WO2000072599A1 - Serveur de moyens de communication a compression evolutive et multidimensionnelle de donnees - Google Patents
Serveur de moyens de communication a compression evolutive et multidimensionnelle de donnees Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000072599A1 WO2000072599A1 PCT/CA2000/000131 CA0000131W WO0072599A1 WO 2000072599 A1 WO2000072599 A1 WO 2000072599A1 CA 0000131 W CA0000131 W CA 0000131W WO 0072599 A1 WO0072599 A1 WO 0072599A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a system and method for providing scalable data compression in a caching server and more particularly to a system and method for optimizing and managing such compression for streaming media edge servers.
- the Internet today is defined as the interconnection of Internet protocol (IP) - based networks.
- IP Internet protocol
- the Internet protocol stack diagram is represented in terms of the ISO - 7-layer model.
- Various equipment types and products may be associated with the layer functionality that they service.
- the Internet may be viewed as a single integrated network in which various access types are interconnected to various backbone types through edge servers and edge equipment (also called remote access servers or network access servers). There are approximately twenty or more different variations of access paths that can be used to connect the backbone services to a customer (interchangeably referred to as a client). There are six basic access types of connections, namely wireless terrestrial, wireless, satellite, copper, coaxial cable and fiber. In the future, additional access types may be created.
- the Internet has been a resounding success. Ironically, it is this very success and more specifically, the success of the graphical World Wide Web (the web) that may be its undoing.
- the number of web subscribers, content providers, and requests by those subscribers for content grows exponentially faster than the capability of the network to meet the demand. The majority of current data transfers involve text and graphics. However, the future of the Internet appears to be evolving towards the transfer of full motion video and audio.
- Streaming media is different from the typical transfer of multimedia data. Normally, hyperlinks point to multimedia files that are downloaded in their entirety to a user's local disk before being viewed or played.
- streaming media allows users to watch live video and audio as the file is downloading.
- Streaming media often requires a continual transfer of large volumes of data. If many people request the same data at the same time, it will lead to bandwidth restrictions or bottlenecks. Some of the reasons for these bandwidth restrictions or bottlenecks are highlighted in the following description. Since the Internet is IP based, all packets must be evaluated by routers to determine the destination delivery paths, creating traffic congestion, particularly with the increased demand in real-time media, such as video and audio.
- Oracle Corporation has proposed a solution to the above problem.
- the multimedia data repository is placed closer to the consumer of the multimedia.
- servers are deployed at the edge of the web and multimedia data is replicated on these edge servers where the user connection terminates at the POP.
- Hyperlinks on the web pages become pointers to streaming media servers that are physically closest to the consumer.
- the philosophy behind this implementation is that the POP is the logical termination of the user's access point, and thus packets flowing into or out of the POP are only limited by the access speed of the user's connection. Any data packets that flow behind or through the ISP back channel, for example, router, are affected by bottlenecks.
- the media repository at the POP and behind the router, the user is insulated from traffic conditions that exist on the Internet at any given time. It is envisioned that content providers and web publishers use a combination of mirroring or caching techniques to replicate data to the edge servers.
- a disadvantage of the above scheme is that in the mirroring scheme it requires the content providers and web publishers themselves to stage, propagate, and update the multimedia data to be replicated.
- a dialogue box would inform the user with the approximate time the media would be available and might suggest that they visit other sites in the interim. In general, both situations are unacceptable to most users since most users require instant access to the requested data.
- bandwidth negotiation This has been referred to as "bandwidth negotiation". This process is not dynamic, so if a user's actual throughput changes due to congestion or packet loss, the server cannot adjust. Another difficulty is the increased labor required for coding and then managing the media clip for different bandwidths.
- the Real Networks solution to these problems in its most recent incarnation is to provide an encoding framework for combining multiple data streams, each at different bit rates into a single file.
- a sophisticated client server mechanism is provided for detecting changes in bandwidth and translating those changes into combinations of different streams.
- image compression methods may be classified as those methods, which reproduce the original data exactly, that is, “lossless compression” and those, which trade a tolerable divergence from the original data for greater compression, that is, “lossy compression”.
- lossless methods have a problem that they are unable to achieve a compression of much more than 70%. Therefore, where higher compression ratios are needed, lossy techniques have been developed. In general, the amount by which the original media source is reduced is referred to as the compression ratio.
- Compression technologies have evolved over time to adapt to the various user requirements. Historically, compression technology focused on telephony, where sound wave compression algorithms were developed and optimized.
- ID one-dimensional
- 2D two-dimensional
- the motion compensated predictive coding scheme processes the video data in groups of frames in order to achieve relatively high levels of compression without allowing the performance of the system to be degraded by excessive error propagation.
- image frames are classified into one of three types: the intraframe (I-Frame), the predicted frame (P -Frame) and the bi-directional frame (B-Frame).
- I-Frame intraframe
- P -Frame predicted frame
- B-Frame bi-directional frame
- a 2D DCT is applied to small regions such as blocks of 8 x 8 pixels to encode each of the I-Frames.
- the resulting data stream is quantized and encoded using a variable length code such as amplitude run length Huffman code to produce the compressed output signal.
- this quantization technique still focuses on compressing single frames or images which may not be the most effective means of compression for current multimedia requirements.
- MPEG suffers from 8 x 8 blocking artifacts known as tiling.
- these second-generation compression approaches as described above have reduced the media of data requirements for video by as much as 100:1.
- wavelet algorithms are implemented with efficient significance map coding such as EZW and line detection with gradient vectors depending on the application's final reconstructed resolution.
- the wavelet algorithms operate on the entire image and have efficient implementation due to finite impulse response (FIR) filter realizations.
- FIR finite impulse response
- All wavelet algorithms decompose an image into coarser, smooth approximations with low pass digital filtering (convolution) on the image.
- the wavelet algorithms generate detailed approximations (error signals) with high pass digital filtering or convolution on the image.
- This decomposition process can be continued as far down the pyramid as a designer requires where each step in the pyramid has a sample rate reduction of two.
- This technique is also known as spatial sample rate decimation or down sampling of the image where the resolution is one half in the next sub-band of the pyramid.
- NQ vector quantization
- the technique as described in this application may be applied to video data signals.
- the method comprises the steps of selecting a sequence of image frames in a video stream, applying a three dimensional transform to the selected sequence to produce a transformed output, and then encoding the transformed output to produce a compressed stream output.
- MMIP multicast media over Internet protocol
- a method for managing scalable compression of multicast or unicast media over an Internet protocol, between a media server and a client comprising the steps of:
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an Internet architecture
- Figure 2 is a schematic system diagram of an edge or gateway server located at an ISP according to an embodiment of the invention
- Figure 3 is a schematic system diagram of a client according to an embodiment of the mvention
- Figure 4 is a schematic functional block diagram of a caching bandwidth manager of figure 2;
- Figure 5 is a schematic functional block diagram of a client player of figure 3;
- Figure 6 is a schematic flow diagram of the bandwidth manager operation
- Figure 7 is a schematic flow diagram of a bandwidth optimizer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 8 is a schematic flow diagram of a quantizer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a real-time frame by frame quantizer for a 2D wavelet case
- Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of a real-time frame by frame quantizer for a
- the architecture comprises a backbone network 22 which is defined as the interconnection equipment concerned with connecting local web sites to local POPs and an access network 24 that is defined as the interconnection between the local POPs and the consumers.
- the Web sites 26 host both digital and analog content from various Content providers 28, which are in-turn connected via a global and national Internet infrastructure 30 to the local access Internet infrastructure 32.
- the consumer or viewer 34 connects to the national Internet infrastructure 30 i.e. at the POP, by one or more access links 33.
- Cache 36 sites are provided between the global and national Internet infrastructure 30 and the local access Internet infrastructure 32.
- the cache sites 36 are normally the demarcation between the backbone network 22 and the access network 24.
- Backbone web sites 26 typically do not consider the needs of various types of access 33 employed by clients 34 and various qualities of access links in their consideration of web content. It is normally the responsibility of the web content provider 28 to customizing the web site content for different access links.
- the present invention leverages off the existing architecture, but implements a content compression architecture that uses technology in the data link level to application level of the ISO model to optimize the access from the local POP to the customer 34.
- FIG 2 a system block diagram of local access server 37 is shown, while in figure 3, a client or consumer 34-system block diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the local access link 32 is a 56k modem.
- MMIP internet protocol
- the manager 100 functions as a network edge server/gateway and is compliant with the IETF working groups protocol recommendations for streaming media.
- the manager 100 includes an m-dimension wavelet or spectral video translator module 102, an audio translator module 104, an access protocol optimization module 106, a cache database manager module 108, and a server management module 110.
- the function performed by the manager 100 is to stream media over IP to a client player, shown in the schematic system diagram of figure 3 and the corresponding functional diagram of figure 5, by implementing a controlled compression or extended client filtering.
- controlled compression the manager 100 receives compressed video from standard COTS video servers and then translates the video stream using an m-dimensional wavelet or spectral codec.
- the manager 100 is also capable of receiving m-dimensional compressed video streams over IP from a originating media server in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- the caching bandwidth manager 100 receives streamed MPEG data compliant with RTP and sends translated streamed media data in wavelet format with header compression that is optimized for the access link 33. In addition the manager receives end user access configuration data in the form of client video/audio capabilities, access link capabilities, and media requests. The caching bandwidth manager utilizes the configuration data to send MPEG server requests to indicate when a user requests media from the WWW. The caching bandwidth manager 100 performs the functions of an edge server or traditional gateway for converting protocols between the backbone network and the access network.
- the m-dimensional wavelet video translator module 102 receives streamed MPEG video data 120 from an MPEG media server (not shown) that is preferably compliant with RFC2250.
- the MPEG data is decompressed back into the luminance and chromanence frame data values. This uncompressed frame data is then re-compressed using controlled compression according to an embodiment of the present invention, as described below.
- the wavelet video translator module 102 is enabled by a video translation control signal 126 generated by the edge server when the access configuration data indicates that there is an MPEG media request being made by the end user.
- the wavelet stream is stored in the media database 124 as N level deep pyramidal multiresolution sub-bands coded with the embedded zerotrees of wavelet coefficients (EZW) compression algorithm.
- the highly correlated lowest resolution significance map or sub-band in the tree is processed with an algorithm such as the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and then entropy coded with Huffman coding or arithmetic coding.
- DCT Discrete Cosine Transform
- Huffman coding or arithmetic coding.
- the EZW algorithm is used to code all the other subbands or children of the lowest resolution subband that is coded by the DCT. This technique will result in efficient compression of the principle components of the video stream by a method, which closely approximates the optimal Karhunen-Loeve transformation.
- the Audio Translator module 104 receives streamed MPEG audio data from the Media Server that is compliant with RFC2250.
- the compressed audio stream may be uncompressed back to sample data values and this uncompressed stream efficiently re-compressed with timestamps using the audio wavelet codec.
- the audio translator module 104 sends compressed audio data to the media database for efficient streaming to the client player over the access link.
- An efficient application of the EZW transformation algorithm is in providing progressive video over various access link bandwidths.
- the Access Protocol Optimization module 106 uses access optimization protocols, such as the controlled compression and extended client filtering to read Compressed Media Data from the Media Database and Stream Media Data in the form of time synchronized media wavelet coefficients to the Client Player based on the available bandwidth and the MMIP Client Player configuration.
- the PPP (RFC 1661) and the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) shall be supported with 10:1 IPv4 header compression compliant to RFC 1144 and RFC2508/RFC2509 respectively.
- RFC2507 for non serial links for header compression in mobile IP, etc will result in approximately 15:1 IPv6 compression of the header information.
- the UDP/IPv4 headers consume 11.2 kbits/s and UDP/IPv6 headers consume 19.2 kbits/s when uncompressed.
- the overhead can be reduced to approximately 1.7 KBPS.
- up to 2:1 lossless compression can be achieved for the packet payload if the web data is not already in an encrypted or compressed format.
- An algorithm is used here to detect if the compression of the web data results in data expansion. Data expansion is typical when a compression algorithm is applied to encrypted data.
- the Access Protocol Optimization module supports RTP according to RFC1889 and RTSP according to RFC2326 to stream media to the Client Player.
- the Access Protocol Optimization module 106 implements algorithms to efficiently perform Controlled Compression and Extended Client Filtering in media streaming to the MMIP Client Player over the access link bandwidth.
- the algorithms implemented include the following functions:
- M Stream only M of a total of N multiresolution subbands starting from the lowest resolution, where M ⁇ N.
- the algorithm for which M subbands to stream to the Client Player is based on access infrastructure and bandwidth available (i.e.: twisted pair, wireless, satellite) to maintain the best subjective image quality according to the human visual systems logarithmic sensitivity to light intensity and sensitivity to abrupt spatial changes.
- M Selectively stream only an area of each of the M subbands in 3).
- the algorithm will determine the shape of the area to stream of the M subbands and vary it from all the lowest subband coefficients to a small geometrical area in the center of the highest resolution subband.
- the algorithm to control the rate of change of the geometrical area from low to high resolution subbands in the center of the image area is optimized based on the access infrastructure, bandwidth available, and client capability.
- Congestion algorithms optimized for the access infrastructure such as graceful degradation of video while maintaining the audio quality and audio degradation only after the frame rate is zero (RFC2001/RFC2581 identifies TCP congestion control algorithms).
- Congestion algorithms optimized for the access infrastructure such as graceful degradation of video while maintaining the audio quality and audio degradation only after the frame rate is zero (RFC2001/RFC2581 identifies TCP congestion control algorithms).
- a flow chart showing the operation of the caching bandwidth manager 100 is shown generally by numeral 200.
- the caching bandwidth manager runs two loops, a non-real-time loop 204 and a real-time loop 206.
- the bandwidth manager determines the bandwidth characteristics of the client 208. The characteristics are used to generate a quantization mask 210 to be applied by the real time loop 206 on a frame by frame basis, or group of frames in 3D cases, for creating a bitstream to the client.
- the bandwidth manager receives the transformed pixel data and performs coding thereon using the quantization mask 210.
- the bitstream generated by this process is then sent 212 to the client.
- the client performs the inverse operation 214 on the bitstream to generate an appropriate display.
- an edge server receives a client request.
- the client request is buffered and the server determines the access bandwidth statistics of the client.
- the client buffer status is determined, as to whether the client buffer is approaching an underflow condition or approaching an overflow condition. If the client buffer status indicates that the buffer is approaching an overflow condition, the bandwidth optimizer reduces video quality by changing the co-efficient array quantization. Spatial decimation and temporal decimation follow this.
- the bandwidth optimizer may perform colorspace reduction and decrease subjective quality based on the human visual system sensitivity.
- the values are updated in the array for the N x N quantization mask and the coded bit rate decreased to the client.
- the next step is then to update the new N x N quantization in the real time quantization process. If the client buffer state is determined to be approaching an underflow condition the bandwidth optimizer improves video quality by controlling the coefficient array quantization. Next spatial interpolation and temporal interpolation are performed as above. Also color space expansion is performed followed by an increase in subject subjective quality using a human visual system sensitivity profile. This is similar to the sensitivity profile described above for the overflow condition however in this case the optimizer moves in the direction to increase the quality of the image. Next the N x N quantization mask is updated to increase the coded bit rate to the client. It may be noted, that the quantization mask is not restricted to N x N but my be a N x M or N x M x Z.
- the outputs are used to update the new N x N quantization mask in the real-time quantization process.
- a flow chart showing the real time quantization process is shown generally by numeral 500. It may be shown that the quantization process is repeated for each frame, or group of frames in 3D cases, transformed.
- the quantization process begins by inputting a transformed pixel data of size N x N. It is next determined whether a new real-time quantization mask is available. If so the system updates the quantizer co-efficient mask from the bandwidth optimizer as described with reference to Figure 7. This quantization mask is then applied to the N x N array of transformed frame data as shown schematically in Figure 9.
- the quantizer performs entropy (for example arithmetic) coding on the quantized data, the resulting bit stream is then sent to the client.
- entropy for example arithmetic
- a schematic representation of a real-time frame by frame quantization with independent co-efficient quantization is shown for a 2D wavelet case.
- a quantization mask of size N x N 604 is created and then applied to the data 602 on a frame by frame basis.
- the purpose of the quantization mask is for real-time selective wavelet sub-band quantization to reject certain sub- bands or portions of sub-bands for NxN, N x M or N x M x P cases.
- an AND is performed on a corresponding element in the transformed coefficient array 602 with the quantization mask 604.
- the independent value for each quantization mask array element will truncate the corresponding transformed coefficient value in bit positions in the quantization mask array elements that are zero.
- a real time group of frames quantization with independent co-efficient quantization for a 3D spectral case is shown generally by numeral 700.
- a 3D quantization mask block is created and applied to an entire sequence of frames.
- the cache database manager module 108 receives Access Configuration Data from the user.
- the Cache Database Manager sends an MPEG Server request to the MPEG Media Server to enable Streamed MPEG Data to be sent over IP on the WWW.
- the Cache Database Manager is also be capable of sending Media Requests to enable other Compressed Media Data comprised of audio, video, or data for transmission over IP on the WWW based on the Access Configuration Data received from the user.
- an embodiment of the present invention provides a method and system for optimizing the quality of media displayed at a client that is connected to an IP network.
- the invention has only been described in detail relating to media transmissions over an IP network, it may be extended to other forms of data transmission.
- cable television companies typically transmit over 6MHz channels. Using today's MPEG compression technology, they are generally only able to accommodate from four to six television stations per channel. Using the controlled compression described herein, different types of television shows can be compressed with different compression rates. Therefore, in the cable television industry each 6 MHz channel statistically will be able to accommodate much more television shows.
- the subject of the present invention may be applied to other industries, such as broadcast television, jukeboxes, personal electronic devices and the like.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Computer Graphics (AREA)
- Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
- Two-Way Televisions, Distribution Of Moving Picture Or The Like (AREA)
- Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
- Information Transfer Between Computers (AREA)
Abstract
Priority Applications (1)
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AU26528/00A AU2652800A (en) | 1999-05-21 | 2000-02-15 | Media server with multi-dimensional scalable data compression |
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CA 2272590 CA2272590A1 (fr) | 1999-05-21 | 1999-05-21 | Systeme et methode de transmission en continu selon le protocole internet |
CA2,272,590 | 1999-05-21 | ||
CA2,277,373 | 1999-07-09 | ||
CA 2277373 CA2277373A1 (fr) | 1999-05-21 | 1999-07-09 | Compression multidimensionnelle des donnees |
CA 2280662 CA2280662A1 (fr) | 1999-05-21 | 1999-09-02 | Serveur de media a compression evolutive multidimensionnelle des donnees |
CA2,280,662 | 1999-09-02 |
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WO2000072599A1 true WO2000072599A1 (fr) | 2000-11-30 |
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PCT/CA2000/000132 WO2000072602A1 (fr) | 1999-05-21 | 2000-02-15 | Compression multidimensionnelle de donnees |
PCT/CA2000/000133 WO2000072517A1 (fr) | 1999-05-21 | 2000-02-15 | Utilisation en continu de supports via un systeme en protocole internet et systeme a cet effet |
PCT/CA2000/000131 WO2000072599A1 (fr) | 1999-05-21 | 2000-02-15 | Serveur de moyens de communication a compression evolutive et multidimensionnelle de donnees |
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PCT/CA2000/000132 WO2000072602A1 (fr) | 1999-05-21 | 2000-02-15 | Compression multidimensionnelle de donnees |
PCT/CA2000/000133 WO2000072517A1 (fr) | 1999-05-21 | 2000-02-15 | Utilisation en continu de supports via un systeme en protocole internet et systeme a cet effet |
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CA (1) | CA2280662A1 (fr) |
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US8139487B2 (en) | 2007-02-28 | 2012-03-20 | Microsoft Corporation | Strategies for selecting a format for data transmission based on measured bandwidth |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2652900A (en) | 2000-12-12 |
AU2652800A (en) | 2000-12-12 |
CA2280662A1 (fr) | 2000-11-21 |
WO2000072602A1 (fr) | 2000-11-30 |
WO2000072517A1 (fr) | 2000-11-30 |
AU2653000A (en) | 2000-12-12 |
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