WO2000064274A1 - Fish feed - Google Patents

Fish feed Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2000064274A1
WO2000064274A1 PCT/SE2000/000763 SE0000763W WO0064274A1 WO 2000064274 A1 WO2000064274 A1 WO 2000064274A1 SE 0000763 W SE0000763 W SE 0000763W WO 0064274 A1 WO0064274 A1 WO 0064274A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fish
trp
feed
brain
supplemented
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE2000/000763
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2000064274A9 (en
Inventor
Svante Winberg
Original Assignee
Svante Winberg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Svante Winberg filed Critical Svante Winberg
Priority to AU46342/00A priority Critical patent/AU4634200A/en
Publication of WO2000064274A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000064274A1/en
Publication of WO2000064274A9 publication Critical patent/WO2000064274A9/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
    • A61K31/405—Indole-alkanecarboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. tryptophan, indomethacin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fish feed, more precisely fish feed supplemented with the amino acid L-tryptophan, to be used for diet therapy in fish, the intention being to suppress aggressive behaviour and stress reactions.
  • Periodic feeding restrictions are frequently utilised as a management strategy in fish aquaculture, e.g. to control the rate of production, to affect sexual maturation in the rearing population, or to obtain fish of a certain size at predetermined time intervals.
  • feeding restrictions entail higher levels of competition for feed and may result in disproportionate feed acquisition and heterogeneous growth of fish (McCarthy et al., 1992; Jobling and Koskela, 1996; Damsgard et al., 1997).
  • the invention relates to use of L-tryptophan, and tryptophan derivatives, to control aggressive behaviour and stress reactions in fish.
  • the use is especially intended for fin fish, such as salmonids, sea bass, tilapia, sea bream, channel catfish, turbot, halibut, yellowtail, barrimundi, stripped bass, hirame flounder and eel.
  • TRP The amino acid L-tryptophan
  • 5-HT serotonin
  • Boadle-Biber The serotonergic system of the brain is believed to be involved in the regulation of agonistic behaviour among diverse animal groups, and in most vertebrate species increased 5-HT activity appears to have an inhibitory effect on aggressive behaviour (reviewed by Winberg and Nilsson, 1993).
  • TRP The amino acid L-tryptophan
  • the serotonergic system of the brain is believed to be involved in the regulation of agonistic behaviour among diverse animal groups, and in most vertebrate species increased 5-HT activity appears to have an inhibitory effect on aggressive behaviour (reviewed by Winberg and Nilsson, 1993).
  • TRP The rate of 5-HT synthesis is normally restricted by TRP availability (Boadle-Biber, 1982) and the local concentration of TRP is an important factor governing the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the mammalian brain (Fernstrom, 1983).
  • the regulation of brain 5-HT synthesis has been extensively studied in mammals (reviewed by Boadle-Biber, 1993).
  • the first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of 5-HT is the hydroxylation of TRP to 5-hydoroxytryptophan, a reaction catalysed by the enzyme tryptophanhydroxylase.
  • This enzyme is not saturated by its substrate, TRP, in vivo.
  • tryptophanhydroxyalse does not appear to be subjected to any inhibition by the end product of the reaction pathway, 5-HT. Consequently, an elevation of brain TRP levels results in an increase in the rate of 5-HT synthesis. Further, it appears that brain TRP levels are remarkably sensitive to the supply of the amino acid from the circulation.
  • the major factor regulating TRP uptake to the mammalian brain is a transport carrier located at the blood-brain barrier, a carrier that transports not only TRP, but also several other large, neutral amino acids (LNAA), including tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, into brain (Fernstrom, 1983).
  • LNAA large, neutral amino acids
  • the uptake of TRP depends not only on the level of TRP in the blood, but also on the blood concentrations of other LNAA.
  • the amino acid composition of the diet will affect brain TRP concentrations and, thus, 5-HT synthesis. Elevating dietary TRP and/or lowering dietary intake of other LNAA could raise brain 5-HT synthesis.
  • TRP tripeptide Providing feed with increased TRP might be an interesting aquaculture management strategy, especially during periods of feed restriction.
  • the effect of dietary TRP will be most pronounced in dominant individuals, who consume the larger part of the feed offered. Therefore the tendency to develop strong dominance hierarchies will be diminished.
  • the object of the present invention was to provide an alternative strategy for production control in aquaculture, reducing the level of intra-specific aggressive behaviour and stress.
  • TRP supplemented feed would provide the desired effects of restricted feeding (i.e. reduced growth, delayed sexual maturation, etc), in the absence of the undesired side-effects (i.e. increased competition for feed, disproportionate feed acquisition, stress, and heterogeneous growth).
  • restricted feeding i.e. reduced growth, delayed sexual maturation, etc
  • side-effects i.e. increased competition for feed, disproportionate feed acquisition, stress, and heterogeneous growth.
  • the effects of elevated dietary TRP will be most pronounced in socially dominant fish, which consume the larger part of the feed offered, and are most aggressive.
  • Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were kept visually isolated and fed commercial trout pellets during a one week acclimation period.
  • the fish were fed ad libitum and the individual feed intake was quantified continuously during the experiment by counting the number of pellets consumed.
  • the fish were subjected to an aggression test after which the feed was exchanged for experimental feed, with or without (control) supplemented TRP.
  • Two levels of TRP supplementation was used, 1.5 % and 0.15% TRP (as wet weight).
  • the aggression test was repeated twice, after receiving TRP supplemented feed for 3 and 7 days.
  • the aggression test applied was a residence-intruder test. In this test a small (50% in body mass compared to the resident fish) conspecific was introduced to the isolated fish. The fish were video recorded for one hour after which the intruder was removed. The latency to first attack and the frequency of aggressive acts were quantified from the video recordings. Following the final aggression test (after being fed TRP supplemented feed for 7 days) the fish were sacrificed, and blood and brain tissue were collected. Blood plasma was analysed for TRP and cortisol concentrations.
  • TRP serotonin
  • 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
  • Blood samples and brain tissue were also collected from fish that were held visually isolated and fed TRP supplemented (1.5 or 0.15%) or control feed for 7 days, but not subjected to any aggression test.
  • Plasma TRP levels were drastically increased in fish fed the highest level of TRP whereas fish fed 0.15% TRP showed only modest, but still significant, elevations of plasma TRP levels (Fig. 2).
  • brain TRP concentrations were strikingly elevated in fish receiving feed supplemented by 1.5% TRP, whereas fish receiving the lower TRP dose showed a modest, but significant, elevation of brain TRP concentrations (Fig. 2).
  • Brain 5-HT activity as indicated by the brain 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio, was elevated in fish receiving TRP supplemented feed (Fig. 3).

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to fish feed, more precisely fish feed supplemented with the amino acid L-trytophan, to be used for diet therapy in fish, the intention being to suppress aggressive behaviour and stress reactions.

Description

Title: Fish feed
Technical field
The present invention relates to fish feed, more precisely fish feed supplemented with the amino acid L-tryptophan, to be used for diet therapy in fish, the intention being to suppress aggressive behaviour and stress reactions.
Background of the invention
Periodic feeding restrictions are frequently utilised as a management strategy in fish aquaculture, e.g. to control the rate of production, to affect sexual maturation in the rearing population, or to obtain fish of a certain size at predetermined time intervals. However, feeding restrictions entail higher levels of competition for feed and may result in disproportionate feed acquisition and heterogeneous growth of fish (McCarthy et al., 1992; Jobling and Koskela, 1996; Damsgard et al., 1997).
The formation of dominance hierarchies due to intraspecific competition for limited resources is particularly evident in salmonid species, of which several are of considerable economic importance. Examples are rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) which is reared for food production and for put-and-take fishing, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) which are reared for food production, as well as for restocking of natural populations (compensation for spawning sites destroyed by hydroelectric power plants). These species are all highly aggressive, especially at life stages when they are territorial in nature, and develop strong dominance hierarchies. The stress effect of social subordination is probably enhanced under conditions of artificial rearing, where opportunities for social signalling and retreat are limited. Stress-induced appetite reduction in subordinates (όverli et al., 1998), along with direct feeding competition from dominants, are among the proposed mechanisms causing differential food acquisition of fish in a rearing unit. It is also likely that elevated levels of stress hormones, mainly cortisol, will negatively influence the defence system, which in turn can be expected to cause health problems and contribute to reduced growth rate. Metabolic effects of social stress, which might further contribute to retarded growth of subordinate fish, also have been demonstrated (Jobling, 1994).
However, it is reasonable to believe that the stress exerted upon individual fish from dominant members of a group diminish as group size and rearing density increases. Observations of aggressive behaviour as well as recordings of inter-individual variation in growth rate and food intake indeed suggest that the intensity of social hierarchy formation decrease with increasing stocking densities. Growth depensation and differential feed intake are however common also at higher rearing densities, and often constitute a disadvantage to aquaculture production. In addition, elevated heterogeneity observed under restricted feeding conditions (Jobling and Koskela, 1996; Damsgard et al., 1997) present a major problem, making production control in aquaculture difficult.
Summary of the invention
The invention relates to use of L-tryptophan, and tryptophan derivatives, to control aggressive behaviour and stress reactions in fish. The use is especially intended for fin fish, such as salmonids, sea bass, tilapia, sea bream, channel catfish, turbot, halibut, yellowtail, barrimundi, stripped bass, hirame flounder and eel.
The amino acid L-tryptophan (TRP) is the precursor of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-HT) (Boadle-Biber, 1982). The serotonergic system of the brain is believed to be involved in the regulation of agonistic behaviour among diverse animal groups, and in most vertebrate species increased 5-HT activity appears to have an inhibitory effect on aggressive behaviour (reviewed by Winberg and Nilsson, 1993). We have recently obtained results suggesting that supplementation with dietary TRP increases brain 5-HT activity, and thereby decreases aggressive behaviour in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The rate of 5-HT synthesis is normally restricted by TRP availability (Boadle-Biber, 1982) and the local concentration of TRP is an important factor governing the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the mammalian brain (Fernstrom, 1983).
The regulation of brain 5-HT synthesis has been extensively studied in mammals (reviewed by Boadle-Biber, 1993). The first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of 5-HT is the hydroxylation of TRP to 5-hydoroxytryptophan, a reaction catalysed by the enzyme tryptophanhydroxylase. This enzyme is not saturated by its substrate, TRP, in vivo. In addition, tryptophanhydroxyalse does not appear to be subjected to any inhibition by the end product of the reaction pathway, 5-HT. Consequently, an elevation of brain TRP levels results in an increase in the rate of 5-HT synthesis. Further, it appears that brain TRP levels are remarkably sensitive to the supply of the amino acid from the circulation. The major factor regulating TRP uptake to the mammalian brain is a transport carrier located at the blood-brain barrier, a carrier that transports not only TRP, but also several other large, neutral amino acids (LNAA), including tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, into brain (Fernstrom, 1983). Thus, the uptake of TRP depends not only on the level of TRP in the blood, but also on the blood concentrations of other LNAA. Hence, the amino acid composition of the diet will affect brain TRP concentrations and, thus, 5-HT synthesis. Elevating dietary TRP and/or lowering dietary intake of other LNAA could raise brain 5-HT synthesis. On the other hand, reducing dietary TRP, and/or increasing dietary intake of other LNAA, will decrease brain 5-HT synthesis (Fernstrom, 1983). A meal rich in protein will reduce brain TRP levels since it provides large amounts of other large LNAA competing with TRP for uptake to the brain.
Our knowledge on the regulation of 5-HT biosynthesis in teleost fish and other non- mammalian vertebrates is still very restricted. However, recent results suggest that the rate of 5-HT biosynthesis in fish is regulated by mechanisms very similar to those observed in mammals, and brain 5-HT synthesis appear to be restricted by TRP availability also in teleosts (Johnston et al., 1990; Aldegunde et al., 1998). Therefore, the suppression of aggressive behaviour observed in rainbow trout fed with TRP supplemented feed could be mediated by the brain 5-HT system.
Supplementation with dietary TRP has been reported to decrease aggressive behaviour in broiler breeder males, an effect that seems to be mediated by the brain 5-HT system (Shea-Moore et al., 1996).
Providing feed with increased TRP might be an interesting aquaculture management strategy, especially during periods of feed restriction. The effect of dietary TRP will be most pronounced in dominant individuals, who consume the larger part of the feed offered. Therefore the tendency to develop strong dominance hierarchies will be diminished.
Detailed description of the invention
The object of the present invention was to provide an alternative strategy for production control in aquaculture, reducing the level of intra-specific aggressive behaviour and stress.
Providing feed enriched in TRP will very effectively diminish the tendency to develop dominance hierarchies, an acknowledged problem in aquaculture operations especially during periods of feed restriction. Further, since increased brain serotonergic activity not only inhibits aggressive behaviour, but probably also appetite and feed intake, TRP supplemented feed would provide the desired effects of restricted feeding (i.e. reduced growth, delayed sexual maturation, etc), in the absence of the undesired side-effects (i.e. increased competition for feed, disproportionate feed acquisition, stress, and heterogeneous growth). Interestingly, the effects of elevated dietary TRP will be most pronounced in socially dominant fish, which consume the larger part of the feed offered, and are most aggressive.
Results from experimental work
Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were kept visually isolated and fed commercial trout pellets during a one week acclimation period. The fish were fed ad libitum and the individual feed intake was quantified continuously during the experiment by counting the number of pellets consumed. Following this week of acclimation the fish were subjected to an aggression test after which the feed was exchanged for experimental feed, with or without (control) supplemented TRP. Two levels of TRP supplementation was used, 1.5 % and 0.15% TRP (as wet weight). The aggression test was repeated twice, after receiving TRP supplemented feed for 3 and 7 days.
The aggression test applied was a residence-intruder test. In this test a small (50% in body mass compared to the resident fish) conspecific was introduced to the isolated fish. The fish were video recorded for one hour after which the intruder was removed. The latency to first attack and the frequency of aggressive acts were quantified from the video recordings. Following the final aggression test (after being fed TRP supplemented feed for 7 days) the fish were sacrificed, and blood and brain tissue were collected. Blood plasma was analysed for TRP and cortisol concentrations. Levels of TRP, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, the major 5-HT metabolite) were quantified in brain tissue, and the ratio of 5-HIAA to 5-HT was calculated as a measure of brain 5-HT activity.
Blood samples and brain tissue were also collected from fish that were held visually isolated and fed TRP supplemented (1.5 or 0.15%) or control feed for 7 days, but not subjected to any aggression test.
Fish fed TRP supplemented feed for 7 days showed significantly lower levels of aggression than fish fed control feed (Fig. 1). However, there was no significant effect on aggression following 3 days of feeding with TRP supplemented feed (Fig. 1). The two different levels of TRP supplementation had almost identical behavioural effects, and there was no significant difference in aggression between fish receiving 1.5%TRP and 0.15% TRP (Fig. 1).
Plasma TRP levels were drastically increased in fish fed the highest level of TRP whereas fish fed 0.15% TRP showed only modest, but still significant, elevations of plasma TRP levels (Fig. 2). Similarly, brain TRP concentrations were strikingly elevated in fish receiving feed supplemented by 1.5% TRP, whereas fish receiving the lower TRP dose showed a modest, but significant, elevation of brain TRP concentrations (Fig. 2).
Brain 5-HT activity, as indicated by the brain 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio, was elevated in fish receiving TRP supplemented feed (Fig. 3).
Fish subjected to the aggression test showed weakly but significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels, as compared to undisturbed fish (Fig. 4). In fish subjected to the aggression test there was no significant difference in plasma cortisol concentrations between fish receiving different feeds (Fig. 4). However, in undisturbed fish receiving TRP supplemented feed had a significant effect on plasma cortisol levels, fish receiving feed supplemented by 1.5% TRP displaying elevated plasma cortisol concentrations whereas fish receiving feed supplemented by 0.15% TRP showing decreased plasma cortisol concentrations, as compared to controls (Fig. 4).
References
Aldegunde, M , Garcia, J , Soengas, J L , Rozas, G (1998) J Exp Zool 282 285-
289
Boadle-Biber, M C (1982) Biosynthesis of serotonin In Biology of serotonergic transmission (ed N N Osborne) pp 63-87, Chichester John Wiley & Sons
Boadle-Biber, M C (1993) Prog Biophys Molec Biol 60 1 -15
Damsgard, B , Arnesen, A M , Baardvik, B M and Jobling, M (1997) J Fish Biol 50 859-869
Fernstrom, J D (1983) Physiol Rev 63 484-
Jobling, M (1994) Fish Bioenergetics London Chapman Hall
Jobling, M , and Koskela J (1996) J Fish Bio! 49 658-667
Johnston, W L , Atkinson, J L , Hilton, J W and Were, K E (1990) J Nut Biochem 1 49-54
McCarthy, I D , Carter, C G , and Houlihan, D F (1992) J Fish Biol 41 257-263
Raleigh, M J , Brammer, G L , McGuire, M T , Yuwiler, A (1985) Brain Res 348 274-282
Shea, M M , Douglass, L W , Mench, J A (1991 ) Pharmac Biochem Behav 38 587-591
Shea-Moore, M M , Thomas, O P , Mench, J A (1996) Poultry Sci 75 370-374
Wmberg, S , and Nilsson, G E (1993) Comp Biochem Physiol 106C 597-614
Overli, 0, Wmberg, S , Damsgard, B , and Jobling, M (1998) Can J Zool 76 1366-

Claims

1. Use of L-tryptophan, and tryptophan derivatives, to control aggressive behaviour and stress reactions in fish.
2. Use according to claim 1 , wherein the fish is fin fish.
3. Use according to claim 2, wherein the fish is salmonids, sea bass, tilapia, sea bream, channel catfish, turbot, halibut, yellowtail, barrimundi, stripped bass, hirame flounder and eel.
PCT/SE2000/000763 1999-04-23 2000-04-20 Fish feed WO2000064274A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU46342/00A AU4634200A (en) 1999-04-23 2000-04-20 Fish feed

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9901468A SE9901468D0 (en) 1999-04-23 1999-04-23 Fish feed
SE9901468-0 1999-04-23

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2000064274A1 true WO2000064274A1 (en) 2000-11-02
WO2000064274A9 WO2000064274A9 (en) 2001-03-01

Family

ID=20415330

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE2000/000763 WO2000064274A1 (en) 1999-04-23 2000-04-20 Fish feed

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU4634200A (en)
SE (1) SE9901468D0 (en)
WO (1) WO2000064274A1 (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002030182A2 (en) * 2000-10-12 2002-04-18 Marical, Inc. Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6463882B1 (en) 2000-10-12 2002-10-15 Marical, Llc Growing marine fish in freshwater
US6463883B1 (en) 2000-10-12 2002-10-15 Marical, Llc Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6475792B1 (en) 2000-10-12 2002-11-05 Marical, Llc Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6481379B1 (en) 2000-10-12 2002-11-19 Marical, Llc Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
WO2011027279A1 (en) * 2009-09-01 2011-03-10 Universidade Do Algarve Feed additives for aquaculture and aquarium culture
CN112021473A (en) * 2020-09-28 2020-12-04 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 Composite additive and feed for reducing eating behavior of takifugu rubripes
JP7093961B2 (en) 2018-02-13 2022-07-01 国立大学法人金沢大学 Stress reducing drug

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BR. J. NUTR., vol. 51, no. 2, 1984, pages 279 - 287 *
DATABASE FILE CAPLUS STN INTERNATIONAL; WALTON M.J. ET AL.: "The effects of dietary tryptophan levels on growth and metabolism of rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri)" *
SVANTE WINBERG ET AL.: "Roles of brain monoamine neurotransmitters in agonistic behaviour and stress reactions, with particular reference to fish", COMP. BIOCHEM. PHYSIAL., vol. 106C, no. 3, 1993, pages 597 - 614, XP002933669 *
SVANTE WINBERG ET AL.: "Time course of changes in brain serotonergic activity and brain tryptophan levels in dominant and subordinate juvenile arctic charr", J. EXP. BIOL., vol. 179, 1993, pages 181 - 195, XP002933668 *
WENDY L. JOHNSTON ET AL.: "Effect of dietary tryptophan on plasma and brain tryptophan, brain serotonin and brain 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid in rainbow trout", J. NUT. BIOCHEM., vol. 1, January 1990 (1990-01-01), pages 49 - 54, XP002933667 *

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6655318B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2003-12-02 Marical, Inc. Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6463882B1 (en) 2000-10-12 2002-10-15 Marical, Llc Growing marine fish in freshwater
US6854422B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2005-02-15 Marical, Inc. Growing marine fish in fresh water
US7069876B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2006-07-04 Marical, Inc. Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6475792B1 (en) 2000-10-12 2002-11-05 Marical, Llc Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6481379B1 (en) 2000-10-12 2002-11-19 Marical, Llc Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6564747B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2003-05-20 Marical, Llc Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6637371B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2003-10-28 Marical, Inc. Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
WO2002030182A2 (en) * 2000-10-12 2002-04-18 Marical, Inc. Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
WO2002030182A3 (en) * 2000-10-12 2002-06-13 Aquabio Products Sciences L L Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US6463883B1 (en) 2000-10-12 2002-10-15 Marical, Llc Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US7121227B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2006-10-17 Marical, Inc. Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish
US7182041B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2007-02-27 Marical, Inc. Growing marine fish in fresh water
US7421975B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2008-09-09 Marical, Inc. Growing marine fish in fresh water
US7584718B2 (en) 2000-10-12 2009-09-08 Marical, Inc. Growing marine fish in fresh water
WO2011027279A1 (en) * 2009-09-01 2011-03-10 Universidade Do Algarve Feed additives for aquaculture and aquarium culture
JP7093961B2 (en) 2018-02-13 2022-07-01 国立大学法人金沢大学 Stress reducing drug
CN112021473A (en) * 2020-09-28 2020-12-04 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 Composite additive and feed for reducing eating behavior of takifugu rubripes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE9901468D0 (en) 1999-04-23
WO2000064274A9 (en) 2001-03-01
AU4634200A (en) 2000-11-10

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Wilson Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish
Hseu et al. Effect of exogenous tryptophan on cannibalism, survival and growth in juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides
Shiau et al. Quantification of vitamin C requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus× Oreochromis aureus, with L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Na and L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg
Hossain et al. Dietary calcium requirement in fishes
Shiau et al. Vitamin C requirement of grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, as determined with L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate
McGoogan et al. Dietary manipulations affecting growth and nitrogenous waste production of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus: II. Effects of energy level and nutrient density at various feeding rates
Keembiyehetty et al. Effect of water temperature on growth and nutrient utilization of sunshine bass (Morone chrysops♀× Morone saxatilis♂) fed diets containing different energy/protein ratios
Gao et al. Compensatory responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under different feed-deprivation regimes
Burns et al. Dietary creatine requirement of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and effects of water salinity on responses to creatine supplementation
González-Rodríguez et al. Evaluation of a practical diet for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.) and substitution possibilities of fish meal by feather meal
Kpogue et al. A preliminary study on the dietary protein requirement of Parachanna obscura (Günther, 1861) larvae
Shiau et al. Dietary inositol requirement for juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon
WO2000064274A1 (en) Fish feed
Zehra et al. Total sulphur amino acid requirement and maximum cysteine replacement value for methionine for fingerling C atla catla (H amilton)
US5593978A (en) Growth promoting composition for fish and method of using the same
NO20151589A1 (en) Method for improving mineral resorption in farmed fish and crustacean
Muralisankar et al. Effects of dietary copper on the growth physiology and biochemistry of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae
Li et al. Protein‐Sparing Effect of α‐Lipoic Acid in Diets with Different Protein/Carbohydrate Ratios for the Oriental River Prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense
Zhu et al. The Potential Advantage of Myo‐Inositol as a Dietary Supplement for Juvenile Hybrid Grouper (Brown‐Marbled Grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀× Giant Grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)
CA2083361C (en) Fish production
Shiau et al. Estimation of the dietary vitamin K requirement of juvenile Penaeus chinensis using menadione
Rubio et al. Fish macronutrient selection through post-ingestive signals: effect of selective macronutrient deprivation
Wang et al. Dietary lysine affects growth performance, whole‐body composition and growth‐related gene expression in the yellow drum Nibea albiflora
Hendriana et al. Evaluation of the administration of cinnamaldehyde to feed on the growth performance and carbohydrate metabolism of Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Iigo et al. Lack of circadian regulation of melatonin rhythms in the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in vivo and in vitro

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CR CU CZ CZ DE DE DK DK DM DZ EE EE ES FI FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: C2

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CR CU CZ CZ DE DE DK DK DM DZ EE EE ES FI FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: C2

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

COP Corrected version of pamphlet

Free format text: PAGE 6A, DESCRIPTION, ADDED

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP