WO2000004774A1 - Crop harvesting method using a benzyloxyphenyl uracil - Google Patents
Crop harvesting method using a benzyloxyphenyl uracil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000004774A1 WO2000004774A1 PCT/US1998/014991 US9814991W WO0004774A1 WO 2000004774 A1 WO2000004774 A1 WO 2000004774A1 US 9814991 W US9814991 W US 9814991W WO 0004774 A1 WO0004774 A1 WO 0004774A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- crop
- cotton
- compound
- defoliation
- vine
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/54—1,3-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazines
Definitions
- This invention pertains generally to a method that aids in harvesting crops by application to the crop of a certain compound prior to harvest, so as to cause crop defoliation or vine dessication. More specifically it pertains to a method that aids in harvesting crops, particularly cotton or potatoes, by application of an alkyl 2-(5-ethyl-2-(4-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-(1H, 3H)-pyrimidinedion-3-yl)phenoxymethyl)phenoxy)propionate.
- vine desiccation For the harvesting of vine crops such as potatoes, vine desiccation is desired. Potatoes on dessicated vines are easier to harvest than those on living vines. In addition, potatoes on the killed vines are less likely to skin and bruise during harvesting. Where skinning occurs, the skinned areas of a potato are susceptible to discoloration and soft rot infection. Furthermore, skinned potatoes lose weight more rapidly and appear untidy.
- Examples of compounds that are commonly used as cotton defoliants include S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate, also known as butifos or Def®, and 1-phenyl-3-(1 ,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea, also known as thidiazuron or Dropp®.
- A is a derivative of an alkanoate bonded to the phenoxy oxygen at the alpha carbon;
- Q is one of several heterocyclic rings;
- X is hydrogen, methyl, fluorine or chlorine;
- Y is hydrogen;
- W is oxygen or sulfur;
- Z is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, lower alkyl, or methoxy; and
- Z' is hydrogen, fluorine, or chlorine.
- R is an alkyl group of one to six carbons in admixture with an agriculturally suitable carrier.
- An effective amount of the composition is that amount sufficient to cause crop plant defoliation or vine desiccation as described below.
- benzyloxyphenyluracils of formula I are also known by the chemical name alkyl 2-(5-ethyl-2-(4-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-(1 H, 3H)- pyrimidinedion-3-yl)phenoxymethyl)phenoxy)propionate.
- Representative benzyloxyphenyluracil compounds useful in the present invention are shown in Table 1.
- benzyloxyphenyluracils of formula I may be prepared by the methods taught in US patent 5,344,812 or by methods analogous thereto.
- a preferred benzyloxyphenyluracil is a compound of formula I where R is methyl (Compound la).
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for defoliating a crop comprising the step of applying to the crop a crop defoliating amount of a composition comprising a benzyloxyphenyluracil of formula I in which R is an alkyl group of one to six carbons in admixture with an agriculturally acceptable carrier.
- the crop is cotton.
- Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for desiccating a crop comprising the step of applying to the crop a vine desiccating amount of a benzyloxyphenyluracil of formula I in which R is an alkyl group of one to six carbons in admixture with an agriculturally acceptable carrier.
- crops that may be desiccated by applying a benzyloxyphenyluracil according to this invention include potato, soybean and sunflower. In a preferred embodiment the crop is potato.
- compositions of the present method are prepared by combining effective amounts of the benzyloxyphenyluracils with adjuvants and carriers normally employed in the art for facilitating the dispersion of active ingredients for the particular utility desired, recognizing the fact that the formulation and mode of application of the harvest aid may affect its activity in a given application.
- Useful formulations include, but are not limited to, granules, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsifiable flowables, solutions, dispersions, wettable powders, suspensions, and suspension concentrates.
- a typical 240 g/l EC consists of the following:
- Emulsifier 1 4.80
- Emulsifier 2 3.20
- the emulsifiers are blends of calcium sulfonate and nonionic surfactants such as those available from Stepan Company of Northfield, Illinois under the name Toximul® 709/710.
- the amount of benzyloxyphenyluracil that may be used in the composition is in the range of about 15 to 150 grams of technical material per hectare.
- the amount of benzyloxyphenyluracil that may be used in the composition is in the range of about 15 to 75 grams per hectare. Adequate desiccation or defoliation may usually be achieved from a single application of the formulated benzyloxyphenyluracil.
- the harvest aid is applied to the locus where the crops are to be harvested prior to the time of harvest.
- the harvest aid is applied to achieve vine dessication, as for example in the harvesting of potatoes, the application should be made about seven to twenty-one days prior to harvest.
- the timing of defoliation is important.
- the proper timing of application of a defoliant is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art. For example, decisions for when to apply the harvest aid to cotton are typically based on such factors as the maturity of the cotton bolls and/or the percent of bolls that are open or unopen. Defoliation that occurs too early may result in lower yield. Defoliation that occurs too late may increase the chance of boll rot and may be less effective as a result of lower temperatures. Under normal conditions, it is generally safe to defoliate when about thirty to eighty-five percent of the bolls are open, preferably when about sixty percent of the bolls are open. The crop may then be harvested after about seven to twenty-one days after application of defoliant. Biolo ⁇ ical Results
- the present method is very effective as a harvest aid with regard to both vine desiccation and crop defoliation.
- the method is very effective for potatoes and cotton.
- the efficacy of the benzyloxyuracils is shown below in the comparative testing of Compound la with commercial standards.
- Cotton defoliation activity was determined as follows. An appropriate amount of a 240 gram per liter emulsifiable concentrate formulation of
- Compound la was dissolved in sufficient water to provide rates of application of about 17, 35, 71, and 140 grams/hectare when sprayed using a small plot sprayer at a delivery rate in the range of 90-280 liters per hectare to the foliage of cotton in which 30-85% of the bolls were open.
- the solutions of Compound la sprayed onto the foliage contained 1 % (v/v) of a crop oil concentrate consisting of a petroleum oil and surfactants/emulsifiers. There were four replicates for each rate of application wherein each replicate was sprayed onto two to four rows of cotton in a plot size of about 35 square meters or less. The test was conducted in a randomized complete block design.
- COC is a generic crop oil concentrate consisting of 80-85% petroleum oil and 15-20 % surfactants/emulsifiers.
- the butifos used was manufactured by Chemagro Corp under the tradename Def ® .
- the thiadiazuron used was manufactured by Schering AG under the tradename Dropp ® . Testing was conducted in the United States.
- Potato desiccation activity was determined as follows. An appropriate amount of a 240 gram per liter emulsifiable concentrate formulation of Compound la was dissolved in sufficient water to provide rates of application of about 17-20, 35-40, and 60-70 grams per hectare when sprayed using a small plot sprayer at a delivery rate of 500 liters per hectare or less to the foliage of potatoes. The test materials were applied to the potatoes at the beginning of senescence. The solutions of Compound la sprayed onto the foliage contained 1% (v/v) of a crop oil concentrate consisting of a petroleum oil and surfactants/emulsifiers.
- Diquat used was manufactured by ICI.
- Glufosinate used was manufactured by Hoechst AG. These tests were conducted in the Europe in 1995 and 1996.
- the active herbicidal compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with other defoliants or dessicants.
- defoliants or dessicants include, for example, butifos, thidiazuron, paraquat, glufosinate, and diquat.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Described herein is a method for defoliating a crop plant or desiccating a crop vine plant to aid in harvesting the crop which comprises the step of applying to the plant an effective amount of a composition comprising a benzyloxyphenyluracil having formula (I) where R is an alkyl group of one to six carbons, in admixture with an agriculturally suitable carrier. The method is particularly effective at low use rates as an aid for harvesting potatoes and cotton.
Description
CROP HARVESTING METHOD USING A BENZYLOXYPHENYL URACIL
Background of the Invention
This invention pertains generally to a method that aids in harvesting crops by application to the crop of a certain compound prior to harvest, so as to cause crop defoliation or vine dessication. More specifically it pertains to a method that aids in harvesting crops, particularly cotton or potatoes, by application of an alkyl 2-(5-ethyl-2-(4-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-(1H, 3H)-pyrimidinedion-3-yl)phenoxymethyl)phenoxy)propionate.
It is well known that the harvesting of certain crops may be aided by the use of substances that cause crop defoliation or vine dessication. For example, cotton defoliation prior to harvest has several potential benefits. The removal of leaves (1) eliminates the main source of stain and trash, resulting in better grade cotton, (2) allows the cotton picker to operate faster and more efficiently, (3) allows quicker drying of dew so that picking can start earlier in the day, (4) helps straighten lodged plants for more efficient picking, (5) retards boll rot, and (6) helps stimulate boll opening. How well the cotton defoliates will often effect the yield and fiber quality of the cotton. (K. Edmisten, Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, via internet publication dated March, 1995).
For the harvesting of vine crops such as potatoes, vine desiccation is desired. Potatoes on dessicated vines are easier to harvest than those on living vines. In addition, potatoes on the killed vines are less likely to skin and bruise during harvesting. Where skinning occurs, the skinned areas of
a potato are susceptible to discoloration and soft rot infection. Furthermore, skinned potatoes lose weight more rapidly and appear untidy.
Examples of compounds that are commonly used as cotton defoliants include S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate, also known as butifos or Def®, and 1-phenyl-3-(1 ,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea, also known as thidiazuron or Dropp®. Compounds that are commonly used for potato vine desiccation are 1 ,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridyldiylium ion as the dibromide monohydrate salt, also known as diquat, (+/-)-2-amino-4- (hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid, also known as glufosinate, and 1 ,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyldiylium ion as the dichloride salt, also known as paraquat. Among the limitations of some of these commonly used harvest aids is the need for high use rates. Thus, there is a continuing demand for new substances that promote crop defoliation or vine desiccation at low use rates and in a safe manner.
US patent 5,344,812 (Theodoridis) describes herbicidal compounds having the formula
in which A is a derivative of an alkanoate bonded to the phenoxy oxygen at the alpha carbon; Q is one of several heterocyclic rings; X is hydrogen, methyl, fluorine or chlorine; Y is hydrogen; W is oxygen or sulfur; Z is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, lower alkyl, or methoxy; and Z' is hydrogen, fluorine, or chlorine. When applied as postemergence herbicides these compounds were reported to exhibit very good control of a variety of weeds, but with no crop tolerance. Thus the compounds were considered excellent candidates as total vegetation control agents. The utility of these
compounds as a harvest aid by causing crop defoliation or vine desiccation has not been reported.
Summary of the Invention It has now been discovered that certain alkyl 2-(5-ethyl-2-(4-(1-methyl-6- trifluoromethyl-2,4-(1 H, 3H)-pyrimidinedion-3-yl)phenoxymethyl)phenoxy)- propionates of formula I below are useful aids for the harvesting of crops. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the compound is applied to cotton thereby causing cotton defoliation. In another preferred embodiment the compound is applied to potatoes thereby causing vine dessication. The method is effective using low rates of the compound.
Detailed Description of the Invention
This invention pertains to a method for defoliating a crop plant or desiccating a crop vine plant to aid in harvesting the crop which comprises the steps of applying to the plant an effective amount of a composition comprising a benzyloxyphenyluracil having the formula I:
I where R is an alkyl group of one to six carbons in admixture with an agriculturally suitable carrier. An effective amount of the composition is that amount sufficient to cause crop plant defoliation or vine desiccation as described below.
The benzyloxyphenyluracils of formula I are also known by the chemical name alkyl 2-(5-ethyl-2-(4-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-(1 H, 3H)-
pyrimidinedion-3-yl)phenoxymethyl)phenoxy)propionate. Representative benzyloxyphenyluracil compounds useful in the present invention are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Representative Benzyloxyphenyluracils
ComDound No. R la CH3 lb CH2CH3 lc CH2CH2CH3
Id CH(CH3)2 le (CH2)3CH3
If CH2CH(CH3)2 ig n-pentyl
Ih n-hexyl
The benzyloxyphenyluracils of formula I may be prepared by the methods taught in US patent 5,344,812 or by methods analogous thereto. A preferred benzyloxyphenyluracil is a compound of formula I where R is methyl (Compound la).
One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for defoliating a crop comprising the step of applying to the crop a crop defoliating amount of a composition comprising a benzyloxyphenyluracil of formula I in which R is an alkyl group of one to six carbons in admixture with
an agriculturally acceptable carrier. In a preferred embodiment the crop is cotton.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for desiccating a crop comprising the step of applying to the crop a vine desiccating amount of a benzyloxyphenyluracil of formula I in which R is an alkyl group of one to six carbons in admixture with an agriculturally acceptable carrier. Examples of crops that may be desiccated by applying a benzyloxyphenyluracil according to this invention include potato, soybean and sunflower. In a preferred embodiment the crop is potato.
The compositions of the present method are prepared by combining effective amounts of the benzyloxyphenyluracils with adjuvants and carriers normally employed in the art for facilitating the dispersion of active ingredients for the particular utility desired, recognizing the fact that the formulation and mode of application of the harvest aid may affect its activity in a given application. Useful formulations include, but are not limited to, granules, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsifiable flowables, solutions, dispersions, wettable powders, suspensions, and suspension concentrates. A typical 240 g/l EC consists of the following:
Component Weiαht Percent
Compound (88.5%) 25.99
Emulsifier 1 4.80
Emulsifier 2 3.20
Naphthalene Organic Solvent 66.01
where the emulsifiers are blends of calcium sulfonate and nonionic surfactants such as those available from Stepan Company of Northfield, Illinois under the name Toximul® 709/710.
For an effective amount of the composition to cause crop plant defoliation, the amount of benzyloxyphenyluracil that may be used in the composition is in the range of about 15 to 150 grams of technical material per hectare. For an effective amount of the composition to cause vine desiccation, the amount of benzyloxyphenyluracil that may be used in the composition is in the range of about 15 to 75 grams per hectare. Adequate desiccation or defoliation may usually be achieved from a single application of the formulated benzyloxyphenyluracil.
The harvest aid is applied to the locus where the crops are to be harvested prior to the time of harvest. When the harvest aid is applied to achieve vine dessication, as for example in the harvesting of potatoes, the application should be made about seven to twenty-one days prior to harvest.
When the harvest aid is applied to achieve crop defoliation, as for example in the harvesting of cotton, the timing of defoliation is important. The proper timing of application of a defoliant is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art. For example, decisions for when to apply the harvest aid to cotton are typically based on such factors as the maturity of the cotton bolls and/or the percent of bolls that are open or unopen. Defoliation that occurs too early may result in lower yield. Defoliation that occurs too late may increase the chance of boll rot and may be less effective as a result of lower temperatures. Under normal conditions, it is generally safe to defoliate when about thirty to eighty-five percent of the bolls are open, preferably when about sixty percent of the bolls are open. The crop may then be harvested after about seven to twenty-one days after application of defoliant.
Bioloαical Results
The present method is very effective as a harvest aid with regard to both vine desiccation and crop defoliation. In particular, the method is very effective for potatoes and cotton. The efficacy of the benzyloxyuracils is shown below in the comparative testing of Compound la with commercial standards.
Cotton Defoliation
Cotton defoliation activity was determined as follows. An appropriate amount of a 240 gram per liter emulsifiable concentrate formulation of
Compound la was dissolved in sufficient water to provide rates of application of about 17, 35, 71, and 140 grams/hectare when sprayed using a small plot sprayer at a delivery rate in the range of 90-280 liters per hectare to the foliage of cotton in which 30-85% of the bolls were open. The solutions of Compound la sprayed onto the foliage contained 1 % (v/v) of a crop oil concentrate consisting of a petroleum oil and surfactants/emulsifiers. There were four replicates for each rate of application wherein each replicate was sprayed onto two to four rows of cotton in a plot size of about 35 square meters or less. The test was conducted in a randomized complete block design. In each test of Compound la the standards butifos and thidiazuron were included either alone or in combination with each other. The rates of application for the standards varied from 840 to 1680 grams per hectare of butifos, and 56 to 224 grams per hectare of thidiazuron. Both of the standards, alone and in combination with each other, were also tested with and without the 1 % (v/v) crop oil concentrate. The cotton test plots were assessed for percent defoliation at 14 days after treatment. Table 2 below shows the results of the defoliation tests.
Table 2. Cotton Defoliant Activity of Compound la and Commercial
Standards
Rates of Application COC Defoliation in Defoliation in
(g/ha) 1% v/v)1 1995 Tests 1996 Tests
17 Compound la + 63 67
35 Compound la + 70 71
71 Compound la + 72 74
140 Compound la + 75 77
224 butifos + 65
1260 butifos - 69
1680 butifos + 81
112 thidiazuron - — 61
840 butifos + 112 thidiazuron + 74 —
840 butifos + 56 thidiazuron 77
COC is a generic crop oil concentrate consisting of 80-85% petroleum oil and 15-20 % surfactants/emulsifiers.
The butifos used was manufactured by Chemagro Corp under the tradename Def®. The thiadiazuron used was manufactured by Schering AG under the tradename Dropp®. Testing was conducted in the United States.
The results show that Compound la is highly effective as a cotton defoliant when compared to the commercial standards butifos and thidiazuron which were applied at much higher rates.
Potato Desiccation
Potato desiccation activity was determined as follows. An appropriate amount of a 240 gram per liter emulsifiable concentrate formulation of Compound la was dissolved in sufficient water to provide rates of application of about 17-20, 35-40, and 60-70 grams per hectare when sprayed using a small plot sprayer at a delivery rate of 500 liters per hectare or less to the foliage of potatoes. The test materials were applied to the potatoes at the beginning of senescence. The solutions of Compound la sprayed onto the foliage contained 1% (v/v) of a crop oil concentrate consisting of a petroleum oil and surfactants/emulsifiers. There were two to four replicates for each rate of application wherein each replicate was sprayed onto rows of potatoes in a plot size of about 35 square meters or less. The test was conducted in a randomized complete block design. In each test of
Compound la the standards diquat and glufosinate were included at rates of application of 1000 and 600 grams per hectare, respectively. The potato test plots were assessed for percent leaf and stem desiccation at about 11- 15 and 19-22 days after treatment. Table 3 below shows the results of the desiccation tests.
Table 3. Potato Desiccation Activity of Compound la and a Commercial
Standard
Rates of
Application Percent Percent
(g/ha) Leaf Desiccation Stem Desiccation
11-15 DAT2 19-22 DAT 11-15 DAT 19-22 DAT
ComDound la
17-201 88 91 78 89
35-40 90 92 81 91
60-70 92 95 85 95
1000 diquat 95 97 85 95
600 glufosinate 96 96 83 96 'All treatments with Compound A include COC (1% V/V).
2DAT is days after treatment.
Diquat used was manufactured by ICI. Glufosinate used was manufactured by Hoechst AG. These tests were conducted in the Europe in 1995 and 1996.
The results show that Compound la is highly effective as a potato vine dessicant when compared to the commercial standards diquat and glufosinate which were applied at much higher rates.
The active herbicidal compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with other defoliants or dessicants. Such defoliants or dessicants include, for example, butifos, thidiazuron, paraquat, glufosinate, and diquat.
It is apparent that various modifications may be made in the formulations and application of the compounds of the present invention without departing from the inventive concepts herein, as defined in the claims.
Claims
1. A method for defoliating a crop plant or desiccating a crop vine plant to aid in harvesting the crop which comprises the steps of applying to the plant an effective amount of a composition comprising a benzyloxyphenyluracil having the formula
where R is an alkyl group of one to six carbons, in admixture with an agriculturally suitable carrier.
2. A method of claim 1 whereby the crop is defoliated by application of the composition.
3. A method of claim 2 where the crop is cotton.
4. A method of claim 1 whereby the vine of the crop is desiccated by application of the composition.
5. A method of claim 4 where the crop is potato.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1998/014991 WO2000004774A1 (en) | 1998-07-21 | 1998-07-21 | Crop harvesting method using a benzyloxyphenyl uracil |
| AU85008/98A AU8500898A (en) | 1998-07-21 | 1998-07-21 | Crop harvesting method using a benzyloxyphenyl uracil |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1998/014991 WO2000004774A1 (en) | 1998-07-21 | 1998-07-21 | Crop harvesting method using a benzyloxyphenyl uracil |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2000004774A1 true WO2000004774A1 (en) | 2000-02-03 |
Family
ID=22267512
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1998/014991 WO2000004774A1 (en) | 1998-07-21 | 1998-07-21 | Crop harvesting method using a benzyloxyphenyl uracil |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU8500898A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000004774A1 (en) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4943309A (en) * | 1988-09-06 | 1990-07-24 | Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc. | Method of defoleating cotton plants employing 3-carbonylphenyl uracil derivatives |
| US5154755A (en) * | 1989-07-14 | 1992-10-13 | Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd. | Uracil derivatives and herbicides containing the same as active ingredient |
| US5344812A (en) * | 1992-08-26 | 1994-09-06 | Fmc Corporation | Herbicidal 2-[(4-heterocyclic-phenoxymethyl)phenoxy]-alkanoates |
-
1998
- 1998-07-21 WO PCT/US1998/014991 patent/WO2000004774A1/en active Application Filing
- 1998-07-21 AU AU85008/98A patent/AU8500898A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4943309A (en) * | 1988-09-06 | 1990-07-24 | Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc. | Method of defoleating cotton plants employing 3-carbonylphenyl uracil derivatives |
| US5154755A (en) * | 1989-07-14 | 1992-10-13 | Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd. | Uracil derivatives and herbicides containing the same as active ingredient |
| US5344812A (en) * | 1992-08-26 | 1994-09-06 | Fmc Corporation | Herbicidal 2-[(4-heterocyclic-phenoxymethyl)phenoxy]-alkanoates |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU8500898A (en) | 2000-02-14 |
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