WO2000025113A1

WO2000025113A1 - Device for visualizing molecules

Info

Publication number: WO2000025113A1
Application number: PCT/AT1999/000257
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hansgeorg Schindler
Original assignee: Innovationsagentur Ges Mbh; Hansgeorg Schindler
Priority date: 1998-10-28
Filing date: 1999-10-28
Publication date: 2000-05-04
Also published as: JP2002528714A; DE59909825D1; US20020030811A1; EP1125112B1; ATA179998A; AT410718B; AU1017800A; EP1125112A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for visualizing molecules, their movement, interactions between molecules and molecular processes in a sample, especially of molecules and processes in biological cells, while using single-dye-tracing (SDT) methods. The inventive device comprises at least one light source for large-surface fluorescence excitation by absorbing one or multiple photons using identical or different marker molecules on molecules in the sample. The device also comprises an object support for accommodating the sample, and a highly sensitive detection and analysis system which contains a charged-coupled-device (CCD) camera, whereby the sample or the object support and/or the detection and analysis system can be displaced with regard to one another during the measuring process. In addition, the inventive device is provided with a control unit for coordinating and synchronizing illumination times and optionally wavelengths, the lateral or vertical movement of the sample or of the object support with the sample, and optionally the positioning and displacement of the images to each sample position on the pixel array of the CCD camera.

Description

Device for visualizing molecules

The invention relates to a method for visualizing molecules, interactions between molecules and molecular processes in a sample using the single dye labeling method, and devices for carrying out such methods.

The goal of highly sensitive detection systems is observation at the level of individual atoms or molecules. This was made possible for the first time by the invention of the "scanning probe" microscopy methods (EP 0 027 517-B1; Binnig et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986), pages 930-933; Drake et al., Science 243

(1989), pages 1586-1589). The detection of individual molecules was also made possible with optical methods. The effective light conversion by fluorescent molecules also enabled the detection of individual fluorophores in liquids by confocal fluorescence microscopy and the implementation of high-resolution spectroscopy of single dye

("Single-Dye") molecules at low temperatures.

The first real imaging of single dye molecules by optical means was achieved by optical near-field scanning microscopy (Betzig et al., Science 262 (1993), 1422-1425). With this method, a spatial resolution of about 14 nm has been achieved, well below the optical diffraction limit ^¬, this method is limited in its application to inanimate objects.

Furthermore, it was possible to display individual fluorescence-labeled myosin molecules on immobilized actin filaments by conventional microscopy and illumination times of seconds (Funatsu et al., Nature 374 (1995), pages 555-559). The method is limited to observations in the immediate vicinity of the substrate surface (up to a distance of approximately 100 nm).

GB 2 231 958 describes the characterization of the fluorescence from solid samples by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Not even single molecule sensitivity is achieved so that no detection of individual fluorophores is described. The fluorescence is fixed in the sample and not movable. Analysis areas in the sample are not microscoped, but scanned by a focus using the "scanning" method.

The method described in US Pat. No. 5,528,046 is suitable in principle for the detection of individual fluorophores, but only if these have been fixed on surfaces in clusters. This measurement in the dry (not in the aqueous phase) is of course not suitable for biological preparations, since the functional and structural integrity of the biological preparations is destroyed by the drying process. The equipment requirements for the method described in US Pat. No. 5,528,046 are therefore not suitable for the observation of individual molecules in biological samples. Furthermore, there is also no displacement of the sample, which is coupled to the detection and analysis device. Accordingly, the imaging of biol molecules which must take place in a few milliseconds (at most 50 milliseconds) is in principle not possible with the methodology there, since with the device described in US Pat. No. 5,528,046 the illumination time is around 60 seconds.

According to US Pat. No. 4,793,705, it is claimed that individual particles or molecules can be identified, but in fact this method turned out to be impracticable, since individual fluorescent molecules could not be clearly detected and, at least, could not be imaged. The ratio of signal to background of the individual observation was extremely ^low at around 0.2, so that the fluctuation of the background is approximately the same as the signal. The successive repetition of the observation, as well as the parallel collection by two detectors, does not change anything. Thus, the ^¬ ses method for single-molecule detection in solution or in biological systems is not applicable. The method is not imaging microscopy, but sequentially records spatial information. There is also no control of a relative movement by the detection and analysis device. Detection of single molecules by means of fluorescence spectroscopy in large volumes is described in DE 197 18 016 A and US Pat. No. 5,815,262 A, and sequential fluorophore detection using the "confocal scanning" method (WO 97/43611). However, even with these systems, spatial microscopy and temporal observation of single-molecule movements, especially in biological systems (eg in cells), are not possible.

However, in order to be able to examine biological systems in their extent and in their natural function and their physiological mode of operation, the simultaneous visualization of individual fluorophores in complex systems and in motion is necessary, i.e. real imaging microscopy (no "scanning" of a focus) with single molecule sensitivity, without limitation to the immediate proximity to the sample surface or to the substrate surface. So far, the movement of single dye molecules has only been shown for fluorescence-labeled lipids in an artificial lipid membrane system (Schmidt et al., PNAS 93 (1996), pages 2926-2929). The methodology used here is generally referred to as "single dye tracing" (SDT) method, since it enables the path of a single fluorescence-labeled molecule and of several at the same time to be followed precisely and (as a single molecule) stoichiometrically without the need for an interaction (amplification) with other components for signaling (e.g. through binding, spatial ^' proximity ^' , etc.)

Mapping the positions and tracking the movements of single-dye-labeled molecules in cellular systems, which would be necessary for studying molecules or interactions between molecules in living systems, is not possible with the methods described. This is partly because that living cells, in contrast to ebe ^¬ NEN (planar) artificial lipid membranes are three-dimensionally not take place, so that molecular movements in general in an op ^¬ tables image plane, on the other hand to the fact that cells always have a certain intrinsic fluorescence which the can actually hinder the visualization process by means of fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, it has previously been considered impossible to combine a large number of such cellular systems with one suitable detection and analysis method so quickly to analyze, so that both the resolution in the single-molecular range is preserved, and molecular movements of the molecules to be detected can be tracked.

However, the pharmaceutical industry in particular is becoming increasingly interested in methods which enable high-throughput screening (HTS) of a large number of possible test molecules. However, the methods for SDT described so far are not suitable for HTS processes.

The object of the present invention is therefore to change the SDT method in such a way that screening, in particular HTS, is possible.

Furthermore, an SDT method is to be made available with which molecular processes of one or more different types of molecules, preferably also in cellular systems, can be tracked in their real space-time dimension, with information about colocalization of molecules and stoichiometry of molecular associates and conformations of the molecules should also be obtained.

Furthermore, an apparatus and a method are to be made available with which the imaging of fluorescence-labeled molecules in their distribution over entire biological systems, in particular cells, is made possible. Furthermore, the mapping of sequences of molecular movements and processes should he be ^¬ enables so that a three-dimensional time-resolved imaging of complex biological systems such as cells, is made possible.

This object is achieved according to the invention by a device for visualizing molecules, their movement and interactions between molecules and molecular processes in a sample, in particular molecules and processes in biological cells, using single-dye tracing (SDT) ) Method, including: at least one light source for large-area fluorescence excitation via single or multi-photon absorption by the same or different marker molecules on molecules in the sample, a slide for holding the sample, a highly sensitive detection and analysis system that uses a charged-coupled device (CCD) Camera includes, wherein the sample or the slide and / or the detection and analysis system during the measurement process are displaceable relative to each other, and a control unit for coordinating and synchronizing lighting times and possibly wavelengths, the lateral or vertical movement of the sample or the slide with the sample and, if necessary, the positioning and shifting of the images to each sample position on the pixel array of the CCD camera.

Due to the large-area fluorescence excitation, preferably 100 to 10,000 μm ² , depending on the application, the excited molecules can be imaged very quickly in a large area and read on the pixel array of the CCD camera. Only the light source has to be suitable for large-area fluorescence excitation. A preferred light source is a laser. An argon laser, a dyelaser and / or a 2-photon fluorescence excitation laser is preferably used, with acousto-optical switching between these light sources and for the chronological sequence of the illumination.

The CCD camera to be used according to the invention preferably has a frame shift mode and a continuous readout mode.

According to the invention, a CCD camera is preferably used which has one or more of the following properties: it is N ₂ -cooled; it has a large pixel array, in particular a pixel array> 1340 x 1300 pixels; it is able to convert photons to electrons from 0.8 to 0.9 in the optical range; it has a readout noise of only a few electrons per pixel, preferably from only 0 to 10, in particular 3 to 7, electrons per pixel, at 1 μs / pixel readout speed up; and / or it has a lineshift rate of> 3 x 10 ⁵ / s.

In the device according to the invention, a relative movement between the sample and the detection or analysis system is required, this relative movement being able to take place both continuously and stepwise. In this case, the lateral movement should preferably be continuously constant, and the vertical movement should be achieved by gradually shifting the focusing plane.

The control unit of the device according to the invention serves to coordinate and synchronize the illumination times and - if several wavelengths are used - to control the wavelengths and also to coordinate the lateral or vertical relative movement between the sample and the detection and analysis system. This control can be carried out, for example, by the CCD camera itself or by a device comprising a pulse generator and software for controlling the light source (s) and the (relative) movement of the sample. Preferably, the control unit can also coordinate and synchronize the positioning and displacement of the images for each sample version on the pixel array of the CCD camera and control and coordinate the reading and the evaluation of the pixel array images.

The device according to the invention preferably comprises an epifluorescence microscope, in particular an epifluorescence microscope with a collection efficiency of fluorescence quanta as electrons in pixels of the CCD camera of> 3%, with a magnification of 40 to 100 times.

The device according to the invention preferably comprises as a sample a molecular bank produced by combinatorial chemistry.

It is further preferred that the sample comprises a multiwell plate or a micro (nano) titer plate.

Especially when an epifluorescence microscope with a parallel beam region is used as the light source, a galvano-optical mirror is provided in the parallel beam area, with which, for example, an even faster data storage is made possible than is given by the readout speed or frame transfer of the CCD camera.

In the system according to the invention, "colored" individual molecules (for example fluorescence-labeled biomolecules) of a sample, in particular a biological sample, which is located on a slide, can be imaged by the highly sensitive detection and analysis system on a pixel array of the CCD camera, the sample and / or the detection and analysis system can be shifted continuously and constantly relative to one another. The frame shift of the CCD camera can be used for this relative shift, so that the signals (eg the fluorescence photons) of each individual molecule, after conversion into electrons ("counts"), are collected in the same pixels until the single molecule signal (Number of counts) exceeds a certain minimum signal-to-noise ratio (which ensures the significance of the measurement).

With the inventive apparatus a decisive improvement over the described methods for the detection of single molecules in artifizellen lipid membranes (Schmidt et al., Laser and optoelectronics 29 (1) (1997), pages 56-62) lungs ge ^¬ by the used therein system with the erfindungsge ^¬ MAESSEN device due to the displacement process HTS process can be operated and can moreover be easily applied to all biological cells as. By expanding the highly sensitive detection and analysis system with a scanning system, it was surprisingly easy (because in principle every CCD camera has a frame shift (the shifting or reading speed from line to line of the pixel array of the camera)) be kept with maximized throughput rate, a constant single-molecule sensitivity at ^¬, as well as fluorophores or (about 120 ms) shown in whole cells in a very short time.

The high-resolution detection and analysis system according to the invention must be suitable for imaging the sample on the slide insofar as it includes a pixel array image of the sample must have a localization of individual molecules of at least 50 to 100 nm. For this purpose, according to the invention, a charged coupled device camera (CCD camera) is used, which has so far proven particularly useful in epifluorescence microscopy. This enables localization accuracies of less than 30 nm to be achieved without any problems.

When recording data, the lateral movement of the sample should preferably be carried out constantly and continuously, since an abrupt stopping or a strong acceleration of the sample leads to an additional movement of the molecules to be detected in the sample, e.g. on or in the cells, which could lead to a prolongation of the absorption times (due to relaxation processes of the cell dynamics) by at least 10 times, which could also induce a cell response, and thus to a falsification of the biological processes to be observed. Step motors are usually used for this, which ensure a smooth movement by quickly following the movement steps. "Constant" and "continuous" therefore mean in the context of the present invention that no longer stopping of the sample (or measurement in the idle state) takes place during the measurement process, but rather the sample (or the slide) is constantly moved relative to the detection and analysis system becomes.

Preferably, the movement of the specimen in the xy direction is controlled directly by the detection and analysis system, wherein the controller can be adapted to the particular characteristics of the detection and Ana ^¬ lysesystems. Is a CCD camera used in the detection and analysis system, the Relativver ^¬ can shift the CCD camera own frameshift be triggered directly by the. In light of a specific area on the slide that is displayed on the entire pixel array used, the sample is continuously and simultaneously, also shifted the image of the sample on the pixel array by continu ^¬ ous frameshift line-by-line. With optimal matching of both speeds (relative movement speed of the sample and frameshift (Linienauslesege- speed) of the CCD-camera) is identified by a labeled Mo ^¬ lekül the sample information collected during traversal of the illuminated area from practically the same pixels. Optimally, the speed at which the sample is moved is equal to the speed of the CCD camera divided by the magnification of the lens.

If, however, in addition to the x-y movement, the image is also recorded along the z direction, a separate control unit, in particular a unit with its own pulse generator and software, is preferably used.

According to the invention, the dye used is predominantly fluorescent dye, ie the visualization is carried out using epifluorescence microscopy. According to the current state of the art, the best resolutions can be achieved with this method, but it is also conceivable to carry out the method according to the invention with other methods (for example RAMAN, infrared, luminescence and enhanced RAMAN spectroscopy and radioactivity), with luminescence or enhanced RAMAN, especially with bioluminescence, in principle similar resolutions as can be achieved with fluorescence technology.

The use of 2-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (Sanchez et al., J.Phys.Chem. 101 (38) (1997), pages 7020-7023) has proven to be particularly suitable according to the invention, since with this method also this The problem of inherent fluorescence from many cells can be avoided efficiently.

Furthermore, a practically background-free measurement is possible, which can also accelerate the HTS analysis. 2-photon excitation fluorescence spectroscopy (or, in general, multiphoton excitation (Yu et al., Bioimaging 4 (1996), pages 198-207)) is particularly suitable for the three-dimensional display of samples, whereby a Another advantage especially given Stemen in cellular Sy ^¬.

In the embodiment with fluorescence spectroscopy, the device according to the invention preferably comprises one or more of the following components:

a laser as a precisely defined light source, as well - acousto-optical switches with high specificity, with which the laser beam can be interrupted quickly (e.g. 10 - 20 nsec.) for a defined time, a processor that controls the switch e.g. via a pulse program, a dichroic mirror (which, for example, excites the upward light reflected to the sample and the fluorescent light from the sample downwards (to the analysis system), a number of suitable filters, which are known per se from conventional SDT devices, a movable sample holder (slide), for example a processor-controlled xy drive (Step-Motor), a CCD camera, with which the emitted light quanta passing through the dichroic mirror are converted into electrons and collected in pixels, a galvano-optical mirror that focuses the image on preselected (in the x-direction) adjacent areas of the pixel array directs, perpendicular to the frame shift direction (y direction), a prism that mi the image into two spatially separated images t divides orthogonal polarization, and a processor that controls the movement of the sample (slide) with an xy-drive (step motor), using the signals from the CCD camera via an internal clock to trigger the movement.

It is also possible according to the invention to stoichiometrically label different types of molecules with a dye, preferably a fluorescent dye, e.g. a receptor and a ligand, and to track both with the device according to the invention.

It is also possible to mark at least two different types of molecules with different fluorescent dyes and to subject them to SDT analysis, whereby in addition to the individual fluorescence, additional information can also be obtained by determining, for example, the Förster transfer (Mahajan et al., Nature Biotech. 16 (1998), pages 547-552). However, it is important to emphasize that with the Förster- ^{Transfer ¬} fer alone only one (highly selective) qualitative, however no quantitative information is possible, since this effect is strongly dependent on the distance between the fluorophores (with 1 / r ⁶ ).

If cellular systems are to be investigated according to the invention, cells with low intrinsic fluorescence are preferably used, although there are various cell types which have low intrinsic fluorescence from the outset (such as mast cells or smooth muscle cells). Unfortunately, however, expression cells in particular are usually highly fluorescent, which is why these or other Zeil types with their own fluorescence must be made available with low fluorescence due to the selected breeding conditions or sample preparations so that the inherent fluorescence is suppressed to a certain, disturbing level. When using 2-photon excitation of the fluorescence, as mentioned, this problem does not arise from the start.

The device according to the invention makes it possible to carry out a visualization process for individual, e.g. biologically active molecules, possible as a high-throughput screening of biological units based on the observation of individual molecules (fluorophores).

"High Throughput Screening" (HTS) generally describes the search for certain "units" among a very large number of similar "units" (for example in a molecular bank produced by combinatorial chemistry and a partial molecular bank). This problem arises in many contexts of basic life science research as well as industrial research and development with a medical-pharmaceutical focus. According to the invention, “units” can also be biological cells but also individual molecules or molecule types, high-throughput screening being possible, for example, for the detection of rarely occurring cells with a specific genetic defect. In addition to such questions in cell biology and pathology, high-throughput screening is of great importance in molecular biology. For example, the device according to the invention can be used to find individual DNA or c-DNA molecules in a sample with many DNA molecules. In biochemistry, the separation of macromolecules has certain properties, for example with regard to ligand binding or phosphorylation state in or on cells, a fundamental concern which can be treated according to the invention. The pharmaceutical industry needs high-throughput screening for both the selection of certain active ingredients and the analysis of their effects on biological cells. Anyone skilled in the art is familiar with what falls under the HTS process or what materials are used for this (for example, molecular libraries produced by combinatorial chemistry or genomic-combinatorial libraries) (see, for example, "High Throughput Screening", John P. Devlin (ed .) Marcel Dekker Inc. (1997)).

For the specific labeling of certain “units”, the natural principles of structure-specific molecular recognition are mostly used according to the invention, for example the binding of antibodies or generally of ligands to receptor molecules. The preferred use according to the invention of fluorescent ligands, for example antibodies with bound fluorescence molecules, permits at the same time sensitive and selective detection of units with receptors for the fluorescence-labeled ligands. As an alternative to fluorescent ligand fluorescent groups may inserted into protein sequences and co-expressed (eg "green fluorescence protein" (GFP) or Abwand ^¬ (payments it "blue fluorescence protein" -BFP)).

According to the invention, high-throughput screening with at the same time ultimate sensitivity (ie clear detection of the fluorescence of individual fluorescence markers) and high throughput rate (ie at least 10 ⁶ (cellular) units per inch ² per hour) can be implemented using fluorescence. Dry Einhei ^¬ th (for example, biological molecules, such as receptor agonists or antagonists) can easily handle a throughput rate of at least 10 ¹⁰ or 10 ¹² units per hour per inch ² are examined.

When using cells in an HTS method, microtiter plates are particularly suitable, with which drug screening can be carried out on whole cells, for example by titrating the cells into the individual wells which contain the substances to be screened (cf. e.g. WO98 / 08092). Also the use or measurement of biochips (Nature Biotech 16 (1998), 981-983) is possible with the system according to the invention.

If substances are identified and isolated as pharmaceutical target substances with the HTS method according to the invention which are new or for which no pharmaceutical activity has yet been demonstrated, the present invention relates, according to a further aspect, to a method for producing a pharmaceutical composition which comprises mixing of the substance identified and isolated according to the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

According to the invention, a clear detection is deemed to exist if the determined minimum signal-to-noise ratio for individual molecules is above 3, preferably between 10 and 40, in particular between 20 and 30. If the signal-to-noise ratio is below a value of approximately 2 to 3, the information content of the measurement obtained can be problematic to interpret.

A specific variant of the method according to the invention is the combination with the flow cytometry technology, in which the cells are moved past the detection and analysis system by means of a flow cytometer. In the simplest case, a flow cell with the slide (or as a slide itself) is provided in a preferred variant of the device according to the invention.

The device of the invention is as mentioned particular ^¬ DERS for analyzing samples, which comprise biological cells, especially HTS methods can efficiently be carried out with the inventive apparatus. However, the range of applications of the device according to the invention can also be applied very efficiently to cell-free systems.

In the device according to the invention, the relative displacement between the sample and the highly sensitive (high-resolution) detection and analysis system is preferably controlled by the detection and analysis system itself, in particular by the CCD camera, if this relative displacement is to take place continuously, especially in the case of a lateral scan Has advantages. Since the fluorescence analysis currently yields the best analyzes, the device according to the invention preferably comprises an EPI fluorescence microscope. Furthermore, the control of the continuous relative displacement can be triggered via the frame shift of the CCD camera, the control being carried out directly by the CCD camera or in parallel by a synchronization mechanism (e.g. location-correlated via photodiode trigger signals using a moving punched tape, as described, for example, in Meyer et al., Biophys J. 54 (1988), pp. 983-993).

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is therefore characterized in that the sample movement and the frame shift of the CCD camera are synchronized with one another by means of location-correlated signals based on the continuous sample movement, preferably using a punched tape moved with the sample and a fixed photodiode which is used for the Passing a hole gives a signal.

According to a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for visualizing molecules, interactions between molecules and molecular processes in a sample using the SDT method using a device according to the invention.

The present invention therefore also relates to a method for visualizing molecules, their movement and interactions between molecules and molecular processes in a sample, a sample in which certain molecules have been labeled with marker molecules being introduced into a device according to the invention, the sample is imaged by the CCD camera on a pixel array, wherein the sample and / or the De ^¬ tektions- and analysis system is moved relative to each other using the frame shifts of the CCD camera, so that the Si ^¬ gnale each individual molecule in the sample after conversion in Elek ^¬ neutrons in the same pixels collected until the single molecule signal exceeds a certain minimum signal / noise exceeds distance. The relative movement of the sample is preferably controlled directly in accordance with the frame shift of the CCD camera, the relative movement of the sample taking place in the lateral direction, preferably constant and continuous.

According to a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the quasi-simultaneous imaging of fluorescence-marked molecules in their distribution over entire biological cells (or biological systems) and for the tracking of molecular movements and processes by repeating this imaging at time intervals using the SDT- A method which is characterized in that a sample with cells in which certain molecules have been labeled with marker molecules is introduced into a device according to the invention, the fluorescence image for a focusing plane is imaged on the pixel array of the CCD camera, the focusing plane step by step is shifted along the z-direction by a piezo element, the fluorescence images for each plane being arranged separately on the pixel array, and after imaging all the focusing planes, the imaging of the fluorescence-labeled molecules in the cells is calculated , whereupon the images of the focusing planes may be repeated in order to represent molecular movements and processes by stringing together images of all focusing planes.

With this method, not only the detection of single molecules on cell surfaces or in cells can be carried out with the inventive apparatus, but the events in (living) Zel ^¬ len down to molecular movements and processes in spatial and temporal pursued. This makes it possible for the first time to image living cells in "real time" and thereby to observe molecular processes in and on these cells.

Of course, this method is not only applicable for whole cells but also for the observation of processes in all biological systems, such as in isolated cell membranes or in synthetic cell compartments or synthetic membranes in which biological molecules are incorporated (According to the invention, all of these systems also fall under the term “biological cells”).

The imaging on the pixel array of the CCD camera is preferably carried out especially when the cells are 3D-scanned at a rate of 1 to 3 ms per image and a capacity of up to 300 images per array with an image size of 80 x 80 pixels. Other settings can, however, be easily optimized by a specialist, depending on the CCD camera, light source, etc., depending on these individual components.

Not only a single fluorescence marker can be used with the devices according to the invention and the methods according to the invention, but the use of two or more fluorescence markers is readily possible. For example, the system described in US Pat. No. 5,815,262 can in principle also be used according to the invention.

According to a preferred embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method in which at least two different types of molecules in the sample, in particular in the cell, are labeled with at least two different fluorescent markers, and then not only the movement of a molecule in the system, but also the relative movement of the different molecules in the system can be mapped and spatially and temporally tracked.

The fluorescence imaging for two orthogonal polarization directions is preferably carried out for each fluorescence marker by dividing the imaging into two images with an orthogonal polarization direction. This can be made possible by using a Wollaston prism and imaging optics which have a parallel beam region, the Wollaston prism being used in the parallel beam region of the light source.

In addition, a galvano-optical rotating mirror in the parallel beam range, for example an epifluorescence microscope, can also be used. By using the rotating mirror and the Wollaston prism, successive images of the focusing planes with both polarization components can be saved separately next to each other across the entire width of the pixel array of the CCD camera during the 3D scan. This image sequence can be shifted by one frame width as a whole by means of frameshift, whereupon the next image sequence is stored by mirror rotation until either enough information has been collected or the pixel array is full. The entire information for processing into a 3D image can then be read out and the camera is free for the next 3D recording.

The positioning and shifting of the images to each sample position on the pixel array of the CCD camera for different fluorescence phases and two polarization directions can be carried out by the control unit using a pulse generator and corresponding software.

Cells with low intrinsic fluorescence are preferably used in the sample.

Preferably, the inventive method as a high ^¬ throughput analysis is performed using a molecule library can be examined, for example, as a sample, preferably a molecule library prepared by combinatorial chemistry. According to the invention, the interaction of an entire molecular bank with biological cells can also be examined.

The areas of application for the present invention are practically ^¬ table indefinitely, but preferably the pharmaceutical industry (especially the HTS of new chemical entities) and biochemical issues because he ^¬ inventive methodology by the extremely high sensitivity (a single molecule can be tracked) and the exact location (eg, at least 30 nm exact), in principle, every single molecule or Molekülassoziat, eg detected on or in cells, and identified (given ^¬ appropriate, isolated) may be used. The binding of all natural ligands to a cell (hormones, primary messenger substances, etc.) or cell-cell recognition molecules with nmolar binding can be analyzed, also with regard to the exact binding kinetics and Binding conformation, as well as with regard to the mobility of these components in the cell or the cell membrane (analogously to Schmidt et al., J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995), pages 17662-17668 (for molecular position and movement determination); Schütz et al., Biophys. J. 73 (1997), pages 1-8; Schmidt et al., Anal. Chem. 68 (1996), pages 4397-4401 (on stoichiometric determinations); Schütz et al., Optics Lett. 22 (9), pages 651-653 (regarding changes in conformation).

Furthermore, the system according to the invention is particularly well suited for the investigation and identification or isolation of (alternative) binding partners in receptor ligand or virus-receptor systems, it also being possible to precisely examine potential agonists / antagonists and their effects (for example competitive inhibition) . This is particularly important when discovering new chemical units (NCE) in the area of drug screening.

When examining whole cells, the focus level can be varied; in a quick variant, a section through the cell (preferably through the upper half of the cell; "below" is the side facing the slide) is examined. This also makes it possible to investigate complex processes in a cell, such as nucleopore transport, pharmaceutical effects with a target in the cell or secondary reactions in the cell, at the single-molecular level.

According to a preferred embodiment, the system according to the invention can also be used for examining 3-dimensional (3D) processes in individual cells, for example cells that were ^preselected in a first surface scan according to the invention. Here, by a continuous or discrete shift of the focal plane along the z-axis, in addition to the inventive procedure (sample displacement ^¬ bung with synchronized frame shift of the CCD camera) the dreidi ^¬ dimensional array of fluorescence-labeled molecules or associates at or in the Cell are mapped, in measurement times in the range of seconds or even below, with a spatial resolution close to the diffraction limit. Compared to the only other method so far, Confocal Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy, CSFM (Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, ed. James B. Pawley, second edition (1995), Plenum Press, New York and London), the above-mentioned method according to the invention is firstly faster by at least a factor of 1000, since at the same time the information with same resolution of at least 1000 focal areas can be collected, which secondly allows the spatial-temporal arrangement of non-static molecules or associates to be mapped for the first time, at times (e.g. 1 s) that are small enough for diffusion processes, energy-driven movement processes or to be able to observe metabolic processes.

In a preferred embodiment, the focusing plane of the detection and analysis system (in particular the epifluorescence microscope) along the z-direction (ie normal to the xy plane, which is defined by the sample surface (the slide)) is, if necessary, in addition to the relative movement between the sample and detection and analysis system slidable.

Here, 3D imaging is carried out, preferably by recording discrete successive focal planes in the z direction, in rapid cyclic repetition, during continuous relative movement between the sample and the CCD camera, by storing the images of different z planes in parallel on the pixel array using the galvano-optical one Mirror. Thus, essential advantages of both recording methods can be combined, which is preferably used for cellular HTS, but also generally for molecular mechanistic questions in cell biology, physiology and pharmacology.

The x-y scan and the 3D imaging can therefore preferably take place simultaneously. For this purpose, the images of each z-plane can be stored next to one another by using the galvano-optical rotating mirror. Several z cycles are run through for each illumination time of each fluorophore during the slow x-y scan. This combination slows down the x-y scan by a factor of the number of z-planes.

The method according to the invention and the device according to the invention are also particularly well suited for the detection of the specific fish binding of labeled nucleic acids on so-called arrays. A large number of different nucleic acids (eg cDNAs, ESTs, genomic sections with different mutations (SNPs)) are immobilized in regular patterns on a surface (eg plastic or glass). These arrays are then incubated with the sample to be tested with fluorescence-labeled nucleic acid molecules, it being possible for molecules from the sample to hybridize specifically with their homologous counterparts. This can be repeated with different markers on the same sample. In the prior art, these binding events have often been evaluated with scanners or imaging methods which have a relatively low resolution and sensitivity. However, the system according to the invention offers significant advantages here, since the ultimate speed and the high spatial resolution of the SDT analysis according to the invention are added to the ultimate sensitivity of the method according to the invention. It is therefore readily possible to adapt systems, such as those described in WO 97/43611, with the system according to the invention and to analyze them according to the invention.

This is particularly advantageous if the concentration of the labeled sample nucleic acids is very low. For example, mRNAs that occur in the cell in a very small number of copies (low abundance mRNAs) can be reliably detected using a suitable array. Further applications of this specific aspect of the present invention relate to questions in which the amount of sample nucleic acids is very small, such as in forensic trace analysis or in an analysis of embryo or stem cells.

Furthermore, the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for the detection of nucleic acids in the so-called "in situ hybridization". Tissue sections are incubated with a labeled sample. The specific binding of this sample nucleic acid allows a statement to be made as to which mRNAs are expressed in which areas of the tissue section. Since these mRNAs to be detected are often in a very small number of copies, a high sensitivity of the detection system, as provided by the method according to the invention, is advantageous. Analogous to in situ hybridization with nucleic acids, biorecognitive molecules, such as antibodies, can also be used as sample molecules, in which case the epitopes recognized by the antibodies (eg certain protein molecules) can be detected with great sensitivity.

Likewise, the method according to the invention can be used in the analysis of chromosomes. Chromosome preparations are produced on a carrier and these are incubated with a corresponding nucleic acid sample. The detection of a specific binding allows conclusions to be drawn about the localization of individual genes on the chromosomes.

The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the following examples and the drawing figures, but without being restricted thereto.

Show it:

Fig. 1: the common configurations of units for high throughput screening;

2: one possibility of the device according to the invention;

3: the relative movement of the sample with frame shift;

4: the screening of units on surfaces or in multiwell plates;

5: the screening in a laminar flow cell;

6: the relation between screening time and resolution;

7: the analysis of detected units; 8: the positions of labeled molecules and the time tracking of molecular positions;

9: the molecular association, co-localization, stoichiometry from signal quantization; 10: the change in conformation on the single molecule;

11: the ligand binding;

FIGS. 12-13: the co-localization of two differently labeled ligands by energy transfer (FIG. 12), or by comparing the positions of the two dye molecules (FIG. 13);

Fig. 14-18: the detection of individual lipid molecules in native cells.

19: the microscopy of individual lipid molecules with 2-photon fluorescence excitation;

20A, B and C: the three-dimensional image of a selected single cell with single fluorophore resolution;

21: a device according to the invention, suitable for the SD analysis of whole cells;

22: the reading of the images into the pixel array of the CCD camera;

Fig. 23: the working mode for large-scale screening.

Example:

Example 1: Device according to the invention using fluorescence microscopy

Common configurations of units for high-throughput screening (HTS) are shown in Fig. 1, all as measured ^¬ formations in the inventive process for use come. Conventional molecular banks, which are produced by combinatorial chemistry, are built up on small (0.2 to 0.4 mm) polymer beads, which each carry a single molecular species (see, for example, Devlin (1997), pages 147-274). The measuring arrangement is in accordance with the above-described embodiment of a forth ^¬ conventional fluorescence microscope (Fig. 2) is made with which at a Substrate surface (7) in the illuminated area (~ 100 μm ² ) fluorophores (8) present could be detected individually and their movement could be monitored, with a signal-to-noise ratio of ~ 30 for individual fluorophores (published in Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., USA (1996) 93: 2926-2929). A Zeiss microscope (Axiovert 135-TV) with an x 100 objective (5) (Neofluar; numerical aperture = 1.3, Zeiss) was used. For the fluorescence excitation, the laser light of the 514 nm line of an argon ⁺ laser (1) (Innova 306, coherent), which was operated in TEM ₀₀ mode, was passed through an acousto-optical modulator (1205C-1; Isomet) Epiport of the microscope coupled. A λ / 4 plate provided circularly polarized excitation light. Using a defocusing lens (3) (f = 100 mm) in front of the dichroic mirror (515DRLEXT02; Omega), the Gaussian excitation profile was set to 6.1 ± 0.8 μm total width at half maximum (full-width-at- half-maximum; FWHM) and 57 ± 15 kW / cm ² mean excitation intensity. The lighting time for each pixel array image was 5 ms. After long-pass filtering (10) (570DF70 Omega and OG550-3 Schott), the fluorescence was passed through a lens (13) onto a liquid nitrogen-cooled CCD camera (15) (AT200, 4 counts / pixel read-out noise ; Photometrix), equipped with a TH512B chip (14) (512 x 512 pixels, 27 μm ² pixel size; Tektronix). The point spread function of the microscope was passed through a two-dimensional Gaussian Intensi ^¬ tätsverteilung having a width of 0.42 micrometers FWHM, as described was found by determination of images of 30 nm fluorescent beads (Molecular Probes). The diffraction-limited area was therefore 0.14 μm ² . At 0.48 ± 0.08 μm FWHM, the width of intensity profiles for single molecules was larger than the point transfer function of the microscope, with the additional broadening being caused by molecular diffusion. The CCD was used as a storage medium, taking 12 consecutive images of 40 x 40 pixels and recording up to 140 pixel arrays per second using CCD frameshift. This frameshift is inventively used to kontinuier ^¬ union movement of a slide.

According to the present invention, this measurement principle can be applied to biological samples with fluorescent ligands in configurations as shown in FIG. 1. According to The apparatus implementation according to the invention enables sample screening which has a constant sensitivity to individual fluorophores with a maximized throughput rate. The basic idea is explained again in FIG. 3. With a constant illumination of an area that is imaged on the entire pixel array used, the sample is continuously shifted and at the same time the image of the sample on the pixel array by continuous "frame shift, line per line". If the two speeds are matched as precisely as possible (v (sample) = v (CCD) / magnification of the objective), the fluorescence collected by a fluorophore of the sample is collected from practically the same pixels while crossing the illuminated area.

The cumulative image of a fluorophore until it reaches the readout side of the pixel array is outlined in FIGS. 4 and 5 for screening configurations according to FIG. 1. The person skilled in the art can optimize the numerous apparatus variables and parameters analogously to the known methods; the relationship between resolution and measurement time is shown in FIG. 6: For typical characteristics of available CCD cameras, light sources and lenses, the measurement time for the screening of a 1 inch ² area was calculated as a function of the resolution. In principle, there is a sharp portion of the optimum relationship between measurement time and resolution, ten in the gewähl ^¬ example in the range of measurement times of 15 to 30 minutes for 1 inch ² - (6.45 cm ²⁾ sample surface with a resolution of 1 - 0.5 μm. The operating point on this curve is set by "binning". In this case, the information from neighboring pixels is gathered (for example from bxb pixels), as a result of which the resolution decreases, with increasing maximum speed v (frame shift) of the CCD camera and slightly increasing sensitivity. The latter is based on the fact that the noise is given only by readout noise and is therefore of the same size for reading out the counts in a single pixel as for reading out the counts in bxb pixels. The imaging quality of individual fluorophores is thus essentially retained during the screening (in the example according to FIG. 6, 250 counts per fluorophore are collected with 5 counts of reading noise). The continuous sample movement minimizes the waiting time that is necessary for discontinuous sample movement due to the movement occurring in the sample when the speed changes. Only after a line scan has been completed does the sample have to be returned and shifted by the width of the illuminated area in order to record the next line scan (in the example in FIG. 6 a waiting time of 1 s was allowed for this).

The combination according to the invention of ultimate sensitivity and comparatively very fast sample throughput opens up new areas of application. With a screening time of ~ 15 min of a sample of typical size, a time range is reached, the screening under i.A. constant conditions of the samples allowed. Samples with a correspondingly short lifespan can be examined and the detected units can be reused or analyzed. This also opens up the use of a wide range of fluorescent ligands with correspondingly fast dissociation rates (such as weakly binding antibodies). The simultaneous single fluorophore sensitivity basically extends the range of application to questions in which there are a small number of marked sites per searched unit (up to a single site, for example when a mutation is found in a DNA sample).

According to the invention, the described rapid and sensitive screening can still be combined with high selectivity and specificity. For this purpose, selective excitation of the fluorescence markers by means of 2-photon absorption is used, so that the collected fluorescence comes almost completely only from the fluorescence markers excited in this way in the focus area. In a further procedure, two fluorescence-labeled ligands are used simultaneously, both of which have binding sites adjacent to the target structure. This may be a natural ligand of an occurring only in the unit are for example receptor together to ^¬ with an antibody which binds in the vicinity of the ligand on the receptor molecule. As sketched in FIG. 12, with selective excitation of one of the two fluorophores (donor) and collection of the fluorescence (by means of appropriate optical filters) only the second fluorophore (acceptor), only the fluorescence resulting from energy transfer from donor to acceptor is detected. animals. To do this, both fluorophores must be in close proximity (<8 nm distance). Thus, ligand pairs specifically bound to receptors can be detected individually and in a highly selective manner (with a still large signal / noise ratio). Alternatively, separate images of both dyes can be recorded (only 5 ms delayed, see Fig. 13). Co-localized dye molecules (within the positional accuracy of ~ 50 nm) allow highly specific assignment, since the quantitative information of the single molecule intensities of two different fluorophores are retained as a criterion, in contrast to energy transfer. In addition to increasing the selectivity of the fluorescence by energy transfer, the specificity of the signal can be increased by illumination in total reflection (see FIG. 3 below). As a result, only those fluorophores are excited that are in the range of approximately 100 nm from the substrate surface (exponentially decaying light intensity). The detection sensitivity also reaches the individual fluorophores. This type of lighting is intended to supplement the invention by enabling the application of high-throughput screening to units (predominantly cells) with strong autofluorescence.

According to the invention, the same apparatus allows a detailed analysis of these units immediately after detection of searched units by screening. This can take place either directly in the "screening" sample or after the transfer of a unit into an analysis cell. 7 shows this using the example of a biological cell.

The analysis cell allows single molecule microscopy in a region of the biological cell, the a replaceable Pufferlö ^¬ and drug solution is freely accessible. Furthermore, the cell is practically tightly attached electrically to the substrate, so that the highly sensitive fluorescence microscopy with electrophysiological energy may be connected, for example, for observation of individual ion channels ^¬, electrically and optically.

Figures 8-13 outline five basic pieces of information that are made possible by single-molecule microscopy on transferred units. "Binning" is used here in order to match the temporal and lateral resolution to the desired information. fit. The sample is not moved and short (ms), periodically repeated illumination is used. This allows the positions of sufficiently distant individual fluorophores to be detected and tracked over time for each illumination (FIG. 8). This makes it possible to decide whether a labeled receptor is mobile, limited mobile or immobile, freely diffused or limited diffusion or self-associated, co-associated with other components or transiently clustered. The distribution over the (line) surface can also be made visible. The high signal and the large signal-to-noise ratio S / N (about 150 counts and S / N = 30 for 5 ms illumination) allow observed signals to be assigned to the number of co-localized fluorophores. This opens up numerous mechanistic studies relating to association, co-localization and stoichiometry of associated components, sketched in FIG. 9 for dimerization of a membrane component.

Special ligands (whose fluorophore points in a fixed direction after binding to the receptor) can be used for the one-molecular detection of conformational changes. A slight rotation of the fluorophore when the structure of the receptor changes is sufficient to detect the change in conformation via the change in intensity of its fluorescence signal, as sketched in FIG. 10. To this is both linearly polarized light ver ^¬ VARIOUS directions of polarization as well as circularly polarize light ^¬ overbased used.

For ligand concentrations of at most several nM Ligan ^¬ is denbindung einmolekular analyzed (Fig. 11), including stoichiometry of ligand binding, as well as allosteric and ko ^¬ operational effects upon ligand binding. By using two different fluorescence-labeled ligands, highly specific statements can be made and with high reliability that the observed ligands are bound to the receptor. For this purpose, either energy transfer between two fluorophores are used (Fig. 12), or their co-localization in constricting aufeinanderfol ^¬ images for each of the two dyes (Fig. 13).

The continuous uptake of the fluorophores according to the invention in the sample by synchronous movement of the sample and CCD frameshift (according to FIGS. 3 to 6) is neither described nor indicated in the prior art for single fluorophore imaging, since only static images were taken in unmoved samples. However, in addition to the ultimate optical resolution and sensitivity of the time-resolved detection of individual molecules (e.g. receptors on cells), the system according to the invention enables a remarkable screening speed which is at least 1000 times faster than with alternative methods of confocal microscopy while simultaneously tracking an ensemble of molecules that is not possible with confocal microscopy.

Example 2: Detection of fluorescence-labeled lipid molecules in the plasma membrane of native smooth muscle cells

Methodology: smooth muscle cell, HASM: "human aorta smooth muscle, stable cell line of wild tpye", are grown on coverslips and microscoped in the PBS buffer. DMPE-Cy5 (dimiristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine with Cy5 (bound by AMERSHAM) as the dye molecule) is incorporated via lipid vesicles (POPC: palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, from AVANTI). Each 100th lipid in the vesicles was a DMPE-Cy5 (on average 5 DMPE-Cy5 per vesicle). The addition of these vesicles via the flow-through cell to the HASM cells in the microscope (50 μg / ml vesicle, incubation for 10 min, then washed out with PBS buffer) leads to DMPE-Cy5 which is built into the plasma membrane individually, via vesicle cell membrane -Lipid exchange. This process of delivery of a DMPE-Cy5 to the plasma membrane can be seen in Fig. 16 directly, wherein the vesicles (-10 DMPE-Cy5, see high signal) along the cell ^¬ membrane diffuses rapidly and suddenly a DMPE-Cy5 from the Vesicles transferred into the plasma membrane. The movements of the lipid sample and the vesicle could be tracked separately (see trajectories in Fig. 16 below). Such an exchange has so far not been observed at the single-molecule level. The important thing, however, is that the intensity of a fluorophore is still clearly resolved in the cell with its own fluorescence (Fig. 14). In the present example (Fig. 14-18) was of the La ^¬ serlichtes (630 nm) to the extent reduces the intensity that the effective fluorescence reszenzbackground of the cell was smaller than the readout noise. However, the intensity can be increased at any time that one can orient oneself through the autofluorescence of the cell over the point at which one is measuring. The intensity distribution of 300 individual molecules (FIG. 15) gave a signal / noise ratio of 25 for the detection of individual molecules in the native cell membrane, with 5 ms of illumination. For a better understanding of the peaks shown: The area shown contains 576 pixels, which corresponds to an object area of ~ 6 x 6 μm (each pixel is 27 x 27 μm, an x 100 lens was used. The HASM cell is about 100 μm long, 15 - 20 μm wide and 5 - 10 μm high The picture is "difraction-limited", ie each point source is represented as a Gaussian spot with a radius of ~ 270 nm, which corresponds to 1 pixel (60% of the peak on 4 pixels). The peak was 152 cnts.

Sequences of up to 14 images were routinely recorded (see FIG. 16), each 5 ms illumination with dark pauses between 10 to 30 ms (measurement times of up to ~ 0.5 sec). These result in trajectories for the movement of the labeled lipids in the plasma membrane. ~ 300 such trajectories were evaluated (includes measurements on three different cells and at different locations of the cells, but always on the top of the cells, which are adhered to the cover glass at the bottom. In the measuring time of 0.5 sec, no convection or other The result was impressive: The evaluation of the trajectories is shown in Fig. 17: The square of the distance (MSD = "mean square displacement") between the observed molecular positions and trajectories is plotted against the corresponding time In Brown's diffusion processes this should result in a linear relationship: MSD = 4D _lat . Δt, where the slope 4D _lat gives the diffusion constant D _lat for lateral movement. First, for small diffusion lengths, a diffusion is shown with D _lat . = 0.6 μm ² / sec, a typical value for lipid diffusion in cell membranes (from ensemble measurements gen via FRAP: fluorescence recovery after photobleaching). The range of motion of the lipid sample remains limited for longer diffusion times. The dashed line shows that the sample's movement is restricted to an area with a radius of 300 nm. This is the first direct proof of the existence of lipid domains that have so far only been postulated ("lipid rafts", Simons and Ikonen, Nature 387: 569-572). For lipid rafts, the prefertitive partition of lipids with saturated acyl chains was postulated (as in the lipid sample DMPE-Cy5). In fact, the homologous sample DOPE-Cy5, which has only one double bond in each acyl chain, showed no partition in domains (confirmed by co-localization, not shown), but free, unlimited diffusion in the plasma membrane (FIG. 18).

Further examination of the domains showed that they are anchored to the cytoskeleton and move actively (unidirectional).

In principle, these results show that every application of SDT on cells, as before on model systems, opens up new approaches simply because of the fact that processes can be seen in a single-molecular and dynamic way that were previously only accessible via ensemble-averaged data . The present proof is essential that individual fluorophores can also be microscopically and time-resolvedly microscoped on living cells (at least on these smooth muscle cells). The marker, Cy-5, can also be attached to a ligand with the same fluorescence properties. The frame sample Shift this resolution is reduced only slightly, it serves the continuous "screening" of GaN ^¬ zen cell cultures or cells in nanotiter plates, etc. The resolution can be further improved by 2 photons-excitation fluorescence microscopy. 19 shows the first realization of a 2-photon image of two phospholipids (PE-) with bound TMR (tetramethyl-rhodamine) as a fluorescence marker in a phospholipid (POPC) membrane.

Example 3: Simulation of real-time recording of the distribution of individual fluorophores over entire cells, the spatial-temporal resolution, the positional accuracy and the detection reliability of the fluorophores

In example 2, the observation of the single lipid diffusion in the plasma membrane of the cell was possible, among other things, by the fact that the level of the lipid movement (membrane area) could be made to coincide sufficiently with the focal plane (layer with an effective thickness of 1.6 μm), which was realized by focusing on the top edge of the cell. The sample movement and frame shift according to the invention is carried out in the following variant in order to record movements in any direction, also transversely to the focus area everywhere on or in the cell, and almost at the same time for all fluorescence-labeled molecules.

Methodology: The methodology and the device for image acquisition is as in Example 2 with two essential differences:

1.) The focus plane is moved step by step from position to position in the z-direction through the cell for sequential image acquisition. This is sketched in FIG. 20A, with the focus layer in red (effective thickness from which fluorescence photons are collected is 1.6 μm), a cell in green (about 8 μm high), with an ensemble of randomly distributed identical fluorophores ( black dots).

2.) A CCD camera with the following specifications is used: a large, elongated pixel array, and especially fast frame shift (for example, a CCD camera with 2048 * 256 Pi ^¬ xeln the size of 20 x 20 microns, 7 microseconds Shift time per line, and 2 μs / pixel readout time, conversion of 0.8 electrons / photon, as it is offered by eg PHOTOMETRICS for spectroscopy).

In the exemplary embodiment (FIG. 20), 20 images are recorded while passing the focus layer through the entire cell. Each image is recorded with the same lighting time "t (ill)" on the same partial surface of the pixel array (gray area in Fig. 20A at 100 * 256 pixels), and then through frameshift verscho ^¬ ben, as shown in Fig. 20A for the first, second and final image is ^¬ found. During the time "t (fs)" for the frame shift, 0.7 ms for the camera specified above, the recording is interrupted (by interrupting the lighting or covering the camera).

The displacement of the focal plane of a single image is in exporting ^¬ example approximately equal to 0 4 microns, chosen so that the 20 shots just grasp the whole cell of 8 microns height (see Fig. 20A). The time "t (ill)" can be freely selected within limits. On the one hand, "t (ill)" should be significantly larger than "t (fs)" in order to keep the loss of information due to the lighting breaks to a minimum. On the other hand, the total recording time t (total) = (t (ill) + t (fs)) * 20 should not be too long (long "t (ill)" times are advantageous for averaging non-specific fluorescence), so that the molecular ensemble of the whole Cell can be mapped in almost real time. Real time imaging requires that t (ges) <t (bew), where "t (bew)" is the time it takes for the imaged molecules to travel a length that corresponds to the optical resolution (approximately 0.5 μm in the x and y directions and approximately 1.6 μm in the z direction). For the diffusion of typical membrane proteins or of actively transported components, "t (bew)" is usually less than about 0.6 s. For the exemplary embodiment, this results in a range of 5 ms <t (ill) <30 ms for "real time imaging" of the fluorophores of a cell. The entire recording then takes 0.1 s <t (total) <0.6 s.

20B illustrates the calculated result of "real time imaging" of fluorophores on a cell membrane for t (ill) = 5 ms, using the data and conditions measured in Example 2 for a single exposure (3 counts / pixel of autofluorescence of the cell , 152 count / fluorophore for 5 ms illumination with intensity averaged over the depth of focus, lateral resolution of 0.5 μm, and focus depth of 1.6 μm). These data are stored all the parameters for the calculation of the 3D image for the method described above determines, wherein as a cell form an ellipsoid of revolution has been chosen with random deviations (Fig. 20A which shows the front view of the cell), and with randomly ver ^¬ divided fluorophores at the Cell membrane (black dots, 45 in total). 20B and C show the front view of the SD fluorescence image of the cell and the fluorophores, generated by full simulation of the imaging method (in the simulation, each fluorophore emits fluorescence photons in accordance with the current illumination, taking into account the diffraction-limited imaging function of the microscope are mapped onto corresponding pixels in a random distribution, after corresponding conversion to electrons as "counts"). The selected color code shows green for a low number of "counts" (Eigenfluo- resence of the cell and "readout noise"), and yellow, light red to dark red for increasing number of "counts". The color code is selected so that the light red area approximately reproduces the resolution volume (ellipsoid slightly washed out by the collection statistics with diameters of approximately 0.5 μm in the xy plane and 1.6 μm in the z direction), and that the dark red core reflects the accuracy of the positioning of individual dyes (approximately 50 nm in the xy plane and 150 nm in the z direction). The data loss due to dark times during the frame shift could be taken into account approximately by interpolation between the intensities of successive images, since each fluorophore occurs on average in 4 images (focus layer thickness = 1.6 μm = 4 * dz, with dz = image-to-image shift = 0.4 μm).

The simulation shows that 3D cell recordings in "real time" and with clear detection of the fluorescence-labeled molecules is possible with the method according to the invention. In principle, this 3D image of the cell can be repeated several times after a minimum time "t (read)", which is necessary for reading out the pixel array (about 1 s for the above-mentioned camera). The number of repetitions is limited by the bleaching of the fluorophores. For the assumed conditions of example 2, at least a 3-fold repetition is possible without large losses due to bleaching. In principle, the method can not only image fluorophores on cells, as shown in the exemplary embodiment, but also fluorophores in cells. The use of 2-photon excitation can be advantageous here, at least for studies in cells with high or non-minimized autofluorescence.

Such real-time 3D recordings of molecular assemblies of a cell not only go far beyond the state of the art, but also open up qualitatively new approaches to the breakdown of cell physiological processes, such as the detection and analysis of component organization / reorganization as an essential basis for the spatial-temporal regulation and coordination of cellular processes, or the mechanistic analysis of morphological responses of the cell to an external stimulus by, for example, a messenger substance or by a pharmacological active substance, or by a possible active substance identified according to the invention in accordance with Example 1. Example 4: Device for 3D image acquisition of entire cells

21 is an illustration of the SDT microscope according to the invention, with which a 3D scan of entire biological cells in particular can be carried out efficiently.

The light source consists of one or more lasers (argon laser, dyelaser, 2-photon excitation laser). The AOM (2) (acousto-optical modulator) lets the laser light through for adjustable times (controlled by the controller (19)) and certain color, e.g. only the light of the argon laser for certain exposure times, repeated after adjustable dark pauses, or alternately laser light of different wavelengths (Argon laser line, eg 514 nm, and 635nm from the dylaser, which is pumped through the argon laser), to excite two different dye molecules in the sample.

The lens (3) widens the focal plane (9); it is interchangeable for illuminating 20 μm to 600 μm areas. For large exposure areas (in SDT-x, y-scan mode) the light is guided between AOM (2) and lens (3) through a "single mode" fiber optic bundle, with which homogeneous illumination of round or rectangular areas (SDT- x, y scan) reached (not included in the figure). The focal plane (9) is set to a specific z-value (distance between the focal plane and the slide surface (7)) by a z-piezo (18) which shifts the objective (5) in the z direction.

The sample is zisionsmotoren horizontally movable (in x, y plane) by pre ^¬ (17) which move the specimen stage (6) and are controlled by the controller (19). The z-piezo (18) can be used to readjust a constant z value (via capacitive distance measurement, not included in the figure).

The fluorescence of individual dye molecules can be detected on the pixel array (14) of the CCD camera (15) as a localized, clearly resolvable signal. First, the fluorescence of a molecule through the lens in parallel beams (state of the art of lenses now all fluorescence microscopes) of a certain angle. The beam passes through the dichroic mirror (4), which only reflects the excitation light, and filters (10), which are only transparent to the fluorescent light.

The next element in the beam path is a galvanometer mirror

(11). The mirror (19) can be set to any angle by the controller (19) (necessary range approximately +/- 5 degrees, corresponds to the width of the CCD camera given below as an example), with an accuracy of a few μrad and a response time of approximately 0.3 ms (available from Cambridge Technology, Inc., MA, USA, model 6800).

The beam of rays deflected in this way traverses a Wollaston prism

(12), which divides the fluorescent light into two beams of orthogonal polarization (h: horizontal, and v: vertically polarized). The angle between the two beams is adjustable by means of the prism shape, and is selected here so that after passing through the imaging lens (13), the two polarization components of the fluorescent light are simultaneously imaged spatially separated on the pixel array, namely at a distance from the half the x-width of the array. Such prisms are offered by some companies, such as Bernhard Halle Nachf. GmbH & Co., Berlin.

The combination of galvanometer mirror (11) and Wollaston prism (12) allows the memory array of the pixel array to be used optimally, in synchronization with the frame transfer of the CCD camera for data shifting in the y direction of the array. The use of these storage and data shift options depends on the application. Applications can be divided into three areas: either the focus plane is guided horizontally (in the x, y plane ⁾ through the sample (SDT-x, y scan) or vertically (3D-SDT), or both horizontally (slowly) as also vertically (fast and cyclical). These three types of use of the same device differ only in the controller program, ie the control of the sample movement (in the x, y direction or (and) in the z direction), in synchronization with the illumination mode (wave length, light / dark intervals, etc.) and coordinates with suitable modes of data storage and shifting on the CCD pixel array (combined use of rotating mirror, Wollaston prism, frame transfer options and reading of the CCD camera).

Finally, the data collected with the CCD camera are processed, analyzed and displayed in a suitable form in an image generation unit (16).

The CCD camera used for the estimates in Figures 6 and 22, 23 plus description (see below) is available from Princeton Instruments, USA, model MicroMAX-1300PB.

In the working mode for large-area screening (SDT-x, y-scan), the sample is moved continuously in the x direction by precision motors (17) (see FIGS. 21 and 23). The lighting is large (about 100 * 250μm) and continuous, so that each molecule is illuminated for the same length of time. In this mode, the rotating mirror remains in a fixed angular position. The Wollaston prism can be used or swung out. The image data on the CCD camera (see gray area in FIG. 23) are continuously shifted line by line in the y direction and read out.

In the working mode for 3D imaging (Real-Time 3D-SDT) (cf. FIGS. 14-18), individual fluorescent markers can be imaged on living cells and their movement can be tracked.

The principle of the 3D image acquisition is explained in FIG. 20, whereas FIG. 21 with FIG. 22 shows the equipment and signal-logistic side of the realization of the 3D image acquisition, but only for one example (two colors with two polarizations each for every focus level). Other applications, such as excitation of three or even more dyes, with or without polarization splitting, can be implemented by modifying the control program analogously to what has been described. Real-time imaging of cells is easily possible for up to four colors and detection of both polarization components according to the criterion specified below. In the present example, a MicroMAX-1300 PB with 1300 * 1340 pixels is used as the CCD camera. The pixel area is 20μm * 20μm. The frame shift is in the y direction and requires 3μs per line. Impinging photons are converted into electrons with a conversion of 0.9 in the entire optical range. The camera is practically free of spontaneously occurring dark counts for recording times of seconds. Only when reading out the camera with lμs (20μs) per pixel there is a weak background noise of 7 electrons per pixel. As shown for the HASM cell, about 150 electrons can be collected from individual fluorophores in just 5 ms of illumination, which can be repeated a few times (3-20 times with currently common dyemolecules). When illuminating an area with a diameter of 16 μm, the image size is approximately 80 * 80 pixels for a 100 lens. 22 shows the recording of 4 images for each z position of the focal plane. The number in the individual images indicates the focal plane, increasing from z = 0 by 0.5 μm in each case.

The second index, r or g, stands for red or green fluorescence. At the first focus level, red fluorescence is first excited, which is then broken down into both polarization components (h and v), and collected in separate left images in the left and right half of the array during the illumination time (see lrh and lrv). Then green fluorescence is excited and collected in the image areas lgh and lgv. For this purpose, the rotating mirror is rotated in the dark pause from 0.5 ms to the next position (by about 0.5 degrees), so that both the "lgh" and "lgv" images are shifted by 80 pixels to the x Image area (gray) falls directly next to the two "red" images on level 1. In the following 0.5 ms dark pause, focus level 2 is set (by activating the z-piezo on the lens) and the rotating mirror is turned to its new position, to the next shot of first 2rh and 2rv and, after mirror rotation of 2gh and 2gv on this focus level 2. This continues until the image row (gray area) is full, in the present example after the four image recordings on level 4. In the ^{next ¬} After a pause of 0.5 ms, the 16 images are shifted by the frame shift of the CCD camera in the y direction and 80 pixel lines, which takes about 0.24 ms, and the rotating mirror is moved back to its starting position. The gray marked image line is then occupied with a further 16 images, from the focal planes 5 to 8, etc. The 3D recording is finished after reaching a predetermined z value (exceeding the height of the depicted cell, for example after 10 μm, corresponding to 20 recording planes).

With an illumination time of 1.5 ms for each h and v image pair, each dye molecule is effectively illuminated for about 5 ms because of the overlap of the 1.6 μm deep focal planes, and its partial images in adjacent planes contain about 150 electrons in the image pair.

The total recording (20 levels) then only requires 80ms. During this time, membrane molecules (diffusion constants <0.1 nm ² / s) or actively moving molecules (speed <2 μm / s) did not move out of the optical resolution volume (ellipsoid with 0.25 μm semiaxis length in the x and y directions and 0.8 μm in the z direction). On the basis of this criterion, the method according to the invention allows 3D recordings of an entire cell to be carried out in real time (real time), specifically with single-molecule sensitivity for molecular detection over the entire cell, a previously unattained goal.

The reading time of this 3D information takes about 1 second. This means that a new 3D image can be taken every second or at larger, desired time intervals. Thus BEWE ^¬ are conditions and processes of individual molecules or associates of the entire imaged molecule ensembles traceable (as long as the molecules still fluoresce; under the given lighting conditions can absorb at least three 3D images with currently conventional fluorophores), but can also use a smaller and slower camera for a dye and no polarization splitting good results can be achieved.

Claims

Patent claims:

1. A device for the visualization of molecules, their movement and interactions between molecules and molecular processes in a sample, in particular molecules and processes in biological cells, using the single dye tracing (SDT) method, comprising:

at least one light source for large-area fluorescence excitation via single or multi-photon absorption by the same or different marker molecules on molecules in the sample, a slide for holding the sample, a highly sensitive detection and analysis system which comprises a charged-coupled device (CCD) camera , wherein the sample or the slide and / or the detection and analysis system can be displaced relative to one another during the measurement process, and a control unit for coordinating and synchronizing lighting times and, if appropriate, wavelengths, the lateral or vertical movement of the sample or the slide with the sample and, if necessary, the positioning and shifting of the images to each sample position on the pixel array of the CCD camera.

2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one light source is a laser, in particular acousto-optically switchable laser light.

3. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the light source is an argon laser, a dyelaser and / or a 2-photon fluorescence excitation laser.

4. Device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the control unit comprises a pulse generator and software for controlling the light source (s) and the movement of the sample.

5. Device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the CCD camera a frameshift mode and egg continuous readout mode.

6. Device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises an epifluorescence microscope, preferably with a collection efficiency of fluorescence quanta of> 3%, at 40- to 100-fold magnification.

7. Device according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the CCD camera

N ₂ -cooled, has a large pixel array, in particular a pixel array> 1340 x 1300, has a conversion of photons into electrons from 0.8 to 0.9 in the optical range, readout noise of only a few electrons per pixel at 1 μs / Has pixel readout speed, << 1 has dark counts / pixel xs, and / or has a lineshift rate of> 3 x 10 ⁵ / s.

8. Device according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the sample comprises a molecular bank produced by combinatorial chemistry.

9. Device according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the sample comprises a multiwell plate or a micro (nano) titer plate.

10. Device according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized ge ^¬ indicates that the slide is a flow cell.

11. The device according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized ge ^¬ indicates that the focusing plane of the detection and analysis system is gradually displaceable along the z direction by a piezo element.

12. Device according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized ge ^¬ indicates that it has an epifluorescence microscope with a parallel beam region as a light source, which includes a galvano-optical mirror in the parallel beam region.

13. A method for the visualization of molecules, their movement and interactions between molecules and molecular processes in a sample, in particular molecules and processes in biological cells, using single-dye tracing. (SDT) method, characterized in that a sample in which certain molecules have been labeled with marker molecules is introduced into a device according to one of claims 1 to 12, that the sample is imaged by the ^* CCD camera on a pixel array , whereby the sample and / or the detection and analysis system is shifted relative to one another using the frame shift of the CCD camera, so that the signals of each individual molecule in the sample after conversion into electrons are collected in the same pixels until the Single molecule signal exceeds a certain minimum signal / noise ratio.

14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the relative movement of the sample is controlled in accordance with the frame shift of the CCD camera.

15. The method according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that the relative movement of the sample in the lateral direction is constant and continuous.

16. A method for quasi-simultaneous imaging of fluorescence-labeled molecules in their distribution over entire biological cells and for the pursuit of molecular movements and Prozes ^¬ sen by repeating this imaging at temporal intervals by using the SDT method, characterized in that a sample containing cells, have been selected in which certain molecules with markers ^¬ molecules is introduced into an apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 12, the fluorescence image abge for a focusing plane on the pixel array of the CCD camera ^¬ forms is the focusing plane stepwise along the z-direction is shifted by a piezoelectric element, wherein the Fluo ^¬ reszenzbilder to each level separately on the, pixel array angeord ^¬ net, and after imaging of all the focussing planes, the image of the fluorescence-labeled molecules is calculated in the cells, optionally followed by the figures of the focusing planes Repeat olt to molecular movements and depict processes by lining up images of all levels of focus.

17. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that the images on the pixel array of the CCD camera at a rate of 1 to 3 ms per image and a capacity of up to 300 images per array with an image size of 80 x 80 pixels are done.

18. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 17, characterized in that at least two different types of molecules in the sample are labeled with at least two different fluorescent markers.

19. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 18, characterized in that the fluorescence images for two orthogonal polarization directions for each fluorescence marker, preferably by dividing the image into two images with orthogonal polarization direction by using a Wollaston prism and a light source which has a parallel beam region, the Wollaston prism being used in the parallel beam region of the light source.

20. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 19, characterized ge ^¬ indicates that the sample comprises cells with low intrinsic fluorescence.

21. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 20, characterized in that the method is carried out as a high-throughput analysis.

22. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 21, characterized in that a molecular bank is examined as a sample, preferably a molecular bank produced by combinatorial chemistry.

23. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 22, characterized in that the interaction of a molecular bank with biological cells is examined.