WO2000053208A2 - Small molecules having glp-2 like activity - Google Patents

Small molecules having glp-2 like activity Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000053208A2
WO2000053208A2 PCT/CA2000/000245 CA0000245W WO0053208A2 WO 2000053208 A2 WO2000053208 A2 WO 2000053208A2 CA 0000245 W CA0000245 W CA 0000245W WO 0053208 A2 WO0053208 A2 WO 0053208A2
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glp
formula
group
compound
receptor agonist
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PCT/CA2000/000245
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French (fr)
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WO2000053208A3 (en
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David K. H. Lee
Adi Treasurywala
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Nps Allelix Corp.
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Publication of WO2000053208A3 publication Critical patent/WO2000053208A3/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/74—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving hormones or other non-cytokine intercellular protein regulatory factors such as growth factors, including receptors to hormones and growth factors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/166—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the carbon of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. procainamide, procarbazine, metoclopramide, labetalol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
    • A61K31/421—1,3-Oxazoles, e.g. pemoline, trimethadione
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the use of small molecule agonists for the treatment of a condition for which a GLP-2 agonist is indicated.
  • GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2) is a 33-residue peptide hormone which has a molecular weight over 3000 Daltons. It is a member of the glucagon family of peptides, and is produced by the endocrine cells of the intestinal epithelium. Whilst the sequence and structure of GLP-2 are homologous to those of glucagon and GLP-1 , they are functionally distinct. The biological activity of GLP-2 is specific to the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract.
  • GLP-2 acts to stimulate the growth or regeneration of the lining of the small intestine, and may in fact function as the key regulator of intestinal epithelial growth. Increases in small intestine weight in GLP-2 treated animals are evident after just a few days of treatment (see WO96/32414). The exact mechanism by which GLP-2 stimulates proliferation of the intestinal epithelium, and thus restores a healthy epithelium after surgery or damage, for example, is currently unknown, although it has been shown to act through a GLP-2 receptor (see WO 98/25955).
  • GLP-2 can proliferate the tissue of the large intestine (see CA 2,236,519). Further, GLP-2 can also proliferate the tissue of the upper Gl tract, for example that of the esophagus and stomach (see WO98/25644).
  • Peptide analogs of GLP-2 have been shown to be even more potent than the natural peptide hormone.
  • a 33-residue peptide having minimal differences in sequence with respect to the natural peptide is approximately 3 times as potent as the native peptide in a mouse model of intestinotrophic activity in the small intestine.
  • This analog also demonstrates improved in vivo stability with respect to the natural peptide (see US 5,789,379).
  • Peptides however, have a number of physical properties which make them difficult to formulate and use as therapeutic agents. For example, they have poor in vivo stability, bioavailability is low and they can be difficult to make and purify in the quantities necessary for a drug substance.
  • small molecules that is, molecules with a molecular weight of less than about 1 ,000 Daltons and, more desirably, less than about 500 Daltons
  • small molecules which could be synthesised more routinely in the laboratory, and which could be tailored to have increased stability and bioavailability, as well as other desirable characteristics, would be attractive drug candidates.
  • no- one has demonstrated that such small molecules in fact are capable of activating a receptor that normally is activated, or "switched on", by a 33-amino acid peptide, which has a molecular weight over 3000 Daltons.
  • a compound characterized as having a molecular weight of from about 100 Daltons to less than about 1 ,000 Daltons, more preferably less than about 500 Daltons, and which possesses GLP-2 receptor agonist activity for use to treat subjects for which treatment with a GLP- 2 peptide is indicated, a compound characterized as having a molecular weight of from about 100 Daltons to less than about 1 ,000 Daltons, more preferably less than about 500 Daltons, and which possesses GLP-2 receptor agonist activity.
  • Ar 6 are independently selected aryl groups, wherein Ar is a 5- to 10- membered aromatic group which may contain up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, and which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and amino ;
  • X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of O and S ;
  • R ? and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and optionally-substituted benzyl ;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar ;
  • L is a Ci to C 5 linear or branched alkylene group, which may be unsaturated ;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar.
  • the invention also provides a method of proliferating the tissue of the upper Gl tract in a subject in need thereof.
  • the invention further provides a method of treatment of the aforementioned disorders in humans which comprises administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, soivate or pro-drug thereof, and a physiologically- acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention is based on the surprising discovery that activation of the GLP-2 receptor can be achieved using ligands that are remarkably smaller in size than the endogenous peptide ligand. It has been shown, for instance, that the endogenous GLP-2 receptor ligand, i.e. GLP-2 itself, is a 33-amino acid peptide that requires, for full agonist activity, at least the first 29 residues of the GLP-2 peptide (over 3,000 Daltons in size). Further C-terminal truncation leads to inactivation, and elimination of GLP-2 activity (see US 5,789,379).
  • GLP-2 receptor activation is revealed as an increase of cyclic AMP (cAMP) resulting from incubation of a compound with a cell in which the GLP-2 receptor is coupled functionally to the adenylate cyclase signaling pathway.
  • cAMP cyclic AMP
  • the assays make use of mammalian cells, such as HEK 293 cells, that have been transfected by both (1 ) an expression cassette mediating production of the chosen GLP-2 receptor-encoding cDNA, and (2) a reporter gene construct in which a promoter responsive to cyclic AMP drives expression of a gene encoding a readily detectable reporter protein, such as luciferase.
  • mammalian cells such as HEK 293 cells
  • Compounds having GLP-2 receptor activation properties referred to herein also as GLP-2 receptor agonists, are those compounds that, when incubated with such cells, elicit an increase in cyclic AMP production, as revealed by an increase in levels of the detectable reporter protein, relative to control cells lacking the GLP-2 receptor.
  • agonist refers to a compound that elicits GLP-2 receptor activation either by direct binding to the GLP-2 receptor or through allosteric interaction therewith.
  • the present invention provides a method for identifying GLP-2 receptor agonists, in which the panel of compounds to be tested consists essentially of small molecule compounds rather than peptides, the compounds having a molecular weight of less than about 1 ,000 Daltons, and more preferably less than about 500 Daltons, the method comprising the steps of :
  • the GLP-2 receptor agonists are compounds of Formula I or of Formula II :
  • Ar 6 are independently selected aryl groups, wherein Ar is a 5- to 10- membered aromatic group which may contain up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, and which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and amino ;
  • X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of O and S ;
  • R-i and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and optionally-substituted benzyl ;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar ;
  • L is a C-i to C 5 linear or branched alkylene group, which may be unsaturated ;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar.
  • Ar 7 to Ann are independently-selected aryl groups, wherein Ar is as previously defined ;
  • R 5 and Re are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and benzyl ;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ar and lower alkyl.
  • aryl as used herein means a 5- to 10-membered aromatic group which may contain up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, and includes phenyl, pyridyl, thiophenyl, oxazolyl, indolyl and the like.
  • alkylene as used herein means straight and branched chain alkylene radicals containing from one to five carbon atoms and includes methylene, ethylene and the like. Unsaturated alkylene groups include ethenylene, ethynylene and the like.
  • lower alkyl as used herein means straight and branched chain alkyl radicals containing from one to six carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, f-butyl and the like.
  • lower alkoxy as used herein means straight and branched chain alkoxy radicals containing from one to six carbon atoms and includes methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, isopropyloxy, -butoxy and the like.
  • halo as used herein means a halogen atom such as fluoro, chloro, bromo and the like.
  • amino as used herein means an unsubstituted amino radical or a secondary or tertiary amino radical in which the substituents on the amine nitrogen are chosen from the group consisting of a lower alkyl group, a benzyl group, a benzoyl group and an acetyl group, any of which may be halo-substituted.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt means an addition salt which is compatible with the treatment of patients.
  • solvate means a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, wherein molecules of a suitable solvent are incorporated in the crystal lattice.
  • a suitable solvent is physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered. Examples of suitable solvents are ethanol, water and the like. When water is the solvent, the molecule is referred to as a hydrate.
  • treat or “treating” means to alleviate symptoms, eliminate the causation of the symptoms either on a temporary or permanent basis, or to prevent or slow the appearance of symptoms of the named disorder or condition.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount of the compound which is effective in treating the named disorder or condition.
  • physiologically-acceptable carrier means a non-toxic solvent, dispersant, excipient, adjuvant or other material which is mixed with the active ingredient in order to permit the formation of a pharmaceutical composition, i.e., a dosage form capable of administration to the patient.
  • prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I and Formula II includes within it scope prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I and Formula II.
  • prodrugs will be functional derivatives of a compound of Formula I or Formula II which are readily convertible in vivo into the compound from which it is notionally derived.
  • Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in "Design of Prodrugs” ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
  • Compounds of Formula I and Formula II are useful as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of various conditions in which the use of a GLP-2 agonist is indicated, as outlined above.
  • Illustrative compounds of Formula I and Formula II include :
  • the compounds of Formula I and Formula II may be prepared by methods well known in the art.
  • 2-Methyl-5-[(4-(phenylethynyl)]phenyl oxazole may be prepared as shown in Scheme 1 , below.
  • Treatment of ⁇ -Amino-4-bromoacetophenone (A) with triethyl orthoacetate gave oxazole (B).
  • Coupling of this oxazole with phenylacetylene in the presence of copper iodide and tetrakis-triphenylphosphine palladium gave the product (C).
  • GLP-2 receptor responds to GLP-2 and related agonists by increasing adenylate cyclase-mediated production of cAMP.
  • Test compounds were assayed for their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase cAMP.
  • HEK-293 EBNA cells were stably transfected with the rat GLP-2 receptor and a luciferase reporter plasmid driven by the cAMP response element (CRE) driven by the thymidine kinase promoter (TK). Agonists of the receptor will therefore increase cAMP production, which will, in turn, stimulate synthesis of the luciferase enzyme.
  • CRE cAMP response element
  • TK thymidine kinase promoter
  • the compounds of the Formula I and Formula II can be administered in a standard pharmaceutical composition.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of Formula I or Formula II may be adapted for oral, parenteral or rectal administration, and may be in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, oral liquid, powder for reconstitution, injectable or infusible solution, suspension or suppository, as appropriate.
  • a composition adapted for oral administration is preferred. More preferred are unit dose compositions in tablet or capsule form.
  • compositions in tablet or capsule form may be in unit dose form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binders, fillers, lubricants or disintegrants. These can be manufactured by processes well known in the art, such as direct compression or wet granulation. Further, such tablets or capsules may be coated with, for example, an enteric coat which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach, or a coat which serves to otherwise prolong the duration of action of the active ingredient.
  • Oral liquid compositions may be in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion or syrup, for example, or may be in the form of a product adapted for reconstitution using a suitable solvent (such as water) prior to use.
  • suitable solvent such as water
  • Such preparations may contain additives such as suspending agents, emulsifiers, edible oils, preservatives, flavourings or colouring agents.
  • compositions may be presented in unit dosage form, comprising a compound of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof, and a sterile vehicle.
  • the compound may be dissolved or suspended in the vehicle.
  • the unit dosage form may take the form of a sterile powder which is to be reconstituted using a sterile vehicle prior to use.
  • Such preparations may also contain additives such as antioxidants or stabilisers.
  • Each dosage unit for oral administration contains preferably from 1 to 250 mg (and for parenteral administration contains preferably from 1 to 25 mg) of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
  • Compositions containing a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof will normally be administered in a daily dosage regimen (for an adult patient) of, for example, an oral dose of from 1 mg to 500 mg, preferably between 10 mg and 400 mg, e.g., between 10 mg and 250 mg, or an intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular dose of between 0.1 mg and 100 mg, preferably between 0.1 mg and 50 mg, e.g., between 1 mg and 25 mg, of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, the compound being administered 1 to 4 times per day.
  • the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more.
  • the small molecule GLP-2 receptor agonists herein described are usefully prescribed to treat the various medical conditions, diseases and disorders for which a GLP-2 receptor agonist is indicated.
  • those medical conditions are those for which the GLP-2 peptide, or any active peptide analog thereof, are known to be useful.
  • These conditions include a wide variety of gastrointestinal indications that are improved by the proiiferative effects of the peptide on gastrointestinal tissue, as well as the protective and prophylactic effects of the peptide on such tissue. These effects can be utilized to advantage to treat conditions of various types of Gl tissue, including small bowel, colon, stomach and esophagus.
  • the present compounds are used to enhance growth and/or function of gastrointestinal tissue in subjects, including poultry, livestock, and other animals including humans.
  • the growth effects can be exploited particularly to treat subjects having resected gastrointestinal tissue as a result of surgical intervention, including those patients suffering from short bowel syndrome.
  • the growth effects of the GLP-2 receptor agonist can also be exploited to rescue damaged gut tissue, resulting for instance from inflammation including various sprues, ulceration, inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease, or from infection or chemical insult,
  • the present compounds can also be exploited to enhance gut function for instance to enhance the gut barrier function that is compromised in patients suffering from "leaky gut", and to treat subjects to enhance nutrient uptake, for instance, in those subjects that are challenged by chronic diarrhea, and other Gl conditions associated with impaired nutrient absorption, such as inflammation of the bowel.
  • the present compounds can also be used to modulate gut motility, and gastric emptying.
  • the present compounds can also be used to prophylactically to protect the gut
  • Example 1 2-Methyl-5-[(4-(phenylethynyl)]phenyl oxazole ;
  • the thick slurry formed was diluted with 35mL of ethyl acetate and washed successively with 2 x 10mL portions of 1 M hydrochloric acid and 2 x 10mL portions of brine. At this point the product started to slowly crystallize out of the solution.
  • the resultant light suspension was slowly concentrated under reduced pressure to about half of the original volume and then allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour. Collection of the solid by suction filtration followed by drying under vacuum afforded the desired product as a crystalline white solid
  • Example 3 Determination of GLP-2 receptor agonists.
  • the GLP-2 receptor responds to GLP-2 and related peptide agonists by increasing adenylate cyclase-mediated production of cAMP.
  • Test compounds were assayed for their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase cAMP.
  • HEK-293 EBNA cells were stably transfected with the rat GLP-2 receptor and a luciferase gene controlled by the cAMP response element (CRE) driven by the thymidine kinase promoter (TK). Agonists of the receptor will therefore increase cAMP production, which will, in turn, stimulate synthesis of the luciferase enzyme.
  • CRE cAMP response element
  • TK thymidine kinase promoter
  • Cells stably expressing the reporter (CRE-TK-Luc) and the receptor (rGLP-2R) were plated in 96-well plates in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-Ham F12 Nutrient Mixture (DMEM-F12) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and incubated at 37°C in a CO 2 incubator. The cells were allowed to grow to about 50% confluence before the assay (48-72 hr).
  • DMEM-F12 Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-Ham F12 Nutrient Mixture
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • test compound (10 ⁇ M) was added to each well in DMEM-F12/10% FBS, with a final concentration of 0.625% dimethyl sulphoxide. Positive control wells were treated with 20 nM GLP-2, and negative control wells were treated with media alone. Cells were incubated for 16 hr at 37°C in a CO 2 incubator.
  • luciferase activity was assayed using the LucLiteTM assay kit (Canberra Packard). Luminescence was measured on the TopCount microplate scintillation counter (Canberra Packard), and activity of each well was determined as 'counts per second' (cps). The activity in the wells for each compound was expressed as a percentage of the activity in the control (media alone) wells. An assay was deemed to be valid when the activity in the positive control wells was between 300% and 700% of the activity in the negative control wells.

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Abstract

Described herein are non-peptide agonists of the GLP-2 receptor. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided, for use to treat subjects for which treatment with a GLP-2 peptide is indicated, a compound characterized as having a molecular weight of from about 100 Daltons to less than about 1,000 Daltons and which possesses GLP-2 receptor agonist activity. More particularly GLP-2 agonist used are small molecules containing hydrozine and aromatic group and the conditions to be treated are gastrointestinal disorders.

Description

SMALL MOLECULES HAVING GLP-2 LIKE ACTIVITY
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the use of small molecule agonists for the treatment of a condition for which a GLP-2 agonist is indicated.
Background of the Invention
GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2) is a 33-residue peptide hormone which has a molecular weight over 3000 Daltons. It is a member of the glucagon family of peptides, and is produced by the endocrine cells of the intestinal epithelium. Whilst the sequence and structure of GLP-2 are homologous to those of glucagon and GLP-1 , they are functionally distinct. The biological activity of GLP-2 is specific to the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract.
For example, GLP-2 acts to stimulate the growth or regeneration of the lining of the small intestine, and may in fact function as the key regulator of intestinal epithelial growth. Increases in small intestine weight in GLP-2 treated animals are evident after just a few days of treatment (see WO96/32414). The exact mechanism by which GLP-2 stimulates proliferation of the intestinal epithelium, and thus restores a healthy epithelium after surgery or damage, for example, is currently unknown, although it has been shown to act through a GLP-2 receptor (see WO 98/25955).
Similarly, the exact mechanism by which GLP-2 inhibits apoptosis is currently unknown.
It has also been demonstrated that GLP-2 can proliferate the tissue of the large intestine (see CA 2,236,519). Further, GLP-2 can also proliferate the tissue of the upper Gl tract, for example that of the esophagus and stomach (see WO98/25644).
Peptide analogs of GLP-2 have been shown to be even more potent than the natural peptide hormone. For example, a 33-residue peptide having minimal differences in sequence with respect to the natural peptide is approximately 3 times as potent as the native peptide in a mouse model of intestinotrophic activity in the small intestine. This analog also demonstrates improved in vivo stability with respect to the natural peptide (see US 5,789,379).
Compounds which elicit a GLP-2-like response in vivo are attractive drug candidates, as they would have a role to play in a number of Gl-related diseases or conditions, for example in the treatment of short-bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and rescue of the small intestine from the cytotoxic effects of chemo- or radiation-therapies (for example, NSAID-induced Gl toxicity). Additionally, such compounds would be useful for the improvement of intestinal absorption following total parenterai nutrition (TPN).
Peptides, however, have a number of physical properties which make them difficult to formulate and use as therapeutic agents. For example, they have poor in vivo stability, bioavailability is low and they can be difficult to make and purify in the quantities necessary for a drug substance.
It would, therefore, be desirable to have access to drug candidates which possess the biological activity of GLP-2 in vivo, but which do not have the disadvantages noted above. For example, small molecules (that is, molecules with a molecular weight of less than about 1 ,000 Daltons and, more desirably, less than about 500 Daltons) which could be synthesised more routinely in the laboratory, and which could be tailored to have increased stability and bioavailability, as well as other desirable characteristics, would be attractive drug candidates. To date, however, no- one has demonstrated that such small molecules in fact are capable of activating a receptor that normally is activated, or "switched on", by a 33-amino acid peptide, which has a molecular weight over 3000 Daltons.
Summary of the Invention
It has now been found that small molecules which are not peptides actually can activate the GLP-2 receptor. Thus, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided, for use to treat subjects for which treatment with a GLP- 2 peptide is indicated, a compound characterized as having a molecular weight of from about 100 Daltons to less than about 1 ,000 Daltons, more preferably less than about 500 Daltons, and which possesses GLP-2 receptor agonist activity.
For example, compounds of Formula I or II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, possess GLP-2-like activity and, thus, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, are used in the treatment of Gl-related diseases and conditions, such as those noted above, for which a GLP-2 receptor agonist is indicated.
Figure imgf000005_0001
Formula I Formula II where :-
An to Ar6 are independently selected aryl groups, wherein Ar is a 5- to 10- membered aromatic group which may contain up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, and which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and amino ;
X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of O and S ; R? and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and optionally-substituted benzyl ;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar ;
L is a Ci to C5 linear or branched alkylene group, which may be unsaturated ; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar.
Thus, it is an aspect of the present invention to provide a method for the treatment of a condition for which a GLP-2 agonist is indicated which comprises the administration of a compound of Formula I or Formula II to a subject in need of such treatment. The invention also provides a method of proliferating the tissue of the upper Gl tract in a subject in need thereof.
In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating a subject having a damaged esophagus.
In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating a subject having a damaged stomach.
The invention further provides a method of treatment of the aforementioned disorders in humans which comprises administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, soivate or pro-drug thereof, and a physiologically- acceptable carrier.
Detailed Description and Preferred Embodiments
The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that activation of the GLP-2 receptor can be achieved using ligands that are remarkably smaller in size than the endogenous peptide ligand. It has been shown, for instance, that the endogenous GLP-2 receptor ligand, i.e. GLP-2 itself, is a 33-amino acid peptide that requires, for full agonist activity, at least the first 29 residues of the GLP-2 peptide (over 3,000 Daltons in size). Further C-terminal truncation leads to inactivation, and elimination of GLP-2 activity (see US 5,789,379). Moreover, it has also been shown that N-terminal truncation of GLP-2, by from 1-4 residues, leads to total elimination of GLP-2 activity (see WO98/03547). It has nevertheless now been shown, by the results herein presented, that much smaller molecules, less than about 1 ,000 Daltons in size, have structural properties sufficient to mimic the interaction necessary for GLP-2 receptor activation.
"GLP-2 receptor activation" is revealed as an increase of cyclic AMP (cAMP) resulting from incubation of a compound with a cell in which the GLP-2 receptor is coupled functionally to the adenylate cyclase signaling pathway. Cloning of the GLP-2 receptor, including the rat and human homologs thereof, and a description of assays suitable for determining GLP-2 receptor activation, are described in co- pending WO98/25955 published June 18, 1998, and by Monroe et al. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1999 Feb 16; 96(4): 1569, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In general, the assays make use of mammalian cells, such as HEK 293 cells, that have been transfected by both (1 ) an expression cassette mediating production of the chosen GLP-2 receptor-encoding cDNA, and (2) a reporter gene construct in which a promoter responsive to cyclic AMP drives expression of a gene encoding a readily detectable reporter protein, such as luciferase. Compounds having GLP-2 receptor activation properties, referred to herein also as GLP-2 receptor agonists, are those compounds that, when incubated with such cells, elicit an increase in cyclic AMP production, as revealed by an increase in levels of the detectable reporter protein, relative to control cells lacking the GLP-2 receptor.
It is to be understood that the term "agonist" refers to a compound that elicits GLP-2 receptor activation either by direct binding to the GLP-2 receptor or through allosteric interaction therewith.
In another of its aspects, the present invention provides a method for identifying GLP-2 receptor agonists, in which the panel of compounds to be tested consists essentially of small molecule compounds rather than peptides, the compounds having a molecular weight of less than about 1 ,000 Daltons, and more preferably less than about 500 Daltons, the method comprising the steps of :
(1 ) obtaining, for use as a screening host, a cell useful for detecting GLP-2 receptor agonist activity;
(2) selecting, as a GLP-2 receptor agonist candidate, a compound having a molecular weight of less than 1 ,000 Daltons;
(3) incubating the selected candidate with the cell; and
(4) identifying, as a GLP-2 receptor agonist, a compound which elicits a GLP-2 receptor agonist response by said cell.
In embodiments of the present invention, the GLP-2 receptor agonists are compounds of Formula I or of Formula II :
Figure imgf000008_0001
Formula Formula II where :-
An to Ar6 are independently selected aryl groups, wherein Ar is a 5- to 10- membered aromatic group which may contain up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, and which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and amino ;
X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of O and S ; R-i and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and optionally-substituted benzyl ;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar ;
L is a C-i to C5 linear or branched alkylene group, which may be unsaturated ; and
R is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar.
Preferred embodiments of such compounds include compounds of Formula III or Formula IV :
Figure imgf000008_0002
Formula III Formula IV where :-
Ar7 to Ann are independently-selected aryl groups, wherein Ar is as previously defined ;
R5 and Re are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and benzyl ; and
R7 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ar and lower alkyl. In connection with the above Formulae, the following definitions apply:
The term "aryl" as used herein means a 5- to 10-membered aromatic group which may contain up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, and includes phenyl, pyridyl, thiophenyl, oxazolyl, indolyl and the like.
The term "alkylene" as used herein means straight and branched chain alkylene radicals containing from one to five carbon atoms and includes methylene, ethylene and the like. Unsaturated alkylene groups include ethenylene, ethynylene and the like.
The term "lower alkyl" as used herein means straight and branched chain alkyl radicals containing from one to six carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, f-butyl and the like.
The term "lower alkoxy" as used herein means straight and branched chain alkoxy radicals containing from one to six carbon atoms and includes methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, isopropyloxy, -butoxy and the like.
The term "halo" as used herein means a halogen atom such as fluoro, chloro, bromo and the like.
The term "amino" as used herein means an unsubstituted amino radical or a secondary or tertiary amino radical in which the substituents on the amine nitrogen are chosen from the group consisting of a lower alkyl group, a benzyl group, a benzoyl group and an acetyl group, any of which may be halo-substituted.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" means an addition salt which is compatible with the treatment of patients.
The term "solvate" means a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, wherein molecules of a suitable solvent are incorporated in the crystal lattice. A suitable solvent is physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered. Examples of suitable solvents are ethanol, water and the like. When water is the solvent, the molecule is referred to as a hydrate.
The term "treat" or "treating" means to alleviate symptoms, eliminate the causation of the symptoms either on a temporary or permanent basis, or to prevent or slow the appearance of symptoms of the named disorder or condition.
The term "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount of the compound which is effective in treating the named disorder or condition.
The term "physiologically-acceptable carrier" means a non-toxic solvent, dispersant, excipient, adjuvant or other material which is mixed with the active ingredient in order to permit the formation of a pharmaceutical composition, i.e., a dosage form capable of administration to the patient.
The definition of compounds of Formula I and Formula II includes within it scope prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I and Formula II. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of a compound of Formula I or Formula II which are readily convertible in vivo into the compound from which it is notionally derived. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in "Design of Prodrugs" ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
Compounds of Formula I and Formula II are useful as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of various conditions in which the use of a GLP-2 agonist is indicated, as outlined above.
Illustrative compounds of Formula I and Formula II include :
2-Methyl-5-[(4-(phenyl ethynyl)]phenyl oxazole ; 2-Phenyl-5-[(4-(phenyl ethynyl)]phenyl oxazole ; 2-(Benzoylamino)-α-[(4-chlorobenzylidene) hydrazinojbenzaldehyde ; 2-(Benzoylamino)- -[(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)hydrazino]benzaldehyde ; and 2-(4-Chloro-benzoylamino)-α-[((4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)benzylidene)hydrazino] benzaldehyde ;
The compounds of Formula I and Formula II may be prepared by methods well known in the art.
For example, 2-Methyl-5-[(4-(phenylethynyl)]phenyl oxazole may be prepared as shown in Scheme 1 , below. Treatment of α-Amino-4-bromoacetophenone (A) with triethyl orthoacetate gave oxazole (B). Coupling of this oxazole with phenylacetylene in the presence of copper iodide and tetrakis-triphenylphosphine palladium gave the product (C).
Figure imgf000011_0001
Scheme 1
In Scheme 2, below, treatment of hydrazine (D) with 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde gave hydrazone (E). Acylation of this hydrazone with benzoyl chloride gave product (F).
Figure imgf000011_0002
(D)
Et,N
PHCOCI D F
Figure imgf000011_0003
<F)
Scheme 2
Compounds of Formula I and Formula II function as agonists at the GLP-2 receptor, as demonstrated by the following assay. The GLP-2 receptor responds to GLP-2 and related agonists by increasing adenylate cyclase-mediated production of cAMP. Test compounds were assayed for their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase cAMP. HEK-293 EBNA cells were stably transfected with the rat GLP-2 receptor and a luciferase reporter plasmid driven by the cAMP response element (CRE) driven by the thymidine kinase promoter (TK). Agonists of the receptor will therefore increase cAMP production, which will, in turn, stimulate synthesis of the luciferase enzyme.
For use in medicine, the compounds of the Formula I and Formula II can be administered in a standard pharmaceutical composition.
A pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of Formula I or Formula II may be adapted for oral, parenteral or rectal administration, and may be in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, oral liquid, powder for reconstitution, injectable or infusible solution, suspension or suppository, as appropriate. A composition adapted for oral administration is preferred. More preferred are unit dose compositions in tablet or capsule form.
Compositions in tablet or capsule form may be in unit dose form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binders, fillers, lubricants or disintegrants. These can be manufactured by processes well known in the art, such as direct compression or wet granulation. Further, such tablets or capsules may be coated with, for example, an enteric coat which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach, or a coat which serves to otherwise prolong the duration of action of the active ingredient.
Oral liquid compositions may be in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion or syrup, for example, or may be in the form of a product adapted for reconstitution using a suitable solvent (such as water) prior to use. Such preparations may contain additives such as suspending agents, emulsifiers, edible oils, preservatives, flavourings or colouring agents.
Parenteral compositions may be presented in unit dosage form, comprising a compound of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof, and a sterile vehicle. The compound may be dissolved or suspended in the vehicle. Alternatively, the unit dosage form may take the form of a sterile powder which is to be reconstituted using a sterile vehicle prior to use. Such preparations may also contain additives such as antioxidants or stabilisers.
Each dosage unit for oral administration contains preferably from 1 to 250 mg (and for parenteral administration contains preferably from 1 to 25 mg) of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof. Compositions containing a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof , will normally be administered in a daily dosage regimen (for an adult patient) of, for example, an oral dose of from 1 mg to 500 mg, preferably between 10 mg and 400 mg, e.g., between 10 mg and 250 mg, or an intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular dose of between 0.1 mg and 100 mg, preferably between 0.1 mg and 50 mg, e.g., between 1 mg and 25 mg, of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, the compound being administered 1 to 4 times per day. Suitably, the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more.
In accordance with the present invention, the small molecule GLP-2 receptor agonists herein described are usefully prescribed to treat the various medical conditions, diseases and disorders for which a GLP-2 receptor agonist is indicated. Among those medical conditions are those for which the GLP-2 peptide, or any active peptide analog thereof, are known to be useful. These conditions include a wide variety of gastrointestinal indications that are improved by the proiiferative effects of the peptide on gastrointestinal tissue, as well as the protective and prophylactic effects of the peptide on such tissue. These effects can be utilized to advantage to treat conditions of various types of Gl tissue, including small bowel, colon, stomach and esophagus.
In embodiments of the invention, the present compounds are used to enhance growth and/or function of gastrointestinal tissue in subjects, including poultry, livestock, and other animals including humans. The growth effects can be exploited particularly to treat subjects having resected gastrointestinal tissue as a result of surgical intervention, including those patients suffering from short bowel syndrome, The growth effects of the GLP-2 receptor agonist can also be exploited to rescue damaged gut tissue, resulting for instance from inflammation including various sprues, ulceration, inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease, or from infection or chemical insult, The present compounds can also be exploited to enhance gut function for instance to enhance the gut barrier function that is compromised in patients suffering from "leaky gut", and to treat subjects to enhance nutrient uptake, for instance, in those subjects that are challenged by chronic diarrhea, and other Gl conditions associated with impaired nutrient absorption, such as inflammation of the bowel. The present compounds can also be used to modulate gut motility, and gastric emptying. The present compounds can also be used to prophylactically to protect the gut from chemical or other insult, for instance by administering the compound before treating the subject by radiation or chemotherapy,
Example 1 : 2-Methyl-5-[(4-(phenylethynyl)]phenyl oxazole ;
a) 5-(4'-bromophenyl)-2-methyloxazole
A mixture of 2-Aminomethyl-4'-bromophenylacetophenone (2.5g, 10mmol), p-toluenesulphonic acid monohydrate (50 mg) and ethyl orthoacetate (30mL) was heated, under Argon, at 160°C for 5 minutes, such that the ethanol that was formed during the reaction was distilled out. The resulting light brown solution was then refluxed under argon for 22 hours. Excess ethyl orthoacetate was removed under vacuum, with gentle warming, to leave a brown solid which was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The resulting solution was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure afforded the crude product which was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (1 : 1 ethyl acetate- hexanes as eluent). The title product was isolated as a pale yellow solid (1.94 g, 70% yield).
b) A mixture of 2-(4'-bromophenyl)-5-methyloxazole (1.2g, 4.37mmol), phenylacetylene (0.53mL, 1.1 equivalents), tetrakis-triphenylphosphine palladium (252mg, O.Oδequivalent) and triethylamine (15ml) was stirred under argon. Copper(l)iodide (250mg, 0.3 equivalents) was then added to this mixture. The resulting dark brown suspension was heated at 80°C, under argon, for 1 hour. More phenylacetylene (0.53mL, 1.1 equivalents) was introduced and the mixture heated for another hour. Excess amine was removed under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was suspended in about 10mL of dichloromethane and filtered. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure gave a crude product which was subjected to flash column chromatography on silica gel (40% ethyl acetate-hexanes eluent). The product isolated was found to contaminated with a small amount of coloured material. Thus, a second chromatography purification step was conducted using 20% ethyl acetate-benzene as the eluent. The desired product was obtained as a pale yellow solid (970 mg, 75 % yield). This material was further purified by recrystallization from hexanes/benzene to provide a crystalline white solid.
Example 2 : 2-(Benzoylamino)-α-[(4-chlorobenzylidene) hydrazinoj-benzaldehyde
a) 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde, (2-Aminophenyl)hydrazide
A mixture of 2-aminophenylhydrazide (3g, 19.85mmol), 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (2.79g, 1 equivalent) and ethanol (20mL) was refluxed for 3 hours under Argon. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and seed crystals of the desired product introduced to induced crystallization. After standing at room temperature for 2 hours, the crystals were collected by suction filtration and dried under vacuum. The product was obtained as a pale yellow crystalline solid (1.33g, 25% yield).
b) To a cold (0°C) stirred solution of above compound (1.33g, 4.86mmol) and triethylamine (1.22mL, 1.δequivalents) in a mixture of dry dichloromethane (20mL) and dry DMF (3mL) under argon was added slowly benzoyl chloride (0.9mL, 1. δequivalents) over a period of one minute. The resultant suspension was stirred for 30 minutes at 0°C. The cooling bath was then removed and stirring continued for another hour. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of about 6-7 ml. The thick slurry formed was diluted with 35mL of ethyl acetate and washed successively with 2 x 10mL portions of 1 M hydrochloric acid and 2 x 10mL portions of brine. At this point the product started to slowly crystallize out of the solution. The resultant light suspension was slowly concentrated under reduced pressure to about half of the original volume and then allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour. Collection of the solid by suction filtration followed by drying under vacuum afforded the desired product as a crystalline white solid
(820mg, 45%). Example 3 : Determination of GLP-2 receptor agonists.
The GLP-2 receptor responds to GLP-2 and related peptide agonists by increasing adenylate cyclase-mediated production of cAMP. Test compounds were assayed for their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase cAMP. HEK-293 EBNA cells were stably transfected with the rat GLP-2 receptor and a luciferase gene controlled by the cAMP response element (CRE) driven by the thymidine kinase promoter (TK). Agonists of the receptor will therefore increase cAMP production, which will, in turn, stimulate synthesis of the luciferase enzyme.
Cells stably expressing the reporter (CRE-TK-Luc) and the receptor (rGLP-2R) were plated in 96-well plates in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-Ham F12 Nutrient Mixture (DMEM-F12) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. The cells were allowed to grow to about 50% confluence before the assay (48-72 hr).
Culture media was removed from the plates, and test compound (10 μM) was added to each well in DMEM-F12/10% FBS, with a final concentration of 0.625% dimethyl sulphoxide. Positive control wells were treated with 20 nM GLP-2, and negative control wells were treated with media alone. Cells were incubated for 16 hr at 37°C in a CO2 incubator.
Media was removed, and luciferase activity was assayed using the LucLite™ assay kit (Canberra Packard). Luminescence was measured on the TopCount microplate scintillation counter (Canberra Packard), and activity of each well was determined as 'counts per second' (cps). The activity in the wells for each compound was expressed as a percentage of the activity in the control (media alone) wells. An assay was deemed to be valid when the activity in the positive control wells was between 300% and 700% of the activity in the negative control wells.
Compounds which were active in the reporter assay were tested in a cell line transiently transfected with the CRE-TK Luc reporter, but without the rGLP-2 receptor. Specified compounds were not active in these cells, indicating that increases in cAMP accumulation are mediated solely by the GLP-2 receptor. In addition, dose response studies showed that compounds had maximum effect at 3 μM. Cytotoxicity was measured by LDH release using the Cytotox96™ cytotoxicity assay kit (Promega). None of the specified compounds is cytotoxic at concentrations up to 10 μM.

Claims

We claim :
1 . The use of a small molecule agonist of the GLP-2 receptor for the treatment of a condition for which a GLP-2 receptor agonist is indicated.
2. The use according to claim 1 , wherein said agonist has a molecular weight of from about 100 Daltons to less than about 1 ,000 Daltons.
3. The use of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof, for the treatment of a condition for which a GLP-2 receptor agonist is indicated:
Figure imgf000018_0001
Formula I Formula II where :-
An to Ar6 are independently selected aryl groups, wherein Ar is a 5- to 10- membered aromatic group which may contain up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, and which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and amino ;
X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of O and S ;
Ri and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and optionally-substituted benzyl ;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar ; L is a Ci to C5 linear or branched alkylene group, which may be unsaturated ; and R is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and Ar.
4. The use of a compound of Formula III or Formula IV, or a salt, solvate or pro-dug thereof, for the treatment of a condition for which a GLP-2 receptor agonist is indicated.
Figure imgf000019_0001
Formula III Formula IV where :
Ar7 to Ar-n are independently selected aryl groups, wherein Ar is a 5- to 10- membered aromatic group which may contain up to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, and which is optionally substituted with up to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and amino ;
R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl and benzyl ; and
R7 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ar and lower alkyl.
5. A method of treating a patient suffering from a condition for which a GLP-2 receptor agonist is indicated comprising the administration of a compound of Formula 1 or Formula II, or a salt, solvate or pro-dug thereof.
6. A method of proliferating the tissue of the upper Gl tract in a subject in need thereof comprising the administration of a GLP-2 receptor agonist of Formula I or Formula II, or a salt, solvate or pro-dug thereof.
7. A method of treating a subject having a damaged esophagus comprising the administration of a GLP-2 receptor agonist of Formula I or Formula II, or a salt, solvate or pro-dug thereof.
8. A method of treating a subject having a damaged stomach comprising the administration of a GLP-2 receptor agonist of Formula I or Formula II, or a salt, solvate or pro-dug thereof.
9. The use of a compound having GLP-2 receptor agonist activity and a molecular weight of from about 100 Daltons to less than about 1 ,000 Daltons, to treat a subject that would benefit from enhanced gastrointestinal function.
10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the compound has a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons.
1 1 . The use according to claim 9, wherein the compound is of Formula I or Formula I I as defined in claim 3.
12. The use according to claim 9, wherein the compound is of Formula III or Formula IV, as defined in claim 4.
13. The use according to claim 9, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of :
2-Methyl-5-[(4-(phenyl ethynyl)]phenyl oxazole ;
2-Phenyl-5-[(4-(phenyl ethynyl)]phenyl oxazole ;
2-(Benzoylamino)-α-[(4-chlorobenzylidene) hydrazinojbenzaldehyde ;
2-(Benzoylamino)-α-[(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)hydrazino]-benzaidehyde; and
2-(4-Chloro-benzoylamino)-α-[((4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)benzylidene)- hydrazinojbenzaldehyde.
14. A method for identifying GLP-2 receptor agonists, the method comprising the steps of :
(1 ) obtaining, for use as a screening host, a cell useful for detecting GLP-2 receptor agonist activity;
(2) selecting, as a GLP-2 receptor agonist candidate, a compound having a molecular weight of less than 1 ,000 Daltons; (3) incubating the selected candidate with the cell; and
(4) identifying, as a GLP-2 receptor agonist, a compound which elicits a GLP-2 receptor agonist response by said cell.
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