- m L is the inertial mass of the free electron (9.109534 X 10 "31 kg).
- the velocity of a particle in the presence of a gravitating body is relative.
- the eccentricity is always greater than one, and the trajectory is a hyperbola.
- This case corresponds to a hyperbolic electron wherein gravitational mass is effectively negative and the inertial mass is constant (e.g. equivalent to its mass energy given by Eq. (24.13)).
- the formation of a hyperbolic electron occurs over the time that the plane wave free electron scatters from the neutral atom.
- Huygens' principle, Newton's law of Gravitation, and the constant speed of light in all inertial frames provide the boundary conditions to determine the metric corresponding to the hyperbolic electron. From Eq. (26.71 ), the velocity ⁇ (p, ⁇ ,z,t) on a two dimensional sphere in spherical coordinates is h
- the speed of any signal can not exceed the speed of light. Therefore, the outgoing two dimensional spherical gravitational field front traveling at the speed of light and the velocity of the electron at the angular extremes require that the relative gravitational velocity must be radially outward.
- the relative gravitational velocity squared of the term (v g t of Eq. (26.35) must be negative. In this case, the relative gravitational velocity may be considered imaginary which is consistent with the velocity as a harmonic function of theta.
- Schwarzschild metric Eq. (26.2) gives the general form of the metric due to the relativistic effect on spacetime due to a massive object of mass M relative to the hyperbolic electron.
- FIGURE 3 gives a schematic of a propulsion device according to the present invention.
- a method and means to produce an repulsive gravitational force for propulsion comprises a source of fundamental particles including electrons and a source of neutral atoms.
- the source of electrons produces a free electron beam
- the source of neutral atoms produces a free atom beam.
- the two beams intersect such that the neutral atoms cause elastic incompressible scattering of the electrons of the electron beam to form hyperbolic electrons.
- p a is the radius of the free electron in the xy-plane, the plane perpendicular to its direction of propagation.
- the elastic electron scattering in the far field is given by the Fourier Transform of the aperture function as described in Electron Scattering by Helium Section of Mills [4].
- the convolution of a uniform plane wave with on orbitsphere of radius z consult is given by Eq. (8.43) and Eq. (8.44).
- the aperture distribution function, a(p, ⁇ ,z) for the scattering of an incident plane wave by the He atom is given by the convolution of the plane wave function with the two electron orbitsphere Dirac delta function of radius - 0.561 a 0 and charge/mass density of c ⁇ — 2 .
- Eq. (26.50) The function of the scattered electron in the far field is given by the Fourier Transform integral, Eq. (26.50).
- Eq. (26.50) is equivalent to the Fourier Transform integral of cos ⁇ times the Fourier Transform integral given by of Eq. (8.47) with the latter result given by Eq. (8.50). 2 ⁇
- Eq. (26.50) is the convolution of Eqs. (26.51-26.52) and Eq. (26.53).
- the elastic electron scattering angle in the far field 0 O is determined by the boundary conditions of the curvature of spacetime due to the presence of a gravitating body and the constant maximum velocity of the speed of light.
- the far field condition must be satisfied with respect to electron scattering and the gravitational orbital equation.
- the former condition is met by Eq. (26.51) and Eq. (26.54).
- the latter is derived in the Preferred Embodiment of a Propulsion Device Section and is met by Eq. (26.103) where the far field angle of the hyperbolic gravitational trajectory ⁇ is equivalent to
- the electron mass/charge density function, p m (p, ⁇ ,z), is given in cylindrical coordinates, and N is the normalization factor.
- the charge density, mass density, velocity, current density, and angular momentum functions are derived in the same manner as for the free electron given in the Electron in Free Space Section of Mills [4] except that the scattered electron is symmetric about the z-axis.
- the total mass is m e .
- TM e N J ⁇ J VPO 2 - Z 2 ⁇ 5(P - Po 2 - z 2 jpdpd ⁇ dz (26.56)
- the integral is
- the total angular momentum of the scattered electron is given by integration over the two dimensional negatively curved surface having the angular momentum density given by Eq. (26.65). Li - 2 p pd ⁇ dz (26.66)
- the mass, charge, and current of the scattered electron exist on a two dimension sphere which may be given in spherical coordinates where theta is with respect to the z-axis of the original cylindrical coordinate system.
- the total angular momentum of the scattered electron is given by integration over the two dimensional negatively curved surface having the angular momentum density in spherical coordinates given by
- hyperbolic electrons can be focused into a beam by electric and/or magnetic fields to form a hyperbolic electron beam.
- the velocity distribution along the z-axis of a hyperbolic electron is shown schematically in FIGURE 4.
- a cutaway of the velocity distribution of a hyperbolic electron is shown schematically in FIGURE 5.
- the velocity is harmonic or imaginary as a function of theta. Therefore, the gravitational velocity of the Earth relative to that of the hyperbolic electron is imaginary. This case corresponds to an eccentricity greater than one and a hyperbolic orbit of Newton's Law of Gravitation.
- the metric for the imaginary gravitational velocity is derived based on the center of mass of the scattering event.
- the Earth, helium, and the hyperbolic electron are spherically symmetrical; thus, the Schwarzschild metric (Eqs. (26-41-26.42)) applies.
- the velocity distribution defines a surface of negative curvature relative to the positive curvature of the Earth. This case corresponds to a negative radius of Eq. (26.40) or an imaginary gravitational velocity of Eq. (26.36).
- the amount that the gravitational potential energy of the gravitating body is lowered is equivalent to the energy gained by the repelled particle.
- the physics is time reversible. The process may be run backwards to achieve the original state before the repelled particle such as a hyperbolic electron was created.
- each atom of the neutral atomic beam comprises hydrino atom H ⁇ l p), p ⁇ - — -;
- T -m e v: (26.76)
- the device 1 to provide a repulsive gravitational force for propulsion comprises a source 12 of a gas jet of atoms 9 such as helium atoms such as described by Bonham [9] and an energy tunable electron beam source 2 which supplies an electron beam 8 having electrons of a precise energy such that the radius of each electron is equal to the radius of each atom of the gas jet 9.
- a source is described by Bonham [9].
- the gas jet 9 and electron beam 8 intersect such that the velocity function of each electron is elastically scattered and warped into a hyperboloid of negative curvature (hyperbolic electron).
- the hyperbolic electron beam 10 passes into an electric field provided by a capacitor means 3.
- the capacitor means 3 is along to the electron beam 8, and the intersection of the gas jet 9 and the electron beam 8 occurs inside of the capacitor means 3.
- the hyperbolic electrons experience a repulsive gravitational force due to their velocity surfaces of negative curvature and are accelerated away from the center of the gravitating body such as the Earth. This upward force is transferred to the capacitor means 3 via a repulsive electric force between the hyperbolic electrons and the electric field of the capacitor means 3.
- the capacitor means 3 is rigidly attached to the body to be levitated or propelled by structural attachment 4.
- the present propulsion means further includes a means to trap unscattered and hyperbolic electrons and recirculate them through the beam 8.
- Such a trap means 5 includes a Faraday cage as described by Bonham [9].
- the present propulsion means 1 further includes a means 6 to trap and recirculate the atoms of the gas jet 9.
- a gas trap means 6 includes a pump such as a diffusion pump as described by Bonham [9] and a baffle 1 1.
- the apparatus for providing the repulsive gravitational force comprises a means to inject electrons and a guide means to guide the electrons. Acceleration and forming electrons having a velocity surface that is negatively curved is effected in the propagating guided electrons by application of one or more of an electric field, a magnetic field, or an electromagnetic field by a field source means.
- a repulsive force of interaction is created between the propagating electrons having a velocity surface that is negatively curved and the gravitational field of a gravitating body.
- a field source means provides an opposite force to the repulsive force.
- the repulsive gravitational force is transferred to the field source and the guide which further transfers the force to the attached structure to be propelled.
- the propulsion means shown schematically in FIGURE 7 comprises an electron beam source 100, and an electron accelerator module 101 , such as an electron gun, an electron storage ring, a radiofrequency linac, an introduction linac, an electrostatic accelerator, or a microtron.
- the beam is focused by focusing means 112, such as a magnetic or electrostatic lens, a solenoid, a quadrapole magnet, or a laser beam.
- the electron beam 113 is directed into a channel of electron guide 109, by beam directing means 102 and 103, such as dipole magnets.
- Channel 109 comprises a field generating means to produce a constant electric or magnetic force in the direction opposite to direction of the repulsive gravitational force. For example, given that the repulsive gravitational force is negative z directed as shown in FIGURE 7, the field generating means
- the field generating means 109 provides a constant z directed electric force due to a constant electric field in the negative z direction via a linear potential provided by grid electrodes 108 and 128.
- the field generating means 109 provides a constant negative y directed electric force due to a constant electric field in the negative y direction via a linear potential provided by the top electrode 120, and bottom electrode 121 , of field generating means 109.
- the force provides work against the gravitational field of the gravitating body as the fundamental particle including an electron propagates along the channel of the guide means and field producing means 109. The resulting work is transferred to the means to be propelled via its attachment to field producing means 109.
- the electric or magnetic force is variable until force balance with the repulsive gravitational force may be achieved.
- the electrons will be accelerated and the emittance of the beam will increase. Also, the accelerated electrons will radiate; thus, the drop in emittance and/or the absence of radiation is the signal that force balance is achieved.
- the emittance and/or radiation is detected by sensor means 130, such as a photomultiplier tube, and the signal is used in a feedback mode by analyzer- controller 140 which varies the constant electric or magnetic force by controlling the potential or dipole magnets of (field producing) means 109 to control force balance to maximize the propulsion.
- the field generating means 109 further provides an electric or magnetic field that produces electrons of the electron beam 1 13 having a velocity surface that is negatively curved.
- electrons of the electron beam 1 13 having a velocity surface are produced by the absorption of photons provided by a photon source 105, such as a high intensity photon source, such as a laser.
- the laser radiation can be confined to a resonator cavity by mirrors 106 and 107.
- electrons from the electron beam 1 13 having a velocity surface that is negatively curved are produced by scattering with photons from the photon source 105.
- the laser radiation or the resonator cavity is oriented relative to the propagation direction of the electrons such that the scattering cross section of the electron with the photon to yield electrons having a velocity surface that is negatively curved is maximized.
- the beam 1 13 is directed by beam directing apparatus 104, such as a dipole magnet into electron-beam dump 1 10.
- the beam dump 1 10 is replaced by a means to recover the remaining energy of the beam 1 13 such as a means to recirculate the beam or recover its energy by electrostatic deceleration or deceleration in a radio frequency-excited linear accelerator structure.
- a means to recover the remaining energy of the beam 1 13 such as a means to recirculate the beam or recover its energy by electrostatic deceleration or deceleration in a radio frequency-excited linear accelerator structure.
- the present invention comprises high current and high energy beams and related systems of free electron lasers. Such systems are described in Nuclear Instruments and
- a close approximation of the trajectory of hyperbolic electrons generated by the propulsion means of the present invention can be found by solving the Newtonian inverse- square gravitational force equations for the case of a repulsive force.
- the trajectory follows from the Newtonian gravitational force and the solution of motion in an inverse- square repulsive field given by Fowles [13].
- the trajectory can be calculated rigorously by solving the orbital equation from the Schwarzschild metric (Eqs. (26.15-26.16)) for a two- dimensional spatial velocity density function of negative curvature which is produced by the apparatus and repelled by the Earth.
- the rigorous solution is equivalent to that given for the case of a positive gravitational velocity given in the Orbital Mechanics Section of Mills [4] except that the gravitational velocity is imaginary, or the gravitational radius is negative.
- the impact parameter is the perpendicular distance from the origin (deflection or scattering center) to the initial line of motion of the hyperbolic electron as shown in FIGURE 8.
- pv 0 (26.92)
- the gravitational velocity of the Earth v & is approximately
- the far field trajectory is the asymptote.
- the hyperbolic electron is generated at the surface of the Earth with an initial trajectory as shown in FIGURE 8.
- the initial radial position is .' mm which is the radius of the Earth.
- the impact parameter p is essentially equal to the radius of the Earth.
- the far field trajectory of a hyperbolic electron formed from a free electron with an initial kinetic energy of 42.3 eV and an initial electron velocity of 2.187691 X 10 6 ml s in an arbitrary initial direction relative to the Earth is essentially radial from the Earth since 1.) v 0 is much less than v gF , 2.) the impact parameter is essentially r m ⁇ n which is the radius of the Earth since the radius of the Earth is so large, and 3.) the free electron has zero gravitational mass.
- the trajectory forms the gravitational boundary condition to be matched with the additional scattering boundary condition.
- the scattering distribution of hyperbolic electrons given by Eq. (26.51) is centered at a scattering angle of ⁇ character given by Eq. (26.54).
- the elastic electron scattering angle in the far field ⁇ ( ) is determined by the boundary conditions of the curvature of spacetime due to the presence of a gravitating body and the constant maximum velocity of the speed of light.
- the far field condition must be satisfied with respect to electron scattering and the gravitational orbital equation.
- the former condition is met by Eq. (26.51) and Eq. (26.54).
- the latter is met by Eq. (26.103) where the far field angle of the hyperbolic gravitational trajectory ⁇ is equivalent to ⁇ 0 .
- Momentum is also conserved for the electron, Earth, and helium atom wherein the gravitating body that repels the hyperbolic electron, the Earth, receives an equal and opposite change of momentum with respect to that of the electron.
- Causing a satellite to follow a hyperbolic trajectory about a gravitating body is a common technique to achieve a gravity assist to further propel the satellite.
- the energy and momentum gained by the satellite is also equal and opposite that lost by the gravitating body.
- 42.3 eV may be imparted to the propulsion means per hyperbolic electron.
- m. is the mass of the craft and g is the standard gravitational acceleration.
- the lifting force may be determined from the gradient of the energy which is approximately the energy dissipated divided by the vertical
- the repulsive gravitational force provided by the hyperbolic electrons may be controlled by adjusting the electric field of the capacitor.
- the electric field of the capacitor may be increased such that the levitating force overcomes the gravitational force.
- the electric field, E is constant and is given by the capacitor voltage, V , divided by the distance between the capacitor plates, d , of a parallel plate capacitor.
- N — (26. 1 1 1 ) ev e r t
- / the current
- e the fundamental electron charge
- v e the hyperbolic electron velocity
- r t the length of the current.
- N e 1.5 X 10 18 electrons (26. 1 12 )
- the repulsive gravitational force, F AG is given by multiplying the number of electrons (Eq. (26.1 12)) by the force per electron (Eq. (26.109)).
- the present example of a propulsion device may provide a levitating force that is capable of overcoming the gravitational force on the craft to achieve a maximum vertical velocity of 43 m/sec as given by Eq. (26.105).
- the hyperbolic electron current and the electric field of the capacitor are adjusted to control the vertical acceleration and velocity.
- Levitation by a repulsive gravitational force is orders of magnitude more energy efficient than conventional rocketry.
- the energy dissipation is converted directly to gravitational potential energy as the craft is lifted out of the gravitation field.
- matter is expelled at a higher velocity than the craft to provide thrust or lift.
- the basis of rocketry's tremendous inefficiency of energy dissipation to gravitational potential energy conversion may be determined from the thrust equation.
- the thrust equation is [15] m,
- v v 0 + Vln ⁇ ( 26. 1 14) m
- v is the velocity of the rocket at any time
- v 0 is the initial velocity of the rocket
- m 0 is the initial mass of the rocket plus unburned fuel
- m is the mass at any time
- V is the speed of the ejected fuel relative to the rocket.
- the repulsive gravitational force of hyperbolic electrons can be increased by using atoms of the neutral atom beam of relativistic kinetic energy.
- the electrons of the electron beam and the relativistic atoms of the neutral atomic beam intersect at an angle such that the relativistically contracted radius of each atom, z n . is equal to p , the radius of each free electron of the electron beam.
- Elastic scattering produces hyperbolic electrons at relativistic energies.
- the relativistic radius of helium is calculated by substitution of the relativistic mass (Eq. (24.14)) of helium
- K directed along the negative x-axis is oriented at an angle of — to both the xz and yz-planes with the relativistic radius of each neutral atom equal to the radius of each free electron.
- high energy hyperbolic electrons are created by scattering according to Eq. (26.75) and Eq. (26.78) from hydrino atoms of small radii. Since hydrino atoms form hydrino hydride ions for p ⁇ 24, hydrino atoms of p > 24 are preferably used.
- hyperbolic electrons are accelerated to relativistic energies by an acceleration means 7 before entering or within the capacitor means 3 to provide relativistic hyperbolic electrons with increased energy to be converted to gravitational potential energy as the body to be levitated is levitated.
- a capacitor may further comprise a synchrotron for forcing the hyperbolic electron in a orbit with a component of the velocity in the xy-plane such as that shown in FIGURE 9 which is perpendicular to the radius of the Earth.
- the hyperbolic electron held in a synchrotron orbit in the xy-plane is repelled by the Earth and transfers a force to the capacitor in the z direction as shown in FIGURE 9.
- hyperbolic electrons of relativistic energy are produced by the scattering of relativistic electrons of the electron beam 8 from the beam of neutrons 9 from the neutron source 12.
- the relativistic radius of each electron equals the radius, r N , of the neutron given by Eq. (28.10) h
- the relativistic kinetic energy, T is
- electrons from the electron beam 1 13 of FIGURE 7 having a spatial velocity function having negative curvature are formed by elastic scattering with photons from the photon source 105.
- the wavelength of each photon and the velocity of each electron is tuned such that the radius of each photon is equal to the radius of each electron.
- the relationship between the electron radius and velocity is given by Eq. (26.43).
- a radially accelerated structure such as an aerospace vehicle to be tangentially accelerated possesses a cylindrically or spherically symmetrically movable mass having a moment of inertia, such as a flywheel device.
- the flywheel is rotated by a driving device which provides angular momentum to the flywheel.
- a driving device which provides angular momentum to the flywheel.
- Such a device is the electron beams which are the source of hyperbolic electrons. The electrons move rectilinearly until being elastically scattered from an atomic beam to form hyperbolic electrons which are deflected in a radial direction from the center of the gravitating body.
- a component to the initial momentum of the electron beam is transferred to the gravitating body as the hyperbolic electrons are deflected upward by the gravitating body.
- the opposite momentum is transferred to the source of the electron beam.
- This momentum may be used to translate the craft in a direction tangential to the gravitating body' s surface or to cause it to spin.
- the electron beam serves the additional function of a source of transverse or angular acceleration.
- it may be considered an ion rocket.
- the vehicle is levitated using propulsion means to overcome the gravitational force of the gravitating body where the levitation is such that the angular momentum vector of the flywheel is parallel to the radial or central vector of the gravitational force of the gravitating body.
- the angular momentum vector of the flywheel is forced to make a finite angle with the radial vector of gravitational force by tuning the symmetry of the levitating forces provided by a propulsion apparatus comprising multiple elements at different spatial locations of the vehicle.
- a torque is produced on the flywheel as the angular momentum vector is reoriented with respect to the radial vector due to the interaction of the central force of gravity of the gravitating body, the repulsive gravitational force of the propulsion means, and the angular momentum of the flywheel device.
- the resulting acceleration which conserves angular momentum is perpendicular to the plane formed by the radial vector and the angular momentum vector.
- the resulting acceleration is tangential to the surface of the gravitating body.
- Large translational velocities are achievable by executing a trajectory which is vertical followed by a precession with a large radius that gives a translation to the craft.
- the latter motion is effected by tilting the spinning craft to cause it to precess with a radius that increases due to the force provided by the craft acting as an airfoil.
- the tilt is provided by the activation and deactivation of multiple repulsive gravitational devices of the present invention spaced so that the desired torque perpendicular to the spin axis is maintained.
- the craft also undergoes a controlled fall and gains a velocity that provides the centrifugal force to the precession as the craft acts as an airfoil.
- energy stored in the flywheel is converted to kinetic energy of the vehicle.
- the rotational energy is entirely converted into transitional kinetic energy.
- the equation for rotational kinetic energy E R and translational kinetic energy E ⁇ are given as follows:
- E R -I ⁇ 2 (26. 1 16) where / is the moment of inertia and ⁇ is the angular rotational frequency;
- E ⁇ -mv 2 ( 26. 1 17) where m is the total mass and v is the translational velocity of the craft.
- the equation for the moment of inertia / of the flywheel is given as: where , is the infinitesimal mass at a distance r from the center of mass.
- Eqs. (26.1 16) and (26.1 18) demonstrate that the rotational kinetic energy stored for a given mass is maximized by maximizing the distance of the mass from the center of mass.
- ideal design parameters are cylindrical symmetry with the rotating mass, flywheel, at the perimeter of the vehicle.
- ⁇ / s S ( 26. 121 )
- ⁇ is the tilt angle between the radial vector and the angular momentum vector
- 0 is the acceleration of the tilt angle ⁇
- g is the acceleration due to gravity
- / is the height to which the vehicle levitates
- ⁇ is the angular precession frequency resulting from the torque which is a consequence of tilting the craft.
- Eq. (26.121) shows that S, the spin of the craft about the symmetry axis, remains constant. Also, the component of the angular momentum along that axis is constant.
- the craft is an airfoil which provides the centrifugal force to move the center of mass of the craft away from the Z axis of the stationary frame.
- the schematic appears in FIGURE 10.
- the airfoil pushes the craft away from the axis that is radial with respect to the Earth. For example, as the craft tilts and falls, the airfoil pushes the craft into a trajectory which is analogous to that of a gyroscope as shown in FIGURE 10. From FIGURE 10, the centrifugal force provided by the airfoil ( mgcos ⁇ ) is always less than the force of gravity on the craft. From Eq. (26.124), the rotational energy is transferred from the initial spin to the precession as the angle 0 increases.
- the precessional energy may become essentially equal to the initial rotational energy plus the initial gravitational potential energy.
- the linear velocity of the craft may reach approximately 1100 m/sec ( 2500 mph).
- the craft falls approximately one half the distance of the radius of the precession of the center of mass about the Z axis.
- the initial vertical height / must be greater.
- velocities approaching the speed of light may be obtained by using gravity assists from massive gravitating bodies wherein the capability of the craft to provide a repulsive gravitational force establishes the desired trajectory to maximize the assist.
- each inelastically scattered electron of incident energy of 100 eV corresponding to the energy-loss of 57.7 eV is 42.3 eV.
- the 57.7 eV energy-loss peak of Simpson arises from inelastic scattering of electrons of 42.3 eV from helium with resonant hyperbolic electron production.
- the production of electrons with velocity functions having negative curvature is experimentally supported .
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU73529/00A AU7352900A (en) | 1999-09-08 | 2000-09-07 | Apparatus and method for propulsion |
GB0205191A GB2370162B (en) | 1999-09-08 | 2000-09-07 | Apparatus and method for propulsion |
CA002383883A CA2383883A1 (en) | 1999-09-08 | 2000-09-07 | Apparatus and method for propulsion |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US15312099P | 1999-09-08 | 1999-09-08 | |
US60/153,120 | 1999-09-08 | ||
US17257599P | 1999-12-20 | 1999-12-20 | |
US60/172,575 | 1999-12-20 | ||
US21307100P | 2000-06-21 | 2000-06-21 | |
US60/213,071 | 2000-06-21 |
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WO2001018948A1 true WO2001018948A1 (en) | 2001-03-15 |
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PCT/US2000/024471 WO2001018948A1 (en) | 1999-09-08 | 2000-09-07 | Apparatus and method for propulsion |
Country Status (4)
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AU (1) | AU7352900A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2383883A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2370162B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001018948A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7188033B2 (en) | 2003-07-21 | 2007-03-06 | Blacklight Power Incorporated | Method and system of computing and rendering the nature of the chemical bond of hydrogen-type molecules and molecular ions |
US7689367B2 (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2010-03-30 | Blacklight Power, Inc. | Method and system of computing and rendering the nature of the excited electronic states of atoms and atomic ions |
US7773656B1 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2010-08-10 | Blacklight Power, Inc. | Molecular hydrogen laser |
US9228570B2 (en) | 2010-02-16 | 2016-01-05 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for small satellite propulsion |
US9820369B2 (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2017-11-14 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | Method and apparatus for providing high control authority atmospheric plasma |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107026068A (en) * | 2016-01-29 | 2017-08-08 | 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司 | Icp mses and crash response pond |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1990016073A1 (en) * | 1989-06-14 | 1990-12-27 | Mills Randell L | Apparatus and method for providing an antigravitational force |
WO1995032021A1 (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1995-11-30 | Mills Randell L | Apparatus and method for providing an antigravitational force |
-
2000
- 2000-09-07 WO PCT/US2000/024471 patent/WO2001018948A1/en active Search and Examination
- 2000-09-07 CA CA002383883A patent/CA2383883A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-09-07 GB GB0205191A patent/GB2370162B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-07 AU AU73529/00A patent/AU7352900A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1990016073A1 (en) * | 1989-06-14 | 1990-12-27 | Mills Randell L | Apparatus and method for providing an antigravitational force |
WO1995032021A1 (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1995-11-30 | Mills Randell L | Apparatus and method for providing an antigravitational force |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7188033B2 (en) | 2003-07-21 | 2007-03-06 | Blacklight Power Incorporated | Method and system of computing and rendering the nature of the chemical bond of hydrogen-type molecules and molecular ions |
US7773656B1 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2010-08-10 | Blacklight Power, Inc. | Molecular hydrogen laser |
US7689367B2 (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2010-03-30 | Blacklight Power, Inc. | Method and system of computing and rendering the nature of the excited electronic states of atoms and atomic ions |
US9228570B2 (en) | 2010-02-16 | 2016-01-05 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for small satellite propulsion |
US9820369B2 (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2017-11-14 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | Method and apparatus for providing high control authority atmospheric plasma |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2370162B (en) | 2004-06-02 |
AU7352900A (en) | 2001-04-10 |
GB2370162A (en) | 2002-06-19 |
GB0205191D0 (en) | 2002-04-17 |
CA2383883A1 (en) | 2001-03-15 |
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