WO1999057694A1

WO1999057694A1 - Animate entity location device and method linking electric field pattern of heart to dielectrophoresis

Info

Publication number: WO1999057694A1
Application number: PCT/US1999/009700
Authority: WO
Inventors: Thomas Afilani
Original assignee: Dkl International, Inc.
Priority date: 1998-05-04
Filing date: 1999-05-04
Publication date: 1999-11-11
Also published as: AU3879199A

Abstract

The dielectrophoretic force caused by the non-uniform electric field squared spatial gradient three-dimensional pattern uniquely exhibited by a predetermined type of entity can be detected by a locator device. A human operator holds the device in hand to thereby electrically and dielectrically connect the device to the human operator. The human operator's naturally occurring very low electrical decay time constant is increased through electronic circuitry externally connected to the device. The device is held in a balanced nearly horizontal state, and the operator scans the device in a constant speed uniform linear motion back and forth. An antenna extends from the front of the device, and both are acted on by the dielectrophoretic force. This force results in a subsequent resulting torque, acceleration, vibration or any other measurable quantifiable manifestation of the force about the handle's pivot line hence driving the device and its antenna toward the direction and position of any entities of the predetermined type that are withing range.

Description

ANIMATE ENTITY LOCATION DEVICE AND METHOD LINKING ELECTRIC FIELD PATTERN OF HEART TO DIELECTROPHORESIS

This application is a con inuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/758,248, filed November 27, 1996.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention reiates to methods and apparatus for locating various entities, including human beings and animals, by observing and detecting a force and subsequent resulting torque, acceleration, vibration or other measurable, quantifiable manifestation of the force created by the non-uniform three-dimensional electric field spatial gradient pattern exhibited uniquely by an entity and being detected by the device of d e present invention as used by the device's human operator.

The detection of visually obscured entities has many uses in fire-fighting, search and rescue operations, law enforcement operations, military operations, etc. While prior art devices are known that detect humans, animals and other materials, some by measuring changes in an electrostatic field, none of the operable prior art devices uses the force resulting from the non-uniform electric field squared spatial gradient three-dimensional pattern exhibited uniquely by an entity to indicate the precise location and line-of-bearing direction of the subject entity relative to the device's human operator.

By using an electrokinetic effect, dielectrophoresis, which induces a force and subsequent resulting torque on an antenna and other component parts of the device, the present invention gives a rapid line-of-bearing directional location indication of the subject entity. A meter can also be provided to indicate the direction of strongest non-uniform electric field squared spatial gradient signal strength for those situations where the dielectrophoretic force and subsequent resulting torque, acceleration, vibration or any other measurable quantifiable manifestation of the force is extremely small and difficult to detect. It should be noted that while the present invention works for many different types of entities, a primary use of the present invention is to locate animate entities and, in particular, human beings, irrespective of the presence or absence of obscuring material structures (walls, trees, earthen mounds, etc.), of rfi and emi interference signals, of adverse weather conditions, and of day or night visibility conditions.

The nature and source of an animate entity's (in particular human) electric field and its spatial gradient being detected in the dielectrophor^'esis effect generating the directionally self-correcting force and subsequent torque characteristic of an animate entity line-of-bearing locator device has been discussed in Bioelectromaanetism. R. Plonsey et al. (eds.), Oxford University Press (1995) and R. A. Rhoades, Human Physiology. Harcourt Brace Javanioch (1992). The empirical evidence in the case of humans is quite persuasive that human heart electro-physiology generates by far the strongest electric field and spatial gradient pattern. In human physiology, the central and peripheral nervous system neurons, the sensory system cells, the skeletal muscular system, the independent cardiac conduction cells, and the cardiac muscle system cells operate via polarization and depolarization phenomena occurring across all respective cellular membranes. The electric potentials associated with these polarization fluctuations are routinely used at a human body surface for empirical correlation/clinical diagnostic purposes, such as the ECG for the heart and the EEG for the brain. The heart has by far (about a factor of 70 compared to the brain) the largest voltage, electric field and electric field spatial gradient pattern in the human body compared to the other operating systems mentioned above.

The human heart is a special case wherein the conduction SA node, the VA node, Purkiηje fibers, etc. provide high polarization (95 mV) and very rapid (ms) depolarization (110 mV) potentials. The dipole electric field fluctuations are periodic and frequent. The carrier frequency of de- and re-polarizations occurs in a range of 72 for adults to 120 in babies (beats per min. or 1.2 to 2.0 Hz). The frequency spectra of ECG patterns have main lobes at about 17 Hz. In sub-ULF (0 to 3 Hz) and ULF (3 to 30 Hz) frequency ranges, the electric and magnetic fields are quasi-static and are not strongly coupled as "EM waves," and EM activities detected in these ranges have a predominantly magnetic or electric nature (heart electric field is many times larger than heart magnetic field, see Bioelectromagnetism. R. Plonsey et al., Oxford University Press (1995)) as discussed in D. O. Carpenter, Biological Effects of EM Fields. Academic Press (1994). Normal neuron or cardiac activity aberrations, such as strokes/heart attacks, create a temporary or permanent depolarization resulting in loss of polarization and an inability to repolarize. The heart's resultant polarization electric field distribution pattern has a high degree of spatial non-uniformity and can be characterized as a moving dipolar charge distribution pattern during each heartbeat. The human heart electric field pattern is unique and is thus able to be detected.

Traditionally, inanimate dielectrics have been found to exhibit three main and one rare polarization modes (electronic, atomic, orientation and the rare nomadic) as discussed in Properties of Polvmers. D. W. van Krevelen, Elsevier Publ. (1976); A. R. von Hippel, Dielectrics and Waves. John Wiley and Sons (1954); Dielectric Materials & Applications. A. R. von Hippel (ed) John Wiley (1954); H. A. Pohl, Dielectrophoresis. Cambridge University Press (1978). These modes lead addivtively in the sequence given as one goes from UHF (10¹⁸ Hz) to ULF (3 to 30 Hz) to sub-ULF (0 to 3 Hz) dielectric constraints of 1.0 for air to 78 for water with essentially all plastics in a 3 (PVC) to 14 (Bakelite) range. There are rare outriders like the solvent NMMA at 191, Se at lxlO³ and ferroelectric BaTiO₃ and rare nomadic polymers (CS,)_X at 2 x 10⁴ and PAQR carbazole at 3 x 10⁵.

Mammalian physiology results for the ULF dielectric constants of mammalian (human) living tissues, wherein mammalian (human) tissues are 70% volume water (dielectric constant 78), show that all the ordinary animate human tissues, like heart, brain, liver, heart, blood, skin, lung and even bone, have quite extraordinarily high ULF dielectric constants (10⁵ to 10⁷), found only very rarely in usual inanimate dielectric materials. See Biomedical Engineering Handbook, J. D. Bronzino (ed.), CRC Press (1995); Physical Properties of Tissue. F. A. Duck, Academic Press (1990); H. P. Schwan, Advances in Biological and Medical Phvsics, 5, 148 to 206 (1957); E. Grant, Dielectric Behaviour of Biological Molecules. Oxford Univ. (1978) and Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd Ed, C. Polk et al., CRC Press (1996). It is also found that as the animate tissues die these extraordinarily high ULF dielectric constants collapse downward greatly to more normal inanimate values over time as the dying tissue becomes, over time, inanimate. The reason for the great differences is the routine occurrence of other polarization modes in animate materials, but which occur very rarely in inanimate materials. These other polarization modes are interfacial (inhomogeneous materials) and pre-polarized elements which occur readily in all animate tissues. It is known mat the rest state of the human neural, cardiac, skeletal muscular and sensory systems are states of high polarization and are induced via ion (KT, Na", Ca^*~, etc.) transport across various membranes. Action potentials from this transport are used to maintain the systems' normal polarized state and to trigger the systems' activities via depolarization and follow-up rapid repolarization signals.

Dielectrophoresis has been practiced mostly using exclusively artificially- set-up external non-uniform electric field patterns in laboratories to dielectrically separate individual (μm size) inanimate, inorganic particles or μm size living cells (see, H. A. Pohl, Dielectrophoresis. Cambridge University Press (1978) and H. A. Pohl, Electrostatics and Applications. Chapters 14 and 15, A. D. Moore (Editor), Interscience Press (1973) and T. B. Jones, Electromechanics of Particles. Cambridge University Press (1 95)). The problems of this prior art in trying to observe the dielectrophoresis force and torque effects in meter-size ensembles of tens of billions of μm-size vertebrate cells coupled biochemically and working in concert as an animate entity are overcome by utilizing natui^ly-occurring electric field spatial gradient patterns, i particular the largest electric field spatial gradient pattern occurring in vertebrates, the one associated with vertebrate's beating heart, illustrated by the electrocardiogram (ECG). FIG. 14 (Table I) lists the electro-physiology events in human heart beat cycles forming ECG's. A vertebrate is any animal having a backbone and some form of heart (one or more chambers) with a characteristic ECG.

FIGURE 1 shows a human heart including right atrium 11, right ventricle 12, left atrium 13 and left ventricle 14. FIGURE 2 shows the dipolar voltage and electric field patterns of the human heart. Curves (a) 21 and (b) 22 are the positive and negative isopotential lines. The curves (c) 23 are the resulting non- uniform electric field lines. FIGURE 3 shows cardiac muscle or conduction cell membrane 31, through which various ions 32 (sodium and potassium) diffuse to form the polarized membrane resting state 33 and the depolarized activated state 34, the states being electrically linked and characterized by the action potential curve 35. FIGURE 4 shows electro-physiology of the human heart. Sequential action potential curves are superimposed from the heart key action centers -- sinus node 41, atrial muscle 42, A-V node 43, common bundle 44, bundle branches 45, Purkinje fibers 46, and ventricular muscle 47 — to produce a joint waveform 48 called an electrocardiogram (ECG). FIGURE 5 shows a detailed normal ECG with characteristic waveform features - P 51, P-R interval 52, P-R segment 53, QRS spike 54, QRS interval 55. S-T segment 56, S-T interval 57, T 58, U 59 and the Q-T interval 50. FIGURE 6 shows the moving depolarization vector at key electrical events in the 600 ms human cardiac heartbeat cycle - atrial depolarization at 80 ms 61, septal depolarization at 220 ms 62, apical depolarization at 230 ms 63, left ventricular depolarization at 240 ms 64, late ventricular depolarization at 250 ms 65, ventricles depolarized at 350 ms 66, ventricular repolarization at 450 ms 67, ventricles repolarized at 600 ms 68. The QRS spike waveform feature in the ECG is by far the largest electric field and has the greatest spatial gradient (across the left ventricular membrane wall).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention detects the presence of various entities using an electrokinetic effect known as dielectrophoresis. As discussed above, a primary use of the present invention is detecting and locating animate entities such as human beings that are obscured from sight. The electrokinetic effect used by the present invention, dielectrophoresis, is one of five known electrokinetic effects, (the other four being electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, Dorn effect, and streaming potential), and describes the forces affecting the mechanical behavior of initially neutral matter that is dielectrically polarized by induction via spatially non- uniform electric fields. The spatial non-uniformity of an electric field can be measured by the spatial gradient of the electric field.

The dielectrophoresis force depends non-linearly upon several factors, including the dielectric polarizibility of the surrounding medium (air plus any intervening walls, trees, etc.), the dielectric polarizibility and geometry of the initially neutral matter (the device's antenna and other component parts of the device), and the spatial gradient of the square of the human target's local electric field distribution as detected at the device's antenna and other component parts. The dielectrophoresis force is produced by the spatial gradient of the target's field. which induces a polarization charge pattern on the device's antenna and other component parts, and this force is a constant direction seeking force always pointing (or trying to point) the device's antenna and other component parts toward the maximum in the three-dimensional non-uniform electric field squared spatial gradient pattern uniquely exhibited by a predetermined entity type.

This constant-direction-seeking force is highly variable in magnitude as a function of me angular position and radial position of the entity-to-be-located (like a human target) with respect to the device's antenna and other component parts of the device, and upon the effective dielectric polarizibilities of the intervening medium (like air) and of the materials used in the device's antenna and other component parts. The following equations define the dielectrophoresis forces wherein Equation 1 shows the force for spherical initially neutral objects (spherical antenna and the device's other component parts), and Equation 2 shows the force for cylindrical initially neutral objects (cylindrical antenna and the device's other component parts).

F = 2 (πa³) e₀ K, (K₂ - K.) / (K₂ + 2K,) V |E₀|² Equation I F = L/a (πa³) e₀ K, (K, - K,) / (K₂ + K,) V |E₀|² Equation 2 Where:

F is the dielectrophoresis force vector detected by the antenna and the device's other component parts; a is the radius of the sphere or cylinder;

L is the length of the cylinder (L/a is the so-called axial ratio); e₀ is the permittivity constant of free space;

K₂ is the dielectric constant of the material in the sphere or cylinder;

K, is the dielectric constant of fluid or gas, (air) surrounding both the entity and the antenna and the device^'s other component parts;

E₀ is the electric field produced by the entity as detected by the antenna and the device's other component parts: and

V is the spatial gradient mathematical operator.

The human-operated, hand-held locator device produces an observable torque as the antenna/locator detector device swings around the hand-held pivot point and acquires a local electric field spatial gradient max which gives via the dielectrophoresis force, a pinpoint line-of-bearing location of the human target. The detector specifiously locates the human heart's asymmetrical position in the human thoraic cavity, which is just left of the human target's sternum if the human target is front- facing the human operator and just right of d e human target's sternum if the human target is back-facing the human operator. The size and extent of the observable torque depends on the angular, radial and vertical planar positions of d e human operator. Despite human target movements, the antenna-locator detector is self-correcting, it reacquires in real time and locks-on to the spatial gradient signal and again pinpoints the living human target's heart. At sub-ULF and ULF frequencies utilized in die human heart electro-physiology, attenuation skin deptiis are extraordinarily large, so me detector can sense or detect through metals, earth, walls and all other vision-obstructing barriers.

The dielectrophoresis-based human heart line-of-bearing locators utilize living humans in two distinct roles as both target and operator for mese devices. As to me living human's role as target, the ECG voltages and fields at the human body's moraic cavity surface produced by the beating human heart were found first to mimic an average electric dipole distribution. More detailed ECG data led to an explanation via a more complex depolarization and repolarization vector moving in a ULF reproducible spatial sequence pattem tiiroughout the heart's four chambers and otiier structures during a heart beat. This moving polarization vector (see FIGURE 6) is the electric field and spatial gradient mereof that the line-of-bearing locator locks onto and real time tracks using the dielectrophoresis effect. See Bioelectromagnetism. R. Plonsey et al. (eds.), Oxford University Press (1995) and R. A. Rhoades, Human Physiology. Harcourt Brace Jovanioch (1992).

The electric field patterns and gradients generated by d e heart's electric dipole would be expected to fall off rapidly with distance as the inverse square or cube of distance. But the human field patterns sensed by the line-of-bearing human locator between the human operator and the human target empirically behave as if they emanated from phase- and amplitude-coupled, partially (mostly)-coherent, partially-constructive interference ULF electric field generator producing an almost-distance-independent, highly-amplified electric field gradient pattern which interacts with the antenna/locator detection device via the dielectrophoresis effect to produce the force and observed torque even out to as far as 500 meters. This effect is not unlike the difference between a random thermonic emission light bulb (incoherent, phase- and amplitude-uncoupled, modest intensity, very distance-dependent light source) and an amplified stimulated emission laser light source (coherent, phase- and amplitude-coupled, very high intensity, almost distance-independent light source). Hence, me detection/locator system is able to "tune-in" to human signals even at very large distances.

The low-impedance connection between me universal ground (earth) and the two very high dielectric constant (semiconductive) human entities are believed to form some type of ULF resonant cavity type oscillator system. An analogy can be drawn with UHF microwave tuned-to-be-absorbed-by-water

8 Klystron-like oscillators used in microwave ovens to cook food. Independent experimental evidence is available and growing to partially support this viewpoint on the almost-distance-independent effects seen with tiiis invention's line-of- bearing dielectrophoresis force and torque human locator device. See Biological Coherence and Response to External Stimuli. H. Frohlich, Springer- Verlag Press (1988); Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems. H. Frohlich, Springer- Verlag Press (1983); Electromagnetic Bio-Information. F. Popp, et al., Urban Publ. (1979); W. Tiller et al. Cardiac Energy Exchange Between People, HeartMatch (1997); and W. Tiller, Science and Human Transformation, Pavior, Walnut Creek (1997).

It should be noted mat me term "antenna" as used in this context includes, (in a very real sense), all of me components and me living human operator present in the device of me present invention. To this extent, die dielectric constant of the materials including living biological tissue (human operator) that make up the locator of the present invention all determine the overall value of K₂ in the above equations. These materials are not arranged in a uniform spherical or cylindrical shape, and tiierefore the exact value of K₂ and the exact functional relationship of K, and K₂ in a closed mathematical equation form accurately representing the real world locator device is difficult, if not impossible, to determine. In a practical sense, experimentation has shown (and is continuing to show) the types and placement of dielectric materials needed to produce maximum dielectrophoretic force and subsequent resulting torque, acceleration, vibration or any other measurable quantifiable manifestations of die force for precisely locating different types of entities. The following table lists some of me dielectric materials used in d e locator (K₂ values) and/or surrounding (such as air, water, walls, etc.) d e locator (K, values) and me dielectric constant for these materials.

MATERIAL CONSTANT (at ULF 10 Hz) air 1.0

PVC 3.0 nylon 4.0 polyester 5.5

9 silicon 12.0

2-propanol 19.9 water 78.4 n-maa 191.3 selenium 1000

BaTiO₃ 4000

(CS₂)_n 20,000 metal °° lung 3 x 10⁷ heart muscle 7 x 10⁶ skeletal muscle 1 x 10⁷ liver 5 x 10⁷ fat (100 Hz) 2 x l0⁵ kidney (10 kHz) 5 x l0⁴ blood (10 kHz) 3 x 10³ brain (100 kHz) 4 x l0³ bone (100 Hz) 4 x l0³

The above discussion and equations concerning dielectrophoresis provide a rational explanation of me operating principles of me present invention that is consistent witii all empirical observations associated with the present invention. These operating principles involve using the above mentioned forces to point an antenna and all other components attached to the device toward me maximum gradient of die local electric field, to thereby indicate me line-of-bearing direction toward an unseen entity.

In accordance with the invention, an operator holds the locator device in hand, and tiirough a handle, the locator device is electrically and dielectrically connected to the operator. The operator is partially electrically grounded (through the operator's feet), and tiiereby the individual human operator body's capacitance (C) and resistance (R) to true ground are connected electrically to the handle of me locator device. Ranges for an individual entire human body's C have been

10 measured as lOOpF to 400pF and for individual human body's R have been measured as 0.03 KΩ to 1 MΩ. Thus, the generalized electrical parameter (the polarization charge pattem induced on me device by the electric field spatial gradient of the entity in this case, but also electric field, current and voltage) exponential decay time (=RC) constant range for the variety of human being bodies potentially acting as locator device operators is about 3 to 400 μ seconds. This decay time constant is greatiy increased tiirough an externally connected resistor of up to 5000 MΩ and inductor with an inductance up to 200 mH or a capacitor with a capacitance up to 56 mF, which results in an effective human operator's exponential decay time constant up to 1 to 10 seconds.

This enables dielectrophoretic forces caused by the induced polarization charges (bound, not free) pattern on the locator device's antenna and other component parts to be detected, replenished instantly with each new heartbeat and locked onto since the force is replenished faster than the induced polarization charge pattern on the device can decay away to true ground through the operator's body. This effect is called, and is using, the spatially self-correcting nature of the dielectrophoretic force (always pointing or trying to point to me maximum of an entity's electric field three-dimensional squared spatial gradient pattern).

The locator device is held in a balanced (two to three degrees tilt angle down from absolute) horizontal state, and me operator scans the locator device in a constant speed uniform linear motion back and forth. An antenna extends from the front of the locator device and is acted on by me aforementioned force. This force creates a subsequent resulting torque around a well defined pivot line, which is constant-direction-seeking and tends to make the locator device's antenna and the device's other component parts point toward me maximum spatial gradient of the square of die non-uniform electric field uniquely exhibited by any target human beings or other predetermined animate entity within the range of the locator device.

The effect creates a self-correcting action of me locator device when me human operator scans d e device in a uniform motion to lock onto a target entity initially. The effect also creates an additional self-correcting action of the locator

11 device to closely follow die radial and angular motions of an entity (to track and reacquire a target entity once the operator has initially locked onto a target entity). The self-correcting action of the locator device to reacquire a target occurs without any additional overt action on the part of the human operator, and the device mereby is operating independently of me human operator.

Four internal N-channel J-FETs (field effect transistors) are connected to the locator device's antenna and operate in their non-linear range to effectively change d e antenna's length. Three of these FETs are arranged in modules mat are equidistant from the antenna's longitudinal axis and are spaced 120 degrees apart. The fourth FET is arranged in a module below the axis and to the rear of me locator device. Three potentiometers are provided on the first tiiree modules to adjust the current levels tiirough the first three FETs and thereby tune the locator to point directly at a human being's body located at a precise known position as a reference target entity. The gain and frequency response of the fourth FET by virtue of the voltage pattern induced by the reference entity is adjusted by a six position switch connected to the base of an NPN transistor. By changing the frequency response of the locator device, me device is tuned to reject the higher frequency electromagnetic signals and noise from all external sources, including tiiose sources associated with the human operator in order for die locator device to interact with and respond to only me ti ree-dimensional non- uniform electric field squared spatial gradient pattem exhibited uniquely by a predetermined entity type.

While scanning d e locator device in a constant uniform notion back and forth in front of a known entity (such as a human, if the target is a human being), the operator changes me six position switch until a maximum force and subsequent resulting torque is detected and used to aim the antenna and d e device's other component parts toward the target entity. After selecting me setting of e six position switch, d e operator adjusts die gain of the first tiiree FETs until the locator device points or tries to point directly at the target entity. For different entities, different dielectric materials are used in d e locator device's antenna and its oti er component parts. Examples of detectable entities include

12 human beings, otiier mammals as well as other biological entities such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and other vertebrae. Continued research on me instrument has yielded positive results in the instrument's ability to be tailored both as a geometrical design and witii respect to materials and otiier components of construction to specifically detect a variety of different target entities.

Accordingly, it is an objective of the invention to provide an accurate method of locating the direction and position of a target animate entity relative to the instrument's human operator. It is another objective of the invention to provide improved elements and arrangements thereof in an apparatus for the purposes described which is inexpensive, dependable and fully effective in accomplishing its intended purposes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objectives of d e present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of die following specification and drawings, wherein:

FIGURE 1 is a schematic drawing of die human heart anatomy;

FIGURE 2 is a schematic drawing of die human heart effective, average electric dipole field and voltage patterns manifested at the surface (skin) of the thoraic (lung, heart and rib cage) cavity;

FIGURE 3 is a schematic drawing of the action potential of a human cardiac muscle cell membrane and die biochemical diffusion of potassium and sodium ions across the membrane from an electrically highly polarized resting state to a depolarized working state and a repolarized resting state;

FIGURE 4 is a schematic drawing of the electro-physiology sequencing occurring during one human heart beat cycle;

FIGURE 5 is a graph of the normal human electrocardiogram (ECG);

FIGURE 6 graphs the moving depolarization and repolarization vector in a human ECG; FIGURE 7 is an environmental view of the locating device being used by a first person to locate a second, hidden person in accordance with the present invention;

FIGURE 8 is a perspective view of the locating device in accordance witii the present invention;

FIGURE 9 is a right side view of me locating device shown in FIGURE 8;

FIGURE 10 is a front view of the locating device shown in FIGURE 8;

FIGURE 11 is a schematic diagram of die three main modules and die bottom tuning module of d e locating device of FIGURE 8;

FIGURE 11 A illustrates an alternative detection/meter circuit according to die invention;

FIGURE 1 IB illustrates another alternative detection/meter circuit according to the Invention;

FIGURE 11 C illustrates a circuit element according to die invention including the selective polarization matching filter;

FIGURE 12 is a cross-sectional view along d e length and tiirough the center of the locating device of FIGURE 8;

FIGURE 13 is a schematic drawing of an entity, a ground plane, the device of die present invention and die entity's polarization electric field lines ; ard

FIGURE 14 (Table I) lists the electro-physiology events in human heart beat cycles forming ECG's.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The device according to die present invention is shown as locator device 100 in FIGURE 7. A human operator A is shown using die locator device to detect d e presence of a second human being B who is visually obscured behind a wall C. The handle 101 of die locator 100 is in electrical and dielectric contact with me operator's hand, and d e antenna 102 and d e locator device's otiier component parts are acted on by the aforementioned forces. By holding die locator 100 in a nearly horizontal level (two to three degrees tilt angle down from absolutely level) position and scanning me locator device 100 in a uniform and constant speed linear motion back and forth, die operator A detects a self- correcting constant-direction-seeking force, and the subsequent resulting torque

14 upon the antenna 102 and die locator device's otiier component parts cause die locator device to torque, pivot and point toward d e direction and location of the visually obscured second human being B.

The details of the exterior of die locator 100 can be seen in FIGURES 8-10. The antenna 102 includes a rear portion 209 made of nylon or similar material, telescoping sections 210, and an end knob 211. The antenna 102 protrudes from a central dielectric housing 200 in a coaxial arrangement. The antenna telescoping sections 210 and the antenna rear portion 209 can be moved singly or jointly to adjust d e axial ratio of die locating device 100 to obtain optimum torque-induced pivoting response of die locator 100. The enhancement is obtained by changing the length of me antenna and/or changing the exact relative position of the whole antenna compared to the positions of the other device components. The antenna 102 does not necessarily have to be of the telescoping type, nor made of metal material, and can be a one piece rigid or flexible type antenna made from metal or plastic materials. Furthermore, as all of the components of the locator device 100 effectively act as an antenna, the locating device operates as described without the antenna 102 installed, although the forces produced are greatly reduced.

Attached to the central dielectric housing 200 are three modules 201, 202, 203. The top module 201 is mounted directly over the common axis of the antenna 102 and die central dielectric housing 200 and in line witii this axis. The lower right module 202 and lower left module 203 are spaced 120^° apart from each other and d e top module 201 and are also in line with the axis. Each module 201, 202 and 203 has a variable resistor control knob 204, 205 and 206, respectively. The lower right module 202 and lower left module 203 include parabolic antennas 207 and 208, respectively, both of die parabolic antennas being attached to their respective module in a swept back position. The handle 101 is formed from a metal rod mat protrudes coaxially from the central dielectric housing 200. The handle 101 bends upward, extends horizontally for a short distance, bends downward to form a handle, and tiien bends forward to provide a support for a bottom tuning module 212. The bottom tuning module 212 includes

15 a variable resistor control knob 213 and a cable 214 that attaches to the top module 201. The modules 201, 202, 203 and 212 form in part a selective polarization filter or unit that serves as a matching bridge between die human detector operator and the opposite polarized detector component to generate the opposite polarization pattem. An example of an alternative polarization matching filter is disclosed in co-pending application serial number 08/840,069, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The electronic circuitry for the locator device 100 is shown in FIGURE 1 1. The antenna 102 is connected to an optimal low pass filter FI, which removes all high frequency signals and noise from all external electromagnetic sources, including tiiose from the human operator A himself. The details of the electronic circuitry and the geometrical design and materials of construction used in the locator device 100 are chosen so as to tailor the locator device 100 for a predetermined entity type. The output from the optimal low-pass filter FI is fed to the gate of the three N-channel field effect transistors, (FETs). The three FETs act as amplifiers and are housed one each in d e tiiree modules. The lower right module 202 contains FET Jl and a 0-100 kΩ variable resistor Rl, the top module 201 contains FET J2, a DC ammeter Ml. a 0-100 kΩ variable resistor R3, and a piezo buzzer PI, and the lower left module 203 contains FET J3, a 0-100 kΩ variable resistor R2, an on/off switch SI and a 9-volt battery Bl.

Variable resistors Rl and R2 adjust die current gain of FETs Jl and J3, respectively. By adjusting d e gain of these FETs, the effective electrostatic effect on these devices is balanced relative to FET J2. The overall gain of FETs Jl, J2 and J3, is adjusted by 0-100 kΩ variable resistor R3. The DC ammeter Ml is provided to indicate the combined current flow through all three FETs. In addition, the piezo buzzer PI provides an audio output whose frequency increases as d e current through the circuit increases. The battery B 1 provides d e required supply voltage (preferably nine volts) to operate the circuit, and the switch S 1 provides a means for turning the amplifiers J1-J3 on and off.

The bottom module 212 contains the necessary circuitry for increasing the human operator's electrical parameter decay (RC) time constant, from μ seconds

16 as occurs naturally to seconds as explained previously, needed to capture and lock onto d e dielectrophoretic force exhibited by a target entity and the subsequent resulting torque, acceleration, vibration or any other measurable, quantifiable manifestation of the force detected by the locator device 100. A 1/8 inch grounding jack GP1 is used to provide a ground to the circuit by inserting a mating shorting plug into the jack GP Once inserted, the mating plug (via the jack GP1) provides a ground potential via die reference entity RE to each of 3.3 kΩ resistor R4, 22 kΩ resistor R5, 100 kΩ resistor R6, .01 mF capacitor C3, clipping diodes D3 and D4, and 10 MΩ resistor R7 of a six-position selector switch S2. The six-position selector switch S2 can be moved to one of six positions to connect the base of an NPN transistor Ql to one of me above components. The NPN transistor Ql makes up part of a tunable circuit that also includes an N-channel FET J4, a first .01 μF capacitor Cl, a first diode Dl, a second diode D2, an electrical line 500, and a second .01 μF capacitor C2. By inserting or removing the shorting plug into the jack GP1 and changing the position of the switch S2, d e gain of the transistor Ql can be adjusted, and die overall frequency response of me tuned circuit in me bottom module 212 can be changed for maximum response. The extraordinarily high ULF dielectric constants for living tissues, given in the previous table, allows the human operator's electrically grounded body to directionally distort, concentrate or focus the non-uniform electric field pattern emanating from the living human target. This action greatly increases the electric field flux density near the locator device. This field line concentrating increases the torque-producing dielectrophoresis force and results in an effective increase in the amplification or gain of the locator device as die operator samples the electric flux density as the device is moved in a uniform constant speed linear motion back and forth to initiate torque and lock- on.

The torque-produced pivoting response can be further increased by adding additional circuit elements such as capacitors, resistors and/or inductors to the circuit already described witii reference to FIGURE 1 1. For example, a resistor and a capacitor may be coupled in parallel with me top module 201 , or a resistor

17 and an inductor may be coupled in parallel witii the top module 201. These circuit elements decrease die response time of the locator device. Preferred value ranges for the elements are up to 56 mF for the capacitors, up to 5,000 MΩ for the resistors and up to 200 mH for the inductors. These circuit elements serve to modify and optimize the device's polarization response and decay time constants.

As stated earlier, all of die components in FIGURE 11 act as antenna extensions that increase the dielectrophoretic force and the subsequent resulting torque that is detected by me locator device 100. Every human being, as a locator device operator, has a different capacitance (C) and resistance (R) resulting in a low exponential decay time constant (=RC) for capturing and locking onto the dielectrophoretic force and die subsequent resulting torque. By adjusting R1-R3 and S2, the individual human operator and d e locator device 100 can be jointly tuned and optimized to detect d e maximum dielectrophoretic force and subsequent resulting torque for the specific human being operating the locator device 100. This is accomplished by using a reference entity (such as a visible human being) and adjusting S2 and R3 until the maximum dielectrophoretic force and subsequent resulting torque are detected by the individual human operator. Once the position of S2 has been determined, the operator notes the direction the antenna is pulled relative to the reference entity. If this direction is not exactly toward the reference, Rl and R2 are adjusted until d e torque on d e locator device 100 tends to point me antenna 102 directly toward die reference entity. After d e locator device 100 is tuned and optimized, unobserved entities of the same type as the reference entity can be easily located by the device.

Of course, alternative arrangements for the electronic circuitry including functionally equivalent circuits may be utilized, and d e invention is not meant to be limited to the arrangement illustrated in FIGURE 11. For example, in one alternative arrangement, with reference to FIGURE 11 A, the antenna 102 is coupled to a parallel RC circuit including for example a 54 MΩ resistor R8 and a 330 pFd capacitor C4, which in turn is coupled in series with an inductor II having an inductance of, for example, 1 mH. The circuit elements R8, C4 and II serve to increase the human operator's electrical parameter decay time constant

18 and create a quick response to die detected electric field. The RC circuit also provides an ultra-low bandpass filter tiiat effectively eliminates noise and clutter at higher electrical frequencies.

In this arrangement, the circuit elements are coupled with a mode selection circuit including for example a 1 kΩ resistor R9 that can be shorted across an exterior mode switch SW for increasing the resultant torque force. FIGURE 1 IB illustrates an alternative mode selection circuit including elements R8, C4 and II coupled witii me six-position selector switch S2 discussed above with respect to FIGURE 11.

It has been discovered mat d e addition of a serially connected arrangement illustrated in FIGURE 11C, including a 4-pin silicon bridge rectifier such as, for example, a Radio Shack part #276-1161, coupled in series with three 1 MΩ resistors continuing to an arrangement including a capacitor of, for example, 330 pFd capacitance connected in parallel with d e selective polarization filter SPF of the invention significantly enhances d e performance of the locator. The arrangement shown in FIGURE 11 C is connected to d e mode selection portions shown in FIGURES 11 A and 1 IB, for example.

The interior of die central dielectric housing 200 is shown in FIGURE 12. One end 604 of d e telescoping antenna 102 extends into d e front end of the housing 200, while an end 603 of die handle 101 extends into the rear end of me housing 200. A cavity 600 is filed with a first dielectric material 601 that surrounds both the interior end 604 of the telescoping antenna 102 as well as the interior end 603 of the handle 101. Around tiiis cavity 600 is a second dielectric material 602 that defines the shape of the cavity 600 and also contacts the interior end 604 of the telescoping antenna 102 as well as the interior end 603 of the handle 101 near the point where end 604 and end 603 exit d e housing 200. The device's handle 101 with the operator's hand defines a pivot line E around which the dielectrophoretic force produces the subsequent resulting torque, acceleration, vibration or any other measurable, quantifiable manifestation of the force. The ends 604 and 603 are separated by a distance D, which distance is human-

19 operator-specific and also affects the overall sensitivity and response of die locator device 100 with respect to maximum detectable force and torque.

While the specific dielectric materials for maximizing the torque effect on die antenna for different entities are still being researched, dielectrics have been found mat produce a usable torque for precisely locating animate entities such as human beings. In particular, the handle 101 and d e antenna 102 preferably contain some metal, material 601 is air, material 602 is PVC, and die rear portion 209 of die antenna is nylon. In addition, the circuitry in modules 201, 202, 203 and bottom module 212 is encapsulated in PVC, while the modules themselves, housing 200, as well as the parabolic antennas 207 and 208, are also made of PVC. When these materials are used, an effective dielectrophoretic force and d e subsequent resulting torque are detected by the antenna 102 and the device's other component parts to precisely locate the presence of human beings. Dielectric material 601 may alternately be selected from the following materials with varying levels of resulting torque: water (distilled, deionized), glycerol, (di)ethylene, triethylene glycol, 2-ethyl-l,3-hexanediol, γ-butyrolactone, dimethylpropionamide, di-methyl sulfoxide, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 2- methyl-2 propanol, barium titanate. lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate, and highly-interfaced biomimitic keratinized materials. Device housing material 602 can be made from polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, or any one or more of well- known engineering plastics.

FIGURE 12 shows a target entity of interest 700 and a surrounding ground plane 702. The entity's polarization charges 701 produce non-uniform electric field lines 704 that have a unique spatial pattem as shown. The non-uniform electric field lines 704 also have a unique spatial gradient pattern (not shown). The non-uniform electric field lines 704 terminate on the surrounding ground plane 702 and induce opposite polarization charges 703 thereon. An initially neutral matter or medium 705, such as d e device of the present invention, is shown amidst the non-uniform electric field lines. The neutral matter 705 includes a cavity 706 filled with a specific dielectric material 707. The non- uniform electric field lines induce polarization charges 709 and 710 in the

20 dielectric material 707. The neutral matter 705 also contains protuberant antennas 708 that are formed from a specific dielectric material and are in direct contact with the cavity 706 and the dielectric material 707. The protuberant antennas 708 form a pivot line 711 tiiat is perpendicular to the plane containing FIGURE 12. The dielectrophoretic force manifests itself as an easily detected torque motion of the antenna 708 about the pivot line 711.

Obvious extensions of the ideas presented in tiiis invention can be used to detect otiier animate entities including member species of the animal kingdom including mammalia other than homo-sapiens, aves (birds), reptilia (reptiles), amphibia (frogs and other amphibians), etc.

It is to be understood tiiat d e present invention is not limited to me embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of die following claims.

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Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED:

1. A locating device comprising a polarization unit that detects a polarization charge pattem in accordance with a spatially non-uniform electric field exhibited by a target entity.

2. A locating device according to claim 1, further comprising a pattern decay circuit operatively coupled with said polarization unit, said pattem decay circuit increasing a decay time constant of the polarization charge pattem.

3. A locating device according to claim 2, wherein said pattem decay circuit comprises a resistor and a capacitor coupled in parallel with said polarization unit, said resistor and capacitor modifying and optimizing said decay time constant.

4. A locating device according to claim 3, wherein said resistor has a resistance of up to 5000 M╬⌐. and wherein said capacitor has a capacitance of up to 56 mF.

5. A locating device according to claim 2, wherein said pattem decay circuit comprises a resistor and an inductor coupled in parallel with said polarization unit, said resistor and inductor modifying and optimizing said decay time constant.

6. A locating device according to claim 5, wherein said resistor has a resistance of up to 5000 M╬⌐, and wherein said inductor has an inductance of up to 200 mH.

7. A locating device according to claim 1 , wherein said polarization unit comprises a housing formed of a first dielectric material and defining a cavity d erein.

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8. A locating device according to claim 7, wherein said first dielectric material is polyvinylchloride (PVC).

9. A locating device according to claim 7, wherein said first dielectric material is polyurethane (PUT).

10. A locating device according to claim 7, further comprising a second dielectric material disposed in said cavity.

11. A locating device according to claim 10, wherein said second dielectric material is air.

12. A method for locating a target entity with a locating device, the method comprising detecting a polarization charge pattem in accordance with a spatially non-uniform electric field exhibited by die target entity.

13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising increasing a decay time constant of the polarization charge pattem.

14. A method according to claim 13, wherein said increasing step comprises modifying and optimizing d e decay time constant.

15. A method according to claim 12, further comprising attaching an antenna to a polarization unit, and tuning the locating device by pointing the antenna toward a reference entity and adjusting an axial ratio of the locating device by changing at least one of a length of me antenna and an exact relative position of the antenna compared to a position of other device components to obtain an optimum result based on a positional range from the locating device to the polarization unit.

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