WO2000045336A1 - Method and apparatus for encoding image information into puzzle-type - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for encoding image information into puzzle-type Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000045336A1
WO2000045336A1 PCT/KR1999/000167 KR9900167W WO0045336A1 WO 2000045336 A1 WO2000045336 A1 WO 2000045336A1 KR 9900167 W KR9900167 W KR 9900167W WO 0045336 A1 WO0045336 A1 WO 0045336A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
image
pieces
image information
rearranging
information
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/KR1999/000167
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Youngsun Cho
Original Assignee
Cyberbank Co.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cyberbank Co. filed Critical Cyberbank Co.
Priority to JP2000596524A priority Critical patent/JP2002541497A/en
Priority to AU30575/99A priority patent/AU3057599A/en
Publication of WO2000045336A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000045336A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09C—CIPHERING OR DECIPHERING APPARATUS FOR CRYPTOGRAPHIC OR OTHER PURPOSES INVOLVING THE NEED FOR SECRECY
    • G09C5/00—Ciphering apparatus or methods not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. involving the concealment or deformation of graphic data such as designs, written or printed messages
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T9/00—Image coding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an image information encoding, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for encoding image information into puzzle type.
  • the present invention further relates to a method and apparatus for decoding a puzzle type image information.
  • ID identifications
  • a means for transactions For instance, most of people use an ID such as a certificate of residence and a driver's license, and use a bankbook or a card, which are issued by a bank, as a means for having an account with the bank.
  • a bankbook or a card which are issued by a bank
  • financial systems continue to advance. In these financial systems, however, at least one of the bankbook and the card remains the necessity for ascertaining a sum of money and keeping a personal record.
  • the seal and signature of a depositor is marked in the bankbook issued by a bank.
  • a bank ascertains whether the truth of a client is confirmed or not, first of all. This confirmation is a necessary course prior to the transaction between a bank and a client.
  • the seal and signature of a depositor marked in the bankbook is always exposed to be in danger of forgery. If a bankbook is lost, for example, as the seal and signature of the bankbook can be directly forged, cognition of an additional information such as a personal code number causes a banking crime. As a result, damage and responsibility will be fixed upon both a bank and a depositor. Further, a banking incident including a banking crime due to the forgery of a seal and signature grows to be a serious social problem.
  • I n the same manner, it is widely known that it is possible to forge paper money, a bond, a check, a credit card , and an ID including a passport and certificate of residence where personal information such as the picture, name, and resident registration number is marked.
  • I n the beginning of renewal of an I D, there is no problem of a forgery, if any, it is easy to expose the forgery. However, as times goes by, the crime based on the forgery and fraudulent use get to be committed again. In a period of an exchange of an I D, there may be a peculiar happening that the dealing price of an illegal forged I D rises.
  • a personal image information which is recorded in an I D or bankbook, should not be marked in a simple type, and be made up of an encoded state so as to prevent a forgery.
  • an object capable of being forged including an image such as the seal marked in a bankbook is called the personal image information.
  • a forgery prevention system for preventing the forgery and fraudulent use of an image information
  • an active prevention system as a smart card is applied to currency and credit card .
  • condensing and reconstructing courses as an encoding course, there is a method that condensed data or Fourier Transformed image information is recorded .
  • optical device having a high precision and digital recording member should be used .
  • an original image is converted to another image by an image sensor, if reconstructed, it is difficult to find a beginning or reference point. Besides, if a scrawl or dust exist in the converted image, it may be more difficult to reconstruct the original image.
  • An object of the present invention is, therefore, to substantially obviate one or more of the problems caused by limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
  • a method for encoding an image information into puzzle type that includes sensing an original image information by an image sensor, dividing the original image information into a plurality of pieces having a specific shape, rearranging the plurality of pieces according to a security code to make an image data, and performing an output of the image data.
  • the step of dividing includes a step of marking each of the plurality of pieces with a discrimination element such as a rim or point.
  • the apparatus in accordance with the present invention includes an image sensor for reading an original image information, an image divider for dividing the original image information into a plurality of pieces, an image arranging means for rearranging the plurality of pieces according to a security code to make an image data, and a output member for outputting the image data.
  • the member of forming the image data includes a function of marking each of the plurality of pieces with a discrimination element such as a rim or point.
  • the apparatus further includes an image memory unit for storing at least of the original image and the image data.
  • the apparatus further includes a security code supply for supplying the security code thereto.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic view of an image information divided into a plurality of square pieces for carrying out an embodiment of the image information encoding method in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic view of the image shown in Figure 1 , in which the square pieces have been rearranged as in a jigsaw puzzle;
  • FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the image information encoder in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the image information decoder in accordance with the present invention.
  • the image information encoder 30 in accordance with the present invention includes an image sensor 31 for reading an original image information 10.
  • a central processing unit (CPU) 32 divides the image information 10 into a plurality of pieces as shown in Figure 1 and rearranges the pieces according to a security code.
  • a security code supply 33 supplies the security code to the CPU 32.
  • An image information memory device 34 stores the rearranged image information as an image data.
  • An image display for displaying the image data is provided.
  • the image display includes at least one of an image print device 35 and a screen display 36.
  • an image information decoder 40 is similar to the encoder 30 shown Figure 3 in view of structure , which comprises an image sensor 41 , a central processing unit (CPU) 42, a security code supply 43, an image information memory device 44 and at least one of an image print device 45 and a screen display 46.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • security code supply 43 an image information memory device 44 and at least one of an image print device 45 and a screen display 46.
  • a two-dimensional image 10 read through an image sensor 31 is turned into a plurality of image pieces in a quadrangle by dividing vertically and horizontally.
  • the division number of a length and breadth are 30 and 17, respectively, so that the number of total pieces is 510.
  • These divided pieces are illustrated in Figure 1 .
  • the shape of piece may be a square or a diamond or a triangle. That is, the shape of piece is an optional matter depending on a dividing method.
  • the CPU 32 rearranges the plurality of pieces in accordance with the security code supplied from the security code supply 33.
  • a rearranged image information 20 shown in Figure 2 is stored in the image memory device 34 as an image data.
  • Such an image data is generally displayed on a bankbook of a depositor so that the depositor can use the bankbook for transaction with a bank, if necessary.
  • each of pieces 1 1 , 12, 13 and 14 illustrated in Figure 1 corresponds to each of pieces 21 , 22, 23 and 24 in Figure 2, respectively.
  • the security code supply 43 can supply at least codes corresponding to the number of rearrangement cases. Furthermore, compared with a conventional Bar Code having a one- dimensional shape, since the image information of the embodiment is a combination of two-dimensional image pieces, it is very hard to recognize an original image information without a decoder 40 including the security code supply 43.
  • the CPU 32 may use a modified method including a method of rearranging pieces after rotating some pieces, a method of rearranging pieces after reversing some pieces, a method of rearranging pieces after inserting separate image pieces in original image pieces, and a method of rearranging pieces after omitting some pieces, wherein the separate image piece has no connection with the original image.
  • a rearrangement which is rearranged by using of the modified method, is capable of being reconstructed by only a decoder 40 having a security code related to the rearrangement.
  • a rearranging method of reversing some pieces the level of reversing condition is made so different that various encoding cases can be attained.
  • decoding a method of decoding an encoded image is basically similar to that of encoding, and is just characterized in that the method of decoding is related to reconstructing an original image.
  • the image sensor 41 read out an image data, and then, the security code supply 43 adversely arrange the image data in accordance with a security code to reconstruct an original image information.
  • the identification of the client is confirmed by comparing an image information on the check with an original image information reconstructed from an image data.
  • the CPU 42 of the decoder 40 performs this comparing, and also includes displaying the result thereof. Further, upon reconstruction, discrimination elements of pieces of the image data is respectively removed and reconstructed. In displaying the comparative result, an original image information and an image information on the check are displayed to have different color with each other, which is good for a person to do the comparison. Also, the comparison is accomplished through a printed matter.
  • the present invention provides a method for encoding a personal image information into puzzle type, is characterized in that the security system of the personal image information can be more stable.
  • management of a security code is handled as confidential affairs because of importance thereof.
  • the performance of the image sensors 31 and 41 will affect greatly the security system.
  • the image information may be divided into a plurality of image pieces in polygonal or circular shape.
  • the image pieces in polygonal or circular shape are also able to rotate before rearranging the image information into puzzle type.
  • the present invention can be embodied not only in the bankbook as the above embodiment is, but also in any ID medium.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Editing Of Facsimile Originals (AREA)
  • Image Processing (AREA)

Abstract

There is provided a method for encoding an image information into puzzle type that includes a step of reading an original image information by an image sensor, a step of dividing the original image information into a plurality of pieces having a specific shape, a step of rearranging the plurality of pieces according to a security code to make an image data, and a step of outputting the image data. There is further provided an apparatus that includes an image sensor for reading an original image information, an image divider for dividing the original image information into a plurality of pieces, an image arranging means for rearranging the plurality of pieces according to a security code to make an image data, and an image output means for performing output of the image data.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ENCODING IMAGE INFORMATION INTO PUZZLE-TYPE
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an image information encoding, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for encoding image information into puzzle type. The present invention further relates to a method and apparatus for decoding a puzzle type image information.
BACKGROUND ART
As industry and scientific technique progress, people become to have various identifications (ID) and a means for transactions. For instance, most of people use an ID such as a certificate of residence and a driver's license, and use a bankbook or a card, which are issued by a bank, as a means for having an account with the bank. Meanwhile, as a home banking using a computer communication and telephone makes great strides, financial systems continue to advance. In these financial systems, however, at least one of the bankbook and the card remains the necessity for ascertaining a sum of money and keeping a personal record.
Conventionally, the seal and signature of a depositor is marked in the bankbook issued by a bank. In the case of financial transactions, a bank ascertains whether the truth of a client is confirmed or not, first of all. This confirmation is a necessary course prior to the transaction between a bank and a client. But, as described above, it is widely known that the seal and signature of a depositor marked in the bankbook is always exposed to be in danger of forgery. If a bankbook is lost, for example, as the seal and signature of the bankbook can be directly forged, cognition of an additional information such as a personal code number causes a banking crime. As a result, damage and responsibility will be fixed upon both a bank and a depositor. Further, a banking incident including a banking crime due to the forgery of a seal and signature grows to be a serious social problem.
I n the same manner, it is widely known that it is possible to forge paper money, a bond, a check, a credit card , and an ID including a passport and certificate of residence where personal information such as the picture, name, and resident registration number is marked. I n the beginning of renewal of an I D, there is no problem of a forgery, if any, it is easy to expose the forgery. However, as times goes by, the crime based on the forgery and fraudulent use get to be committed again. In a period of an exchange of an I D, there may be a peculiar happening that the dealing price of an illegal forged I D rises.
To solve at least the problem described above, a personal image information, which is recorded in an I D or bankbook, should not be marked in a simple type, and be made up of an encoded state so as to prevent a forgery. I n the specification, an object capable of being forged including an image such as the seal marked in a bankbook is called the personal image information.
In a forgery prevention system for preventing the forgery and fraudulent use of an image information , such an active prevention system as a smart card is applied to currency and credit card . Furthermore, by means of condensing and reconstructing courses as an encoding course, there is a method that condensed data or Fourier Transformed image information is recorded . In such a conventional method , however, optical device having a high precision and digital recording member should be used . In addition, although an original image is converted to another image by an image sensor, if reconstructed, it is difficult to find a beginning or reference point. Besides, if a scrawl or dust exist in the converted image, it may be more difficult to reconstruct the original image. In a Bar Code and related system thereto, since they have a simple structure, reproduction is done without difficulty and an amount of memory is very small. Also, in case of hologram as two-dimensional information, because of the easiness of reproduction due to an exposed image information and high cost for fabrication, it is not proper for a personal information security system.
Therefore, requirements for an image information security system having a high reliability assured are on the increase. To have an account with a bank in security, it has to be made impossible to find out a depositor's information except the depositor and the decoder of a bank, by marking a bankbook or card with an encoded information. Also, in the case of an I D including a certificate of residence, personal information has to be encoded and marked on a paper or plastic so that the personal information can be recognized by only a decoder. Moreover, it is desirable that security system for preventing a forgery can be made up of typical devices.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION An object of the present invention is, therefore, to substantially obviate one or more of the problems caused by limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for encoding an original image such as a seal and signature of a bankbook, a picture and name of an ID into puzzle type, and provide an apparatus therefor. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for decoding a puzzle type of an encoded image to reconstruct an original image, and provide an apparatus therefor
To achieve the above-described objects, there is provided a method for encoding an image information into puzzle type that includes sensing an original image information by an image sensor, dividing the original image information into a plurality of pieces having a specific shape, rearranging the plurality of pieces according to a security code to make an image data, and performing an output of the image data. In the method described above, the step of dividing includes a step of marking each of the plurality of pieces with a discrimination element such as a rim or point.
Further, the apparatus in accordance with the present invention includes an image sensor for reading an original image information, an image divider for dividing the original image information into a plurality of pieces, an image arranging means for rearranging the plurality of pieces according to a security code to make an image data, and a output member for outputting the image data.
In the apparatus described above, the member of forming the image data includes a function of marking each of the plurality of pieces with a discrimination element such as a rim or point.
The apparatus further includes an image memory unit for storing at least of the original image and the image data.
The apparatus further includes a security code supply for supplying the security code thereto.
It is understood that a method and apparatus for decoding an image information in accordance with the present invention is similar to the method and apparatus for encoding an image information in view of a structure and operation. Additional advantages, objects, and features of the present invention will set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the present invention. The objects and advantages of the present invention may be realized and attained as particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the following drawings wherein:
Figure 1 shows a schematic view of an image information divided into a plurality of square pieces for carrying out an embodiment of the image information encoding method in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 2 shows a schematic view of the image shown in Figure 1 , in which the square pieces have been rearranged as in a jigsaw puzzle;
Figure 3 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the image information encoder in accordance with the present invention; and
Figure 4 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the image information decoder in accordance with the present invention.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Now, the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to Figure 1 to Figure 4 showing an essential part thereof. As shown in Figure 3, the image information encoder 30 in accordance with the present invention includes an image sensor 31 for reading an original image information 10. A central processing unit (CPU) 32 divides the image information 10 into a plurality of pieces as shown in Figure 1 and rearranges the pieces according to a security code. A security code supply 33 supplies the security code to the CPU 32. An image information memory device 34 stores the rearranged image information as an image data. An image display for displaying the image data is provided.
The image display includes at least one of an image print device 35 and a screen display 36.
As shown in Figure 4, an image information decoder 40 is similar to the encoder 30 shown Figure 3 in view of structure , which comprises an image sensor 41 , a central processing unit (CPU) 42, a security code supply 43, an image information memory device 44 and at least one of an image print device 45 and a screen display 46.
Next, the method for encoding an image information will be described in detail.
First, a two-dimensional image 10 read through an image sensor 31 is turned into a plurality of image pieces in a quadrangle by dividing vertically and horizontally. In this embodiment, the division number of a length and breadth are 30 and 17, respectively, so that the number of total pieces is 510. These divided pieces are illustrated in Figure 1 . Referring to a shape of piece, the shape of piece may be a square or a diamond or a triangle. That is, the shape of piece is an optional matter depending on a dividing method. Next, the CPU 32 rearranges the plurality of pieces in accordance with the security code supplied from the security code supply 33. Upon arrangement, to make a distinction among pieces, it is possible to make each of pieces have a division mark such as a rim or a point, respectively. In such a division mark, the division mark is advantageous for the reconstruction of an original image. A rearranged image information 20 shown in Figure 2 is stored in the image memory device 34 as an image data. Such an image data is generally displayed on a bankbook of a depositor so that the depositor can use the bankbook for transaction with a bank, if necessary. Based on the encoding course of an image information, for example, each of pieces 1 1 , 12, 13 and 14 illustrated in Figure 1 corresponds to each of pieces 21 , 22, 23 and 24 in Figure 2, respectively. However, since an image information is exposed as the image data illustrated in Figure 2, it is difficult to find out the original image information corresponding to the exposed image data. As described above, if an image data encoded from an original image information is applied to a bankbook or any ID medium, danger of a forgery due to the exposed image information reduces.
In case of the embodiment, where the number of pieces is 510, the number of cases capable of being rearranged is 510! (factorial). It is naturally understood that the increase in the number of pieces lead the number of rearrangement cases to the close infinite. If so, the security code supply 43 can supply at least codes corresponding to the number of rearrangement cases. Furthermore, compared with a conventional Bar Code having a one- dimensional shape, since the image information of the embodiment is a combination of two-dimensional image pieces, it is very hard to recognize an original image information without a decoder 40 including the security code supply 43. Accordingly, if a bank has an overall management for such a decoder 40, although a bankbook is lost and an image data is exposed, it is possible to completely prevent such a conventional banking incident as a forgery. Upon arrangement of pieces, instead of the monotonous rearrangement such as the case of the embodiment, the CPU 32 may use a modified method including a method of rearranging pieces after rotating some pieces, a method of rearranging pieces after reversing some pieces, a method of rearranging pieces after inserting separate image pieces in original image pieces, and a method of rearranging pieces after omitting some pieces, wherein the separate image piece has no connection with the original image.
To make the reconstruction course for reconstructing an original image difficult and complex, it is desirable to apply these modified methods to the security system of personal image information. In security system adapting the present invention, a rearrangement, which is rearranged by using of the modified method, is capable of being reconstructed by only a decoder 40 having a security code related to the rearrangement. As a result, more stable security system can be achieved. In a rearranging method of reversing some pieces, the level of reversing condition is made so different that various encoding cases can be attained. In decoding, a method of decoding an encoded image is basically similar to that of encoding, and is just characterized in that the method of decoding is related to reconstructing an original image.
As shown in Figure 4, the image sensor 41 read out an image data, and then, the security code supply 43 adversely arrange the image data in accordance with a security code to reconstruct an original image information. Thus, when a client presents a check to a bank window, the identification of the client is confirmed by comparing an image information on the check with an original image information reconstructed from an image data. The CPU 42 of the decoder 40 performs this comparing, and also includes displaying the result thereof. Further, upon reconstruction, discrimination elements of pieces of the image data is respectively removed and reconstructed. In displaying the comparative result, an original image information and an image information on the check are displayed to have different color with each other, which is good for a person to do the comparison. Also, the comparison is accomplished through a printed matter.
As described above, the present invention provides a method for encoding a personal image information into puzzle type, is characterized in that the security system of the personal image information can be more stable. In addition, it is understood that management of a security code is handled as confidential affairs because of importance thereof. It is further understood that the performance of the image sensors 31 and 41 will affect greatly the security system. Thus, it is desirable to apply the present invention to the field that is related to recognition of image.
Although explaining that an image information is divided into a plurality of image pieces in square shape in the preferred embodiments, the image information may be divided into a plurality of image pieces in polygonal or circular shape. The image pieces in polygonal or circular shape are also able to rotate before rearranging the image information into puzzle type.
The present invention can be embodied not only in the bankbook as the above embodiment is, but also in any ID medium.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made in the security system of an image information of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. It is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention that are within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:
1. A method of encoding an image information into puzzle type, comprising: sensing said image information; dividing said image information into a plurality of image pieces; rearranging said plurality of image pieces in accordance with a security code which is generated by a security code generator; and displaying an output of said rearranged image pieces as an image data.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said dividing includes dividing said image information vertically and horizontally.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said dividing includes dividing said image information into said plurality of image pieces in a square shape, respectively.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said rearranging includes rearranging said plurality of image pieces after rotating some pieces.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said rearranging includes rearranging said plurality of image pieces after inserting separate image pieces, which have no connection with said plurality of image pieces, in said image pieces.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said rearranging includes rearranging said plurality of image pieces after reversing some pieces.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said rearranging includes rearranging said plurality of image pieces after marking said plurality of image pieces with discrimination element including at least one of a rim and point, respectively.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said displaying an output includes displaying said rearranged image information on at least one of a paper, a monitor, and a plastic.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further includes storing said image data in an image memory device.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said dividing includes dividing said image information into a plurality of image pieces in polygonal or circular shape; and said rearranging includes rearranging said plurality of image pieces after rotating some pieces.
1 1. An apparatus for encoding an image information into puzzle type, comprising: an image sensor for sensing said image information; an image divider for dividing said image information into a plurality of image pieces; an image arranging means for rearranging said plurality of image pieces in accordance with a security code; and an image output means for displaying said rearranged image pieces as an image data.
12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein both said image divider and said image-arranging means are attained by a central processing unit (CPU).
13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein said image divider divides said image information into said plurality of image pieces in a square shape, respectively.
14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein said image arranging means rearrange said plurality of image pieces after rotating some pieces.
15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein said image arranging means rearrange said plurality of image pieces after reversing some pieces.
16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein said image arranging means rearrange said plurality of image pieces after inserting separate image pieces, which have no connection with said plurality of image pieces, in said image pieces.
17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein said image arranging means rearrange said plurality of image pieces after marking said plurality of image pieces with discrimination element including at least one of a rim and point, respectively.
18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11 , wherein said image output means performs displaying said rearranged image information on at least one of a paper, a monitor, and a plastic.
19. A method of discriminating an original image information, comprising: sensing an image; arranging an image data, which is encoded from said original image information, in accordance with a security code to construct said original image information; comparing said image with said original image information; and displaying an output of comparative result.
20. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein said image data is a puzzle type.
21. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein said displaying an output includes overlapping said image with said original image information as different color, respectively.
22. An identification medium manufactured by means of the apparatus as claimed in claim 11.
PCT/KR1999/000167 1999-01-27 1999-04-07 Method and apparatus for encoding image information into puzzle-type WO2000045336A1 (en)

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JP2000596524A JP2002541497A (en) 1999-01-27 1999-04-07 Method and apparatus for encrypting puzzle-type image information
AU30575/99A AU3057599A (en) 1999-01-27 1999-04-07 Method and apparatus for encoding image information into puzzle-type

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KR1999/2625 1999-01-27
KR1019990002625A KR20000051918A (en) 1999-01-27 1999-01-27 The puzzling security principle of image data and supporting device

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KR20000051918A (en) 2000-08-16

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