WO1999053633A1 - Analog and digital electronic tranceivers for dual-use wireless data networks - Google Patents
Analog and digital electronic tranceivers for dual-use wireless data networks Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999053633A1 WO1999053633A1 PCT/US1999/008437 US9908437W WO9953633A1 WO 1999053633 A1 WO1999053633 A1 WO 1999053633A1 US 9908437 W US9908437 W US 9908437W WO 9953633 A1 WO9953633 A1 WO 9953633A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/11—Arrangements specific to free-space transmission, i.e. transmission through air or vacuum
- H04B10/114—Indoor or close-range type systems
- H04B10/116—Visible light communication
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/11—Arrangements specific to free-space transmission, i.e. transmission through air or vacuum
- H04B10/114—Indoor or close-range type systems
- H04B10/1143—Bidirectional transmission
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the simultaneous dual use of radiation, e.g., visible light, received from a transmitter, for both a conventional application, e.g., illumination, combined with the additional application of receiving information over a wireless media.
- the present invention further relates to electronic circuits capable of receiving information-bearing transmissions from a "dual use" transmitter and decoding or presenting the information to a user.
- the present invention further relates to the presentation of this data as an audio signal.
- the present invention further relates to the presentation of this data as a text or graphical signal.
- the present invention further relates to the presentation of this data as any digital or analog information signal for another electronic circuit or electronic or electromechanical system.
- the present invention further relates to schemes for efficient receiving and decoding of transmitted signals designed to maximize the bandwidth or information transfer capability of the optical data channel.
- the present invention further relates to the construction of receivers for the detection of modulated information in transmitted light.
- a communication network is a means for conveying information from one place to another.
- the information can be digital data, audio, video, text, graphics, data, sign language, or other forms.
- Establishing and maintaining communication networks is one of the oldest known activities of civilization, ranging from the shouting and drum signals of prehistory through written messages, signal flags, signal fires, smoke signals, signal mirrors, heliographs, signal lanterns, telegraphs, radios, telephones, televisions, microwave signals, linked computers and the internet.
- This communication network uses conventional light fixtures, like fluorescent lights, as transmitters. Information is encoded in the lamp light by modulating the electric lamp current with an information signal. If the modulation is done with care, the lamp continues to emit light with no perceptible visual flicker to the human eye.
- an electronic circuit or receiver can be used to decode information in the transmitted light. The lights continue to serve their primary function as a source of illumination, while simultaneously creating a wireless optical data path for information transmission.
- the purpose of this invention is to disclose efficient means for creating a receiver that decodes information in the lamp light with the highest possible bandwidth or information carrying capacity over the transmitted channel. While the focus of this discussion is on visible lighting systems, it is understood that the dual use transceiver concept could be applied to any system that employs electromagnetic radiation, e.g., a RADAR set, for some purpose and which could also be simultaneously modulated to provide information transmission capability.
- This invention is the first to propose establishing a transceiver system using any radiating transmitter with dual utility where the primary utility is any application, not just illumination but also possibly range finding, lane marking, or other applications, and the secondary utility is communication.
- This invention is the first to propose the transmission of bandlimited analog information such as audio signals by using frequency modulation, which enhances the noise immunity and available bandwidth over previous schemes while specifically avoiding sensory perceptible flicker in the transmission. It is the first to propose the efficient transmission of digital data using pulse code frequency modulation, and also the first to propose encoding digital bits in sidebands around the carrier frequency of the transmitter. It is the first to propose the use of a nonlinear detector in a dual-use network receiver to improve settling and detection time of pulse-coded data. These schemes for the transmission and reception of digital data substantially enhance the available data transmission rate in comparison to schemes in the prior art, again while elimination perceptible flicker.
- the encoding technique involves chopping 100 microsecond slices of current out of the arc waveform.
- Nakada Japanese Patent application 60-32443, Feb 19, 1985.
- FSK frequency shift keying
- Gray U.S. Patent 5,635,915 June 3, 1997 and PCT WO90/13067, Oct 11, 1991.
- PM phase modulated
- Patent 5,424,859 disclose techniques for mounting a microwave antenna on the glass surface of fluorescent and incandescent lamps. Buffaloe, Jackson, Leeb, Schlecht, and Leeb, ( “Fiat Lux: A Fluorescent Lamp Transceiver,” Applied Power Electronics Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997) first outlined the possibility of using pulse-code modulation to transmit data with a fluorescent lamp. In the latter reference, a three-level code shifts the arc frequency to one of three possibilities every 2 milliseconds. The result is a steady light output, on average, with no perceptible flicker. This transceiver set relies on an encoded clock embedded in the three-level, transmitted waveform to synchronize the decoding process in the receiver.
- receivers to decode both analog and also digital waveforms from transmitted lamp light. These receivers maximize the available bandwidth of the communication channel. They also incorporate unique and novel features to ensure a variety of desirable features in the receiver.
- the receiver can be designed to provide an indication of "lock-on" to an available transmitter, and can be designed to provide gradual or abrupt fading of the information signal presented to a user as a source becomes available or moves away.
- a gradual acquisition for example, could be invaluable in using the transceiver set for direction finding.
- a more abrupt localization of the transmission source may be best in a transmitter-rich environment with many different competing signal sources.
- the transceiver includes a transmitter for transmitting coded data band limited to avoid visually perceptible flicker by varying the operating frequency of a source of radiation having a primary and secondary utility.
- Visually perceptible flicker would be considered "application unacceptable" flicker in a dual-use transceiver set employing visible light transmitters.
- Other applications e.g., a radar set dual-use transmitter, might define application unacceptable flicker in different ways, e.g., flicker that interferes with radar detection.
- "application unacceptable" flicker occurs when variations due to the secondary utility interfere with the first, or vice-versa.
- the system includes a receiver for receiving the encoded radiation, decoding the coded data and delivering the decoded data signal to an output stage.
- the receiver include adjustable lock-in characteristics and have a non linear detector to optimize reception performance.
- the receiver may also include internal data storage in which stored data can be cued by signals from the transmitted radiation. It is also preferred that the receiver include an adjustable detector to lock on to different transmitted channels or carrier waves.
- the output stage may produce an audio output, text output or a graphical output.
- the receiver may also include a split or multi-window graphical output or display for displaying multiple data sources or synchronized data windows, for example, for text and a translation thereof.
- the receiver may include a digital data output or computer interface or have a graphical output or display for presenting sign language. It is also preferred that the data is sideband encoded digital data or orthogonal block frequency code data other than tri-level coding.
- the present invention pertains, in part, to electronic circuits capable of receiving radiated transmissions, e.g., light from a fluorescent lamp.
- the circuits further include means to sense light.
- the circuits further include means to detect changes in the frequency of the flickering of the light, where this flickering may be invisible to the human eye.
- the circuits further include means to demodulate the flickering to recover a signal from the transmission source.
- the circuits further include means to present this signal as analog data, e.g., an audio signal.
- the circuits further include means to detect discrete levels in the signal, and to decode these levels to reproduce a digital data or bit stream from the transmitter.
- lamp a device that produces radiated transmissions, including, but not limited to, infra-red, visible, and ultra-violet light, in response to an input electrical current which flows in the lamp.
- a typical example is a fluorescent lamp, although other types, such as high-intensity discharge lamps, light emitting diodes, gas and solid state lasers, particle beam emitters, cathode ray tubes, liquid crystal displays, electroluminescent panels, klystrons, and masers, are also intended.
- Emitters of other types of radiation such as radio antennae for applications in RADAR sets, ultrasonic transducers and mechanical blowers ("radiating" air or water, for instance), for example, are also intended.
- transmitter as that term is used herein, it is meant a circuit in combination with a lamp that controls the flicker frequency of the radiated output of the lamp.
- receiver as used herein, it is meant a circuit that takes as input a radiated transmission from a transmitter and that detects and presents information in the transmission, including, but not limited to, audio, text, graphical, and raw digital data signals.
- sensor an electrical component or sub-circuit in the receiver that is capable of observing and responding to radiated transmissions.
- the sensor could respond, for example, by providing an electrical signal that varies according to variations in the transmitted radiation.
- amplifier an electrical component or sub-circuit in the receiver that produces a scaled copy of the input waveform at the output of the amplifier.
- the scale factor relating the input and output is called the gain of the amplifier or simply the gain.
- the amplifier might include automatic-gain control capability to produce an output with constant mean or peak amplitude in the face of variations in the mean or peak amplitude of the input signal.
- filter an electrical component or sub-circuit in the receiver that produces an output waveform that contains a limited range or band of the frequency content of the input waveform. Typical examples include low, high, and band pass filters.
- detector a component or sub-circuit in the receiver that takes an input signal that consists of a carrier wave modulated by an information signal.
- the carrier wave could be modulated by any means, including frequency, amplitude, or phase modulation.
- the detector produces an output waveform that reproduces the information in the modulating information signal.
- decoder a component or sub-circuit in the receiver that takes an input signal that contains information of interest, possibly in an encoded or encrypted form. Encryption could be employed in the transmitted data, to ensure security, and compression might be used to increase the effective data transmission rate.
- the decoder produces an output electrical waveform that reverses the encoding, e.g., encryption and/or compression, producing, for example, an output waveform consisting of useful binary voltage levels.
- output stage it is meant a component or sub-circuit in the receiver that presents information to the user of the receiver in a convenient form.
- the output stage could incorporate an amplifier and a headset to provide an audio signal of interest to the user.
- the output stage could take a demodulated and decoded digital information waveform as input and produce a text or graphics display.
- the output stage could accept commands in the demodulated and decoded input waveform and, in response to these commands, cue the presentation of stored audio, textual, graphical, or other information from a memory, disk, or other storage component in the output stage.
- a transceiver system is deployed that consists of an optical transmitter and receiver.
- the transmitter modulates the flicker (variations in intensity) frequency of the light output of a fluorescent lamp fixture. Transmission is accomplished by modulating or varying the frequency of the alternating current in the fluorescent lamp.
- the modulating signal is an audio voice recording that has been carefully bandlimited to a frequency range of 200 Hz to 3000 Hz. This ensures that the modulating signal will not create significant harmonic components in a frequency range detectable to the human eye.
- Light from the lamp floods an area, e.g., a room, with illuminating light that is flickering above the human visual perception range, i.e, the lamp light appears steady.
- the optical receiver recovers information from the light, similar in concept to the way a radio recovers signals from radio waves.
- the receiver is part of a "dual-use" network, in which the light serves not one purpose, as radio waves do in the case of a radio transceiver set, but rather two purposes: illumination and information transmission.
- An optical sensor is employed in the receiver. This sensor is sensitive to light in the infra-red and visible light ranges. The sensor is capable of clearly resolving the flickering of the light, even though the flickering is above the human visual perception range.
- the received intensity varies from 76 to 80 kHz because the intensity of the light varies with the magnitude and not the direction of the arc current.
- a selective bandpass filter follows the output of the sensor. This filter ensures that detected signals in the flicker frequency range are passed, while other frequency components are rejected.
- An amplifier may be employed before, after, or before and after the filter to condition the detected signal level.
- a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit can be employed as a detector to demodulate the FM transmission.
- the output of the loop filter of a properly tuned PLL circuit will correspond to the modulating information signal at the transmitter.
- This signal is directly useful, requiring no decoding, and can be directly passed to the output stage that consists of an audio amplifier and headset. A user can hear the broadcast audio messages over the headset.
- the modulating signal is restricted to a discrete set of frequencies in sidebands around the carrier frequency, i.e., a fixed base frequency for the lamp current. Different sideband frequencies correspond to different discrete tones.
- the identical sensor, filter, and amplifier could be used as in the previous embodiment to construct a receiver to detect the transmissions.
- a new detector and decoder could be added to recover the discrete tones, and interpret them as digital bits. These bits could be used to convey text or graphics information to a display, or to send commands to an output stage capable of cueing data for presentation from a storage device integral with the receiver.
- digital bits could be transmitted using pulse code modulation, in which each "0" or "1" or mark bit corresponds to a specific sequence or pulse code of transmitted frequencies.
- the identical sensor, filter, and amplifier could be used as in the previous embodiment to construct a receiver to detect the transmissions.
- a PLL circuit could be used to detect the transmitted frequency levels.
- the PLL might be configured to operate nonlinearly, saturating between its high and low frequency loop
- the stream of transmitted frequency levels would be decoded into bits by a decoder circuit, e.g., a finite state machine, programmed to interpret the chosen pulse code as bits. Again, among other uses, these bits could be used to convey text or graphics information to a display, or to send commands to an output stage capable of cueing data for presentation from a storage device integral with the receiver.
- a decoder circuit e.g., a finite state machine
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the transceiver system of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a receiver for use in the transceiver system.
- FIG. 3 shows a circuit schematic of a receiver capable of recovering transmitted audio information.
- FIG. 4 shows a half-weight bit pattern
- FIG. 5a and 5b show a spectrum comparison showing the advantage of half-weight bit coding.
- FIG. 6 shows a receiver architecture for decoding digital data transmitted by the light.
- FIG. 7 shows a comparison of sent and received encoded bits in a prototype system.
- the present invention involves a transceiver set in which a transmitter transmits coded data by varying the operating frequency of a source of radiation, e.g., an electric lamp and lamp ballast circuit.
- a source of information e.g., an electric lamp and lamp ballast circuit.
- the receiver 14 provides information to a transmitter 11 which generates modulated electromagnetic radiation 12 which, in some embodiments, is visible light.
- the radiation 12 may, of course, be radiation in any spectral region.
- a receiver 14 responds to the radiation 12 to generate an output which may be audio, text or graphical information. The information is then used by a user of information 15.
- the receiver 14 includes a sensor 16 which responds to the radiation 12 to generate an output signal which forms the input to an amplifier and filter section 18.
- a detector 20 passes a signal to a decoder stage 22 which extracts the information encoded in the radiation 12 and displays it at an output stage 24.
- the signal to be transmitted is an analog AC signal with a minimum frequency content above that of the human visual perception range for flicker and a maximum frequency content significantly below the nominal switch frequency of the inverter, it is sufficient to apply the signal directly to the frequency modulating input of the ballast. See, copending application serial number filed April 14, 1999 and entitled “Dual-Use Electronic Transceiver Set for Wireless Data Networks” and application serial number filed April 14, 1999 entitled “Communication System” the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. This will directly modulate the lamp current and lamp light, and, because the signal is restricted to avoid very low frequency content (e.g., which is inaudible for audio data anyway), the lamp light will not appear to flicker to the human eye.
- very low frequency content e.g., which is inaudible for audio data anyway
- the receiver shown in Fig. 3, uses as a sensor a type BPE36/QT828 photo transistor 30 biased into conduction with a 27K resistor 32 followed by a 2N3904 amplifier 34 and subsequent high pass filtering. This signal is then fed through two additional gain stages which consist of two gate units from a CD4069 (4069) gate 36
- the 4069 is both low cost and available in surface mount configuration. The lack of precise gain of these two stages is compensated by the computer gain control system which will be discussed shortly.
- the signal, having passed through three stages of amplification, is then limited with a pair of silicon diodes and fed into the input of a type LM567 phase lock loop tone detector 40.
- the type 565 phase lock loop was also evaluated but it was found to be suitable, but no better than the 567 which is significantly cheaper and available in a surface mount configuration.
- the loop oscillator in the PLL is adjusted with a panel mounted 10K potentiometer 42 to lock with the incoming signal. Once a lock has been achieved, the demodulated audio is applied to the output stage, an LM386 amplifier 44 driving a headphone 46. If further amplification is required, amplified WalkmanTM type speakers are used to bring the signal to room-filling volume.
- An important feature of this embodiment is a lock detector used to control the behavior of the receiver in acquiring and presenting a signal to the user.
- an adjustable lock characteristic is essential for optimizing the receiver for different applications.
- the lock characteristics could be set to provide a gradual build-up of output signal strength or volume as the receiver aligns with the transmitter. This approach could be valuable, for example, in using the system for direction finding in a building or other venue.
- the lock characteristic could also be set to provide no output until a strong transmitted signal was received, in which case the receiver would provide very sharp localization of individual transmitters. This approach could be especially valuable in an environment with many closely spaced transmitters sending different messages.
- the lock characteristics can be made software programmable, permitting great flexibility in adjusting the characteristics of the receiver.
- the lock-in adjustment can be implemented in many ways.
- an expedient approach was taken, which could be reduced in size and complexity, for example, by employing an on-board, single chip microcontroller in the receiver.
- the lock-in characteristics of the receiver are controlled with an external computer that is attached to the receiver in the following manner:
- the output of the third gain stage, prior to limiting, is monitored with a 10 bit analog to digital converter(ADC).
- ADC analog to digital converter
- the signal is first passed through a high pass T filter and then rectified with a 1N60 diode and filtered with either a 0.033uf or lOuf capacitors which set the time constant of the system. This time constant is switch selectable from the front panel of the computer control box.
- the current from the diode is passed through a 10K ten turn trim pot which creates a voltage that is analyzed by a MAX188 ten bit converter
- the data is analyzed and treated in two different manners depending on the signal amplitude as determined by the ADC:
- pin 14 of the parallel printer port is set high which biases into saturation a transistor which is placed in parallel with the input of the LM567 PLL. This prevents the PLL from hunting on weak signals.
- the algorithm of the software is configured such that for weak signals beyond the initial threshold the volume increases in a linear manner. Beyond the linear region the volume to signal relationship assumes a logarithmic plot such that the volume saturates at strong signal levels.
- Example II Digital Receiver
- sideband FM method a modification of the approach used to transmit and receive analog signals.
- Two different frequency values of sidebands around the arc current center frequency are used to represent the binary values. Since the two sidebands are shifted equal but opposite amounts around the carrier or center frequency, the average frequency remains the same and no flicker is observed. Different sidebands are keyed into the lamp light to transmit different bit or logic levels.
- the receiver is similar to the one employed in Example I. Now, however, the output consists of a discrete number of tones or notes encoded in the sidebands, which can be interpreted as digital bits or data.
- Another method for transmitting digital data involves shifting the base frequency of the light, but using a coding scheme more complex than a simple binary code to represent the signal.
- the prior art reports a three level code being used with each binary bit being represented by three different frequencies of the light. In this way, the average frequency remains the same.
- a two value coding such as Manchester encoding
- Manchester encoding also allows binary bits to be transmitted with no observable flicker regardless of the nature of the data strings.
- a two-level half-weighted coding scheme was used to eliminate visible flicker while transmitting digital data.
- the two level coding is based on Manchester coding, which is common in computer networks. It is employed to additional advantage in this invention to eliminate visible flicker.
- Manchester coding is one of a class of half- weight block codes that are suitable for this application (E. Bergmann, A. Odlyzko, and S. Sangani, "Half Weight Block
- FIG. 5b shows the approximate frequency spectrum of the lamp intensity for the Manchester encoding scheme.
- the three-level encoding scheme described in Buffaloe, above, is included for comparison in Fig. 5a.
- the vertical axes, in decibels, are normalized with respect to the largest magnitude AC component.
- the spectrums were calculated assuming linear changes in intensity with frequency and a random stream of message data. The spectrums provide good qualitative estimates of the significant low-frequency components in the light output.
- Fig. 5 a shows intensity variations at multiples of 22 Hz for the three-level coding scheme.
- the lower frequency components at 22 Hz and 44 Hz are frequencies which might be perceptible to the human eye.
- Fig. 5b shows the predicted spectrum using the new
- the modulated lamp light is detected and decoded by a receiver circuit.
- This receiver may take the form of a portable device where received information is displayed on a liquid-crystal display (LCD) as shown in Figure 6.
- a photodetector is used to detect the light output of the fluorescent lamp.
- the photodetector signal is first passed through an analog bandpass filter and amplifier in the receiver. Note that, while the arc frequency varies from 36 to 40 kHz, the received intensity signal varies from 72 to 80 kHz because the intensity varies with the magnitude and not the direction of the arc current. Zero crossings in
- the intensity signal are located using a comparator, and the frequency is tracked by a CD4046 phase-locked loop (PLL).
- PLL phase-locked loop
- a conventional PLL circuit uses a feedback structure to track and output a voltage proportional to the frequency of an received signal.
- the performance of such a circuit can be accurately modeled, for small signal changes, as a linear system.
- the characteristics of the resulting linear system such as its damping and settling time, affect the achievable data rate of the receiver system.
- This invention significantly improves the performance of the PLL tracking performance in this application. This is accomplished by driving the PLL feedback loop into saturation at each of the received frequency limits. This establishes a situation where the PLL output voltage reaches saturation much faster than the settling time of the associated linear system.
- Figs. 7a and 7b show operating waveforms from an experimental prototype system.
- Fig. 7a shows the transmitter waveform that is used to modulate the frequency of the fluorescent lamp ballast, zero volts corresponds to a frequency of 36 kHz and 15 volts corresponds to 40 kHz.
- Fig. 7b shows resulting output of the PLL using the non-linear saturating feedback loop. The output very accurately tracks the frequency changes in the lamp light with virtually none of the settling characteristics of a typical PLL.
- Decoding of the Manchester-encoded data is accomplished asynchronously by oversampling the comparator outputs and inspecting the received pulse widths. This makes the task of decoding the half- weight code more challenging than that of decoding the tri-level scheme published in T. Buffaloe, D. Jackson, S. Leeb, M.
- a display controller stores the decoded information and periodically updates the incoming message on a
- the received digital data stream could be used to deliver a visual (text) or audio message, or could be processed directly by computer or other information handling system.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2000544079A JP2002511698A (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | Analog and digital electrical transceivers for dual use wireless data networks |
CA002327720A CA2327720A1 (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | Analog and digital electronic tranceivers for dual-use wireless data networks |
AU35681/99A AU3568199A (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | Analog and digital electronic tranceivers for dual-use wireless data networks |
EP99917597A EP1072109A1 (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | Analog and digital electronic transceivers for dual-use wireless data networks |
Applications Claiming Priority (12)
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US8186698P | 1998-04-15 | 1998-04-15 | |
US60/081,866 | 1998-04-15 | ||
US10828798P | 1998-11-13 | 1998-11-13 | |
US60/108,287 | 1998-11-13 | ||
US11537499P | 1999-01-11 | 1999-01-11 | |
US60/115,374 | 1999-01-11 | ||
US09/291,709 | 1999-04-14 | ||
US09/291,709 US6400482B1 (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-14 | Communication system |
US09/292,126 | 1999-04-14 | ||
US09/291,706 | 1999-04-14 | ||
US09/292,126 US6504633B1 (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-14 | Analog and digital electronic receivers for dual-use wireless data networks |
US09/291,706 US6198230B1 (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-14 | Dual-use electronic transceiver set for wireless data networks |
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PCT/US1999/008432 WO1999053732A1 (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | Dual-use electronic transceiver set for wireless data networks |
PCT/US1999/008437 WO1999053633A1 (en) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | Analog and digital electronic tranceivers for dual-use wireless data networks |
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JP (2) | JP2002511698A (en) |
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US9356696B2 (en) | 2010-10-20 | 2016-05-31 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Modulation for coded light transmission |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002511698A (en) | 2002-04-16 |
EP1072172A1 (en) | 2001-01-31 |
JP2002511727A (en) | 2002-04-16 |
EP1072109A1 (en) | 2001-01-31 |
CA2327720A1 (en) | 1999-10-21 |
AU3567799A (en) | 1999-11-01 |
AU3568199A (en) | 1999-11-01 |
WO1999053732A1 (en) | 1999-10-21 |
CA2327710A1 (en) | 1999-10-21 |
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