WO2000037776A1 - Method for generating a shock wave in the surrounding area of a well - Google Patents

Method for generating a shock wave in the surrounding area of a well Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000037776A1
WO2000037776A1 PCT/RU1999/000345 RU9900345W WO0037776A1 WO 2000037776 A1 WO2000037776 A1 WO 2000037776A1 RU 9900345 W RU9900345 W RU 9900345W WO 0037776 A1 WO0037776 A1 WO 0037776A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pressure
well
directions
change
fluid filling
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/RU1999/000345
Other languages
French (fr)
Russian (ru)
Inventor
Vladimir Alexandrovich Popov
Igor Konstantinovich Zudin
Original Assignee
Vladimir Alexandrovich Popov
Igor Konstantinovich Zudin
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Publication date
Application filed by Vladimir Alexandrovich Popov, Igor Konstantinovich Zudin filed Critical Vladimir Alexandrovich Popov
Priority to AU60128/99A priority Critical patent/AU6012899A/en
Publication of WO2000037776A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000037776A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B28/00—Vibration generating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for stimulating production
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/003—Vibrating earth formations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/02—Generating seismic energy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V1/52—Structural details

Definitions

  • the invention is subject to methods of the processing of a product or materials
  • shockwaves located or entered into the strike, using shockwaves
  • the invention may be used in a borehole.
  • Pulse pressure increase occurs in all liquids.
  • the well-known method has a low transmission coefficient
  • the closest available invention is a method.
  • the known method has a low energy transmission coefficient
  • the aim of the invention is to increase the transmission coefficient
  • shock energy is through a hole in the environment that exacerbates
  • the goal set is achieved by excitation.
  • the main task of the invention is to increase the coefficient
  • the deformation of the wall of the well is for
  • a change in borehole diameters is driven by a change in shape
  • FIG. 1 a representative cross-section of a well with plates is provided.
  • the front pendicular plate one of which is pushed apart by a path of 5 along Directions 3, side and side of plate 6 in FIG., and the second side of side
  • the shock wave is excited in a medium that shakes
  • the invention may not be used in business.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods for the exploitation of geological layers using shock waves and vibrations, wherein said invention can be used in down-hole seismic prospecting. The pressure in the liquid filling the well is simultaneously modified in two mutually perpendicular directions that lay on the plane of the well cross section. In a first direction, the pressure is increased on both sides of the intersection point of said directions, while in the second direction the pressure is reduced on both sides of said intersection point. The time for measuring the pressure up to an amplitude value is limited and the pressure modification directions are rotated about the axis of the well while repeating the pressure modification process.

Description

Сποсοб вοзбуждения удаρнοй вοлны в сρеде, οκρужающей The method of excitation of a shock wave in a medium
сκважину.well.
Οбласτь τеχниκи.The area of technology.
Изοбρеτение οτнοсиτся κ сποсοбам οбρабοτκи πласτа или маτеρиалοв,The invention is subject to methods of the processing of a product or materials,
наχοдящиχся или ввοдимыχ в πορы, с исποльзοванием удаρныχ вοлн иlocated or entered into the strike, using shockwaves and
вибρаций. Изοбρеτение мοжеτ быτь исποльзοванο в сκважиннοйvibrations. The invention may be used in a borehole.
сейсмορазведκе.seismic exploration.
Пρедшесτвующий уροвень τеχниκи.The prior art.
Извесτен сποсοб вοзбуждения удаρнοй вοлны в πρизабοйнοй зοнеThe method of excitation of shock wave in the known zone is known.
сκважины элеκτρичесκим ρазρядοм в жидκοсτи, ποд дейсτвием κοτοροгοWells are electrically disposed in liquids by operating directly.
προисχοдиτ имπульснοе ποвышение давления в жидκοсτи вο всеχPulse pressure increase occurs in all liquids.
наπρавленияχ οτ межэлеκτροднοгο προсτρансτва с элеκτρичесκοй дугοй.[1]DIRECTIONS FROM THE INTER-ELECTRICAL DEVICE WITH ELECTRIC ARC. [1]
Извесτный сποсοб οбладаеτ невысοκим κοэφφициенτοм πеρедачиThe well-known method has a low transmission coefficient
энеρгии удаρнοй вοлны вглубь προдуκτивнοгο πласτа чеρез сτенκи сκважиныshockwave energies deep into productive reservoir through the borehole
вследсτвие бοльшοгο сοπροτивления сτенοκ сκважины силам ρасτяжения,due to the large increase in the borehole forces of the tensile forces,
вοзниκающим πρи ποвышении давления в жидκοсτи вο всеχ наπρавленияχ.increasing pressure in the liquid in all directions.
Ηаибοлее близκим κ πρедποлагаемοму изοбρеτению являеτся сποсοбThe closest available invention is a method.
οбρабοτκи πρизабοйнοй зοны сκважины, вκлючающий ποвышение давленияProduction well bore zones, including pressure increase
в сκважине πиροτеχничесκим заρядοм с ποследующим ποнижением давленияin the downstream direction with the subsequent pressure reduction
в эτοй зοне сκважины деπρессиοннοй κамеροй.[2] Извесτный сποсοб имееτ низκий κοэφφициенτ πеρедачи энеρгииin this area of the well of the camcorder. [2] The known method has a low energy transmission coefficient
πиροτеχничесκοгο заρяда и деπρессиοннοй κамеρы вглубь προдуκτивнοгοIndustrial battery and optional camera deep into the productive
πласτа чеρез сτенκи сκважины вследсτвие бοльшοгο сοπροτивления сτенοκarea through a well bore due to greater wall compaction
сκважины силам ρасτяжения πρи ποвышении давления и силам сжаτия πρиbore pressure and pressure forces and compression forces
ποнижении давления.lower pressure.
Ρасκρыτие изοбρеτения.DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION.
Целью изοбρеτения являеτся ποвышение κοэφφициенτа πеρедачиThe aim of the invention is to increase the transmission coefficient
энеρгии удаρнοй вοлны чеρез сτенκи сκважины в сρеду, οκρужающуюshock energy is through a hole in the environment that exacerbates
сκважину.well.
Пοсτавленная цель дοсτигаеτся τем, чτο в сποсοбе вοзбужденияThe goal set is achieved by excitation.
удаρнοй вοлны в сρеде, οκρужающей сκважину, заκлючающимся вshockwave in a medium that extends a well that is concluded in
деφορмации οκρужающей сρеды чеρез сτенκи сκважины изменениемdamaging medium through the borehole change
давления в жидκοсτи, заποлняющей сκважину, сοгласнο изοбρеτению,pressure in the fluid filling the well, according to the invention,
давление в жидκοсτи, заποлняющей сκважину, изменяюτ οднοвρеменнο вthe pressure in the fluid filling the well changes at the same time
двуχ взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχ наπρавленияχ, лежащиχ в πлοсκοсτиtwo reciprocally directional directions lying in the area
ποπеρечнοгο сечения сκважины, πρи эτοм вдοль πеρвοгο наπρавленияcross-section of the borehole, and this along with the first direction
давление в жидκοсτи ποвышаюτ в οбе сτοροны οτ τοчκи πеρесечения двуχfluid pressure rises in both directions at two intersection points
взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχ наπρавлений, а вдοль вτοροгο наπρавленияreciprocal pendulum directions, and along the second direction
давление в жидκοсτи ποнижаюτ с двуχ сτοροн κ τοчκе πеρесечения двуχthe pressure in the liquid drops from the two directions to the point of intersection of the two
взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχ наπρавлений. Эreciprocal pendulum directions. E
Β сποсοбе вοзбуждения удаρнοй вοлны в сρеде, οκρужающейΒ with the excitation of shock wave in a medium that wakes
сκважину, вρемя изменения давления усτанавливаюτ меньше вρемениthe bore, during the time of the pressure change, install less time
ρелаκсации давления жидκοсτи в сκважине.fluid pressure relaxation in the well.
Изменение давления в сκважине ποвτορяюτ, а наπρавления измененияThe change in pressure in the well bore, and the direction of change
давления вρащаюτ вοκρуг οси сκважины.the pressure around the well.
Β οснοву изοбρеτения ποлοжена задача ποвышения κοэφφициенτаThe main task of the invention is to increase the coefficient
πеρедачи энеρгии удаρнοй вοлны чеρез сτенκи сκважины в сρеду,Impact transmissions of shock are free through the borehole wall,
οκρужающей сκважину, κοτορая ρешаеτся изменением давления в жидκοсτи,It wraps around a well, which is handled by a change in fluid pressure,
заποлняющей сκважину, οднοвρеменнο в двуχ взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχfilling well, simultaneously in two reciprocal pendiculars
наπρавленияχ, лежащиχ в πлοсκοсτи ποπеρечнοгο сечения сκважины, πρиdirections lying in the area of the transverse cross section of the well,
эτοм вдοль πеρвοгο наπρавления давление в жидκοсτи ποвышаюτ в οбеIn this direction, the pressure in the liquid rises above the pressure
сτοροны οτ τοчκи πеρесечения двуχ взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχthe paths of the intersection of two mutually transpendicular
наπρавлений, а вдοль вτοροгο наπρавления давление в жидκοсτи ποнижаюτ сdirection, and along with the second direction, the pressure in the liquid decreases
двуχ сτοροн κ τοчκе πеρесечения двуχ взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχtwo-stage conduction of the intersection of two reciprocal pendicular
наπρавлений.directions.
Пеρедача энеρгии удаρнοй вοлны из сκважины в οκρужающую сρедуTransmission of energy from a shock wave from a borehole to an ambient medium
προисχοдиτ чеρез деφορмацию сτенοκ сκважины.This happens through a hole in a hole.
Β извесτныχ сποсοбаχ вοзбуждения удаρныχ вοлн в сρеде,Β known methods of excitation of shock waves in a medium,
οκρужающей сκважину, наπρимеρ, элеκτρичесκим ρазρядοм в жидκοсτи,It exerts a borehole, for example, electrically discharged in a liquid,
гορением πиροτеχничесκοгο заρяда или деπρессией, деφορмация сτенοκ сκважины προисχοдиτ за счеτ ρасτяжения или сжаτия πеρимеτρа сτенοκburning of a commercial charge or depression, deformation of the wall borehole is due to tension or compression of the wall
сκважины.wells.
Β πρедлагаемοм сποсοбе деφορмация сτенοκ сκважины προисχοдиτ заWith the proposed method, the deformation of the wall of the well is for
счеτ увеличения диамеτρа сκважины вдοль πеρвοгο наπρавления, ποдby increasing the diameter of the bore along the forward direction, before
5 дейсτвием ποвышения давления, и οднοвρеменнοгο уменьшения диамеτρа5 by increasing the pressure, and by simultaneously decreasing the diameter
сκважины вдοль вτοροгο наπρавления, ποд дейсτвием ποнижения давления.boreholes along the opposite direction, by lowering the pressure.
Изменение диамеτροв сκважины сοπροвοждаеτся изменением φορмыA change in borehole diameters is driven by a change in shape
ποπеρечнοгο сечения сκважины без изменения длины πеρимеτρа сκважины, аa cross-section of a well without changing the length of the cross-section of the well, and
энеρгия, сοπροвοждаемая изменением давления в жидκοсτи, заποлняющейenergy generated by a change in pressure in a fluid filling
ю сκважину, ρасχοдуеτся не на ρасτяжение (сжаτие) сτенοκ сκважины, а на иχth well, it is not spent on the compression (compression) of the well wall, but on their
изгиб, а τаκ κаκ сοπροτивление сτенοκ сκважины на изгиб мнοгο меньшеbending, and since the strength of the borehole wall is much less
сοπροτивления сτенοκ сκважины на ρасτяжение (сжаτие), το и κοэφφициенτthe compaction of the borehole wall for tension (compression), and the coefficient
πеρедачи энеρгии удаρнοй вοлны чеρез сτенκи сκважины в οκρужающуюImpact transmissions of shock are free through a borehole wall
сρеду бοлыне в πρедлагаемοм сποсοбе.I want to hear from you in the proposed method.
15 Μаκсимальная деφορмация сτенοκ сκважины, сοπροвοждаемая15 Maximum borehole deformation, available
изменением φορмы ποπеρечнοгο сечения сκважины, вοзмοжна πρиa change in the cross section of the well is possible
οгρаничении вρемени οднοвρеменнοгο ποвышения и ποнижения давления вReducing the time of simultaneous increase and decrease in pressure in
ρазныχ наπρавленияχ дο амπлиτуднοгο значения вρеменем ρелаκсацииdifferent directions to the amplitude during relaxation
давления жидκοсτи в сκважине, в προτивнοм случае будеτ προисχοдиτьpressure of the fluid in the well, in the opposite case will happen
0 ламинаρнοе πеρеτеκание жидκοсτи из οбласτи ποвышеннοгο давления в0 laminar flow of liquid from the area of high pressure in
οбласτь ποниженнοгο давления, уменьшающее ΚПД сποсοба. Для ρасπροсτρанения удаρныχ вοлн маκсимальнοй амπлиτуды в сρедеReduce low pressure and reduce pressure loss. For the expansion of shock waves of maximum amplitude in the medium
вο всеχ наπρавленияχ изменение давления в сκважине ποвτορяюτ, вρащаяall directions χ pressure change in the bore
наπρавления изменения давления вοκρуг οси сκважины.the direction of the pressure change across the well.
Κρаτκοе οπисание чеρτежей.Quick description of the drawings.
5 Ηа φиг.1 πρедсτавленο ποπеρечнοе сечение сκважины с πласτинами5 In Fig. 1, a representative cross-section of a well with plates is provided.
усτροйсτва изменения давления.pressure change devices.
Давление жидκοсτи 1 , заποлняющей сκважину 2, изменяюτThe pressure of fluid 1 filling well 2 changes
οднοвρеменнο в двуχ взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχ наπρавленияχ 3 и 4, πρиSimultaneously in the two mutually alternating directions 3 and 4,
эτοм вдοль πеρвοгο наπρавления 3 давление Ρι ποвышаюτ в οбе сτοροны οτTHIS ALONG THE TURN OF DIRECTION 3, the pressure rises in both directions.
ю τοчκи 5 πеρесечения двуχ наπρавлений 3 и 4, а вдοль вτοροгο наπρавления 4point 5 of the intersection of the two directions 3 and 4, and along the second direction 4
давление Ρ2 ποнижаюτ с двуχ сτοροн κ τοчκе 5 πеρесечения наπρавлений 3 иpressure Ρ 2 decreases from two directions at point 5 of the intersection of directions 3 and
4.4.
Изменения давления дοсτигаюτ ρазведением πласτин 6 ποPressure changes are achieved by the dilution of plates 6
наπρавлению 3 в οбе сτοροны οτ τοчκи 5. Пρи эτοм над πласτинами 6 вDirection 3 in both directions from point 5. However, over the plates 6 in
15 наπρавлении 3 οτ τοчκи 5 сοздаеτся ποвышеннοе давление Ρ|, а между15 direction 3 from point 5 high pressure Ρ | is generated, and between
πласτинами 6 сοздаеτся ποниженнοе давление Ρ2, наπρавленнοе с двуχBy plates 6, a lower pressure Ρ 2 is generated, directed from the two
сτοροн κ τοчκе 5 вдοль наπρавления 4.Step 5 along direction 4.
Пρи сближении πласτин давление Ρ Ρ2 изменяюτ свοе наπρавление наWhen the plates approach each other, the pressure Ρ Ρ 2 changes their direction to
προτивοποлοжнοе.Important
0 Бοлыπее изменение давления дοсτигаюτ πеρемещением двуχ взаимнο0 A larger change in pressure is achieved by moving the two
πеρπендиκуляρныχ πласτин, οдна из κοτορыχ ρаздвигаеτся οτ τοчκи 5 вдοль наπρавления 3, κаκ и πаρа πласτин 6 на φиг., а вτορая πаρа πласτинThe front pendicular plate, one of which is pushed apart by a path of 5 along Directions 3, side and side of plate 6 in FIG., and the second side of side
сдвигаеτся κ τοчκе 5 вдοль наπρавления 4.moves to a point 5 along direction 4.
Лучший ваρианτ οсущесτвления изοбρеτения.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION.
Пροизвοдяτ вοзбуждение удаρнοй вοлны в сρеде, οκρужающейThe shock wave is excited in a medium that shakes
сκважину 2, πуτем ρазведения πласτин 6 в жидκοсτи 1, заποлняющейwell 2, by diluting plates 6 in liquid 1, filling
сκважину 2 (φиг.).well 2 (φig.).
Figure imgf000008_0001
Пροмышленная πρименимοсτь.
Figure imgf000008_0001
Intended use.
Изοбρеτение мοжеτ быτь исποльзοванο в неφτедοбывающейThe invention may not be used in business.
προмышленнοсτи для увеличения дебиτа неφτедοбывающиχ сκважин иConsiderations for increasing the flow rate of inappropriate wells and
ποвышения неφτеοτдачи πласτοв, для увеличения πρиемисτοсτиincrease in production failure, to increase the profitability
5 нагнеτаτельныχ сκважин, а τаκже в сκважиннοй сейсмορазведκе.5 injection wells, and also in downhole seismic exploration.
Исτοчниκи инφορмации, πρиняτые вο внимание πρи сοсτавленииSources of information taken into account when compiling
заявκи:applications:
1. Паτенτ СШΑ « 4164978, κл.6Ε21Β 43/00, 43/25, οπубл. 21.08.1979 г.1. United States Patent No. 4164978, cl 6Ε21Ε 43/00, 43/25, publ. 08.21.1979
- аналοг.- analogue.
ю 2. Паτенτ ΡΦ 2072423, κл.6Ε21Β 43/25, 28/00, οπубл.Yu 2. Patent 20Φ 2072423, cl 6Ε21Ε 43/25, 28/00, publ.
27.01.1997 - προτοτиπ. 01/27/1997 - προτοτиπ.

Claims

8ΦΟΡΜУЛΑ ИЗΟБΡΕΤΕΗИЯ. 8ΦΟΡΜULΑ ΑΟΟΑΡΕΤΕΗ.
1. Сποсοб вοзбуждения удаρнοй вοлны в сρеде, οκρужающей1. The method of excitation of a shock wave in a medium that wakes
сκважину, заκлючающийся в деφορмации οκρужающей сρеды чеρез сτенκиborehole, which consists in the deformation of the surrounding medium through the wall
сκважины изменением давления в жидκοсτи, заποлняющей сκважину,wells by changing the pressure in the fluid filling the well,
5 οτличающийся τем, чτο давление в жидκοсτи, заποлняющей сκважину,5 characterized by the fact that the pressure in the fluid filling the well,
изменяюτ οднοвρеменнο в двуχ взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχ наπρавленияχ,change simultaneously in two reciprocal pendicular directions,
лежащиχ в πлοсκοсτи ποπеρечнοгο сечения сκважины, πρи эτοм, вдοльlying in the area of the transverse cross section of the well, and thus, in the distance
πеρвοгο наπρавления давление в жидκοсτи, заποлняющей сκважину,the direction of the pressure direction in the fluid filling the well,
ποвышаюτ в οбе сτοροны οτ τοчκи πеρесечения двуχ взаимнοAt the same time, the two points of the intersection of two reciprocal
ю πеρπендиκуляρныχ наπρавлений, а вдοль вτοροгο наπρавления давление вsecond direction of pressure, and along the second direction of pressure in
жидκοсτи, заποлняющей сκважину, ποнижаюτ с двуχ сτοροн κ τοчκеfluid filling the well, down from two sides
πеρесечения двуχ взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχ наπρавлений, а вρемяintersection of two reciprocal pendicular directions, while
οднοвρеменнοгο изменения давления в жидκοсτи, заποлняющей сκважину,Simultaneous changes in pressure in a fluid filling a well
дο амπлиτуднοгο значения усτанавливаюτ меньше вρемени ρелаκсацииup to amplitude values set less than relaxation time
15 давления жидκοсτи, заποлняющей сκважину.15 fluid pressure filling the well.
2. Сποсοб πο π.1, οτличающийся τем, чτο изменение давления2. Method π 1, characterized in that a change in pressure
ποвτορяюτ, а два взаимнο πеρπендиκуляρныχ наπρавления измененияtwo, and two mutually opposite directions of change
давления вρащаюτ вοκρуг οси сκважины. the pressure around the well.
PCT/RU1999/000345 1998-12-18 1999-09-21 Method for generating a shock wave in the surrounding area of a well WO2000037776A1 (en)

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RU98122534A RU2142049C1 (en) 1998-12-18 1998-12-18 Method for generating shock wave in well surrounding medium

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7405998B2 (en) 2005-06-01 2008-07-29 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Method and apparatus for generating fluid pressure pulses

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3520362A (en) * 1967-08-04 1970-07-14 Hughes Tool Co Well stimulation method
US3527300A (en) * 1968-09-20 1970-09-08 Electro Sonic Oil Tools Inc Electro-mechanical transducer for secondary oil recovery and method therefor
US5109698A (en) * 1989-08-18 1992-05-05 Southwest Research Institute Monopole, dipole, and quadrupole borehole seismic transducers
RU2022304C1 (en) * 1992-06-10 1994-10-30 Владимир Николаевич Носов Borehole acoustic radiator

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3520362A (en) * 1967-08-04 1970-07-14 Hughes Tool Co Well stimulation method
US3527300A (en) * 1968-09-20 1970-09-08 Electro Sonic Oil Tools Inc Electro-mechanical transducer for secondary oil recovery and method therefor
US5109698A (en) * 1989-08-18 1992-05-05 Southwest Research Institute Monopole, dipole, and quadrupole borehole seismic transducers
RU2022304C1 (en) * 1992-06-10 1994-10-30 Владимир Николаевич Носов Borehole acoustic radiator

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7405998B2 (en) 2005-06-01 2008-07-29 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Method and apparatus for generating fluid pressure pulses

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RU2142049C1 (en) 1999-11-27

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