WO1999058623A1

WO1999058623A1 - Dust control composition and method

Info

Publication number: WO1999058623A1
Application number: PCT/US1999/010515
Authority: WO
Inventors: George A. Janke
Original assignee: Ice Ban Usa, Inc.
Priority date: 1998-05-12
Filing date: 1999-05-11
Publication date: 1999-11-18
Also published as: AU3901399A

Abstract

A dust control composition comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles. In another embodiment, a dust control composition comprising an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, and whey. In yet another embodiment, a method for controlling dust on a surface comprising applying to said surface an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles. In yet another embodiment, a method of treating soil comprising distributing an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensedsolubles, to said soil. Each of the above compositions may optionally further comprise lignosulphonates and/or salt brines.

Description

DUST CONTROL COMPOSITION AND METHOD

Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed to dust control compositions. Such compositions are useful for minimizing dust on outdoor surfaces, and are environmentally acceptable and negligibly corrosive. The invention also relates to methods for minimizing dust on outdoor surfaces such as unpaved and paved roads, bridges, runways and taxiways utilizing the compositions of the invention. The compositions comprise at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles (i.e., by-products from the fermentation and production of wine from grapes and other fruit, as well as from grains), whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles. The invention also relates to methods for stabilizing unpaved roadways.

Background of the Invention It is well known that the presence of particulate matter or dust is a serious environmental hazard, posing health and safety risks to individuals living in and near dusty environments. For example, dust is known to contaminate food and water, and when inhaled, may result in respiratory problems.

Some industrial plants utilize electrostatic precipitators to control dust, whereby the dust is collected and periodically removed and transported to other locations. Such electrostatic techniques, however, work effectively only for a localized area, and can be expensive. Moreover, electrostatic techniques do little to control dust problems during transportation of the collected dust to other areas.

It is known that wetting agents can be utilized to control dust, but once the wetting agents dry, they lose their ability to control dust. As a result, others have experimented with chemical compositions to control dust. See, for example, U.S.

Patent Nos.4,801 ,635 (issued January 31 , 1989 to Zinkan et al.), 4,746,543 (issued May

24, 1988) to Zinkan et al.), and 4,592,931 (issued June 3, 1986 to Cargle).

Most dust control compositions, however, are expensive, difficult to apply, or environmentally unacceptable, and therefore, private and public entities are often restricted in the amounts and types of substances that they may use to help control dust. The use of wetting solutions, in particular, is problematic during periods of cold 2 weather because the wetting solution may freeze and present ice in undesirable locations.

Summary of the Invention

The present invention overcomes or reduces the problems and disadvantages associated with known dust control compositions and provides compositions and methods that are a minimally corrosive, environmentally acceptable, resistant to freezing and cost effective. The compositions of the invention cause little or no corrosion to surrounding metal objects or vehicles, and the compositions do not damage the environment as would many other chemicals. The compositions are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Because the compositions are resistant to freezing, they can be more readily used in the winter than other conventional wetting solutions.

The present invention contemplates environmentally acceptable dust control compositions that comprise at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles (i.e., by-products from the fermentation and production of wine from grapes and other fruit, as well as from grains), whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles (also called stillage or swill).

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to environmentally acceptable dust control compositions that comprise steepwater solubles. Steepwater solubles are by-products of a the milling process of grains such as the wet milling of corn. Compositions are water soluble, negligibly corrosive, inexpensive and widely- available in large quantities. The present invention is also directed to the use of said dust control composition to keep unpaved and paved roads, runways, taxiways and other outdoor surfaces free of dust and other particulate matter. Steepwater solubles have little or no corrosiveness.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to environmentally acceptable dust control compositions that comprise vintners' condensed solubles. Vintners' condensed solubles are by-products from the fermentation and production of wine from grapes and other fruit, as well as from grains, including, for example, rice. Said compositions are water soluble, negligibly corrosive, inexpensive and widely-available in large quantities. The present invention is also directed to the use of said dust control composition to keep unpaved and paved roads, runways, taxiways and other outdoor surfaces free of dust and other particulate matter. Vintners' condensed solubles have little or no corrosiveness.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to environmentally acceptable dust control compositions that comprise whey. Whey is a by-product from the process of making cheese. Said compositions are water soluble, negligibly corrosive, inexpensive and widely-available in large quantities. The present invention is also directed to the use of said dust control composition to keep unpaved and paved roads, runways, taxiways and other outdoor surfaces free of dust and other particulate matter. Whey has little or no corrosiveness.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to environmentally acceptable dust control compositions that comprise brewers' condensed solubles. Brewers' condensed solubles are by-products ofa brewing process of grains to create brewed beverages, such as beer. Said compositions are water soluble, negligibly corrosive, inexpensive and widely-available in large quantities. The present invention is also directed to the use of said dust control composition to keep unpaved and paved roads, runways, taxiways and other outdoor surfaces free of dust and other particulate matter. Brewers' condensed solubles have little or no corrosiveness.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to environmentally acceptable dust control compositions that comprise distillers' condensed solubles. Distillers' condensed solubles are by-products from the distillation and production of alcohol from starches and sugars, including for example, molasses, cane sugar, beet sugar, and wet and dry milled grains such as wet-milled and dry-milled corn, milo, barley, rye and rice. Said compositions are water soluble, negligibly corrosive, inexpensive and widely-available in large quantities. The present invention is also directed to the use of said dust control composition to keep unpaved and paved roads, runways, taxiways and other outdoor surfaces free of dust and other particulate matter. Distillers' condensed solubles have little or no corrosiveness. In another embodiment, a dust control composition comprising an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, and whey.

In another embodiment, a method for controlling dust on a surface comprising applying to said surface an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles.

In another embodiment, a method of treating soil comprising distributing an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles, to said soil.

Preferably, dust control compositions have suitable water solubility, have a low freezing temperature in solution, are availability on an industrial scale at a low or acceptable cost, are low or minimally corrosive, are environmentally acceptable, and are capable of being applied by conventional, generally known and available means.

A technical advantage of the present invention is that a dust control composition suitable for minimizing dust is provided, which composition is water soluble, has a low freezing temperature, is cheaply and readily available in large industrial quantities throughout the world, and is capable of being applied with currently available equipment and by existing crews.

Another technical advantage of the present invention is that an environmentally friendly, negligibly corrosive, cost-competitive dust control composition is provided. Yet another technical advantage of the present invention is that an environmentally friendly, negligibly corrosive dust control composition is provided, which composition can be used in admixtures or mixtures with other chemical dust control agents and/or skid-reducing chemical agents and subsequently applied to unpaved and paved roads, runways, taxiways, and other surfaces where it is desirable to minimize dust. Another technical advantage of the present invention is that the compositions exhibit low corrosiveness.

Another technical advantage of the present invention is that a composition to stabilize unpaved road surfaces is provided. Another technical advantage of the present invention is that a method of applying a composition to stabilize unpaved road surfaces is provided.

Another technical advantage of the present invention is that a composition to reduce soil erosion is provided.

Another technical advantage of the present invention is that a method of applying a composition to reduce soil erosion is provided.

Other embodiments and technical advantages of the invention are set forth, in part, in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from this description or may be learned from the practice of the invention. Description of a Preferred Embodiment As embodied and broadly described herein, the present invention is directed to compositions that comprise at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles (i.e., by-products from the fermentation and production of wine from grapes and other fruit, as well as from grains), whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles. The present invention is also directed to environmentally friendly methods for applying and utilizing said compositions to minimize the occurrence of dust on outdoor surfaces.

In one embodiment, the dust control composition of the present invention comprises a by-product of a milling process of grains including, for example, the wet milling of shelled corn, milo, wheat, sorghum, barley and soybeans. A wet milling process for corn, for example, is often employed to obtain staple products such as corn oil, dextrose, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, dextrins, dry starches and animal feeds. While the process is described below in connection with shelled corn, it is to be understood that steepwater can be created as a byproduct in an essentially similar process using milo, wheat, sorghum, barley or soybeans as well as a by-product in the milling of other grains. The principle steps in a wet milling of shelled corn include steeping, milling, recovering and processing. During the steeping process, corn kernels are softened by soaking them in a warm solution containing a very small amount of sulfuric dioxide or other similar acidic component (though sulfuric dioxide is normally omitted when the grain is wheat because it destroys the vitality of wheat gluten). The softened kernels are then separated from the steepwater and further processed depending upon the desired end product. The remaining steepwater contains solubles which, after the steepwater is evaporated and/or dried, are typically recovered for use as nutritional additives in feeds for livestock. Steepwater solubles can be utilized in the form obtained from the milling process or dried to a water content of less than about 50%, by weight. Alternatively, steepwater can be dried to where the solubles have a water content of about 1-2%, which is preferable for economical transport, and then can be mixed with water at the time of application to the treatment area. Typically, before any drying occurs, steepwater contains between 10% and 30% solubles. By drying, the ratio may be adjusted to any desirable level.

In another embodiment, the dust control composition of the present invention comprises a by-product of the fermentation and production of wine from grapes and other fruit, as well as from grains, such as the rice used in the production of sake and other rice wines. The wine process consists of fermenting liquids that are extracted from said fruit or grain at a sugar content of approximately 10-14 % sugar. With rice wine, the starches are usually converted to sugar prior to fermentation. The present invention is directed to the non-potable solubles that settle to the bottom of the wine vat. The bottom liquids may be typically concentrated at 50% solubles, which solubles, after the liquid is evaporated and/or dried, are recovered typically for use as nutritional additives in feeds for livestock and/or fertilizer/mulching material for vineyards. These solubles are commonly known in the wine making industry as "vintners' condensed solubles." The solubles are also referred to as "wine bottoms" and "lees". Vintners' condensed solubles can be utilized in the form obtained from the fermentation process or dried to a water content of less than about 50%, by weight. Alternatively, vintners' condensed solubles can be dried to where the solubles have a water content of about 1-2%, which is preferable for economical transport, and then can be mixed with water at the time of application to the treatment area. Typically, before any drying occurs, vintners' condensed solubles contain between 10% and 30% solubles. By drying, the ratio may be adjusted to any desirable level. In another embodiment, the dust control composition of the present invention comprises a by-product of the cheese making process from various milks. The cheese making process consists of adding a coagulating ingredient to various milks, or else allowing the milks to naturally coagulate, and then removing all of the coagulated matter for further processing. The liquid remaining after the coagulation and straining process is commonly known in the cheese industry as "whey." The present invention is directed to the milk-like fluids that remain after the coagulation and straining process of cheese making. The bottom liquids are sometimes condensed to 50%) solubles, which mixture is recovered typically for use as nutritional additives in feeds for livestock. Alternatively, whey can be dried to where the solubles have a water content of about 1 -2%, which is preferable for economical transport, and then can be mixed with water at the time of application to the treatment area. Typically, before any drying occurs, vintners' condensed solubles contain between 10% and 30% solubles. By drying, the ratio may be adjusted to any desirable level.

In another embodiment, the dust control composition of the present invention comprises a by-product of a brewing process for creating brewed beverages, such as beer. A typical brewing process involves the fermentation of a carbohydrate containing substrate (such as wort or grape juice) with a microorganism (such as a yeast). A conventional process for brewing beer comprises fermenting wort with a suitable species of yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevislae or Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, wherein the fermentation is usually effected in two steps: a first fermentation period for approximately seven to ten days; and a secondary fermentation period which may take as many as three to twelve weeks. During the first fermentation period, most of the carbohydrates in the wort are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The second fermentation period, also known as the "maturation process," occurs at a low temperature in the presence of a small residual amount of yeast. Additional information regarding conventional beer brewing processes can be found in U.S. Patent No. 5,612,072, issued December 21 , 1992, to Lommi et al. Thereafter, the brewed beverage can be poured off, leaving behind a residue of yeast, unfermented wort and other solubles. This residue contains solubles which, after the residue is evaporated and/or dried, are typically recovered for use as nutritional additives in feeds for livestock. Although drying is possible, brewers' condensed solubles can be utilized in the form obtained from the brewing process or dried to a water content of less than about 50%), by weight, preferably less than about 25%, more preferably less than about 10%> and even more preferable less than about 5%. Essentially dry brewers' condensed solubles with a water content of about 1 -2% may be preferable for economical transport though a composition with greater liquid content may be preferable for economical application of the compositions of the invention. Typically, before any drying, the residue contains between 10%> and 30% solubles. By drying, the ratio may be adjusted to any desirable level. In another embodiment, the dust control composition of the present invention comprises a by-product of a distillation process for the production of alcohol. A typical distillation process involves the fermentation of a starches or sugars with a microorganism (e.g., a specialized strain of yeast which produces the desired end product). The starches or sugars, for example, may be fermented to produce a mash comprising approximately 8%> to 15% by weight of alcohol and approximately 1% by weight of yeast. Thereafter, most of the yeast may be separated from the mash, and the alcohol may be removed by distillation, and may be further processed for other applications. The mixture remaining after most of the yeast is removed and the alcohol distilled is referred to as distillers' condensed solubles. It is also known in the industry as "swill" and as "stillage." This residue contains solubles which, after the residue is evaporated and/or dried, are typically recovered for use as nutritional additives in feeds for livestock. Although drying is possible, distillers' condensed solubles can be utilized in the form obtained from the brewing process or dried to a water content of less than about 50%), by weight, preferably less than about 25%, more preferably less than about 10% and even more preferable less than about 5%. Essentially dry distillers' condensed solubles with a water content of about 1 -2% may be preferable for economical transport though a composition with greater liquid content may be preferable for economical application of the compositions of the invention. Typically, before any drying, the residue contains between 10%> and 30%> solubles. By drying, the ratio may be adjusted to any desirable level.

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to compositions that comprise at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles. For example, the dust control compositions of the invention may comprise by weight less than 100% steepwater solubles, preferably at least about 5%> to about 95% by weight of steepwater solubles, and more preferably from about 10% to about 40%) by weight of steepwater solubles. For another example, the dust control compositions of the invention may comprise by weight less than 100%> vintners' condensed solubles, preferably at least about 5%> to about 95% by weight of vintners' condensed solubles, and more preferably from about 10% to about 40% by weight of vintners' condensed solubles. For another example, the dust control compositions of the invention may comprise by weight less than 100%> whey, preferably at least about 5%> to about 95% by weight of whey, and more preferably from about 10%) to about 40%) by weight of whey. For another example, the dust control compositions of the invention may comprise by weight less than 100% brewers' condensed solubles, preferably at least about 5%> to about 95%> by weight of brewers' condensed solubles, and more preferably from about 10% to about 40% by weight of brewers' condensed solubles. For another example, the dust control compositions of the invention may comprise by weight less than 100%) distillers' condensed solubles, preferably at least about 5% to about 95% by weight of distillers' condensed solubles, and more preferably from about 10%> to about 40%o by weight of distillers' condensed solubles. Expressed generically, these compositions may comprise by weight less than 100%) of the selected component, preferably at least about 5%> to about 95%> by weight of the selected component, and more preferably from about 10% to about 40% by weight of the selected component. 10

When a combination of components (i.e., more than one component) is selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles and distillers' condensed solubles, the composition may comprise by weight less than 100%) of the combination of components, preferably at least about 5% to about 95% by weight of the combination of components, and more preferably from about 10% to about 40%> by weight of the combination of components. Each of the foregoing compositions may be further admixed with optional additives such as other road stabilizing and dust control additives. For example, the compositions comprising a combination of components may be admixed with lignosulphonate, such that the admixed composition may comprise at least about 5% by weight of the combination of components and less than about 95% of the lignosulphonate, and preferably from about 10%> to about 40%) by weight of the combination of components and less than about 90%> of the lignosulphonate. Compositions comprising no more than one of the selected components may be admixed with lignosulphonate, such that the admixed composition may comprise at least about 5%> by weight of the selected component and less than about 95% of the lignosulphonate, and more preferably from about 10% to about 40%> by weight of the selected component and less than about 90% of the lignosulphonate. The term lignosulphonate includes, for example, ammonium lignosulphonate liquids, sodium lignosulphonate liquids, and calcium lignosulphonate liquids.

Another example of an optional road stabilizing and dust control additives is a chloride salt brine, including without limitation, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium chloride. For example, the compositions comprising a combination of components may be admixed with a salt brine, such that the admixed composition may comprise at least about 5% by weight of the combination of components and less than about 95% of the salt brine, and preferably from about 10% to about 50%) by weight of the combination of components and less than about 90%) of the salt brine. Compositions comprising no more than one of the selected components may be admixed with salt brine, such that the admixed composition may comprise at least about 5%> by weight of the selected component and less than about 95%) of the salt 11 brine, and more preferably from about 10%> to about 50%) by weight of the selected component and less than about 90% of the salt brine.

The compositions of the present invention may be applied in a variety of ways to unpaved roadways and other outdoor surfaces. The compositions may also be admixed with other optional additives.

Optional skid-reducing agents, including for example, sand, river gravel, manufactured grit, cinders, sawdust, or other organic, non-organic and synthetic materials, may be added. Optional anti-freeze compositions may also be added. Conventional anti-freeze compositions include, for example, glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycol monoethers, chloride salts, and calcium magnesium acetate. These and other anti-freeze compositions are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The percentage by weight of the compositions of the present invention and the percentage by weight of any optional additives vary with the needs of the user. According to a further aspect of the present invention, a process for minimizing dust on and near exterior surfaces is provided, said process comprising the application of the compositions of the present invention onto the outdoor surfaces. The composition may be preferably applied, for example, onto a road surface from moving vehicles in an amount of about 1400 to about 7040 gallons per lane mile (GPLM), which is approximately equivalent to about 0.2 to about 1.0 gallon per square yard. Steepwater solubles are also safe and pose little or no undue hazards to humans, animals or the environment from the handling, storing, or use of steepwater even when concentrated. Condensed steepwater is currently used as a low grade animal feed additive or for other low value uses. Vintners' condensed solubles are also safe and pose little or no undue hazards to humans, animals or the environment from the handling, storing, or use of vintners' condensed even when concentrated. Condensed vintners is currently used as a low grade animal feed additive or for other low value uses.

Whey is also safe and poses little or no undue hazards to humans, animals or the environment from the handling, storing, or use of whey even when 12 concentrated. Condensed whey is currently used as a low grade animal feed additive or for other low value uses.

Brewers' condensed solubles are also safe and pose little or no undue hazards to humans, animals or the environment from the handling, storing, or use of brewers' condensed solubles even when concentrated. The solubles are currently used as a low grade animal feed additive or for other low value uses.

Distillers' condensed solubles are also safe and pose little or no undue hazards to humans, animals or the environment from the handling, storing, or use of distillers' condensed solubles even when concentrated. The solubles are currently used as a low grade animal feed additive or for other low value uses.

The composition of the present invention can also be cost effectively utilized by airports to control dust on runways and taxiways. These compositions, being relatively non-corrosive, are not harmful to structures, working engines or their component parts such as turbine or propeller blades. Moreover, these compositions can be removed by rinsing with water or other mild soaps or detergents without damage to surrounding structures.

The following examples illustrate embodiments of the present invention, but should not be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention. EXAMPLES Steepwater Formed By Wet Milling of Corn

Steepwater is commonly formed as a byproduct from the wet milling of corn. Though the actual composition of steepwater so formed varies from batch to batch, and from field to field, the partial composition for one batch of steepwater concentrate derived from a wet milling process for corn is presented and analyzed in U.S. Patent No. 5,635,101 , issued June 3, 1997 to Janke et al. Another sample of steepwater is presented and analyzed in U.S. Patent No. 4,976,767, issued December 1 1 , 1990 to Kinnersley et al. (column 4). 13

Steepwater Formed Using Wet Milling of Soybeans

Steepwater is formed from the wet milling of soybeans. The kernels of soybeans are softened by soaking in a warm solution containing a very small amount of sulfuric dioxide, or by another similar process, whereby the beans are separated from the hull. Upon removal of the beans, the resulting aqueous by-product comprises steepwater solubles useful as a dust control composition. Steepwater Formed Using Wet Milling of Wheat. Barley or Sorghum

Steepwater is formed from the wet milling of wheat, barely or sorghum, though typically no sulfuric dioxide is added to the water during the steeping process for wheat. Sulfuric dioxide destroys the vitality of wheat gluten. The grains of the wheat or sorghum are softened by soaking in a warm solution, or by another similar process, whereby the wheat, barley or sorghum can be separated from the germ. Upon removal of the grain, the resulting by-product comprises steepwater solubles useful as a dust control composition. Manufactured Steepwater

Steepwater is manufactured by the mixing, either in liquid or solid form, of the components of, for example, steepwater solubles obtained from any of the above- identified processes. All of the components of steepwater prepared by these processes are commercially available. Components are prepared separately and mixed together to form manufactured steepwater solubles of the invention. Variations in a composition can also be easily manufactured and tested as appropriate by one of ordinary skill in the art for applicability for a particular use. For example, manufactured steepwater solubles with a decreased fat content can be more useful in the aircraft industry where accumulated crude fat may harm aircraft parts. As another example, higher protein content may be desirable in some agricultural applications.

Typically, manufactured steepwater solubles can be formed by combining one or more of the following components: crude protein, crude fat, ash, phosphorous, calcium chloride, sulfur, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, iron, aluminum chloride, manganese chloride, copper and zinc in 14 concentrations similar to the amounts provided in U.S. Patent No. 5,635,101 (referenced above) or in amounts that can be empirically tested by one of ordinary skill in the art. Modified Steepwater

Steepwater solubles obtained from brewing or manufacturing are modified by the addition or removal of one or more components. For example, steepwater solubles may be modified by removal of metals such as iron. Iron-depleted steepwater is useful in instances where the addition of iron is undesirable such as in and around airports. Iron is easily removed by applying a magnetic force to a steepwater composition such that iron, both in particulate form and as molecular iron, will be attracted to the magnet. Once attracted to the magnet, iron is easily removed by removing the magnet. Alternatively, protein can be removed by the addition of appropriate proteases to digest protein into its chemical constituents such as carbon- based small molecules, ammonia and water. Similarly, crude fat can be digested or simply treated with a mild detergent to break any aggregates. These and many other methods to modified steepwater solubles can be performed using the disclosures provided herein by one of ordinary skill in the art. Dried Steepwater

A mixture of steepwater solubles and water is dried in a drum oven or other drying means until the moisture content falls below about 10%>, or lower. The dried steepwater is rehydrated with water or another liquid prior to application as a dust control composition. Steepwater as a Road Stabilizer

A mixture of steepwater solubles and water is used to treat an unpaved road through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous solution. The fugitive dust is controlled, if not fully abated, by stabilization of the surface of the soil through the application of the aqueous solution. The surface may also be compacted to further improve stabilization. Steepwater to Help Reduce Erosion

A mixture of steepwater solubles and water is used to treat an area of exposed soil through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous 15 solution. The erosion of the top soil is controlled, if not fully abated, by application of the aqueous solution.

16

Whey Formed By a Cheese-Making Process

Whey is commonly formed as a byproduct of a cheese-making process.

Though the actual composition of whey so formed varies with the milk used, the substances used to initiate coagulation, and the type of cheese being made, the partial composition for one batch of whey is presented and analyzed in U.S. Patent No.

5,709,812, issued January 20, 1998 to Janke et al.

The above composition is intended only to be a representative composition, and the absence of one of more of listed items, or the presence of additional unlisted items, is not deemed to limit the present invention. Moreover, the percentages of the various components may also vary with the milk used, the substances used to initiate coagulation, and the type of cheese being made. Therefore, it is contemplated, for example, that whey may have between about 15% and about 50%> by weight of crude protein, from about 0.1 % to about 2.0%> by weight of crude fat, or from about 20% to about 60%) by weight of carbohydrates. The above specified ranges are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Whey Mixtures

A dust control composition may comprise whey by itself. Alternatively, a composition comprising whey and water may be used. The water content may vary, but preferably, at least 5% by weight of the composition is water. The percentage of whey may also vary. Preferably, there is at least 10%) by weight of whey, more preferably at least 20%), and more preferably, at least 30%>. Whey as a Road Stabilizer

A mixture of whey and water is used to treat an unpaved road through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous solution. The fugitive dust is controlled, if not fully abated, by stabilization of the surface of the soil through the application of the aqueous solution. The surface may also be compacted to further improve stabilization.

Whey to Help Reduce Erosion 17

A mixture of whey and water is used to treat an area of exposed soil through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous solution. The erosion of the top soil is controlled, if not fully abated, by application of the aqueous solution. Vintners' Condensed Solubles Formed by a Wine-making Process

Vintners' condensed solubles are commonly formed as a byproduct of a wine-making process. Though the actual composition of vintners' condensed solubles so formed varies by region, vineyard, grape, fruit or grain stock, and the with type of yeast used for fermentation, the partial composition for one batch of vintners' condensed solubles is presented and analyzed in U.S. Patent No. 5,709,813, issued January 20, 1998 to Janke et al.

The above composition is intended only to be a representative composition, and the absence of one of more of listed items, or the presence of additional unlisted items, is not deemed to limit the present invention. Moreover, the percentages of the various components may also vary by region, vineyard, grape, fruit or grain stock, and the type of yeast used in the fermentation process. Therefore, it is contemplated, for example, that vintners' condensed solubles may have between about 15%> and about 50%> by weight of crude protein, from about 0.1 % to about 2.0%> by weight of crude fat, or from about 20%) to about 60%) by weight of carbohydrates. The above specified ranges are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Vintners' Condensed Solubles Mixtures

A dust control composition may comprise solely vintners' condensed solubles. Alternatively, a composition comprising vintners' condensed solubles and water may be used. The water content may vary, but preferably, at least 5% by weight of the composition is water. The percentage of vintners' condensed solubles may also vary. Preferably, there is at least 10% by weight of vintners' condensed solubles, more preferably at least 20%>, and more preferably, at least 30%>.

Vintners' Condensed Solubles as a Road Stabilizer 18

A mixture of vintners' condensed solubles and water is used to treat an unpaved road through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous solution. The fugitive dust is controlled, if not fully abated, by stabilization of the surface of the soil through the application of the aqueous solution. The surface may also be compacted to further improve stabilization. Vintners' Condensed Solubles to Help Reduce Erosion

A mixture of vintners' condensed solubles and water is used to treat an area of exposed soil through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous solution. The erosion of the top soil is controlled, if not fully abated, by application of the aqueous solution.

Brewers' Condensed Solubles Formed from a Commercial Beer Brewing Process

Brewers' condensed solubles are commonly formed as byproducts from a process of brewing beer. Though the actual composition of brewers' condensed solubles so formed varies from batch to batch, and with the selection of grains, hops, and yeasts used in the process, the partial composition for one batch of brewers' condensed solubles concentrate derived from a commercial beer brewing process was as follows:

19

ITEM Brewers' Condensed Solubles

(48% solids/52% Moisture) carbohydrates 20-60 % protein 5-25 % fat 1-5 % crude fiber 2-5 % calcium 0.1 -1.0% phosphorus 0.1-1.0% magnesium 0.1-1.0% potassium 0.1-1.0% sodium 0.1-1.0%

sulfur 0.1 -1.0%

The above composition is intended only to be a representative composition, and the absence of one of more of listed items, or the presence of additional unlisted items, is not deemed to limit the present invention. Moreover, the percentages of the various components will also vary from batch to batch, and vary with the ingredients and yeasts used. Therefore, it is contemplated, for example, that brewers' condensed solubles may have between about 5% and about 25%) by weight of protein. The above specified ranges are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Manufactured Brewers' Condensed Solubles

Brewers' condensed solubles are manufactured by the mixing, either in liquid or solid form, all of the components of, for example, brewers' condensed solubles obtained from any of the above-identified processes. All of the components of brewers' condensed solubles prepared by these processes are commercially available. Components are prepared separately and mixed together to form manufactured brewers' condensed solubles of the invention. Variations in a composition can also be easily manufactured and tested as appropriate by one of ordinary skill in the art for applicability for a particular use. For example, manufactured brewers' condensed 20 solubles with a decreased fat content can be more useful in the aircraft industry where accumulated crude fat may harm aircraft parts. However, higher protein content may be desirable in agriculture to prevent the accumulation of damaging amounts of snow on plants while providing large amounts of usable nitrogen as a fertilizer that will be available for the growing season.

Typically, manufactured brewers' condensed solubles can be formed by combining of one of more of the following components: carbohydrates, protein, fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and sulfur in concentrations similar to the amounts provided above or in amounts that can be empirically tested by one of ordinary skill in the art. Modified Brewers' Condensed Solubles

Brewers' condensed solubles obtained from brewing or manufacturing are modified by the addition or removal of one or more components. For example, brewers' condensed solubles may be modified by removal of iron. Iron-depleted brewers' condensed solubles are useful in instances where the addition of iron is undesirable such as in and around airports. Iron is easily removed by applying a magnetic force to a brewers' condensed solubles composition such that iron, both in particulate form and as molecular iron, will be attracted to the magnet. Once attracted to the magnet, iron is easily removed by removing the magnet. Alternatively, protein can be removed by the addition of appropriate proteases to digest protein into its chemical constituents such as carbon-based small molecules, ammonia and water. Similarly, crude fat can be digested or simply treated with a mild detergent to break any aggregates. These and many other methods to modified brewers' condensed solubles can be performed using the disclosures provided herein by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Dried Brewers' Condensed Solubles

A mixture of brewers' condensed solubles and water is dried in a drum oven or other drying means until the moisture content falls below about 10%>, or lower. The dried brewers' condensed solubles is rehydrated with water prior to application as a dust composition. 21

Brewers' Condensed Solubles as a Road Stabilizer

A mixture of brewers' condensed solubles and water is used to treat an unpaved road through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous solution. The fugitive dust is controlled, if not fully abated, by stabilization of the surface of the soil through the application of the aqueous solution. The surface may also be compacted to further improve stabilization. Brewers' Condensed Solubles to Help Reduce Erosion

A mixture of brewers' condensed solubles and water is used to treat an area of exposed soil through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous solution. The erosion of the top soil is controlled, if not fully abated, by application of the aqueous solution. Distillers' Condensed Solubles Formed from a Commercial Alcohol Process

Distillers' condensed solubles are commonly formed as byproducts from a process of manufacturing an alcohol, including without limitation ethanol and methanol. Fermentation of com, for example, is used to produce ethanol on an industrial level. After fermentation, most of the yeast is removed and the alcohol is then removed by distillation. The remaining swill is one type of distillers' condensed solubles. The actual composition of distillers' condensed solubles so formed varies from batch to batch, and with the selection of sugars and/or starches, as well as the yeasts used in the process.

Distillers' Condensed Solubles Formed from a Commercial Alcoholic Beverage Process

Distillers' condensed solubles are formed as byproducts from a process of manufacturing alcoholic beverages, including without limitation brandy, whiskey, gin, rum, and vodka. Brandy, for example, is obtained from the distillation of wine or a fermented fruit juice. Whiskey, for example, is obtained by distilling a fermented mash of grain, which grain may be dry milled prior to fermentation. The swill that remains after distillation of the alcohol is another type of distillers' condensed solubles. The actual composition of distillers' condensed solubles so formed varies from batch to batch, and with the selection of sugars and/or starches, as well as the yeasts used in the process. 22

Modified Distillers' Condensed Solubles

Distillers' condensed solubles obtained from a fermentation and distillation process are modified by the addition or removal of one or more components. For example, distillers' condensed solubles may be modified by removal of iron. Iron- depleted distillers' condensed solubles are useful in instances where the addition of iron is undesirable such as in and around airports. Iron is easily removed by applying a magnetic force to a distillers' condensed solubles composition such that iron, both in particulate form and as molecular iron, will be attracted to the magnet. Once attracted to the magnet, iron is easily removed by removing the magnet. Alternatively, protein can be removed by the addition of appropriate proteases to digest protein into its chemical constituents such as carbon-based small molecules, ammonia and water. Similarly, crude fat can be digested or simply treated with a mild detergent to break any aggregates. These and many other methods to modified distillers' condensed solubles can be performed using the disclosures provided herein by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Dried Distillers' Condensed Solubles

A mixture of distillers' condensed solubles and water is dried in a drum oven or other drying means until the moisture content falls below about 10%>, or lower. The dried distillers' condensed solubles is rehydrated with water prior to application as a dust composition.

Distillers' Condensed Solubles as a Road Stabilizer

A mixture of distillers' condensed solubles and water is used to treat an unpaved road through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the aqueous solution. The fugitive dust is controlled, if not fully abated, by stabilization of the surface of the soil through the application of the aqueous solution. The surface may also be compacted to further improve stabilization.

Distillers' Condensed Solubles to Help Reduce Erosion

A mixture of distillers' condensed solubles and water is used to treat an area of exposed soil through spraying or through a thorough mixing of the soil with the 23 aqueous solution. The erosion of the top soil is controlled, if not fully abated, by application of the aqueous solution.

ADVANTAGES Advantages of the composition according to the present invention may be summarized as follows:

1) The compositions of the present invention are minimally corrosive and are environmentally acceptable. Hence, the compositions pose little damage to vehicles, road ways, or the surrounding environment.

2) The compositions can be applied in comparatively small amounts because once applied to the road surface, the compositions of the present invention tend to remain in place and are not easily blown away by the wind or by the action of passing traffic, and the compositions tend to minimize dust on surfaces upon which they are applied.

3) The compositions can be applied during a variety of weather conditions.

4) The compositions can easily be applied to the roadways and fields with uniformity using readily available equipment and existing crews without special training.

5) The compositions can be applied in the form of a spray, which allows for quick and even application by vehicles, even at moderate speeds.

6) The compositions are cost-effective solutions for dust control and road stabilization uses.

7) The compositions are made using renewable agricultural byproducts, and their commercial usage will help support U.S. farmers and the agricultural industry.

8) The compositions of the present invention are biodegradable, and yet have low biological oxygen demands (BOD). The BOD ofa substance is a unit-less number that represents the ratio of oxygen utilized (in lbs.) per pound of said substance. The BOD in effect represents the metabolic needs of aerobic microorganisms in organically rich matter. A low BOD is generally desirable. 24

9) The compositions of the present invention can be cost effectively utilized in commercial operations to reduce soil erosion and to reduce dust.

10) The compositions of the present invention can be used to treat fields of plants to help control dust or soil erosion in the fields. 1 1) The compositions of the present invention are resistant to freezing in they have freezing points below 32^°F. As a result, the compositions can be easily sprayed and applied to road surfaces at low temperatures. The composition can also be heated before its application to allow spray application at even lower temperatures. Other embodiments and uses of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specific practice of the invention disclosed herein. All documents disclosed herein, including U.S. Patent No. 4,976,767 (issued December 1 1, 1990 to Kinnersley et al.), U.S. Patent No. 5,612,072 (issued December 21, 1992, to Lommi et al.), U.S. Patent No. 5,635,101 (issued June 3, 1997 to Janke et al.), U.S. Patent No.5,709,812 (issued January 20, 1998 to Janke et al.), U.S. Patent No. 5,709,813 (issued January 20, 1998 to Janke et al.), U.S. Patent No. 4,801 ,635 (issued January 31 , 1989 to Zinkan et al.), U.S. Patent No. 4,746,543 (issued May 24, 1988) to Zinkan et al.), U.S. Patent No. 4,592,931 (issued June 3, 1986 to Cargle), are specifically incorporated by reference. The specification and examples should be considered exemplary only with the true scope and spirit of the invention indicated by the following claims.

Claims

25

What is claimed is:

I . A dust control composition comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles.

2. The dust control composition of claim 1 wherein said at least one component is steepwater solubles.

3. The dust control composition of claim 2 wherein the steepwater solubles are produced by wet milling a grain, wherein the grain is at least one component from the group consisting of corn, milo, soybeans, wheat, rice, barley, and sorghum.

4. The dust control composition of claim 1 wherein said at least one component is vintners' condensed solubles.

5. The dust control composition of claim 1 wherein said at least one component is whey.

6. The dust control composition of claim 1 wherein said at least one component is brewers' condensed solubles.

7. The dust control composition of claim 1 wherein said at least one component is distillers' condensed solubles.

8. The dust control composition of claim 1 further comprising lignosulphonate.

9. The dust control composition of claim 1 further comprising a chloride salt brine.

10. A dust control composition comprising an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, and whey.

I I . The dust control composition of claim 10 further comprising lignosulphonate.

12. The dust control composition of claim 1 1 further comprising brewers' condensed solubles.

13. The dust control composition of claim 1 1 further comprising distillers' condensed solubles.

14. The dust control composition of claim 1 1 wherein said at least one component is steepwater solubles. 26

15. The dust control composition of claim 14 wherein the steepwater solubles are produced by wet milling a grain, wherein the grain is at least one component from the group consisting of corn, milo, soybeans, wheat, rice, barley, and sorghum.

16. The dust control composition of claim 1 1 wherein said at least one component is vintners' condensed solubles.

17. The dust control composition of claim 1 1 wherein said at least one component is whey.

18. The dust control composition of claim 1 1 wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least 50 %> of said at least one component.

19. The dust control composition of claim 1 1 wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least 10 %> of said at least one component.

20. The dust control composition of claim 1 1 further comprising a chloride salt.

21. A method for controlling dust on a surface comprising applying to said surface an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein the aqueous solution further comprises lignosulphonate.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein said at least one component is steepwater solubles.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein the steepwater solubles are produced by wet milling a grain, wherein the grain is at least one component from the group consisting of corn, milo, soybeans, wheat, rice, barley, and sorghum.

25. The method of claim 22 wherein said at least one component is vintners' condensed solubles.

26. The method of claim 22 wherein said at least one component is whey.

27. The method of claim 22 wherein said at least one component is brewers' condensed solubles. 27

28. The method of claim 22 wherein said at least one component is distillers' condensed solubles.

29. The method of claim 22 wherein the composition is sprayed onto the surface at the rate of about 1400 to about 7040 gallons per lane mile.

30. A method of treating soil comprising distributing an aqueous solution of water and at least one component selected from the group consisting of steepwater solubles, vintners' condensed solubles, whey, brewers' condensed solubles, and distillers' condensed solubles, to said soil.

31. The method of claim 30 wherein the distribution of the aqueous solution is accomplished by mixing said aqueous solution intimately with the soil, said method further comprising compacting said soil.

32. The method of claim 30 wherein the aqueous solution further comprises lignosulphonate.

33. The method of claim 30 wherein the aqueous solution further comprises a chloride salt.

34. The method of claim 32 wherein said at least one component is steepwater solubles.

35. The method of claim 34 wherein the steepwater solubles are produced by wet milling a grain, wherein the grain is at least one component from the group consisting of corn, milo, soybeans, wheat, rice, barley, and sorghum.

36. The method of claim 32 wherein said at least one component is vintners' condensed solubles.

37. The method of claim 32 wherein said at least one component is whey.

38. The method of claim 32 wherein said at least one component is brewers' condensed solubles.

39. The method of claim 32 wherein said at least one component is distillers' condensed solubles.