WO2000036683A2 - Non-aqueous electrolytes for electrochemical cells - Google Patents
Non-aqueous electrolytes for electrochemical cells Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000036683A2 WO2000036683A2 PCT/US1999/030116 US9930116W WO0036683A2 WO 2000036683 A2 WO2000036683 A2 WO 2000036683A2 US 9930116 W US9930116 W US 9930116W WO 0036683 A2 WO0036683 A2 WO 0036683A2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
- H01M4/602—Polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/166—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solute
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the field of nonaqueous electrolytes for use in electric current producing cells. More particularly, the present invention pertains to nonaqueous electrolytes comprising a highly concentrated solution of one or more lithium salts in one or more nonaqueous solvents.
- the present invention pertains to nonaqueous electrolytes, suitable for use in an electric current producing cell, comprising: (a) one or more lithium salts, dissolved in (b) one or more nonaqueous oxygen- containing solvents; wherein the concentration of said one or more lithium salts is: (i) greater than 110% of the molar concentration of said one or more lithium salts which would provide maximum ionic conductivity at 25 °C in said one or more solvents; and, (ii) greater than 1.3 M.
- the present invention also pertains to electric current producing cells comprising such nonaqueous electrolytes, and methods for increasing the safety and cycle life of an electric current producing cell.
- Electric current producing cells and batteries containing such cells, consist of pairs of electrodes of opposite polarity separated by an electrolyte.
- the charge flow between electrodes is maintained by an ionically conducting electrolyte, typically comprising an electrolyte solvent in which an ionic electrolyte salt is dissolved to provide the ionic conductivity.
- an ionically conducting electrolyte typically comprising an electrolyte solvent in which an ionic electrolyte salt is dissolved to provide the ionic conductivity.
- electrolyte conductivity data are provided for combinations of lithium salts and solvents or solvent mixtures at numerous temperatures and concentrations.
- Rao et al. inJ Applied Electrochem., 1980, 10, 757-763 describe a rechargeable lithium/titanium disulfide cell with lithium thiocyanate in 1,3- dioxolane/dimethoxyethane electrolytes in which the salt concentration is in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 molal.
- electrolyte concentration is an important factor in determining the cycle life or charge-discharge efficiency.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,960 to Eustace et al. describes electrolytes based on LiAsF 6 in concentrations of 2.0 M to 3.0 M in 1, 3 -dioxolane/dimethoxy ethane in Li/TiS cells, and show Figure of Merit (FOM) data, a measure of cycle life, which tend to be higher at the lower end of this concentration range.
- FOM Figure of Merit
- the solubility of a lithium salt in a solvent or mixture of solvents may limit the concentration of the electrolyte to 2 M or less.
- crystals of the salt or solid solvate complex may separate from the electrolyte at or above these concentrations.
- the crystalline solid solvate complex which may form from a salt and a solvent may be used as an electrolyte by dissolution in a non-solvating solvent.
- the electrolyte comprises an inorganic lithium salt complexed with a chelating tertiary amine, for example LiBr»PMDT, which has a melting point of 84-110 °C, dissolved in an aromatic solvent, where PMDT is pentamethyl diethylene triamine.
- a chelating tertiary amine for example LiBr»PMDT, which has a melting point of 84-110 °C, dissolved in an aromatic solvent, where PMDT is pentamethyl diethylene triamine.
- Bowden et al. describes a nonaqueous electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte system comprises a stoichiometric lithium salt complex with a volatile ether solvent dissolved in a second solvent.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,404 to Bowden et al. describes a nonaqueous electrochemical cell in which an electrolyte salt is comprised of a lithium salt complexed with an ether solvent, substantially free of uncomplexed ether, dissolved in a solvent such as SO 2 .
- Solid solvate complexes with moderately low melting points may be used as electrolytes at temperatures above their melting points, (m.p.).
- m.p. melting point
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,977,900 to Luehrs describes the formation and isolation of LiCl «HMPA, (m.p. 150 °C),
- LiBr»4HMPA (m.p. 71-74 °C), LiBr»TMU, (m.p. 123 °C), LiClO 4 »HMPA, (m.p. 128 °C), LiSCN*2HMPA, (m.p. 82 °C), among others, where HMPA is hexamethylphosphoramide and TMU is tetramethylurea and the use of these as an electrolyte, in molten form, in thermally activated electrochemical cells.
- solid lithium salt solvates have been used as solid electrolytes.
- Francis et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,075,397 describe an electrochemical cell in which the solid electrolyte is the solid solvate from a glyme, such as mono-, di-, or triglyme, with lithium salts such as lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate or lithium tetrafluoroborate.
- Rao et al J. Electrochem. Soc, 1980, 127, 761-2, report that cells using lithium iodide solvates with glymes as a solid electrolyte were unable to be recharged.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to a nonaqueous electrolyte for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the electrolyte comprises: a liquid salt solution of one or more lithium salts in one or more nonaqueous oxygen-containing solvents; wherein the concentration of the one or more lithium salts is: (i) greater than 110% of the molar concentration providing maximum ionic conductivity at 25 °C in the one or more solvents; and, (ii), greater than 1.3 M.
- the one or more lithium salts is selected from the group consisting of: Lil, LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , (LiS x ) n R, and Li 2 S x where x is an integer from 1 to 20, n is an integer from 1 to 3, and R is one or more aliphatic or aromatic moieties having one to twenty carbon atoms.
- the one or more lithium salts comprises lithium thiocyanate. In one embodiment, the one or more lithium salts comprises lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
- the one or more lithium salts comprises a mixture of lithium thiocyanate and lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
- the mole ratio of lithium thiocyanate to lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is from 4:1 to 1 :10.
- the nonaqueous solvent is selected from the group consisting of: acyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, polyethers, and sulfones.
- the acyclic ether is selected from the group consisting of: dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, bis-(2- ethylhexyl) ether, methyl t-butyl ether, •dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, and, propylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- the cyclic ether is selected from the group consisting of: tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, oxepane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3- dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxepane, 1,4-dioxepane, and, 1,4-dioxocane.
- the polyether is selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, and, polybutylene glycol ethers.
- the sulfone is selected from the group consisting of: sulfolane,
- the concentration of the one or more lithium salts is greater than 120% of the molar concentration providing maximum ionic conductivity at 25 °C in the one or more solvents.
- Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a nonaqueous electrolyte for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the electrolyte comprising: one or more lithium salt solvate complexes, wherein: (a) the solvate complexes comprise one or more salts and one or more complexing solvents; (b) the solvate complexes are characterized by n lithium-oxygen coordinate bonds per molecule, where n is an integer from 2 to 6, and may be the same or different in each occurrence; (c) the ratio of total oxygen equivalents, r, in the free solvating solvent of the electrolyte divided by the total oxygen equivalents coordinated in solvate complexes of the electrolyte, is less than 0.8; and, (d) the molar concentration of the one or more lithium salt solvate complexes is greater than 1.3 M.
- the one or more lithium salts is selected from the group consisting of: Lil, LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , (LiS x ) felicitR, and Li 2 S x , where x is an integer from 1 to 20, and n is an integer from 1 to 20.
- the one or more lithium salts comprises lithium thiocyanate.
- the one or more lithium salts comprises lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
- the one or more lithium salts comprises a mixture of lithium thiocyanate and lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
- the mole ratio of lithium thiocyanate to lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is from 4: 1 to
- the one or more complexing solvents is selected from the group consisting of: acyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, polyethers, and, sulfones.
- the acyclic ether is selected from the group consisting of: dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, bis-(2- ethylhexyl) ether, methyl t-butyl ether, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, and, propylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- the cyclic ether is selected from the group consisting of: tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, oxepane, l,3dioxolane, 1,3- dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxepane, 1 ,4-dioxepane, and, 1,4-dioxocane.
- the polyether is selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, and, polybutylene glycol ethers.
- r is less than 0.4. In a more preferred embodiment, r is essentially zero.
- the solvate complex comprises lithium thiocyanate with 1,3- dioxolane.
- the one or more solvate complexes comprises lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide with 1,3-dioxolane and 1 ,2-dimethoxy ethane.
- the one or more solvate complexes is liquid below 40 °C. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more solvate complexes is liquid below 0 °C. In a more preferred embodiment, the one or more solvate complexes is liquid below -20 °C.
- the one or more solvate complexes has a glass transition temperature below -30 °C.
- Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a nonaqueous electrolyte for use in an electric current producing cell, the electrolyte consisting essentially of one or more lithium salt solvate complexes.
- the lithium salt solvate complex comprises a lithium thiocyanate 1,3-dioxolane solvate complex.
- the lithium salt solvate complex comprises lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide dimethoxyethane and 1,3-dioxolane solvate complexes. In one embodiment, the lithium salt solvate complex comprises lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide sulfolane solvate complex.
- the lithium salt solvate complex comprises lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and lithium thiocyanate dimethoxy ethane and 1 ,3- dioxolane solvate complexes.
- the one or more lithium salt solvate complex is liquid below 40 °C. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more solvate complexes is liquid below 0 °C. In a more preferred embodiment, the one or more lithium salt solvate complex is liquid below
- the one or more lithium salt solvate complex has a glass transition temperature below -30 °C.
- Still another aspect of the present invention pertains to electric current producing cells comprising: (i) a cathode; (ii) an anode; and, (iii) a nonaqueous electrolyte, as described herein, interposed between the cathode and the anode.
- the cathode comprises a sulfur-containing cathode active material.
- the sulfur-containing cathode active material comprises elemental sulfur.
- the sulfur-containing cathode active material comprises a carbon-sulfur polymer material which, in its oxidized state, comprises a polysulfide moiety of the formula, -S m -, wherein m is an integer from 3 to 10. In a preferred embodiment, m is an integer equal or greater than 8.
- the polymer backbone chain of the carbon- sulfur polymer material comprises conjugated segments.
- the carbon- sulfur polymer has a polymer backbone chain and the polysulfide moiety, -S m -, is covalently bonded by one or both of its terminal sulfur atoms on a side group to the polymer backbone.
- the polysulfide moiety, -S m - is incorporated into the polymer backbone chain of the carbon-sulfur polymer material by covalent bonding of the polysulfide moiety's terminal sulfur atoms.
- the carbon-sulfur polymer material comprises greater than 75 weight percent of sulfur.
- the anode comprises one or more anode active materials selected from the group consisting of: lithium metal, lithium-aluminum alloys, lithium-tin alloys, lithium-intercalated carbons, and lithium-intercalated graphites.
- Figure 1 shows the conductivity of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide in dimethoxyethane and 1 ,3-dioxolane (42.6/57.4% v/v) at various concentrations.
- Figure 2 shows the conductivity of lithium thiocyanate in 1,3-dioxolane at various concentrations at 25 °C.
- Figure 3 show the capacity of cells in mAh with 1.4 M lithium imide electrolyte of
- Figure 4 shows the Figure of Merit for cells with 1.4 M lithium imide electrolyte of Example 2 (O), 1.9 M lithium imide electrolyte of Example 3 ( ⁇ ), and 0.75 M lithium imide electrolyte of Comparative Example 2 ( ⁇ ).
- the electric current producing cells of the present invention are characterized by improved performance, as shown, for example, by high figure of merit (FOM) and a low rate of fade.
- FOM figure of merit
- the donor properties of the preferred solvents of the invention lead to solvate complex formation so that at high concentration of salt the electrolyte has minimal free solvent.
- Lower concentration of sulfides and polysulfides in the electrolyte leads to less diffusion of these entities to other layers of the cell preventing undesirable sulfide and polysulfide reactions at the lithium based anode, including self discharge of the cell.
- electrolytes of lower salt concentration such as from 0.5 M to 1.0 M, where there is much more free solvent, sulfides and polysulfides are much more readily dissolved and at these higher concentrations can migrate to other layers of the cell creating undesirable results.
- the low amounts of free solvent in the electrolytes provides cells of enhanced safety, both in their use and in their fabrication.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to a nonaqueous electrolyte suitable for use in an electric current producing cell.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte of the present invention comprises a highly concentrated solution of one or more lithium salts in one or more nonaqueous solvents.
- the present invention pertains to a nonaqueous electrolyte, suitable for use in an electric current producing cell, comprising: (a) one or more lithium salts, dissolved in (b) one or more nonaqueous oxygen-containing solvents; wherein the concentration of said one or more lithium salts is: (i) greater than 110% of the molar concentration of said one or more lithium salts which would provide maximum ionic conductivity at 25 °C in said one or more solvents; and, (ii) greater than 1.3 M.
- the present invention pertains to a nonaqueous electrolyte, suitable for use in an electric current producing cell, comprising one or more lithium salt solvate complexes, wherein (a) said solvate complexes comprise one or more lithium salts and one or more complexing solvents; (b) said solvate complexes characterized by n lithium-oxygen coordinate bonds per molecule of the solvate complex, where n is an integer from 2 to 6 and may be the same or different at each occurrence; (c) the ratio of the total oxygen equivalents, r, in free solvating solvent of said electrolyte divided by the total oxygen equivalents coordinated in solvate complexes of said electrolyte, is less than 0.8; and (d) the molar concentration of said one or more lithium salt solvate complexes is greater than 1.3 M.
- the present invention pertains to a nonaqueous electrolyte, suitable for use in an electric current producing cell, consisting essentially of one or more lithium salt solvate complexes.
- the nonaqueous electrolytes of the present invention comprise, inter alia, one or more lithium salts.
- lithium salts which are useful in the nonaqueous electrolytes of the present invention, include, but are not limited to, halides, such as, chloride, bromide, and iodide; thiocyanate; tetraphenylborate; alkoxides; phenoxides; enolates; thiolates; amides, such as diisopropylamide, bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and bis(triphenylsilyl)amide; phosphides, such as diphenylphosphide and bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphide; and the following lithium salts: lithium trifluoromethylsulfonate, (LiCF 3 SO 3 , lithium triflate), lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, (LiN(CF 3 SO ) , lithium imide) and lithium tris (tri
- lithium salts include: F 3 CSCV -, // --. N , V - S0 2 CF 3
- the nonaqueous electrolytes of the present invention comprise, ter alia, one or more solvents.
- solvent refers to a substance, usually a liquid, in which another substance, usually a solid may be dissolved.
- a solvent may comprise a single chemical compound (e.g., pure ethyl alcohol) or it may comprise a mixture of chemical compounds (e.g., ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate).
- solute refers to a substance which has been dissolved in a solvent to yield a solution.
- the solute is usually the component of a solution, which is present in a lesser amount than the solvent.
- solvation refers to a chemical interaction between a solute and a solvent in a solution, which typically is in the form of coordinate bonds.
- solvates and “solvate complex,” as used herein, pertain to the product of the chemical interaction between a solute and one or more solvent molecules, in which the solute and solvent molecules are bound by coordinate bonds.
- coordinate bond refers to a covalent chemical bond between two atoms that is produced when one atom shares a pair of electrons with another atom lacking such a pair.
- Atoms capable of sharing a pair of electrons may be part of a molecule and may or may not carry a charge.
- the oxygen atom of an ether i.e. in a structure, -C-O-C-, is capable of sharing a pair of electrons to form a coordinate bond, such as with a metal ion.
- Molecules which share a pair of electrons with a metal ion are termed ligands.
- free solvent refers to the portion of the solvent of the electrolyte solutions which is not part of a lithium salt solvate complex. In other words free solvent is not bound by coordinate bonds to lithium ions of the solute and is not a direct part of lithium salt solvate complexes.
- DN Gutmann Donor Number or donor number
- a larger DN indicates a more effective or stronger ability to interact or solvate cations, such as lithium ions.
- Solvents with low DN such as from 2 to 10, do not effectively solvate lithium ions and are relatively poor solvents for lithium salts.
- solvents with a high DN such as from 30 to 40, coordinate lithium too strongly.
- the preferred solvents for use in the present invention are those which have a DN in the range of 12 to 25.
- the one or more solvents are solvents containing O atom donors which can form Li-O coordination bonds.
- suitable classes of oxygen containing solvents for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acid esters, carbonate esters, carboxylic acid amides, ureas, ketones, aldehydes, acetals, ketals, lactones, alcohols, ethers, sulfoxides, sulfones, phosphine oxides, phosphate esters, and phosphoramidates.
- Preferred classes of oxygen-containing solvents for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, ethers, cyclic ethers, polyethers, carbonates, esters, and sulfones.
- ethers include, but are not limited to, acyclic ethers, including, but not limited to, dialkyl ethers including dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methylethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, methyl tertiarybutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, methylhexyl ether, bis-2-ethylhexyl ether, methyloctyl ether, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, and 1,3-dimethoxypropane.
- acyclic ether as used herein, pertains to non-cyclic organic structures containing the -C-O-C- fragment.
- cyclic ethers include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 3-methyltetrahydrofuran, oxepane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3- dioxepane, 1 ,4-dioxepane, oxocane, 1,3-dioxocane, 1 ,4-dioxocane, and trioxane.
- polyethers include, but are not limited to, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme), higher glymes, ethylene glycol divinylether, diethylene glycol divinylether, and triethylene glycol divinylether.
- carbonates include, but are not limited to, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate.
- esters include, but are not limited to, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, and methyl benzoate.
- sulfones include, but are not limited to, sulfolane, 3-methyl sulfolane, and 3-3-sulfolene.
- solvents include, but are not limited to,acyclic ethers, glymes and related polyethers, and cyclic ethers, such as 1,3-dioxolane. More preferred are mixtures of solvents comprising two or more solvents selected from acyclic ethers, glymes and related polyethers, and cyclic ethers, such as 1,3-dioxolane. Examples of such preferred mixtures include, but are not limited to, acyclic ethers and polyethers, acyclic ethers and cyclic ethers, and, polyethers and cyclic ethers.
- Preferred mixtures of solvents include, but are not limited to, 1,3- dioxolane and dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane and dimethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran and 1,3-dioxolane, and tetrahydrofuran and dimethoxyethane.
- the volume ratio of the two solvents in the preferred binary mixtures may vary from about 5 to 95 to 95 to 5.
- the ionic conductivity of solutions of lithium salts in nonaqueous solvents typically increases with concentration of the salt to a maximum and then decreases at higher concentrations.
- the maximum ionic conductivity for many electrolytes is obtained at concentrations close to 1 molar (1 M), for example, as shown in the data compiled by Dudley et al. in Journal of Power Sources, 1991, 35, 59-82.
- the electrolyte comprises a liquid solution of one or more lithium salts in one or more solvents in which the actual concentration of lithium salts is greater than that concentration which would be required to attain maximum conductivity.
- the actual concentration of lithium salts is more than 110% of the concentration which would be required to attain maximum conductivity.
- the actual concentration of lithium salts is more than 120% of the concentration which would be required to attain maximum conductivity.
- the actual concentration of lithium salts is more than 130% of the concentration which would be required to attain maximum conductivity.
- the actual concentration of lithium salts is more than 140% of the concentration which would be required to attain maximum conductivity.
- Table 1 shows the specific capacity at 1 st and 10 l cycle and the fade (reduction in specific capacity) from the 1 st to 10 th cycle.
- the results show that at salt concentrations above 1 M, performance is improved as measured by capacity fade.
- Lithium salts are solvated upon dissolution in solvents such as those described herein. As the salt concentration increases, increasing amounts of solvent are consumed in the formation of a lithium salt solvate complex or solvate complexes. In some instances, at higher concentration of lithium salt, a lithium salt solvate complex may separate as a solid. In other instances, at higher concentrations of lithium salts, the solvents may be completely consumed in lithium salt solvate complex formation but the resulting solvate complex or complexes may remain liquid.
- the solvate complex or complexes may be low melting or the mixture of two or more complexes may form a low melting eutectic. In fact, it may not be recognized that solvate complexes have been formed unless determinations such as phase diagrams are made on these systems.
- solvate complexes of the present invention have melting points below 40 °C. In one embodiment, solvate complexes of the present invention have melting points below 0 °C. In one embodiment, solvate complexes of the present invention have melting points below -20 °C. Certain solvate complexes exhibit no distinct melting point and, for these solvate complexes, those with a glass transition point below -30 °C are preferred.
- lithium salt solvate complexes have melting points above the melting points of the solvate complexes which are useful in the present invention, that is, above 40 °C.
- Multi-component lithium salt solvate complexes invariably have lower melting points than single component complexes.
- lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide with 3DME, lithium imide*3DME, has a melting point of 29 °C and lithium imide»2DME has melting point 61 °C, while a mixture of the two form a eutectic of melting point about 20 °C.
- Lithium imide forms a solvate with 1,3- dioxolane with a melting point of about -50 °C which can be combined with higher melting solvate complexes, such as lithium imide»3DME, to form lithium salt solvate complexes in the more preferred melting range of below -20 °C.
- the lithium salt solvate complexes of this invention may comprise several combinations of lithium salts and solvents.
- the one or more lithium salt solvate complexes may comprise a single solvate from a lithium salt and one complexing solvent, such as, for example LiX*4L, where X is the anion' of the electrolyte salt and L is the solvating solvent.
- the one or more lithium salt solvate complexes may comprise a mixture of solvates from a single lithium salt and a single complexing solvent, such as, for example, LiX*6L and
- the one or more lithium salt solvate complexes may comprise a mixture of solvates from a single lithium salt and more than one complexing solvent, such as, for example, LiX*4L ⁇ and LiX»4L , where X is the anion of the electrolyte and Li and L 2 are solvating solvents.
- the one or more lithium salt solvate complexes may comprise a mixture of solvates from more than one lithium salt and a single complexing solvent, such as, for example, LiXj «6L and LiX *6L, where and X 2 are anions of the electrolyte salts and L the solvating solvent.
- the one or more lithium salt solvate complexes may comprise a mixture of solvates from more than one lithium salt and more than one complexing solvent, such as, for example, LiX ⁇ *4L] and LiX »6L 2 or LiX] «6L and LiX *4L ⁇ ; where Xj and X 2 are anions of the electrolyte salts, and Lj and L are solvating solvents.
- the electric current producing cell of the present invention employs a lithium containing anode active material and a sulfur containing cathode active material.
- a lithium containing anode active material typically yield lithium ions and sulfide and/or polysulfide ions.
- the free solvating solvent or solvents present in the cell prior to discharge will solvate the lithium ions generated upon the discharge of the cell.
- the electrolyte solution in the cell typically comprises electrolyte salt solvate complexes and lithium polysulfide solvate complexes, generated from the anode and cathode.
- the electrolyte solution in the discharged cell will be comprised of a mixture of lithium salt complexes and lithium polysulfide solvate complexes, such as for example, LiX «6L, LiX*4L, and Li 2 S x *yL, where X is the anion of the electrolyte salt, L is the solvating solvent, y is an integer from 4 to 12, and x is an integer from 2 to 20.
- lithium salt solvate complexes ' from other salts and solvating solvents will comprise lithium polysulfide solvates from the discharged cell of the present invention.
- the ratios of the individual lithium salt complexes may vary widely.
- the lithium salt complex consists of two components the ratios may range from about 1 to 10 to about 10 to 1 by weight.
- the ratios may range from about 1 to 10 to about 10 to 1 by weight.
- mixtures comprising more than two lithium salt solvate complexes it is preferably that at least 5% by weight of each be present.
- the nonaqueous electrolytes of the present invention may be characterized by the ratio, r, of the total oxygen equivalents in the free solvating solvent of the nonaqeuous electrolyte to the total oxygen equivalents actually coordinated in the solvate complex of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- oxygen equivalent as used herein, pertains to the number of oxygen atoms per molecule of nonaqueous oxygen-containing solvent which may coordinate with a lithium ion to form a Li-O coordinate bond.
- lithium salt solvate complexes with oxygen-containing solvents the solvents act as ligands through the oxygen atoms.
- the lithium salt solvate complexes will, for example, have six or possibly four oxygen atoms from the solvating solvent or solvents coordinated to the lithium ion to form Li-O coordinate bonds.
- the six Li-O coordinate bonds of the lithium salt solvate complex may be formed from six molecules of solvating solvent or may be formed from less than six molecules of solvating solvent, if the solvent has more than one oxygen atom per molecule.
- solvents which contain a single oxygen atom such as tetrahydrofuran, (THF, C 4 H 8 O) may form solvates of the formula LiX «6THF.
- THF as a solvating solvent has one oxygen equivalent per molecule.
- Dimethoxyethane, (C H] 0 O ) forms solvates with lithium salts of the formula LiX*3DME.
- LiX*3DME there are six Li-O coordinate bonds formed from three molecules of
- the solvent DME has two equivalents of oxygen per molecule.
- Other solvents such as, for example, 1,3-dioxolane, (C 3 H 6 O 2 ), although containing two oxygen atoms per molecule, forms solvates in which only one oxygen atom per molecule coordinates with the lithium salt.
- 1,3-dioxolane solvates of the formula LiX «6DOL are formed with lithium salts.
- 1 ,3-dioxolane is a solvent with one oxygen equivalents.
- solvents with one oxygen equivalent include, but are not limited to, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, dialkyl ethers, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxolane, diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, and, sulfolane.
- solvents with two oxygen equivalents per molecule include, but are not limited to, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, 1,3-dimethoxy propane, and, 1,2-dimethoxy cyclohexane.
- An example of a solvent with three oxygen equivalents per molecule is diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, (diglyme).
- the ratio, r can be calculated as illustrated in the following example, in which one mole of lithium salt, LiX, is dissolved in a mixture of 4 moles of DME and 4 moles of DOL, by assuming that, from the salt LiX and the solvent mixture of 4 moles of DME and 4 moles of DOL, the solvate complex LiX»3DME is formed.
- This solvate complex has 6 oxygen equivalents incorporated in the solvate complex, two oxygen equivalents for each DME molecule.
- the total oxygen equivalents in the DME/DOL solvent mixture is 12; four equivalents from 4 moles of DOL and eight equivalents from 4 moles of DME.
- Preferred nonaqueous electrolytes of the present invention are those in which the ratio, r, of the total oxygen equivalents in the free solvating solvent of the nonaqeuous electrolyte to the total oxygen equivalents actually coordinated in the solvate complex of the nonaqueous electrolyte, is less than 0.8. More preferred electrolytes are those in which r is less than 0.4. Most preferred electrolytes are those in which r is essentially zero.
- the nonaqueous electrolytes of the present invention may be characterized by the ratio, r, of the total oxygen equivalents in the free solvating solvent of the nonaqeuous electrolyte to the total oxygen equivalents actually coordinated in the solvate complex of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- lithium salt solvate complexes for use in the present invention are those derived from lithium salts including, but not limited to, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium thiocyanate, lithium iodide and lithium triflate, and solvents including, but not limited to, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethoxyethane, dimethoxymethane, and, sulfolane.
- lithium salts including, but not limited to, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium thiocyanate, lithium iodide and lithium triflate
- solvents including, but not limited to, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethoxyethane, dimethoxymethane, and, sulfolane.
- a lithium salt solvate complex derived from one salt with one solvent is formed from lithium thiocyanate and 1,3-dioxolane.
- Preferred are the complexes or the mixture of complexes LiSCN*zDOL, where z is an integer from 2 to 4.
- LiSCN*zDOL lithium thiocyanate solvate complexes with 1,3-dioxolane, LiSCN «zDOL, where z is greater than 5 are below the salt concentration of maximum ionic conductivity, as shown in Figure 2, and are not preferred.
- a lithium salt solvate complex derived from one salt with one solvent is formed from lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and sulfolane.
- Especially preferred are complexes or mixtures of complexes Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N «zSulfolane, where z is an integer from 2 to 4.
- a lithium salt solvate complex mixture derived from one salt with two solvents is formed from lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, dimethoxyethane, and 1,3-dioxolane.
- a lithium salt solvate complex mixture derived from two salts with two solvents is formed from the salts lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and lithium thiocyanate with solvents dimethoxyethane and 1,3-dioxolane.
- the weight ratio of lithium salts is from 1 to 5 to 5 to 1 and the weight ratio of dimethoxyethane to 1,3-dioxolane is from about 1 to 5 to 5 to 1.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to electric current producing cells, also referred to herein as batteries, comprising an electrolyte as described herein.
- the present invention pertains to an electric current producing cell comprising: (i) a cathode; (ii) an anode; and, (iii) a nonaqueous electrolyte, as described herein, interposed between said cathode and said anode.
- the electric current producing cell of the present invention may be utilized for a wide variety of primary and secondary batteries known in the art, it is preferred to utilize these cells in secondary or rechargeable batteries.
- the electric current producing cells of the present invention comprise a cathode, which may comprise any of the commonly used cathode active materials, including but not limited to those described in the various references cited herein.
- cathode active material as used herein, pertains to an electrochemically active material which is present in the cathode.
- cathode active materials include, but are not limited to, lithiated transition metal chalcogenides, such as, for example, the electroactive oxides, sulfides, and selenides of transition metals, for example, manganese oxides, titanium sulfides, and vanadium oxides; electroactive conductive polymer, such as, for example, polypyrroles, polyphenylenes, polythiophenes, and poly acetylenes; and, sulfur-containing cathode active materials.
- the cathode comprises a sulfur-containing cathode active material.
- electroactive sulfur-containing cathode active materials undergo oxidation-reduction, or redox, electrochemical reactions during the operation of the cell by the breaking or forming of sulfur-sulfur covalent bonds.
- the electroactive sulfur-containing material comprises elemental sulfur.
- the electroactive sulfur-containing material is organic, that is, it comprises both sulfur atoms and carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the electroactive sulfur- containing material is polymeric.
- the cathode comprises electroactive sulfur-containing cathode materials which, in their oxidized state, comprise a polysulfide moiety of the formula, -S m -, wherein m is an integer equal to or greater than 3, preferably m is an integer from 3 to 10, and most preferably m is an integer equal to or greater than 6.
- these preferred cathode materials include elemental sulfur and carbon-sulfur polymer materials, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,529,860; 5,601,947; and 5,690,702; in U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 08/602,323, all by Skotheim et al; and in U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 08/995,112 to Gorkovenko et al.
- the polysulfide moiety, -S m -, of the carbon-sulfur polymer material is covalently bonded by one or both of its terminal sulfur atoms on a side group to the polymer backbone chain of the polymer material.
- the polysulfide moiety, -S m -, of the carbon-sulfur polymer material is incorporated into the polymer backbone chain of the polymer material by covalent bonding of the polysulfide moiety's terminal sulfur atoms.
- the carbon-sulfur polymer material with polysulfide, -S m -, groups, wherein m is an integer equal to or greater than 3, comprises greater than 75 weight percent of sulfur.
- the electroactive sulfur-containing material comprises a sulfur-containing polymer comprising an ionic polysulfide moiety selected from the group of ionic polysulfide moieties consisting of: ionic -S m " moieties and ionic S m 2" moieties, wherein m is an integer equal to or greater than 3, and preferably m is an integer equal to or greater than 8.
- these sulfur-containing materials include sulfur-containing polymers comprising ionic -S m " moieties, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,991 to
- the polymer backbone chain of the sulfur-containing polymer having an ionic polysulfide moiety comprises conjugated segments.
- the polysulfide moiety, -S m " is covalently bonded by one of its terminal sulfur atoms on a side group to the polymer backbone chain of the sulfur-containing polymer.
- the sulfur-containing polymer having an ionic polysulfide moiety comprises greater than 75 weight percent of sulfur.
- the cathode of the cells of this invention may further comprise additives which are not cathode active materials.
- additives include, but are not limited to, conductive metals, conductive carbons, and, metal oxides.
- the electric current producing cells of the present invention comprise an anode, which may comprise any of the commonly used anode active materials, including but not limited to those described in the various references cited herein.
- anode active material as used herein, pertains to an electrochemically active material which is present in the anode.
- suitable anode active materials include, but are not limited to, one or more metals or metal alloys or a mixture of one or more metals and one or more alloys, wherein said metals are selected from the Group IA and IIA metals in the Periodic Table.
- suitable anode active materials include, but are not limited to, alkali- metal intercalated conductive polymers, such as lithium doped polyacetylenes, polyphenylenes, polypyrroles, and the like, and alkali-metal intercalated graphites and carbons.
- Anode active materials comprising lithium are especially useful.
- Preferred anode active materials are lithium metal, lithium-aluminum alloys, lithium-tin alloys, lithium- intercalated carbons, and lithium-intercalated graphites.
- the electric current producing cells of the present invention preferably comprise a separator.
- the separator is a solid non-conductive or insulative material which separates or insulates the anode and the cathode from each other and which comprises permits the transport of ions between the anode and the cathode.
- separator materials are known in the art.
- the separator is a solid porous material, the pores of which are partially or substantially filed with one or more ionic electrolyte salts and solvents, and optionally ionic conductive polymers.
- suitable solid porous separator materials include, but are not limited to, polyolefms, such as, for example, polyethylenes and polypropylenes, glass fiber filter papers, and ceramic materials.
- separators and separator materials suitable for use in this invention are those comprising a microporous pseudo-boehmite layer, which may be provided either as a free standing film or by a direct coating application on one of the electrodes, as described in U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 08/995,089, by Carlson et al. of the common assignee and in copending applications "Separators for Electrochemical Cells" and "Protective Coating for Separators for
- Electrochemical Cells both filed on even day herewith of the common assignee.
- these separator materials are supplied as porous free standing films which are interleaved with the anodes and the cathodes in the fabrication of electric current producing cells.
- the solid porous separator layer may be applied directly to one of the electrodes, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,341 to Bagley et al.
- the solid porous separator is a porous polyolefm separator. In one embodiment, the solid porous separator comprises a microporous pseudo-boehmite layer.
- the electric current producing cells of the present invention comprise a nonaqueous electrolyte, as described herein, interposed between said cathode and said anode.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte of the present invention may be in the form of a liquid electrolyte, a gel polymer electrolyte, or a solid polymer electrolyte.
- the electrolyte is in the form of a liquid electrolyte.
- one or more ionic electrolyte salts, as described herein is typically added to one or more electrolyte solvents, as described herein.
- one or more ionic conductive polymers is typically added to the nonaqueous electrolyte of this invention.
- the amount of electrolyte solvent results in a gel or semi-solid state of the electrolyte in contrast to the solid state of a solid polymer electrolyte.
- suitable gel polymer electrolytes in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those comprising, an ionic lithium salt, one or more electrolyte solvents in sufficient quantity to provide the desired semi-solid or gel state, and one or more ionically conductive polymers selected from the group consisting of: polyethylene oxides (PEO), polypropylene oxides, polyacrylonitriles, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazenes, polyimides, polyethers, sulfonated polyimides, perfluorinated membranes (NAFIONTM resins), polydivinyl polyethylene glycols, polyethylene glycol diacrylates, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylates, derivatives of the foregoing, copolymers of the foregoing, crosslinked and network structures of the foregoing, and blends of the foregoing.
- PEO polyethylene oxides
- polypropylene oxides polyacrylonitriles
- polysiloxanes polyphosphazenes
- one or more ionic conductive polymers is typically added to the nonaqeuous electrolyte of this invention.
- the amount of nonaqeuous electrolyte is less than 20 per cent by weight of the total weight of solid polymer electrolyte.
- suitable ionic conductive polymers include, but are not limited to, those selected from the group consisting of: polyethers, polyethylene oxides
- Ionically conductive solid polymer electrolytes may additionally function as separator materials between the anode and the cathode of an electric current producing cell.
- a cathode was prepared by coating a mixture of 75 parts of elemental sulfur (available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI), 10 parts of a conductive carbon pigment PRINTEX XE-2 (a trademark for a carbon pigment available from Degussa).
- SAB-50 conductive carbon pigment (a tradename for acetylene black available from Chevron Corporation, Baytown, TX) dispersed in isopropanol onto a 17 micron thick conductive carbon coated aluminum foil substrate (Product No. 60303 available from Rexam Graphics, South Hadley, MA). After drying and calendering the cathode coating thickness was about 12 microns.
- the anode was lithium foil of about 50 microns in thickness.
- the electrolyte was a 1.4 M solution of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (available from 3M Corporation, St.
- Prismatic cells were constructed as in Example 1 , except that the electrolyte was a 0.75 M solution of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide in a 50:50 volume ratio mixture of 1 ,3-dioxolane and dimethoxyethane, a concentration lower than the electrolytes of the present invention.
- Discharge-charge cycling of these was performed at 0.7/0.4 mA/cm 2 , respectively, with discharge cutoff at a voltage of 1.3 V and charge cutoff at 3 V or 5 hour charge, whichever came first.
- Typical capacity of these cells was 310 mAh (specific capacity of
- Prismatic cells were prepared as in Example 1 except that the electrode area was about 1000 cm 2 .
- the electrolyte was that used in Example 1.
- Discharge-charge cycling of these cells was performed at 0.5/0.3 mA/cm 2 , respectively, with discharge cutoff at voltage of 1.25 V and charge cutoff at 2.8 V or 20% overcharge versus the last discharge cycle, whichever came first.
- Depth of Discharge, DoD of lithium was calculated based on total discharge capacity, Ct, for each cycle and theoretical capacity of starting amount of metallic lithium in the cell, Cy, .
- DoD Ct / C -
- Prismatic cells were prepared as in Example 2 except that the electrolyte was a mixture of solvates, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide «6 DOL and lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide»3 DME in a weight ratio of 3 : 1.
- This electrolyte is about 1.9M lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide in a 3:1 v/v mixture of 1,3-dioxolane and dimethoxyethane.
- the charge and discharge conditions were as used in Example 2.
- Prismatic cells were prepared as in Example 2 except that the electrolyte was that used in Comparative Example 1.
- the charge and discharge conditions were as used in Example 2.
- Prismatic cells with an electrode area of about 25 cm were constructed from the cathode and separator compositions of Example 2 sandwiched with an anode formed on a
- Specific discharge capacity was about 1063 mAh/g based on the sulfur content of the cell.
- Prismatic cells with an electrode area of about 25 cm 2 were constructed as in
- Example 4 The electrolyte was mixture of 3 molar parts of sulfolane and one molar part of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Specific discharge capacity was about 1021 mAh/g. based on the sulfur content of the cell.
- Prismatic cells were constructed as in Example 2 except that the electrode area was about 800 cm 2 .
- the electrolyte was a solvate complex of 4 molar parts of 1,3- dioxolane and one part of LiSCN, which is a 3.19 M solution.
- Polarization resistance was calculated based on the voltage drop between high and low current pulses and found to be 84 mOhms.
- Prismatic cells were constructed as in Example 6 and discharged at the same GSM conditions.
- the electrolyte was a solvate complex of 3 molar parts of 1,3-dioxolane and one part of LiSCN, which is a 4.09 M solution.
- Polarization resistance calculated as in Example 6, was 79 mOhms. Surprisingly the low polarization resistance occurs at an electrolyte concentration much higher than that of maximum ionic conductivity.
- Prismatic cells were constructed as in Example 6 and discharged at the same GSM conditions.
- the electrolyte was mixture of 6 molar parts of 1,3-dioxolane and one part of LiSCN, about a 2.2 M solution, a concentration below that providing maximum conductivity.
- Prismatic cells were constructed as in Example 4, with an electrode area of about 25 cm 2 .
- the electrolyte was mixture of two solvate complexes: lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide»6 DOL and LiSCN «2DME in a molar ratio 1 to 1.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
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AU23677/00A AU2367700A (en) | 1998-12-17 | 1999-12-16 | Non-aqueous electrolytes for electrochemical cells |
EP99967390A EP1149428B1 (en) | 1998-12-17 | 1999-12-16 | Non-aqueous electrolytes for electrochemical cells |
DE69906150T DE69906150D1 (en) | 1998-12-17 | 1999-12-16 | NON-AQUE ELECTROLYTE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS |
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US21511598A | 1998-12-17 | 1998-12-17 | |
US09/215,115 | 1998-12-17 |
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CN (1) | CN1333933A (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2000036683A3 (en) | 2000-11-09 |
DE69906150D1 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
CN1333933A (en) | 2002-01-30 |
EP1149428A2 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
EP1149428B1 (en) | 2003-03-19 |
AU2367700A (en) | 2000-07-03 |
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