WO1999061409A1

WO1999061409A1 - Bioreductive cytotoxic agents

Info

Publication number: WO1999061409A1
Application number: PCT/US1999/011199
Authority: WO
Inventors: Mitsunori Ono; Keizo Koya; Lijun Sun; Yumiko Wada; Wojciech Wrona; Natalie Dales; Xueliang Tao; Sylvia Holden
Original assignee: Shionogi Bioresearch Corp.
Priority date: 1998-05-22
Filing date: 1999-05-20
Publication date: 1999-12-02
Also published as: EP1080066A4; EP1080066A1; JP2002516304A; NO20005880L; HUP0102932A2; CN1302287A; AU4091399A; HRP20000794A2; BR9911066A; NO20005880D0; HUP0102932A3; PL344257A1; AU750381B2; KR20010074498A; CA2332806A1

Abstract

A compound which consists of a proactive alkylating moiety containing an electron-withdrawing group, a bioreductive moiety containing at least two double bonds, and a linker joining the proactive alkylating moiety and the bioreductive moiety.

Description

BIOREDUCTIVE CYTOTOXIC AGENTS Background of the Invention Based on the statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, approximately four million people have died from cancer since 1990, and cancer, after heart disease, is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Treatments of cancer usually include chemotherapy, radiation, hormones, immunotherapy, and surgery. Chemotherapy remains a preferred treatment, especially in cancer types that are m inoperable or metastatic forms.

Many cytotoxic agents, including antimetabolites , antibiotics, alkylating agents, and mitotic inhibitors, are now available m chemotherapy. These agents usually destroy both normal and tumor cells. It is desirable to develop an antitumor agent that preferentially destroys tumor cells over normal cells. Due to their pathological conditions, tumor cells differ from normal cells m that their surrounding blood vessels are poorly organized, resulting m inefficient delivery of oxygen to the tumor site. In other words, tumor cells are hypoxic (oxygen deficient"¹ This unique physiology opens the door to the design of cytotoxic agents that are specific for tumor cells.

Summary of the Invention An aspect of this invention relates to a cytotoxic compound which consists of three components: (1) a proactive alkylating moiety containing an electron- withdrawing group; (2) a bioreductive moiety containing at least two double bonds; and (3) a linker joining together the proactive alkylating moiety and the bioreductive moiety. A "proactive alkylating moiety" refers to a functional group which, once activated, replaces an active hydrogen atom of another compound, such as DNA, with one of its alkyl groups m a covalent manner. A "bioreductive moiety" refers to a moiety that is capable of undergoing an m vivo reduction (electron- accepting reaction), i.e., bioreduction. The double bonds of the bioreductive moiety, either by themselves, or together with that of the linker, form a conjugated system. The conjugated system allows electrons to flow from the bioreductive moiety to the electron-withdrawing group of the proactive alkylating moiety upon reduction of the bioreductive moiety. This results m breaking the bond between the electron-withdrawing group and the linker and converting the proactive alkylating moiety into an active alkylating compound. An example of the proactive alkylating moiety is an aromatic group (e.g., phenyl group or naphthyl) substituted with an electron-withdrawing group (e.g., ester, urethane, or carbonate) and a bis (haloethyl) ammo group (e.g., a bis (chloroethyl) amino group or nitrogen mustard) . The bis (haloethyl) ammo group, upon bioreduction, becomes an alkylating group. When the aromatic moiety is a phenyl, each of the two suϋstituents is preferred to be at a meta or para position with respect to each other. Each of the remaining positions of the phenyl, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl , aryl , aralkyl , heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, ammo, am oalkyl, hydroxyl , hydroxylalkyl , alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, oligoalkylene glycol, amido, ester, aralkoxycarbonylammo, ureido, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, or heteroarylthio. Among them, alkyl, alkoxy, oligoalkylene glycol, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, and ammo are preferred. It is preferable that each of these substituents is at an ortho position with respect to the bis (haloethyl) ammo group. The bioreductive moiety is converted into a second alkylating agent upon bioreduction. Some examples of the bioreductive moiety are 1 , 4-benzoqumone (i.e., qumone), nitrobenzene, or 1 , 2-dιoxocyclohex-3 , 5-dιene . When the bioreductive moiety is qumone, each of the non-oxo positions of the qumone ring, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl , aryl , aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl , ammo, ammoalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl , alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, carboxylate, acyloxyalkyl, ester, amido, amidoalkyl, sulfoamido, sulfonylammo, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroarylthio, or heteroaralkylthio . The preferred substituents are alkyl, ammo, ammoalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl , and acyloxyalkyl. If both 2-C and 3-C positions or both 5-C and 6-C positions of the qumone are substituted, the two substituents optionally together form a ring. Two fused rings can be formed with the qumone ring if all non-oxo positions of the qumone are substituted and each pair of the substituents together form a fused ring. The fused ring can be either aliphatic or aromatic. It is also optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, neteroaralkyl , ammo, ammoalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, carboxylate, acyloxyalkyl, ester, amido, amidoalkyl, sulfoamido, sulfonylammo, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroarylthio, or heteroaralkylthio. The fused ring optionally contains 1-3 heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The linker which links the proactive alkylating moiety and the bioreductive moiety together can be one of the following: a methylene group, a C₃ hydrocarbon chain containing a double bond, or a C₅ hydrocarbon chain containing two alternate double bonds. This linker is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl , or oligoalkylene glycol. If the linker contains more than two substituents, two of them can join together to form a 5-6 membered ring. The ring can be aliphatic or aromatic and is optionally substituted w th alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or oligoalkylene glycol. One to three heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, can form part of the ring.

A salt of a cytotoxic compound is also within the scope of this invention. For example, the salt can be formed between an ammo substituent of a cytotoxic compound and a negatively charged counteπon. Suitable counteπons include, but are not limited to, chloride, hydrochloπde, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, or acetate. Likewise, a negatively charged substituent, e.g., carboxylate, of a compound of this invention can also form a salt w th a cation, e.g., an alkali metal cation such as sodium ion or potassium ion; an alkaline earth metal cation such as magnesium cation or calcium cation; or an ammonium cation that can be substitued with one or more organic groups such as tetramethylammonium ion or diisopropyl-ethylammonium ion.

The term "alkyl" m this disclosure denotes a straight or branched hydrocarbon cnam containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or cyclic hydrocarbon chain containing 3 to

8 carbon atoms. The cyclic hydrocarbon chain may contain 1-3 heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur and may also contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon-carbon bond. Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert -butyl, amyl , isopentyl, hexyl , isohexyl, heptyl , octyl , cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl , isobornyl, cyclohexylmethyl , 1- or 2 -cyclohexylethyl , 1-, 2-, or 3-cyclohexylpropyl, tetrahydrofuranyl , tetrahydropyranyl , piperidmyl , morpholmo and pyrrolmdmyl groups.

By the term "alkenyl" is meant a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2 to 8 carbon atoms or cyclic hydrocarbon chain, i.e., "cycloalkenyl , " containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms, which is characterized by having one or more double bonds . The cycloalkenyl may contain 1-3 heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, i.e., "heterocycloalkenyl , " and may also contain fused rings. Typically alkenyl groups include allyl, 2- butenyl , 2 -pentenyl , 2 -hexenyl , cyclopropenyl , cyclopentenyl , cyclohexenyl , cycloheptenyl , cyclo- octenyl, and norbornylenyl .

"Aryl" is an cyclic aromatic moiety containing 3-8 carbon atoms and may also contain fused rings. Fused aryl denotes an aromatic ring that shares a common carbon-carbon bond with another cyclic moiety. This cyclic moiety can be either an aryl, a cycloalkyl, or a heterocycloalkyl . Typically aryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl , and anthracyl groups. "Heteroaryl" refers to aryl groups that contains 1-3 heteroatoms. Typically heterocyclic aromatic rings including coumar yl , pyπdyl , pyrazmyl, pyrimidyl, furyl , pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, lmidazolyl , mdolyl , benzofuranyl and benzthiazolyl . An example of the aralkyl group is 2 -phenylethy1.

The term "oligoalkylene glycol" refers to a chain of 2-5 alkoxy groups. Each of the alkoxy groups may or may not be identical. An example of an oligoalkylene glycol is ethoxymethoxy .

As used herein, substituents such as ammo, amido, ester, sulfoamido, sulfonylammo, and ureido are either unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl. Further, a divalent substituent such as amido or ester can be connected to its two neighboring moieties m either orientation. The substituents of a cyclic group, e.g., phenyl, can be attached at any available position.

Another aspect of this invention relates to a composition which contains one of the cytotoxic compounds (or its salt) described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compound is m an amount which is effective for treating tumors. Still another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating tumors, which comprises administering to a patient m need thereof an effective amount of such a cytotoxic compound or its salt . Some examples of tumors which can be treated by this method are leukemia, lung cancer, colon cancer, CNS cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. The use of such a cytotoxic compound for the manufacture of a medicament for treating the above-mentioned tumors is also withm the scope of this invention.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following αescription of the preferred embodiments, and also from the appending claims .

Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention relates to a cytotoxic compound which has (1) a proactive alkylating moiety containing an electron-withdrawing group and (2) a bioreductive moiety. Examples of the bioreductive moiety include:

Examples of the proactive alkylating moiety include

N(CH₂CH₂)CI N(CH₂CH₂)C1

Note that in both of the above examples, the ester group of the proactive alkylating moiety is the electron- withdrawing group.

As mentioned above, a cytotoxic compound disclosed in this invention is capable of converting into two alkylating agents upon bioreduction. The mechanism of this conversion can generally be divided into two stages. A cytotoxic compound containing quinone as the bioreductive moiety, methylene group as the linker, and bis (chloroethyl) -amino-phenyl ester as the proactive alkylating moiety is used as an example in the following description.

The first stage involves the reduction of the bioreductive moiety. Typically, this is achieved by cellular enzymes, e.g., cytochrome P₄₅₀ reductase. Quinone can undergo bioreduction in two one-electron steps, which produces a semiquinone radical anion in the first reduction, and a hydroquinone in the second one. The semiquinone radical anion is very reactive towards oxygen. Indeed, in normal tissues where there is an abundance of oxygen, most of the radical anions are re- oxidized back to quinone.

Semiquinone

Quinone Hydroquinone radical anion

As mentioned in the background section, a tumor site is characterized by its poorly organized vascular system, which results in a generally more hypoxic

(oxygen-deficient) environment in comparison to that of normal tissues. In other words, reduced compounds are less likely to encounter molecular oxygen and be re- oxidized. Semiquinone radical anions, therefore, have longer halflife and can be further reduced to produce hydroquinone .

In the second stage, a pair of electrons travel from the oxygen of the hydroquinone to the quinone ring (see illustration shown below, where the electron- withdrawing group is -O- (C=0) - (ester) and the linker is a -CH₂- (methylene) ) , and finally to the oxygen of the electron-withdrawing group of the proactive alkylating moiety via the linker which joins the bioreductive and the proactive alkylating moieties. This electron travelling activity thus results m cleavage of the bond between the electron-withdrawing group and the linker, thereby converting the quinone moiety into a quinone methide . Quinone methides are known alkylating agents capable of attacking nucleophiles, e.g., DNA (See Lm et al., J. Med. Chem. 1972, 15, 127; J. Med. Chem. 1973, 16, 1268; J. Med. Chem. 197, 17, 688; J. Med. Chem. 1975, 18, 917; J. Med. Chem. 1976, 19, 1336).

αumone methide

As a consequence of this bond cleavage, the electron-withdrawing group is converted into one that is much less electron-withdrawing. This conversion, m turn, increases the electron density of the bis (haloethyl) ammo group and converts the proactive alkylating moiety into an alkylating agent. Using an ester group as an example, its strong electron- withdrawing character, as indicated by the Hammet substitution constants (σ_p = 0.45 and σ_m = 0.37), keeps the bis (chloroethyl) ammo alkylating moiety in a deactivated stage. As the ester group is converted into a carboxylate, which is much less electron-withdrawing (with σ_p = 0 and σ_m = -0.1) , the electron density of the ammo nitrogen of the bis (haloethyl) ammo increases, thus resulting m a boost m its alkylating activities. A class of cytotoxic compounds of this invention represented by formula (I) below:

wherein each of A, B, C, and D, independently, is -R¹, -R-NR'R², -O-R¹, -R-OH, -C(=0)0-R , -R-O-C (=0) R¹ , -c(=0) -NR^XR², -R-NR¹-C(=0)R², -SO,-NR¹R'', -N=S0₂, -S-R¹, or -L-W-Ph-N(CH₂CH₂X) ₂ Optionally, A and B together form a 5-6 membered fused ring with the quinone ring, if none of A and B is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) , . Similarly, C and D optionally oin together to form a 5-6 membered fused ring with the quinone ring, if none of C and D is -L-W- Ph-N(CH₂CH₂X) ₂. The fused ring optionally contains 1-3 heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and can optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, -R-NR^XR², -O-R¹, -R-OH, -C(=0)0-R¹, -R-O-C (=0) R¹ ,

-C(=0) -NR^XR², -R-NR¹-C(=0)R², -S0₂-NR¹R², -N=S0₂, or -S-R¹. Each R, independently, is alkyl or deleted. Each of R¹ and R², independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl. L is - (CR³=CR⁴)_n-CR⁵R⁶-, m which each of R\ R⁴ , R⁵ , and R⁶, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or - (0-alkyl and n is 0, 1, or 2. The term "- (O-alkyl) _{λ 5} refers to an alkoxy group ("- (0-alkyl) _x " ) or an oligoalkylene glycol group

("- (O-alkyl ; ) R³ and R^ , when n is not 0, optionally form a 5- to 6 -membered ring together. The ring can be aliphatic or aromatic and can optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or - (O-alkyl) _{! 5}. 1-3 heteroatoms, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, can also form part of the ring. W is -O-C (=€»-, -0-C(=0) -NR¹-, or -0-C(=0)0-. Ph is a phenyl group, optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, -R-NR^XR², -OH, - (0- alkyl) _{! 5}, -O-aryl, -0-aralkyl, -O-heteroaryl , -0- heteroaralkyl, -R-OH, -C(=0)0-R¹, -0-C(=0)R¹, -C (=0) -NR^XR² , -NR¹-C(=0)R², -NR¹-C(=0)0-R²,

-NR¹-C(=0)NR¹R², or -S-R¹. X is a halo, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, or lodo. Note that if neither A and B, nor C and D, form a fused ring with the quinone ring, then at least one of A, B, C, or D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X)₂. Further, if none of A, B, C, and D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) __ , tnen A and B, or C and D (including A and B, as well as C and D) together form a fused ring with the quinone ring. Tne fused ring (or at least one of the two fused rings if two fused rings are present) contains a double bond between two ring atoms and is substituted with -L-W-Ph-N (CH,CH₂X) ₂ at one of the two ring atoms. This double bond, together with the double bonds of the quinone ring, form a conjugated system to allow electron to flow from one double bond to another .

Some specific examples of a ccmpound of formula (I) are shown below.

The preparation of a compound of formula (I) is generally divided into three parts: (1) the preparation of a bioreductive quinone moiety; (2) the preparation of a bis (haloethyl) ammo-phenyl moiety; and (3) coupling of the bioreductive qumone moiety and the bix (haloethyl) ammo-phenyl moiety. The general synthetic procedures of parts (l)-(3) are described below:

(1) Preparation of a quinone -ring containing bioreductive moiety: A leaving group, e.g., a halide, that is attached to the linker of a properly protected bioreductive moiety is necessary to couple to a desired bis (haloethyl) ammo- contammg phenyl moiety m part (3) The leaving group and the linker can be introduced at a non-oxo position of the qumone ring by, e.g., electrophilic substitution reaction. As illustrated m part (1) of Example 1, a hydroxymethyl group resulted at the C₂ carbon of 3,5,6- trimethyl -hydroquinone dimethyl ester as the hydroquinone reacted with paraformaldehyde . Since the reaction took place m hydrochloric acid, the hydroxylmethyl reacted further and resulted m the hydroxyl group being replaced with chloride ion. This reaction thus produced a chloromethyl-substituted quinone. The two methyl ester protecting groups were then be deprotected afterwards by hydrolysis.

(2) Preparation of a bis (haloethyl) ammo- containing phenyl moiety (chloro is the halo m the following description) :

A bis (chloroethyl) ammo phenyl moiety can be prepared from, e.g., a nitrobenzoic acid. The carboxylate can be protected m the form of an ester. Suitable substituents to the benzene ring can be coupled to or transformed at this point, e.g., see part (2) of Example 1. The nitro group can then be reduced to form an ammo group. This ammo group can then react with an ethylene oxide, forming a disubstituted hydroxyethyl ammo group. The alkylating moiety, i.e., the bis (chloroethyl) ammo moiety, is finally formed when a chlormation agent, e.g., thionyl chloride, is added to the bis (hydroxyethyl) am o-contammg intermediate. Similar to the deprotection reaction m part (1) , the ester group is being cleaved by hydrolysis. (3) Coupling reaction of the quinone rmg-contammg bioreductive moiety and the bis (chloroethyl) ammo- containing phenyl moiety:

In a typical example, a qumone rmg-contammg moiety, e.g., 2-chloromethyl-3 , 5 , 6-trιmethylbenzoqumone m Example 1, can be coupled to a bis (chloroethyl) ammo- contammg phenyl moiety, e.g., 3- [bis- (2-chloro- ethyl) ammo-4-methoxybenzoιc acid, via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The carboxylate, which acts as a nucleophile, displaces the halide ion and results m the formation of an ester linkage.

As mentioned above, a pharmaceutical composition of this invention containing a cytotoxic compound m an effective amount can be used to treat tumors. Also within the scope of this invention is a method of treating tumor by administering to a patient such a composition. An effective amount of a cytotoxic compound (or a salt of the cytotoxic compound) is defined, as the amount of the compound which, upon administration to a patient m need, confers a therapeutic effect on treated patient. The effective amount to be administered to a patient is typically based on age, surface area, weight, and conditions of the patient. The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described by Freireich et al . , Cancer Chemother. Rep. 1966, 50, 219. Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardley, New York, 1970, 537. An effective amount of a cytotoxic compound used to practice the invention can range from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg. Effective doses will also vary, as recognized by those skilled m the art, dependant on route of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatments including use of other antitumor agents and radiation therapy.

The pharmaceutical composition may be administered via the parenteral route, including orally, topically, subcutaneously, mtrapeπtoneally, intramuscularly, and intravenously. Examples of parenteral dosage forms include aqueous solutions of the active agent, m a lsotonic saline, 5% glucose or other well-known pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Solubilizmg agents such as cyclodextrms , or other solubilizmg agents well-known to those familiar with the art, can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of the therapeutic compounds. A cytotoxic compound of this invention can also be formulated into dosage forms for other routes of administration utilizing well-known methods. The pharmaceutical composition can be formulated, for example, m dosage forms for oral administration m a capsule, a gel seal or a tablet. Capsules may comprise any well-known pharmaceutically acceptable material such as gelatin or cellulose derivatives. Tablets may be formulated m accordance with the conventional procedure by compressing mixtures of the active compounds of the present invention and a solid carrier, and a lubricant. Examples of solid carriers include starch and sugar bentonite. The cytotoxic compound can also be administered m a form of a hard shell tablet or capsule containing, for example, lactose or mannitol as a binder and a conventional filler and a tabletmg agent. The antitumor activity of the compounds of this invention can be preliminarily evaluated by using a tumor growth regression assay which assesses the ability of tested compounds to inhibit the growth of established solid tumors m mice. The assay can be performed by implanting tumor cells into the fat pads of nude mice. Tumor cells are then allowed to grow to a certain size before the cytotoxic compounds are administered. The volumes of tumor are then monitored for a set number of weeks, e.g., three weeks. General health of the tested animals are also monitored during the course of the assay.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled m the art can, based on the description herein, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific examples, which described syntheses and biological testings of various compounds of the present invention, are therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure m any way whatsoever, All publications recited herein, including patents, are hereby incorporated by reference m their entirety.

Each of the examples 1-7 depicts m detail the synthesis of seven cytotoxic compounds of this invention. Each example is divided into three parts: (1) the preparation of a bioreductive quinone moiety, (2) the preparation of a bis (chloroethyl) ammo-phenyl moiety, and (3) the coupling reaction of these two moieties.

Example 1

Synthesis of Compound 1

(1) Synthesis of 2 -chloromethyl-3 , 5 , 6- tπmethylbenzoqumone Hydrogen chloride gas was introduced to the mixture of 3 , 5 , 6-trimethylhydroqumone dimethylether (1 g, 5.5 mmol) and paraformaldehyde (1 g) m acetic acid containing IN HC1 (30 mL) . Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 1 hour. The mixture was poured into 400 mL of water and then filtrated. The residue was dissolved m 100 mL of ethyl acetate and washed with saturated NaCl solution (100 mL) . The extracts was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Methyl 4-2 -chloromethyl-3 , 5 , 6- trimethylhydroqumone dimethylether was obtained as a white solid (0.8 g, 6%). ^XH NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) : 4.47 (S, 2H) , 3.79 is, 3H) , 3.66 (s, 3H) , 2.3 (s, 2H) , 2.20 (s, 3H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) . ESMS Calc. for C1₂H₁₉C10, : 230.73; Found: 231.7 (M+H) ⁺ . 0.8 g (3.5 mmol) of 2 -chloromethyl-3 , 5 , 6- tπmethyl -hydroquinone dimethylether was dissolved m 20 mL of acetonitπle . After addition of 9.6 g of ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate m 200 mL of water to the solution, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL and 50 mL) . The combined extract dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. 50 mL of water was added to the residue and then the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) . The extract was washed with saturated NaCl solution (100 mL) . The extract dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 2- chloromethyl-3 , 5 , 6- tπmethylbenzoqumone as a yellow crystal. ^XH NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 4.47 (s, 2H) , 2.16 (s, 3H) , 2.06 (s, 3H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) . ESMS: Calc. for Ci_oH_nClC 198.65; Found: 199.6 (M+H) ⁺ . (2) Synthesis of 3 -bis (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammo-4- methoxybenzoic acid

The reaction mixture of methyl 3-amιno-4- methoxybenzoate (10.94 g, 0.06 mol) and ethylene oxide (12.5 g, 0.28 mol) m acetic acid (150 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Then it was concentrated to about 80 mL on a rotary evaporator, diluted with H20 (300 mL) , extracted with dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (1:1, 6 x 300 mL) . The organic solution was concentrated to give an off-white oil (8.6 g, 54%) . ^XH NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.85 (m, 2H) , 6.94 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.84 (s, 3H) , 3.52 (m, 4H) , 3.24 (m, 4H) .

Thionyl chloride (1.2 mL) was added slowly to a benzene solution (40 mL) of methyl 3 - (2 ' -bis (hydroxy- ethyl) amino) -4-methoxybenzoate (2.80 g, 10.40 mmol) stirred at room temperature. After the addition, the reaction slurry was heated to reflux for 0.5 hour. The reaction mixture was then treated with ice/H₂0 (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) . The ethyl acetate solution was washed with sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) , dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to furnish the product as an off-white solid (2.50 g, 79%) . Η NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 : 7.76 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.69 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.85 (s, 3H) , 3.52 (s, 8H) . ESMS calcd for C₁₃H₁₇C1₂N0₃: 305.1; Found: 328.0 (M+Na)^τ.

A suspension of methyl 3 -bis (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammo- 4-methoxybenzoate (2.70 g, 8.823 mmol) m concentrated HCl (37% w/w m H₂0, 40 mL) was heated to reflux under N2 for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was treated with ιce/H₂0 (200 mL) , extracted with ethyl acetate (4 x 150 mL) . The organic solution was concentrated to give a white solid (2.05 g, 80%). ESMS calcd for C₁₂H₁₅C1₂N0₃ : 291.0; Found: 292.0 (M+H) ⁺ . (3) Coupling of intermediates from (1) and (2) An acetone solution (25 mL) of 3 -bis (2'- chloroethyl) ammo-4 -methoxyoenzoic acid (0.51 g, 1.750 mmol) and 2-chloromethyl-3 , 5 , 6-trιmethylbenzoqumone (0.56 g, 2.819 mmol) was heated to reflux for 2 hours under N₂ m the presence of potassium carbonate (2.0 g) and sodium iodide (1.2 g) . The organic layer was separated, diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) , washed with aqueous potassium carbonate (2 x 50 mL) , dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to an oil. Flash chromatography purification on silica gel furnished the product as sticky oil (0.61 g, 77%) . ^XH NMR (300 MHz, CDCl_j) : 7.70 (dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.65 (d, J=l .8 Hz, 1H) , 6.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) , 5.25 ^s, 3H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.50 (s, 8H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) , 2.06 (s, 3H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) . ESMS cacld for C₂₂H₂₅C1₂N0₅ : 453.1; Found : 454.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 2

Synthesis of Compound 2

(1) See part (1) of Example 1

(2) See part (2) of Example 1, except that the starting material is 3 -ammo-4 -methylbenzoate instead of 3 -amino-

4 -methoxybenzoate .

(3) Coupling of intermediates from (1) and (2)

3-Methyl-4-bιs (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammobenzoic acid (830 mg, 3.02 mmol) and 2 -chloromethyl-3 , 5 , 6- trimethylbenzo-qumone (500 mg, 2.51 mmol) were dissolved m acetone (20 mL) and heated to 500°C m the presence of potassium carbonate (1 g) and sodium iodide (80 mg) for 1.5 hours. The mixture was poured into 300 mL of water and extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL, 4 times) . The extract was dried over magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Qumone-mustard A was obtained as an oil (800 mg, 72%) . ^XH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI₃) : 7.75 (dd, J=2.19, 2.19 Hz, 1H) , 7.63 (m, 1H) , 6.65 (d, J=8.52, 1H) , 5.22 (s, 2H) , 3.48 ( , 8H) , 2.31 (s, 3H) , 2 . 15 ( s , 3H) 2 . 14 ( s , 3H) , 2 . 04 ( s , 3H) , ESMS Calc for C₂₂H₂₅C1₂N0₄ : 438 . 31 ; Found : 439 . 0 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 3

Synthesis of Compound 3 (1) See part (1) of Example 1.

(2) Synthesis of 4 -bis (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammo-3- octoxybenzoic acid

A slurry of methyl 3 -hydroxy-4-nιtrobenzoate (5.5 g, 0.028 mol), lodooctane (10.0 g, 0.042 mol) and potassium carbonate (20 g) m DMF (100 mL) was stirred at 100 °C for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H₂0 (500 mL) , then extracted with ether/ethyl acetate (9/1, 2 x 200 mL) . The combined organic solution was washed with H₂0 (400 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to an off-white oil (8.7 g, 100%).

A methanol solution (150 mL) of methyl 4-nιtro-3- octoxybenzoate (8.7 g, 0.028 mol) was stirred at room temperature m the presence of 10% Pd-C under H₂ atmosphere for 29 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, concentrated to give an off-white solid (7.6 g, 96%). -H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1 : 7.25 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H) , MS calcd for C₁₆H₂₅N0₃ : 279.2; Found: 279.

The reaction mixture of methyl 4-ammo-3- octoxybenzoate (3.47 g, 12.4 mmol) and ethylene oxide (4.5 g, 198 mol) m acetic acid (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. It was diluted with H₂0 (500 mL) , extracted with chloroform/methanol (95/5, 4 x 100 mL) . The organic solution was concentrated to brown oil. Flash chromatographic purification (silica gel, 5% to 10% methanol m chloroform) afforded the product as off-white oil (2.25 g, 42%). Η NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.62 (dd, J=8.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.55 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.12 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.06 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.64 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 4H) , 3.38 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 4H) , 1.86 (J=5.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.30 (m, 10H) , 0.89 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₀H₃₃NO₅ : 367.2; Found: 390.3 (M+Na) ⁺ . Thionyl chloride (1.2 mL, 16 mmol) was added slowly to a benzene solution (50 mL) of methyl 4 -bis (2'- hydroxyethyl) ammo- 3 -octoxybenzoate (2.20 g, 6.0 mol) stirred at room temperature. After the addition, the reaction was refluxed for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, treated with ιce/H₂0 (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) . The organic solution was washed with sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) , H₂0 (50 mL) , dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to furnish the product as off-white oil (2.1 g, 87%). Η NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.58 (dd, J=8.1 , 1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.51 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 6.92 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH) , 4.03 (t, J=6.6 Hz, IH) , 3.89 (s, 3H) , 3.60 (m, 8H) , 1.85 (J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.30 (m, 10H) , 0.89 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₀H₃₁Cl₂NO₃ : 403.2; Found: 404.2 (M+H) ⁺ .

A suspension of methyl 4 -bis (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammo- 3 -octoxybenzoate (1.8 g, 4.5 mmol) m concentrated HCl

(37% w/w m H20, 50 mL) was heated to reflux under N2 for 0.5 hours. The reaction mixture was treated with ιce/H₂0 (100 mL) , extracted with chloroform (3 x 50 mL) . The organic solution was concentrated to give a brown oil . Flash chromatographic purification (silica gel, 2% methanol m chloroform) gave the product as an off-white solid (1.58 g, 88%). -H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.67 (dd, J=8.1, 1.5 Hz, IH) , 7.56 (d, J=l .5 Hz, IH) , 6.93 (d, J=8.4 Hz, IH) , 4.40 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.65 (m, 8H) , 1.85 (J=7.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.35 (m, 10H) , 0.90 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₉H₂₉C1₂N0₃ : 389.2; Found: 390.2 (M+H) ⁺ . (3) Coupling of intermediates from parts (1) and (2)

Same procedure as described m part (3) of Examples 1 and 2. ^XH NMR: δ 7.76 (dd, J=8. and 1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.68 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 6.98 (d, J=8. Hz, IH) , 5.25 (s, 2H) , 3.53 (brs, 8H) , 3.6 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) , 2.02 (s, 3H) , 1.86 (J=5.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.30

(m, 10H) , 0.89 (t, J=6.9 Hz 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₉H₃₉C1₂N0₅: 552.2; Found: 553.1(M+H) ⁺ .

Example 4

Synthesis of compound 4

(1) See part (1) of Example 1.

(2) Synthesis of 2-bιs (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammo-3 , 5- dimethylbenzoic acid The reaction mixture of methyl 2-ammo-3,5- dimethylbenzoate (7.0 g, 0.039 mol) and ethylene oxide (10 g, 0.23 mol) m acetic acid (150 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 19 hours. Then it was concentrated to about 100 mL on a rotary evaporator, diluted with H₂0 (300 mL) , extracted with chloroform (5 x 200 mL) . The organic solution was concentrated to give an off-white oil (10.0 g, 96%). Η NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.31 (br s, IH) , 7.16 (br s, IH) , 3.91 (s, 3H) , 3.73 (m, 2H) , 3.63 (m, 2H) , 3.26 (br m, 4H) , 2.32 (s, 3H) , 2.30 (s, 3H) . Thionyl chloride (12 mL, 0.16 mol) was added slowly to a benzene solution (200 L) of methyl 2 -bis (2'- hydroxyethyl) ammo-3 , 5-dιmethylbenzoate (7.0 g, 0.026 mol) stirred at room temperature. After the addition, the reaction slurry was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was then treated with ιce/H₂0 (500 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 300 mL) . The ethyl acetate solution was washed with H₂0 (300 mL) , sodium bicarbonate (200 mL) , dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to furnish the product as a clear oil (5.6 g, 71%). Η NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.31 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.17 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 3.88 (s, 3H) , 3.53 (m, 4H) , 3.37 (br m, 4H) , 2.35 (s, 3H) , 2.30 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₁₄H₁₉C1₂N0₂ : 303.1; Found: 304.1 (M+H) ⁺ . A suspension of methyl 2 -bis (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammo- 3 , 5-dιmethylbenzoate (5.6 g, 0.018 mol) m concentrated HCl (37% w/w H₂0, 150 mL) was heated to reflux under N₂ for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was treated with ιce/H₂0 (200 mL) , extracted with chloroform (3 x 150 mL) . The organic solution was concentrated to give a white solid (5.1 g, 96%). ^XH NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.01 (d, J=1.5 Hz, IH) , 7.23 (dd, J=1.5, 0.6 Hz, IH) , 3.6 (m, 8H) , 2.43 (s, 3H) , 2.35 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₁₃H₁₇C1₂N0₂ : 289.1.

Part (3) Coupling of intermediates from parts (1) and (2)

An acetone solution (15 mL) of 2 -bis (2'- chloroethyl) ammo-3 , 5-dιmethylbenzoιc acid (0.45 g, 1.551 mmol) and was heated to reflux under N₂ m the presence of potassium carbonate (1.5 g) and sodium iodide (1.0 g) . To it was added slowly an acetone (5 mL) solution of 2- chloromethyl-3 , 5 , 6-trιmethylbenzoqumone (0.45 g, 2.413 mmol) . After refluxmg for 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H₂0 (50 mL) , extracted with ethyl acetate (50 L) . The organic layer was washed with H₂0 (50 mL) , dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to an oil. Flash chromatography purification on silica gel furnished the product as sticky oil (0.52 g, 76%). Η NMR (300 MHz,

CDC1₃) : 7.25 (d, J=2.1Hz, IH) , 7.17 (d, J=2.1Hz, IH) , 5.24 (s, 2H) , 3.49 (m, 4H) , 3.38 (br m, 4H) , 2.33 (s, 3H) , 2.28 (s, 3H) , 2.20 (s, 3H) , 2.07 (s, 3H) , 2.06 (s, H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₃H₂₇C1₂N0₄ : 451.1; Found: 452.2 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 5

Synthesis of compound 5

(1) See part (1) of Example 1, using 2- (2-acetoxyethyl) - benzoqumone as the starting material. (2) See part (2) of Example 1, using 4-nιtrobenzoιc acid as the starting material.

(3) A dioxane (6 L) solution of 2 -chloromethyl-5- (2 ' - acetoxyethyl ) benzoqumone (110 mg, 0.453 mmol) and 4- bis (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammobenzoic acid (80 mg, 0.305 mmol) was stirred m the presence of potassium carbonate at room temperature for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with hexanes (15 mL) , filtered through a pad of celite. The organic phase was concentrated to an oil. Flash chromatographic purification on silica gel furnished the product as a yellow solid (18 mg, 12%) . ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.97 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H) , 6.80 (m, 4H) , 5.20 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H) , 4.26 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H) , 3.83 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 4H) , 3.68 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.76 (dt, J=6.0, 1.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.03 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₂H₂₃C1₂N0₆: 467.1; Found: 490.0 (M+Na) ⁺ .

Example 6

Synthesis of compound 6

(1) See part (1) of Example 1 for an analogous procedure for the synthesis of 2 , 3 -dimethylbenzoqumone .

(2) See part (2) of Example 1.

(3) 3-Bιs (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammo-4 -methoxybenzoic acid (180 mg, 0.618 mmol) was dissolved m acetone (10 mL) and heated to reflux m the presence of potassium carbonate (0.58 g) . To it was added dropwise an acetone solution (5 mL) of 2 , 3-bιschloromethyl- 5, 6 -dimethylbenzoqumone (75 mg, 0.323 mmol) . The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate (15 mL) , washed with aqueous potassium carbonate (2 x 50 mL) , dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to an oil. Flash chromatography purification on silica gel furnished the product as sticky oil (85 mg, 37%) . *H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.59 (m, 4H) , 6.75 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H) , 5.39 (s, 4H) , 3 . 86 ( s , 6H) , 3 . 48 (m, 16H) , 2 . 08 ( s , 6H) . ESMS calcd for C₃₄H₃₈C1₄N₂0₈ : 742 . 1 ; Found : 789 . 1 (M+2Na-H) ⁺ .

Example 7

Synthesis of compound 7 (1) See part (1) of Example 1.

(2) Synthesis of methyl 4-bιs (2 ' -chloroethyl) ammo-3- (2 ' - (2 ' ' -methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) benzoic acid

A slurry of methyl 3 -hydroxy-4-nιtrobenzoate (5.5 g, 0.028 mol), l-Bromo-2- (2 -methoxyethyoxy) ethane (10.0 g, 0.055 mol) and potassium carbonate (20 g) DMF (100 mL) was stirred at 90-100°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H₂0 (400 mL) . The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with H₂0 (100 mL) , and dried to give the product as a white solid (6.2 g, 74%) . Η NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.82 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH) , 7.78 (d, J=1.2 Hz, IH) , 7.69 (dd, J=8.1, 1.2 Hz, IH) , 4.33 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.95 (s, 3H) , 3.92 (t, d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.73 (m, 2H) , 3.55 (m, 2H) , 3.38 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₁₃H₁₇N0₇ : 299.1; Found: 300.1 (M+H)⁺.

A methanol solution (200 mL) of methyl 3-(2'-(2''- methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) -4 -nitrobenzoate (6.0 g, 0.020 mol) was stirred at room temperature m the presence of 10% Pd-C and acetic acid (10 mL) under H₂ atmosphere for 20 n. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, concentrated to give an off-white solid (5.0 g, 93%) . ^XH NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃): 7.55 (d, J=8.7 , 2.4 Hz, IH) , 7.47 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 6.67 (d, J=8.7 Hz, IH) , 4.22 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.87 (m, 2H) , 3.85 (s, 3H) , 3.70 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.58 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.39 (s, 3H) . MS calcd for C₁₃H₁₉N0₅: 269.1; Found: 270.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

The reaction mixture methyl 4 -ammo-3 - (2 ' - (2 ' ' - methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) benzoate (5.0 g, 18.6 mmol) and ethylene oxide (8.8 g, 200 mol) m acetic acid (150 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. It was diluted with H₂0 (300 mL) , extracted with chloroform/methanol (95/5, 4 x 200 mL) . The organic solution was concentrated to off-white oil (6.1 g, 92%). ^LH NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃): 7.62 (dd, J=8.1, 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.52 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.05 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH) , 4.22 (m, 4H) , 3.89 (s, 3H) , 3.9-3.8 (m, 4H) , 3.68 (m, 6H) , 3.58 (m, 2H) , 3.38 (m, 2H) , 3.37 (s, IH) . ESMS calcd for C₁₇H₂₇N0₇: 357.2; Found: 358.3 (M+H) ⁺ . Thionyl chloride (5.1 mL, 68 mmol) was added slowly to a benzene solution (100 mL) of methyl 4-bis(2'- hydroxythyl ) ammo-3-(2'-(2''- methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) benzoate (5.0 g, 13.3 mol) stirred at room temperature. After the addition, the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was treated with ιce/H₂0 (500 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 300 mL) . The combined ethyl acetate solution was washed with sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) , H₂0 (50 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to furnish the product as off-white oil (3.9 g, 74%). ^lE NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) : 7.58 (dd, J=8.7 , 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.49 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 6.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH) , 4.18 (m, 2H) , 3.87 (m, 2H) , 3.86 (s, 3H) , 3.69 (m, 2H) , 3.63 (m, 8H) , 3.56 ( , 2H) , 3.37 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₁₇H₂₅C1₂N0₅: 393.1; Found: 394.2 (M+H) ⁺ .

A suspension of Synthesis of methyl 4-bιs(2'- chloroethyl) amino-3- (2 ' - (2' ' - methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) benzoate (3.0 g, 7.64 mmol) in concentrated HCl (37% w/w m H₂0, 50 mL) was heated to reflux under N₂ for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was treated with ice/H₂0 (100 mL) , extracted with chloroform (2 x 100 mL) . The organic solution was concentrated to give a white solid (2.8 g, 97%) . ^XH NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃) : 7.68 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.55 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 6.92 (d, J=8.7 Hz, IH) , 4.22 (m, IH) , 3.89 (m, 2H) , 3.67 (m, 10H) , 3.62 (m, 2H) , 3.39 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₁₆H₂₃C1₂N0₅ : 379.1; Found: 408.2 (M-H) ⁺ . (3) Coupling of intermediates from parts (1) and (2) The same procedure as describedin part (3) in Example 1 is used. ^XH NMR: δ 7.58 (dd, .7=8.7, 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.9 (d, v7=2.1 Hz, IH) , 6.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH) , 5.26 (s, 2H) , .18 (m, 2H) , 3.87 (m, 2H) , 3.69 (m, 2H) , 3.63 (m, 8H) , 3.56 (m, 2H) , 3.37 (s, 3H) , 2.12 (s, 3H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) , 2.02 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C_2SH₃₃C1₂N0₇ : 52.2; Found: 53.1 (M+H)⁺.

The following compounds were synthesized following procedures analogous to those example as described above.

Example 8

Synthesis of compound 8 ^XH NMR:δ 7.59 (dd, J=8. , 2.1 Hz , IH) , 7.1 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 6.88 (d, J=8. Hz, IH) , 5.23 (s, 3H) , 3.87 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.63 (q, J=7.2 Hz, H) , 3.65 (s, 8H) , 1.30 (m, IH) , 1.10 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H) , 0.68 (m, 2H) , 0.38 ( , 2H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₈H_3SC1₂N₂0₅ : 551.2; Found: 552.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 9

Synthesis of compound 9

^XH NMR: δ 7.58 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.49 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 6.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH) , 5.06 (q, J=7 Hz, IH) , 3.92 (t, 7 Hz, IH) , 3.63 (m, 8H) , 3.56 (m, 2H) , 2.12 (s, 2H) , 2.05 (s, 2H) , 2.02 (s, 3H) , 1.80 (m, 2H) , 1.45 (s, 2H) , 1.00 (d, J=7 Hz, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₆H₃₃C1₂N0₅ : 510.1; Found: 511.2 (M+H)⁺. Example 10

Synthesis of compound 10 ^λϊϊ NMR: δ 7.62 (dd, J=8. , 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.5 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 37.30 (d, J=Hz, IH) , 6.85 (d, J=8. Hz, IH) , 6.0 (d, J=Hz, IH) , 625 (d, J=Hz , IH) , 5.23 (s, 2H) , .50 (s, 2H) , 3.85 (s, 6H) , 3.65 (s, 8H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) , 2.00 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₇H₃₀Cl₂N₂O₆ : 59, 2; Found: 550.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 11

Synthesis of compound 11 R NMR: δ 7.58 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.9 (d, J=2.1 Hz,

IH) , 6.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH) , 5.26 (s, 2H) , .18 (m, 2H) ,

3.92 (s, 3H) , 3.87 (m, 2H) , 3.69 (m, 2H) , 3.63 (m, 8H) ,

3.56 (m, 2H) , 3.37 (s, 3H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) , 2.02 (s, 3H) . ESMS calc for C₂₆H₃₃C1₂N0₈ : 558:2; Found: 559.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 12

Synthesis of compound 12 ^lU NMR: δ 7.52 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.7 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.7 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 6.86 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH) , 5.25 (s, 2H) , 3.98 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H) , 3.60 (m, 8H) , 2.82 (m, IH) , 2.25-2.1 (m, 2H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) , 2.0-1.7 (m, H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₆H₃₃C1₂N0₈ : 558.2; Found; 559.1 (M+H)⁺. Example 13 Synthesis of compound 13 ^XH NMR: δ 7.59 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1 Hz, IH) , 7.1 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH) , 6.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H)5.23 (s, 3H) , 3.87 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.63 (q, J=7.2 Hz, H) , 3.65 (s, 8H) , 2.15 (s, 3H) , 2.08 (s, 3H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) , 1.30 (m, IH) , 1.10 (t, J=7.2 Hz 6H) , 0.68 (m, 2H) , 0.38 (m, 2H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₈H₃₆C1₂N₂0₅: 551.2; Found: 552.1 (M+H) ⁺ . Example 14

Synthesis of compound 14

Η NMR: δ 7.4 (dd, J=8.7 , 1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.0 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 6.75 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H)5.38 (s, 2H) , 3.96 (t, J=6.6Hz, 2H) , 3.56 (m, 8H) , 2.08 (s, 3H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) , 1.80 (m, 2H) , 1.8 (m, 2H) , 0.99 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₅H₂₉CL₂N₃0₅ : 522.2; Found: 523.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 15

Synthesis of compound 15 ^XH NMR: δ 7.4 (dd, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.0 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 6.75 (d, J=8.7 Hz, IH) , 5.38 (s, 2H) , .67 (m, 2H) , 3.96 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.91 (s, 3H) , 3.56 (m, 8H) , 2.23 (s, 3H) , 2.08 (s, 3H) , 1.80 ( , 2H) , 1.8 ( , 2H) , 0.99 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) , ESMS calcd for C₂₈H₃CL₂N₂0₆ : 565.2; Found: 566.1 (M+H)⁺.

Example 16

Synthesis of compound 16 ^λE NMR: δ 7.4 (dd, J=2.19, 2.19 Hz, IH) , 7.63 (m, IH) , 6.65 (d, J=8.52, IH) , 5.22 (s, 2H) , 3.8 (m, 8H) , 2.31 (s, 3H) , 2.15 (s, 3H)2. (s, 3H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) . ESMS Calc for C₂₂H_2SCL₂NO: 38.31. ; Found: 39.0 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 17

Synthesis of compound 17

^XH NMR: δ 7.76 (dd, J=8. and 1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.68 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 6.98 (d, J=8. Hz, IH) , 5.30 (s, 2H) , 3.53 (brs, 8H) , 2.35 (s, 3H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) , 2.02 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₂H₂₅Cl₂NO: 22.1; Found: 823.1 (M+H) ⁺ . Example 18

Synthesis of compound 18

^XH NMR: δ 7.70 (dd, J=8. , 1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.65 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 6.86 (d, J=8 Hz, IH) , 5.25 (s, 3H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.50 (s, 8H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) , 2.06 (s, 3H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₂₂H₂₅C; ₂N0₅ : 53.1; Found: 5.1 (M+H)+.

Example 19

Synthesis of compound 19 ^τE NMR: δ 7.76 (dd, J=8. and 1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.68 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 6.98 (d, J=8. Hz, IH) , 5.22 (s, 2H) , 3.68-3.80 (brm, H) , 3.53 (br s, 8H) , 3.6 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H) , 2.58- 2.6 (bm, H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) , 2.02 (s, 3H) , 1.86 ( J=5.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.30 ( , 10H) , 0.89 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H) . ESMS calcd for C₃₁HC1₂N₂0₆: 611.2; Found: 612.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 20

Synthesis of compound 20

^XH NMR: δ 7.4 (dd, J=2.19, 2.19 Hz, IH) , 7.63 (m, IH) , 6.65 (d, J=8.52, IH) , 5.22 (s, 2H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.8 (m, 8H) , 2.0 (t, J=7 Hz) , 2.15 (s, 3H) , 2.0 (s.3H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) , 1.65 (m, 2H) , 1.3 (m, 2H) , 0.92 (t, J=8 Hz) . ESS Calc for C₂₆H₃₂C1₂N₂0₆ : 539.2; Found: 50.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 21

Synthesis of compound 21

^XH NMR: δ 7.4 (dd, J=2.19, 2.19 Hz, IH) , 7.63 ( , IH) , 7.20 (m, 5H) , 6.65 (d, J=8.52, IH) , 5.22 (s, 2H) , 5.18 (s, 2H) , 3.80 (s, 6H) , 3.8 (m, 8H) , 2.15 (s, 3H) , 2. (s, 3H) , 2.0 (s, 3H) . ESMS Calc for C₃₀H₃₃Cl₂N₃O₆ : 602.2; Found: 603.1 (M+H)⁺. Example 22

Synthesis of compound 22

Η NMR: δ 8.20 (d, J=7.0 Hz, IH) , 8.11 (d, J=7.0 Hz, IH) , 7.70 (dd, J=8., 1.8 Hz) , 7.65 (d, J=l .8 Hz, IH) , 7.53 (m, 2H) , 6.86 (d, J=8. Hz, IH) , 5.25 (s, 3H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.50 (s, 8H) , 2.18 (s, 3H) . ESMS cacld for C₂H₂₃C1₂N0₅: 76.1; Found: 77.0 (M+H)⁺.

Example 23

Synthesis of compound 23 ^XH NMR: δ 7.76 (dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.55 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH) , 7.02 (s, IH) , 6.86 (d, J=8. Hz, IH) , 5.23 (s, 2H) , 3.90 (s, 3H) , 3.50 (s, 8H) , 2.26 (s, 3H) , 2.03 (s, 3H) . ESMS cacld for C₂₃H₂₃C1₂N0₆ : 80.1; Found: 81.2 (M+H)⁺.

Example 24 Synthesis of compound 24

^XH NMR: δ 7.4 (dd, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.0 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H) , 6.75 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H) , 5.38 (s, H) , 3.96 (t, J=6.6 Hz, H) , 3.56 (m, 16H) , 1.80 (sexet, J=7.5 Hz, H) , 1.8 (sexet, J=7.5 Hz, H) , 0.99 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H) . ESMS calcd for C₀H₅₀ClN₂O₈: 826.2; Found: 827.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 25

Synthesis of compound 25

Η NMR δ 7.80 (dd, J=2.19 and 2.19 Hz, IH) , 7.53 (m, IH) , 6.6 (d, J=8.52, IH) , 5.22 (s, 2H) , 3.80 (s, 3H) , 3.8 (m, 8H) , 2.3 (s, 3H) , 2.31 (s, 3H) , 2.15 (s, 3H) , 2. (s, 3H) . ESMS Calc for C₂H₂₈C1₂N₂0: 08.2; Found: 09.1 (M+H) ⁺ . Example 26 Biological testings

Human mammary carcinoma (MDA-35) tumor cells, which were adapted to grow as solid tumors m nude mice, were implanted by injection of a tumor cell suspension (3-5 x 10⁶ cells) m media into the fat pads of female nude mice (Taconic Labs) . Five mice per group were used. When tumors were palpable, two to three weeks after implantation, animals were injected with the cytotoxic compounds of this invention intravenously on a three times per week schedule at the MTD. Tumor volumes were measured with calipers weekly during and for two weeks after dosing was suspended. The volume of tumors, assumed to be hemi -ellipsoid m shape, was calculated using the equation:

Volume = 1/2 (L/2 x W/2 x H) /3 π

where L = length, W = width and H = height of the tumor.

Animals were weighed and general health was monitored during the course of the assay. When tumors reached approximately 15 mm m diameter (about 800 mm³) or necrotic or animals became moribund, the animals were euthanized by C0₂ asphyxiation.

The volumes of tumors m the animals which were treated with various cytotoxic compounds of this invention were calculated and compared to those obtained from the animals which were treated with chlorumbucil (an aromatic nitrogen mustard-contammg anticancer drug) and also with those obtained from the untreated animals.

Tested cytotoxic compounds of this invention demonstrated unexpectedly high efficacy inhibiting tumor growth. Other Embodiments From the above description, one skilled m the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. For example, linkers that contain heteroatoms, e.g., -CH=N-CH₂- or -N=N-CH₂-, although not described above, can also function as a part of the conjugated system of a cytotoxic compound of this invention. Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims .

What is claimed is:

Claims

CLAIMS: - 35 -

1. A compound consisting of a proactive alkylating moiety containing an electron-withdrawing group, a bioreductive moiety containing at least two double bonds, and a linker joining the proactive alkylating moiety and the bioreductive moiety, wherein the linker is a methylene group, a C₃ hydrocarbon chain containing a double bond, or a C₅ hydrocarbon chain containing two alternate double bonds; the double bonds of the bioreductive moiety, either by themselves when the linker is a methylene group, or together with the double bond of the C₃ linker or the double bonds of the C₅ linker, form a conjugated system, which allows electrons to flow from the bioreductive moiety to the electron- withdrawing group of the proactive alkylating moiety upon reduction of the bioreductive moiety, thereby breaking the bond between the electron-withdrawing group and the linker and converting the proactive alkylating moiety into an active alkylating compound; or a salt thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the proactive alkylating moiety is an aryl substituted with an ester, an urethane, or a carbonate, and with a bis (haloethyl) ammo group; and each of the remaining positions of the aryl, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, ammo, ammoalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, oligoalkylene glycol, aryloxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, ester, amido, aralkoxycarbonylammo, ureido, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroarylthio, or heteroaralkylthio; or a salt thereof.

3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the bioreductive moiety is converted into an alkylating compound upon reduction; or a salt thereof.

4. The compound of claim 3, wherein the bioreductive moiety is a quinone, each of the non-oxo positions of the quinone, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, ammo, ammoalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, carboxylate, acyloxyalkyl, ester, acyloxyalkyl, amido, amidoalkyl, sulfoamido, sulfonylammo, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroarylthio, or heteroaralkylthio; and if both 2-C and 3-C positions or both 5-C and 6-C positions are substituted, the two substituents optionally oin together to form an optionally substituted ring; or a salt thereof.

5. The compound of claim 4, wherein each of the non-oxo positions of the quinone, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, ammo, ammoalkyl, alkoxy, acyloxyalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl; or a salt thereof .

6. The compound of claim 5, wherein the proactive alkylating moiety is a phenyl substituted with an ester group and a bis (chloroethyl) ammo group which are at a meta or para position with respect to each other; and each of the remaining positions of the phenyl, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, oligoalkylene glycol, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, or ammo; or a salt thereof.

7. The compound of claim 6, wherein the phenyl is substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, or oligoalkylene glycol, at a position ortho to the bis (chloroethyl) ammo group; or a salt thereof .

8. The compound of claim 4, wherein both 2-C and 3-C positions or both 5-C and 6-C positions are substituted, and the two substituents join together to form an optionally substituted ring; or a salt thereof.

9. The compound of claim 8, wherein the proactive alkylating moiety is a phenyl substituted with an ester group and a bis (chloroethyl) ammo group which are at a meta or para position with respect to each other; and each of the remaining positions of the phenyl, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, oligoalkylene glycol, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, or ammo; or a salt thereof.

10. The compound of claim 9, wherein the phenyl is substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, or oligoalkylene glycol, at a position ortho to the bis (chloroethyl) ammo group; or a salt thereof.

11. The compound of claim 4, wherein the proactive alkylating moiety is a phenyl substituted with an ester, an urethane, or a carbonate and a bis (haloethyl) ammo group; and each of the remaining positions of the phenyl, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, ammo, ammoalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, oligoalkylene glycol, aryloxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, ester, amido, aralkoxycarbonylammo, ureido, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroarylthio, or heteroaralkylthio; or a salt thereof.

12. The compound of claim 11, wherein the bis (haloethyl) ammo group is a bis (chloroethyl) ammo group; or a salt thereof.

13. The compound of claim 12, wherein the phenyl is substituted with an ester; or a salt thereof.

14. The compound of claim 13 , wherein the ester is at a para or meta position with respect to the bis (chloroethyl; ammo group; or a salt thereof.

15. The compound of claim 14, wherein the phenyl is substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, or oligoalkylene glycol at a position ortho to the bis (chloroethyl) ammo group; or a salt thereof.

16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the proactive alkylating moiety is a phenyl substituted with an ester, an urethane, or a carbonate and a bis (haloethyl) ammo group; and each of the remaining positions of the phenyl, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, ammo, ammoalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, oligoalkylene glycol, aryloxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, ester, amido, aralkoxycarbonylammo, ureido, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroarylthio, or heteroaralkylthio; or a salt thereof.

17. The compound of claim 16, wherein the phenyl is substituted with an ester and a bis (chloroethyl) ammo group; and the ester is at a para or meta position with respect to the bis (chloroethyl) ammo group; or a salt thereof .

18. The compound of claim 17, wherein the phenyl is substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, or oligoalkylene glycol at a position ortho to the bis (chloroethyl) amino group; or a salt thereof.

19. The compound of claim 18, wherein the bioreductive moiety is a quinone, each of the non-oxo positions of the quinone, independently, is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, amino, ammoalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, carboxylate, acyloxyalkyl, ester, acyloxyalkyl, amido, amidoalkyl, sulfoamido, sulfonylamino, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroarylthio, or heteroaralkylthio; and if both 2-C and 3-C positions or both 5-C and 6-C positions are substituted, the two substituents optionally join together to form an optionally substituted ring; or a salt thereof.

20. The compound of claim 19, wherein each of the non-oxo positions of the quinone is, independently, optionally substituted with alkyl, ammo, ammoalkyl, alkoxy, acyloxyalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl; or a salt thereof .

21. The compound of claim 19, wherein both 2-C and 3-C positions or both 5-C and 6-C positions are substituted and the two substituents join together to form an optionally substituted ring; or a salt thereof.

22. A quinone derivative of the following formula:

wherein each of A, B, C, and D, independently, is -R¹, -R-NR'R², -O-R¹, -R-OH, -C(=0)0-R¹, -R-O-C (=0) R¹, -C(=0) -NR^², -R-NR¹-C(=0)R², -S0₂-NR^xR², -N=S0₂, -S-R¹, or -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ ; and optionally, A and B together, form a 5-6 membered fused ring with the quinone ring, if none of A and B is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) and C and D together, form a 5-6 membered fused ring with the quinone ring, if none of C and D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ ; m which each R, independently, is alkyl or deleted; each of R¹ and R², independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; L is -(CR³=CR)_n- CR⁵R⁶-, where each of R³ , R⁴ , R⁵, and R⁶, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or - (0-alkyl) _{x 5}; and n is 0, 1, or 2; W is -0-C(=0)-, -0-C(=0) -NR¹-, or

-0-C(=0)0-; Ph is a phenyl group, optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, -R-NR^XR², -OH, - (0-alkyl) _{x 5}, -0-aryl, -0-aralkyl, -O-heteroaryl , -O-heteroaralkyl , -R-OH, -C(=0)0-R\ -0-C(=0)R¹, -C(=0) -NR'R², -NR^X-C (=0) R² , -NR¹-C(=0)0-R², -NR¹-C(=0) -NR^-R², or -S-R¹; and X is a halo; provided that if neither A and B, nor C and D, form a fused ring with the quinone ring, then at least one of A, B, C, or D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂; and further provided that if none of A, B, C, and D is -L-W-Ph- N(CH₂CH₂X)₂, then A and B, or C and D, form a fused ring with the quinone ring wherein the fused ring contains a double bond between two ring atoms and is substituted with -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ at one of the two ring atoms and said double bond, together with the double bonds of the quinone ring, form a conjugated system; or a salt thereof .

23. The quinone derivative of claim 22, wherein each of A, B, C, and D, independently, is -R¹, -R-NR^XR², -O-R¹, -R-O-C (=0)R¹, or -R-OH; or a salt thereof.

24. The quinone derivative of claim 23, wherein W is -0-C(=0)-, X is chloro, and n is 0; or a salt thereof.

25. The quinone derivative of claim 24, wherein W and -N(CH₂CH₂X)₂ are at a para or meta position with respect to each other; or a salt thereof.

26. The quinone derivative of claim 25, wherein Ph is substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, -(O-alkyl)^, -O-aryl, -0- aralkyl , -O-heteroaryl , or -O-heteroaralkyl at a position ortho to -N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂; or a salt thereof.

27. The quinone derivative of claim 22, wherein at least one of A, B, C, and D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ ; or a salt thereof.

28. The quinone derivative of claim 27, wherein neither A and B, nor C and D, form a fused ring with the quinone ring, and only one of A, B, C, and D is -L-W-Ph- (CH₂CH₂X) ₂; or a salt thereof.

29. The quinone derivative of claim 28, wherein W is -0-C(=0)-, X is chloro, n is 0, W and -N(CH₂CH₂X)₂ are at a para or meta position with respect to each other, and Ph is substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, - (O-alkyl) _{╬╗ 5}, -O-aryl, -O- aralkyl, -O-heteroaryl , or -O-heteroaralkyl at a position ortho to -N(CH₂CH₂X) ₂; or a salt thereof.

30. The quinone derivative of claim 22, wherein A and B or C and D form a fused ring with the quinone ring; or a salt thereof.

31. The quinone derivative of claim 30, wherein W is -0-C(=0)-, X is chloro, and n is 0; or a salt thereof.

32. The quinone derivative of claim 31, wherein W and -N(CH₂CH₂X)₂ are at a para or meta position with respect to each other; or a salt thereof.

33. The quinone derivative of claim 32, wherein Ph is substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, -(O-alkyl) ₅, -O-aryl, -O-aralkyl, -O-heteroaryl, or -O-heteroaralkyl at a position ortho to -N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ ; or a salt thereof.

34. The quinone derivative of claim 30, wherein none of A, B, C, and D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ ; or a salt thereof .

35. The qumone derivative of claim 34, wherein W is -0-C(=0)-, X is chloro, n is 0, W and -N(CH₂CH₂X)₂ are at a para or meta position with respect to each other, and Ph is substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, - (O-alkyl) Γûá_ ₅, -O-aryl, -O-aralkyl, -O-heteroaralkyl, or -O-heteroaryl at a position ortho to -N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ ; or a salt thereof.

36. The quinone derivative of claim 2, wherein W is -0-C(=0)-, X is chloro, and n is 0; or a salt thereof.

37. The quinone derivative of claim 36, wherein W and -N(CH₂CH₂X)₂ are at a para or meta position with respect to each other; or a salt thereof.

38. The quinone derivative of claim 37, wherein Ph is substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, - (O-alkyl) __ ₅, -O-aryl, -O-aralkyl, -O-heteroaryl, or -O-heteroaralkyl at a position ortho to -N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ ; or a salt thereof.

39. The quinone derivative of claim 38, wherein each of A, B, C, and D, independently, is -R¹, -R-NR^², -O-R¹, -R-O-C (=0)R\ or -R-OH; or a salt thereof.

40. The quinone derivative of claim 39, wherein at least one of A, B, C, and D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂ ; or a salt thereof .

41. The quinone derivative of claim 40, wherein neither A and B, nor C and D, form a fused ring with the quinone ring, and only one of A, B, C, or D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂,^ΓÇó or a salt thereof.

42. The quinone derivative of claim 38, wherein A and B or C and D form a fused ring with the quinone ring; or a salt thereof.

43. The quinone derivative of claim 42, wherein none of A, B, C, and D is -L-W-Ph-N (CH₂CH₂X) ₂; or a salt thereof.

44. The quinone derivative of claim 22 of the following structure:

45. The quinone derivative of claim 22 of the following structure:

23