Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
  • F23G7/06—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases
  • F23G7/061—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases with supplementary heating
  • F23G7/063—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases with supplementary heating electric heating
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/32—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
  • B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
  • F01N3/0892—Electric or magnetic treatment, e.g. dissociation of noxious components
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
  • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
  • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
  • B01J2219/0809—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes employing two or more electrodes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
  • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
  • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
  • B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
  • B01J2219/0826—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear
  • B01J2219/083—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear cylindrical
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
  • B01J2219/0875—Gas
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
  • B01J2219/0892—Materials to be treated involving catalytically active material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0894—Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2202/00—Combustion
  • F23G2202/70—Combustion with application of specific energy
  • F23G2202/701—Electrical fields
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2204/00—Supplementary heating arrangements
  • F23G2204/20—Supplementary heating arrangements using electric energy
  • F23G2204/201—Plasma
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
  • F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
  • F23J2219/20—Non-catalytic reduction devices
  • F23J2219/201—Reducing species generators, e.g. plasma, corona

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the processing of gaseous media and in particular to the reduction of the emission of particulate and other materials from the exhausts of internal combustion engines.
• suc diesel exhaust particulate filters are to be found in European Patent Application EP 0 ' 010 384; US Patents 4,505,107; 4,485,622; 4,427,418; and 4,276,066; EP 0 244 061; EP 0 112 634 and EP 0 132 166.
• the particulate matter is removed from the exhaust gases by a simple, physical trapping of particulate matter in the interstices of a porous, usually ceramic, filter body, which is then regenerated by heating the filter body to a temperature at which the trapped diesel exhaust particulates are burnt off.
• the filter body is monolithic, although EP 0 010 384 does mention the use of ceramic beads, wire meshes or metal screens as well.
• US Patent 4,427,418 discloses the use of ceramic coated wire or ceramic fibres.
• precipitation In a broader context, the precipitation of charged particulate matter by electrostatic forces also is known. However, in this case, precipitation usually takes place upon large planar electrodes or metal screens.
• a reactor for the processing of a gaseous medium including a reactor bed, means for constraining a gaseous medium to be processed to flow through the reactor bed and a power supply unit adapted to generate and apply a potential across the reactor bed which is sufficient to excite an electric discharge in the gaseous medium flowing through the reactor bed, wherein the reactor bed and the power supply unit are adjacent, directly connected together electrically, preferably co-axial, and preferably are enclosed in an electrically conducting enclosure which is adapted to be maintained at ground potential.
• reactor of the dielectric barrier discharge type also known as a silent discharge reactor.
• the present invention provides a reactor for the processing of a gaseous medium, including a reactor bed, means for constraining a gaseous medium to be processed to flow through the reactor bed and a power supply unit adapted to generate and apply a potential across the reactor bed which is sufficient to excite an electric discharge in the gaseous medium flowing through the reactor bed, wherein the reactor is of the barrier discharge type and wherein the reactor bed and the power supply unit are adjacent, directly connected together electrically, preferably co-axial, and preferably are enclosed in an electrically conducting enclosure which is adapted to be maintained at ground potential .
• the grounded enclosure isolate electrically the reactor bed and the power supply unit but it acts as a Faraday cage so as to prevent the emission of electromagnetic radiation when pulsed dc or ac potentials are used to excite the gaseous medium.
• the enclosure consists of a sealed metal chamber enclosing the reactor bed and the power supply unit.
• the enclosure can be non-metallic or partially metallic but surrounded by a metallic coating or other metal structure.
• the reactor bed consists of a cylindrical body of gas permeable dielectric material contained between two concentric gas permeable electrodes the outer one of which is grounded and the inner one of which is connected directly to the means for generating the said potential, one or both sides of the electrodes in contact with the reactor bed material being coated with a dielectric material that constitutes the dielectric barrier.
• Dielectric material in the bed and on the electrodes need not necessarily be the same material. In use the potential applied excites a non-thermal plasma discharge in the region between the electrodes .
• the reactor bed comprises a body of gas permeable dielectric material in the form of spheres, pellets, extrudates, fibres, sheets, coils, granules, wafers, meshes, frits, foams, honeycomb monolith or membrane in the plasma region of the non-thermal plasma.
• gas permeable dielectric bed material can be used and can be arranged to create a structure with a non-uniform surface area and porosity, for example a graded porosity, when presented to the gas .
• the reactor chamber is adapted to form part of the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine.
• Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of a reactor for reducing exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine ;
• Figure 2 is a representation of the electrical circuits associated with the present invention.
• a reactor assembly 1 for treating the exhaust gases from internal combustion engines comprises a reactor bed 2 which consists of a bed 3 of pellets 4 of a ceramic dielectric material, such as described in our earlier patent GB 2 274 412, which is contained between inner and outer perforated stainless steel electrodes -5 and 6 respectively.
• Surfaces of the electrodes are coated with an insulating layer of dielectric, represented schematically at 7 and 8. The thickness of this coating depends upon the breakdown strength of the dielectric material used, but will typically be of the order of 1mm or 2mm.
• the coating extends in this example to cover the inner surfaces of the perforations in the steel electrodes but such as to allow passage of exhaust gas through the perforations in the radial direction shown. This is illustrated in the enlarged inset in Figure 1 in which the perforations are referenced 25.
• the inner electrode 5 is closed by a stainless steel thimble 9 which is connected directly to a high voltage power supply 10, which is capable of delivering 30 kV pulses at a repetition frequency in the range 50 Hz - 15 kHz.
• the ends of the reactor bed 2 are closed by two ceramic end-plates 11 and 12 respectively which also act as support plates.
• the end-plate 11, which is at the same end of the reactor bed 2 as the thimble 9 has a series of axial holes 13 around its periphery.
• Also at the ends of the electrodes 5 and 6 are stainless steel rings 14, 15, and 16 which are so shaped as to reduce as far as is practicable arcing between the ends of the electrodes 5 and 6 and their respective end-plates 11 and 12.
• the whole assembly is encased in a gas tight stainless steel chamber 17.
• Thermal expansion of the reactor bed 2 is accommodated by expansion rings 18 positioned between the supports 11 and 12 and respective abutments 19 and 20, which form part of the chamber 17.
• the power supply 10 is positioned within the chamber 17 by perforated plates or spiders 21.
• the chamber 17 has inlet and outlet nozzles 22 and 23, respectively, by means of which it can be attached to the remainder of an internal combustion engine exhaust system, which is not shown in the drawing.
• the power supply 10 which is positioned at the cooler end of the reactor assembly 1, includes an inverter for converting a dc input 24 from a vehicles power supply to a pulsed, or alternating form and transforming it to some 30 kV before applying it to the inner electrode 5 of the reactor bed 2.
• the voltage shape can take the form of a regularly varying wave such as sinusoidal ac , which may be half -wave rectified, the form of a unipolar or bipolar square wave or a unipolar or bipolar pulse.
• sinusoidal ac which may be half -wave rectified
• the direction of gas flow shown helps to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gases before they reach the power supply 10.
• the power supply 10 is capable of withstanding the higher temperatures it can be positioned at the other end of the reactor assembly 1.
• the electrical components of a gas discharge reactor such as those described above can be represented primarily as a resistive load R L of the order of hundreds of kilo ohms and a capacitive load C L of the order of hundreds of pico farads in parallel with the resistive load of R L .
• the reactor 201 is shown as being connected to a power supply 202 which includes a pulsed DC source or AC generator 203, a power amplifier 204 and a step-up transformer 205.
• the power supply 202 produces an output potential of some 20 kV at a frequency of about 10 kHz. At this sort of frequency, the capacitive current through the reactor 201 may be a factor of ten greater than the resistive current.
• a variable inductance 206 is connected in parallel with the reactor 201 and its value is adjusted until the LCR circuit formed by it and the resistive and capacitive components R L and C L of the reactor 201 is resonant at the output frequency of the power supply 202.
• a typical value for the inductance is some 3 henries. At least some of this can be supplied by the secondary winding 207 of the output transformer 205 in the power supply 202.
• the tuning inductance is formed by the secondary winding of the transformer 205 alone.
• the reactive current will flow through the secondary winding 207 of the transformer 205. At resonance, however, the reactive current will not be seen in the primary winding of the transformer 205, so that the power demanded from the power source 203 will be minimised.
• the AC generator 203 may be driven by the engine of a vehicle in the exhaust system of which the reactor 201 is incorporated.
• a problem which then arises is that the frequency of the output current from the generator 203 is dependent upon the engine speed, which is undesirable, particularly when it is desired to operate the reactor 201 at the resonant frequency of the combined transformer secondary winding 204 and reactor 2,02 circuit, as above.
• One way of overcoming this problem is to incorporate a constant speed drive unit between the engine of the vehicle and the generator 203.
• a first form of constant speed drive unit which can be used consists of a variable displacement pump driven by the engine of the vehicle which is connected via a pressure or flow regulating system to an hydraulic motor so as to deliver a constant speed output drive to the generator 203 whatever the engine speed.
• a second form of constant speed drive can be provided by including a fluid viscous coupling between the engine and the generator 203.
• Such couplings consist of a turbine the casing of which is driven by one component of the system and the impellor of which drives the other component of the system.
• the drive speed is controlled either by varying the amount of fluid in the coupling or by varying the angle of the impeller blades.
• a hydro-mechanical constant drive system which can be used consists of a number of driver and driven metal disks, the depth of immersion of which in a bath of a viscous oil can be varied in response to engine speed signals generated by a transducer. As the depth of immersion of the disks is increased, so the slippage between them is reduced, and vice versa.
• a purely mechanical adjustable speed system consists of two spring-loaded axially adjustable v-pulleys and belts.
• the engine is coupled to one pulley and the generator 203 to the other.
• the diameter of the pulley coupled to the engine is varied inversely with the engine speed.
• a somewhat similar system employs two conical disks between which there are two planetary cones. Rotation by the engine of the disk coupled to it causes the cones to rotate both the main axis of the drive system and about their own axes. The closer these two rotational speeds are, the slower is the rotation of the other disk connected to the generator 203. Maintenance of the output drive speed is achieved by means of a control ring which alters the rotation of the planetary cones about their own axes.
• An electrical controlled speed drive system includes a dc electric motor operated by the vehicle's battery which powers an hydraulic motor which is coupled to the generator 203.
• a further controlled speed drive system utilises a variable magnetic field generated across an air gap between two ferromagentic disks, one coupled to the engine and the other to the generator 203.
• the invention is not restricted to the details of the foregoing examples.
• a radial flow configuration is preferred an axial flow configuration is possible.
• the electrodes are constructed to be impermeable to the exhaust gases and the end supports are appropriately perforated to allow axial flow therethrough.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
• Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
• Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
• Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
• Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
• Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
• Treating Waste Gases (AREA)

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Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (2)

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Cited By (4)

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Citations (13)

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• 1999
  • 1999-01-21 GB GB9901219A patent/GB2346528A/en not_active Withdrawn
• 2000
  • 2000-01-18 PT PT00900686T patent/PT1144816E/pt unknown
  • 2000-01-18 WO PCT/GB2000/000108 patent/WO2000043645A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2000-01-18 AU AU30616/00A patent/AU3061600A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2000-01-18 US US09/889,370 patent/US7025939B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2000-01-18 AT AT00900686T patent/ATE218188T1/de active
  • 2000-01-18 DK DK00900686T patent/DK1144816T3/da active
  • 2000-01-18 KR KR1020017009135A patent/KR20010101613A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 2000-01-18 DE DE60000184T patent/DE60000184T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2000-01-18 EP EP00900686A patent/EP1144816B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2000-01-18 JP JP2000595034A patent/JP2003520316A/ja active Pending
  • 2000-01-18 ES ES00900686T patent/ES2177507T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime

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