WO1999062704A1 - Composite pipe structures having improved containment and axial strength - Google Patents
Composite pipe structures having improved containment and axial strength Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999062704A1 WO1999062704A1 PCT/US1999/009950 US9909950W WO9962704A1 WO 1999062704 A1 WO1999062704 A1 WO 1999062704A1 US 9909950 W US9909950 W US 9909950W WO 9962704 A1 WO9962704 A1 WO 9962704A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pipe
- fibers
- layer
- angle
- disposed
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 23
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920002430 Fibre-reinforced plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011151 fibre-reinforced plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 110
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009730 filament winding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229930185605 Bisphenol Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycidyl ether Chemical compound C1OC1COCC1CO1 GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyacids Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000531908 Aramides Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002732 Polyanhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003986 novolac Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012260 resinous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006305 unsaturated polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
- B32B1/08—Tubular products
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
- F16L9/12—Rigid pipes of plastics with or without reinforcement
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C53/00—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor
- B29C53/56—Winding and joining, e.g. winding spirally
- B29C53/58—Winding and joining, e.g. winding spirally helically
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2363/00—Epoxy resins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2597/00—Tubular articles, e.g. hoses, pipes
Definitions
- the invention relates to pipes and tubing having a wall structure composed of fiber reinforced polymer composite laminates.
- Fiber reinforced plastic pipe is finding increased usage as piping in chemical plants as well as casing used in the drilling of oil and gas wells and casing and tubing for the transport of crude oil and natural gas up from the well source.
- FRP pipe over carbon steel pipe in oil/gas applications includes superior corrosion resistance, flexibility in achieving mechanical property design targets and improved fatigue resistance.
- FRP pipes are also of considerably lighter weight for a given wall thickness than their steel pipe counterparts.
- FRP pipe designed for use in high pressure piping or casing such as crude oil pipelines and oil well tubing are generally prepared by impregnating a roving of filaments of a high strength material, such as continuous glass filaments, with a thermosettable resin composition, such as an epoxy resin, and winding the impregnated filaments back and forth onto a mandrel under tension to form a plurality of intermeshed filament windings.
- Filaments may be wound at an angle of 90° to the pipe axis or at angles of 0° to plus and minus about 90° (+/- 90°) with respect to the pipe axis.
- a helical filament winding pattern is formed when the winding angle is between 0° and 90° with respect to the longitudinal pipe axis.
- FRP pipes of this type and their method of production are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Patents 2,843,153 and 5,330,807, the complete disclosures of which patents are incorporated herein by reference.
- FRP pipe designed for use in onshore or offshore fossil fuel recovery must be constructed to withstand two basic forces to which it will be subjected.
- the first force is an outer radial load exerted along a vector normal to the pipe walls by fluids (oil or drilling muds) which are conveyed under moderate to high pressure through the pipe, also known as the hoop load.
- the second force is an axial tensile load exerted along vectors parallel to the pipe axis and occasioned by the fluid pressure and/or the weight of a long string of coupled pipe sections suspended in the ground at the well bore and/or between the well bore and surface platform in offshore recovery operations.
- FRP pipe having maximum hoop strength can be designed if the reinforcing fiber is wound at an angle close to 90° to the pipe axis, e.g., +/- 70° up to 90°. Conversely, maximum tensile strength is developed where the reinforcing fiber is applied at an angle close to 0° to the pipe axis, e.g. +/- 30° down to 0°.
- pipe wound at or close to 90° exhibits severe diminishment of axial tensile strength while pipe wound at or close to 0° exhibits severe diminishment of hoop strength.
- Pipe wound at intermediate pipe axis angles between +/- 30° to +/- 70° (as disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,843,153) generally compromises hoop and particularly axial strength and may be insufficiently strong for practical use in many fossil fuel recovery operations.
- One technique for attempting to maximize both hoop and axial strength is to lay down the reinforcing fiber composite as separate laminate layers one atop another, each layer having the fibers disposed at different pipe axial angles designed to maximize the hoop or axial stress bearing properties of the pipe as well as ntinimize the coefficient of expansion of the composite pipe.
- An example of such a construction containing +/- 20° to +/- 60° fiber layers alternating with 90° layers is disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,330,807.
- Other similar layered laminates are disclosed in U.S. Patents 4,728,224 and 4,385,644.
- Laminates of this type comprising a plurality, e.g., 3 to 9, separate layers are generally designed for an optimization of hoop or axial stiffness and therefore do not take advantage of the anisotropy of unidirectional fiber composites. For instance, alternating a 0 and +/- 70 degree lay-up does not take advantage of the maximum hoop strength of the +/- 70 degree layer or the maximum axial strength of the 0 degree layer.
- the axial strength of composite pipe cannot be significantly increased by increasing the wall thickness. This limits composite downhole tubing, casing, and injection tubing to wells whose depth does not exceed about 5000 ft.
- the present invention provides a fiber reinforced plastic pipe having a hollow tubular body with a wall structure formed from a plurality of layers, each layer containing fibers that may be the same for each layer or different, the fibers being fixed in a resin binder and oriented at an angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the pipe, comprising: an outer axial load-bearing layer containing a plurality of first fibers, the first fibers ranging in thickness (diameter) from about 1 to less than 14 urn and disposed at an angle ranging from 0° to about +/- 30°, and a second layer in fixed contact with the outer layer disposed radially inward of the outer layer, the second layer containing a plurality of second fibers disposed at an angle of greater than +/- 30°, the second fibers ranging in thickness (diameter) from about 1 ⁇ m to about 24 ⁇ m.
- the pipe is designed so that when male threaded joint sections are molded or cut at the outer wall surface of one or both ends of the pipe, the molded/cut threads extend into/onto the axial load bearing layer of the pipe such that this layer carries substantially all of the axial stress generated during the mechanics of fossil fuel recovery. This reduces the shear stress and axial strain mismatch between the axial load bearing layer and adjacent layer(s) which are designed to maximize the hoop strength of the pipe.
- Figure 1 is an elevation view in partial section of the composite pipe element of this invention.
- Figures 2 and 3 are schematic cross sectional views of the wall section of two different commercial composite pipes having a plurality of layers having alternating fiber orientations.
- Figure 4 is a schematic cross sectional view of the wall section of a two layer composite pipe wherein the fiber orientations in each layer are in accordance with this invention.
- Figure 1 shows an elevational view in partial section of a male threaded end section of pipe constructed in accordance with an embodiment of this invention.
- the pipe consists of an elongated hollow tubular body 1 constructed of three laminated fiber reinforced polymer layers shown at 2, 3 and 4 respectively and an optional fourth protective or wrapping layer shown at 5.
- the end section of the pipe shown at 6 comprises a male threaded tapered joint section cut or molded into outer reinforced layer 4.
- Reinforcing fibers shown forming helical patterns at 2 and 3 and a horizontal pattern at 4 are drawn to illustrate fiber winding patterns and are not drawn to scale to show fiber winding density.
- Fibers, also referred to herein as filaments may be bundled, wound, or otherwise twisted together prior to pipe fabrication.
- Layer 4 of Figure 1 is the axial load bearing layer of the pipe and is designed to bear substantially all of the axial load exerted on the pipe when a number of pipe segments are coupled to form a string and the string is disposed either horizontally (i.e., above or below ground) or vertically (i.e., under water and/or into well bores).
- Axial load is transmitted along layer 4 through female threaded connectors or couplers (not shown) which are adapted to mate with two pipe ends which are to be joined during the construction of a pipe string.
- the taper and cut of male threaded joint section 6 extends into axial load bearing layer 4, preferably to a degree short of reaching underlying layer 3.
- the fibers present in binder layer 4 range in thickness from about 1 ⁇ m to less than 14 ⁇ m and are disposed at an angle with respect to the longitudinal pipe axis designed to maximize the axial tensile load bearing properties of this layer, e.g., at an angle ranging from 0° up to +/- 30°, more preferably up to about +/- 15° and most preferably at about 0°. Fibers at 4 in Figure 1 are shown disposed at a 0° angle with respect to the pipe axis, but it is understood that this angle may vary up to and including +/- 30°. Preferred fiber thickness for this layer range from about 1 ⁇ m to about 10 ⁇ m, with 7 ⁇ m being particularly preferred.
- Layer 3 shown in Figure 1 is a hoop load bearing layer of the pipe and comprises a second layer in fixed contact with layer 4 and is disposed radially inward of layer 4.
- the reinforcing fibers present in layer 3 are disposed at an angle of greater than +/- 30° with respect to the longitudinal pipe axis, more preferably greater than +/- 40° and up to 90° with respect to the pipe axis.
- the fibers are preferably disposed at an angle of at least +/- 55°, more preferably about +/- 70°, with respect to the pipe axis.
- Layer 3's reinforcing fibers range in thickness from about 1 ⁇ m to about 24 ⁇ m, preferably from about 10 ⁇ m to about 16 ⁇ m.
- Layer 3 shown in Figure 1 may be the sole hoop load bearing layer or hoop stress may be further accommodated by one or more optional additional layers such as layer 2, which is disposed radially inward of layer 3 and in fixed contact therewith.
- Layer 2 contains reinforcing fibers disposed preferably at an angle greater than the angle of disposition of the fibers in layer 3 and up to an angle of 90° with respect to the longitudinal pipe axis. Most preferably the fibers in layer 2 are disposed at an angle of at least +/- 60° with respect to the pipe axis.
- the fibers of each hoop stress layer may be the same or different and range in thickness from about 1 ⁇ m to about 24 ⁇ m, preferably about 10 ⁇ m to about 16 ⁇ m.
- the fibers in layer 4 are disposed at an angle of about 0°
- the fibers in layer 3 are disposed at an angle of +/- 40° to +/- 60° and preferably about +/- 55°
- the fibers in layer 2 are disposed at an angle of greater than +/- 60°, preferably about +/- 70°, each with respect to the longitudinal pipe axis.
- Layer 5 shown in Figure 1 is an optional layer which may be applied as a protective layer or as a fiber reinforced winding layer to insure that the fibers in layer 4 are tightly bound in the resin binder.
- Layer 5 is not designed as an axial load bearing layer and is cut away at the pipe ends prior to fo ⁇ ning the tapered male threaded joint section 6.
- Composite laminate pipes of this invention are made by the well known wet filament winding process such as disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Patent 2,843, 153.
- a bundle of continuous reinforcing filaments is impregnated with a fluid resin material, preferably an uncured ermosetting resin, and fed under tension through a shuttle which traverses back and forth over a rotating mandrel.
- a fluid resin material preferably an uncured ermosetting resin
- the impregnated fiber bundles are built up along the mandrel in close proximity or abutting one another and form criss cross (helical) patterns as they are built up one layer atop another until the desired layer thickness is achieved.
- the angle of disposition of the fibers with respect to the mandrel longitudinal axis may be largely controlled as a function of the lateral speed of the shuttle as it traverses the mandrel.
- Axial load bearing layer 4 may also be applied using the filament winding technique except where the fibers are disposed at an angle of 0° with respect to the mandrel axis.
- the axial load bearing layer of desired thickness is applied as a resin saturated prepeg tape or sleeve which can be laid up by hand.
- the longitudinal lay down method may be used where 0° fibers are laid on the mandrel atop layer 3 while being captured by a 90° outer wrap, such as illustrated at 5 in Figure 1.
- the resinous material which serves as a binder for the reinforcing fibers is preferably a thermoset resin such as an epoxy.
- the preferred epoxy resins for carrying out the invention include bisphenol - A diglycidyl ester, bisphenol glycidyl ether, novolac resin glycidyl ether and aliphatic polyepoxide, though other suitable epoxy resins may be used.
- other suitable thermosetting polymers include phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters and polyimides. The degree of condensation of these resins is selected so that the viscosity of the resin product is adapted to the working conditions necessary for formation of the tubular body.
- thermosetting polymers are mixed with suitable hardeners, such as aromatic polyamines, polyamides, aliphatic polyamines, polyacids, polyanhydrides, dicyandiamides, primary or secondary amines, mixtures of these, or any other of the hardeners typically used as crosslinking agents for thermosetting resins.
- suitable hardeners such as aromatic polyamines, polyamides, aliphatic polyamines, polyacids, polyanhydrides, dicyandiamides, primary or secondary amines, mixtures of these, or any other of the hardeners typically used as crosslinking agents for thermosetting resins.
- the quantity of resin applied to the fibers in forming the tubular pipe body should be sufficient such that the volume fraction of fiber present in the cured product is at least about 40%, more preferably in the range of about 50 to 70%, still more preferably about 55 to 65%, with the balance being the epoxy resin composition.
- the reinforcing fibers, filaments, fiber bundles, or filament bundles may comprise continuous filaments of glass, graphite, aramide or Kevlar® fiber, or a combination thereof , which exhibit extremely high tensile strength.
- Filaments useful in axial load bearing layers range in thickness (diameter) from about 1 ⁇ m to less than 14 ⁇ m, with about 1 ⁇ m to about 10 ⁇ m being preferred, and 7 ⁇ m being particularly preferred.
- Filaments useful in hoop load bearing layers range in thickness from about 1 ⁇ m to about 24 ⁇ m, with about 10 ⁇ m to about 16 ⁇ m being preferred.
- Glass fibers are preferably coated with materials such as aminopolysiloxane, which enhances the wettability and adhesion of the fiber's surface with respect to the resin binder.
- the resin is cured by heating the structure to a temperature sufficient to cure the resin, e.g., 100° - 170°C, for a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes up to 12 hours, after which the assembly is removed from the mandrel.
- the relative thickness of the axial load bearing layer 4 should be sufficient to carry the anticipated long service axial load on the pipe, (e.g., at least 20 ksi).
- the axial load bearing layer will comprise 50% or less of the pipe wall thickness, most preferably from about 20 up to 50% of the pipe wall thickness.
- the balance of the pipe wall comprises hoop load bearing layer 3 or layers 3 and 2.
- the hoop load bearing layer(s) are capable of bearing long term hoop stress in excess of about 15 ksi and are preferably configured such that these layers are also capable of bearing a nrinimal axial stress of about 4 ksi.
- FRP pipe made in accordance with this invention may have outside diameters in the range of about 2 to 36 inches, and are normally used for oil/gas production and transmission. Pipes used for downhole applications fall into two categories: tubing, with an outside diameter of 4.5 inches (nominal) and less; and casing, with an outside diameter greater than 4.5 inches (nominal).
- FRP pipe constructed in accordance with this invention provide a built-in modality for handling the axial stress and hoop stress forces separately along the pipe wall cross section. This allows for a reduction in pipe wall thickness while at the same time achieving an increase in both hoop strength and axial strength of up to 100%.
- Figure 2 shows in cross section a commercially available tubing, 2,000 psig rated, having an outside radius of 1.37 inch and an inside radius of 0.97 inch and a wall thickness of 0.4 inch.
- the wall consists from inside to outside of five alternating layers containing +/- 70° wound fiberglass fibers surrounding four thinner alternating layers containing 0° disposed fiberglass fibers.
- Figure 4 shows a cross section of a similar pipe made in accordance with this invention, but having a wall thickness of only 0.25 inch and containing, from inside to outside a single +/- 70° would fiberglass layer having a thickness of 0.15 inch and single axial load bearing layer containing 0° disposed fiberglass fibers having a layer thickness of 0.10 inch.
- the fiber volume fraction in each case is about 60% in each layer.
- Comparative tensile and hoop stress evaluation of each pipe configuration demonstrates that the configuration in Figure 4 provides about a 60% increase in hoop strength and about a 70% increase in axial strength as compared with the commercial design of Figure 2. This means that the tubing is not only 60- 70% more cost effective but also that it can reach depths about 60-70% of greater than the 5000 foot depth achieved by current commercial tubing.
- Yet another advantage afforded by piping configured in accordance with this invention is a reduction in axial strain mismatch between the various layers because the primary layer bearing the axial stress is a single outside layer.
- Axial load is experienced as a shear load across the cross section of the pipe wall, resulting in an axial strain (deformation).
- Axial strain throughout the cross section of the pipe wall can lead to delamination and microcracking of the pipe wall over a period of time resulting in the phenomenon known as weeping and premature pipe failure.
- FIG. 2 Axial strain mismatch for two commercial multilayer pipe configurations is illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, and axial load on the pipe, applied through the pipe connections (shown schematically), is also illustrated.
- the Figures clearly demonstrate the strain on the outside layers bearing the direct tensile load and additional strain at interfaces of the various layers.
- Figure 4 demonstrates the reduction in axial strain mismatch afforded by the pipe design of this invention wherein substantially all of the axial load is supported by the 0° outside layer.
- Hoop stress and axial stress calculations were performed for composite pipes formed according to methods known in the art. The calculations are based on a fiber reinforced pipe having an outer layer formed from commercial 14 ⁇ m diameter fibers disposed at a 0° angle in a resinous binder, the fiber volume fraction in the layer being approximately 60%.
- the outer layer is in contact with an inner layer formed from the same fiber as the outer layer, the inner layer's fibers being present in a 60% volume fraction in a resinous binder and wound at +/- 70° angle.
- Such a pipe when used in long term (10-30 years) oil production service, will be exposed to average external pressures of about 2,000 psi and average tensile loads of 21,000 Lb. Accordingly, the outer layer of such a pipe must withstand hoop stresses of 2.6 ksi and average axial stresses of about 21.8 ksi. The inner layer must withstand hoop stresses of 15 ksi and average axial stresses of 4.9 ksi.
- the table shows that the long term calculated hoop strength of 2 ksi for the 0° layer is insufficient to meet the 2.6 ksi hoop strength requirement during use.
- Increasing hoop strength by increasing the fiber volume fraction is not practical because higher volume fractions result in undesirably large void content.
- increasing hoop strength by increasing the total amount of fiber, and thereby increasing the total thickness of the outer layer is not practical because the additional fiber results in higher material costs, and the additional thickness results in higher fabrication, transportation, and installation costs.
- Hoop stress and axial stress calculations were also performed for the composite pipes of this invention.
- an outer 0° fiber layer was in contact with an inner +/- 70° fiber contact, both layers having a resinous binder and a fiber binder fraction of 60%.
- the fibers of the outer fiber layer were 7 ⁇ m in diameter. Results of the strength calculations are set forth in Table 2.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99921742A EP1082209A1 (en) | 1998-06-05 | 1999-05-05 | Composite pipe structures having improved containment and axial strength |
AU38870/99A AU743991B2 (en) | 1998-06-05 | 1999-05-05 | Composite pipe structures having improved containment and axial strength |
JP2000551945A JP2003517541A (en) | 1998-06-05 | 1999-05-05 | Composite pipe structure with improved containment and axial strength |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US9283398A | 1998-06-05 | 1998-06-05 | |
US09/092,833 | 1998-06-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999062704A1 true WO1999062704A1 (en) | 1999-12-09 |
Family
ID=22235383
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1999/009950 WO1999062704A1 (en) | 1998-06-05 | 1999-05-05 | Composite pipe structures having improved containment and axial strength |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1082209A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003517541A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1304355A (en) |
AU (1) | AU743991B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999062704A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6581644B1 (en) | 1997-04-04 | 2003-06-24 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Composite pipe structure having improved containment and axial strength |
CN112833263A (en) * | 2021-02-01 | 2021-05-25 | 上海英泰塑胶股份有限公司 | Continuous fiber pre-impregnated stirrup band ring thermoplastic composite oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110123735A1 (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2011-05-26 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Cnt-infused fibers in thermoset matrices |
CA2785803A1 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-11-24 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Carbon nanotube-infused fiber materials containing parallel-aligned carbon nanotubes, methods for production thereof, and composite materials derived therefrom |
US9017854B2 (en) | 2010-08-30 | 2015-04-28 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Structural energy storage assemblies and methods for production thereof |
US8679606B2 (en) * | 2010-10-14 | 2014-03-25 | Vetco Gray Inc. | Thick walled composite tubular and method of making |
WO2017170802A1 (en) * | 2016-03-30 | 2017-10-05 | 株式会社栗本鐵工所 | Fiber reinforced resin hollow body and manufacturing method for same |
WO2020140157A1 (en) | 2019-01-04 | 2020-07-09 | Canadian Pressure Control Inc. | Pipeline-leak-containment apparatus |
CN111288291B (en) * | 2020-02-17 | 2022-05-27 | 深圳烯湾科技有限公司 | High-pressure hydrogen storage bottle |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2010446A (en) * | 1977-12-02 | 1979-06-27 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Composite Tubular Element |
EP0404670A1 (en) * | 1989-06-20 | 1990-12-27 | Institut Français du Pétrole | Method for the optimisation of multilayer pipes made of composite materials and pipes obtained by the implementation of such method |
US5330807A (en) * | 1990-03-15 | 1994-07-19 | Conoco Inc. | Composite tubing with low coefficient of expansion for use in marine production riser systems |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04122631A (en) * | 1990-09-13 | 1992-04-23 | Petoca:Kk | Carbon fiber reinforced plastic tubular material and manufacture thereof |
-
1999
- 1999-05-05 JP JP2000551945A patent/JP2003517541A/en active Pending
- 1999-05-05 AU AU38870/99A patent/AU743991B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-05-05 EP EP99921742A patent/EP1082209A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-05-05 CN CN99807064A patent/CN1304355A/en active Pending
- 1999-05-05 WO PCT/US1999/009950 patent/WO1999062704A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2010446A (en) * | 1977-12-02 | 1979-06-27 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Composite Tubular Element |
EP0404670A1 (en) * | 1989-06-20 | 1990-12-27 | Institut Français du Pétrole | Method for the optimisation of multilayer pipes made of composite materials and pipes obtained by the implementation of such method |
US5330807A (en) * | 1990-03-15 | 1994-07-19 | Conoco Inc. | Composite tubing with low coefficient of expansion for use in marine production riser systems |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6581644B1 (en) | 1997-04-04 | 2003-06-24 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Composite pipe structure having improved containment and axial strength |
CN112833263A (en) * | 2021-02-01 | 2021-05-25 | 上海英泰塑胶股份有限公司 | Continuous fiber pre-impregnated stirrup band ring thermoplastic composite oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2003517541A (en) | 2003-05-27 |
CN1304355A (en) | 2001-07-18 |
AU3887099A (en) | 1999-12-20 |
AU743991B2 (en) | 2002-02-14 |
EP1082209A1 (en) | 2001-03-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP0972154B1 (en) | Composite structures having high containment strength | |
WO1998045635A9 (en) | Composite structures having high containment strength | |
US6581644B1 (en) | Composite pipe structure having improved containment and axial strength | |
EP3721125B1 (en) | High-pressure pipe with pultruded elements and method for producing the same | |
EP0524206B1 (en) | Composite tubular member with multiple cells | |
EP0520013B1 (en) | Composite tubular member with axial fibers adjacent the side walls | |
US8678042B2 (en) | Composite spoolable tube | |
US6357485B2 (en) | Composite spoolable tube | |
US5330807A (en) | Composite tubing with low coefficient of expansion for use in marine production riser systems | |
US8001996B2 (en) | Composite pipe and a method of manufacturing a composite pipe | |
CA2334913A1 (en) | A flexible composite pipe and a method for manufacturing same | |
EP3259517B1 (en) | Subsea pipe-in-pipe structures | |
AU743991B2 (en) | Composite pipe structures having improved containment and axial strength | |
WO1998045634A1 (en) | Composite pipe structures having high containment and axial strength | |
NL2013981B1 (en) | Filament-wound liner-free pipe. | |
US11345111B2 (en) | Composite | |
GB2289107A (en) | Composite tubing with low coefficient of expansion | |
NO318444B1 (en) | Flushable composite counter body. | |
MXPA99008891A (en) | Composite structures having high containment strength | |
EP3898223B1 (en) | Composite tubular element and relevant manufacturing method |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 99807064.5 Country of ref document: CN |
|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AU CN IN JP RU |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 38870/99 Country of ref document: AU |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2000 551945 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1999921742 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1999921742 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWG | Wipo information: grant in national office |
Ref document number: 38870/99 Country of ref document: AU |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 1999921742 Country of ref document: EP |