WO1999050586A1 - A system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline - Google Patents

A system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999050586A1
WO1999050586A1 PCT/NO1999/000106 NO9900106W WO9950586A1 WO 1999050586 A1 WO1999050586 A1 WO 1999050586A1 NO 9900106 W NO9900106 W NO 9900106W WO 9950586 A1 WO9950586 A1 WO 9950586A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pig
launching
barrel
wellhead
insert member
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO1999/000106
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Atle Ingebrigtsen
Original Assignee
Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S filed Critical Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S
Priority to AU31759/99A priority Critical patent/AU3175999A/en
Publication of WO1999050586A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999050586A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L55/00—Devices or appurtenances for use in, or in connection with, pipes or pipe systems
    • F16L55/26—Pigs or moles, i.e. devices movable in a pipe or conduit with or without self-contained propulsion means
    • F16L55/46—Launching or retrieval of pigs or moles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline, especially in an underwater system for the production of hydrocarbons from a wellhead at the sea bed, comprising a pig receiving unit capable of being run down to and recovered from the wellhead by means of a running tool, and a pig launching unit arranged at the wellhead for launching a pig into the pipeline via a pig isolating valve.
  • Cleaning, measuring and inspection of pipelines is very topical in connection with oil production. Such operations are carried out by means of different types of "pigs" which are designed for the topical operation, and which are carried through the pipeline in question, usually in that they are entrained by the oil flow proper, or by means of a propulsion mechanism of their own.
  • the systems for pigging of pipelines have had a tendency to be complicated, relatively extensive and very time-consuming to use.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a compact system for the stated purpose, wherein the system in a simple manner is able to be integrated in existing underwater production solutions, and which consists of a few units which will reduce the installation time and the time for carrying out the pigging operations .
  • the above-mentioned object is achieved with a system of the introductorily stated type which, according to the invention, is characterized in that the pig launching unit comprises an upwardly open sleeve-shaped barrel at the end of the pipeline, and the pig receiving unit comprises an insert member adapted for introduction into the barrel by means of the running tool, and for releasable securing in the barrel, so that the two units in connected condition form a launching trap for a pig placed in the insert member.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a pig launching system according to the invention, in an operational phase wherein a trap insert with a pig is in the process of being installed in 2 the associated trap barrel by means of a running tool;
  • Figs. 2 and 3 show corresponding views to that of Fig. 1, but of other operational phases;
  • Fig. 4 shows a schematic view of a pig launching system s with an embodiment of a pipe arrangement for introduction of a pig into the topical pipeline by means of the fluid flow from a reservoir under the sea bed.
  • the pig launching system comprises a pig launching unit in the o form of an upwardly open, sleeve-shaped barrel 1 which is arranged at one end of a pipeline 2 in which a pig is to be launched, and a pig receiving unit 3 comprising an insert member 4 adapted for introduction into the barrel 1 by means of a running tool 5, and for releasable securing in the barrel, so is that the two units 1 , 3 in connected condition form a launching trap for a pig 6 placed in the insert member 4.
  • the sleeve-shaped barrel 1 is installed in a wellhead 7 which is only schematically suggested in Figs. 1-3, for example in a wellhead base 8 for a production Christmas tree 9, as
  • the pig receiving unit 3 may, in a commonly known manner, be lowered and drawn up from the wellhead 7 by means of the running tool 5 which may be of a conventional design.
  • the running tool is lowered and drawn up by means of a lifting wire
  • the pig receiving unit 3 in the illustrated embodiment comprises an upper head member 14 from which the insert member 4 projects downwards, and which is designed for releasable connection with the pig launching barrel 1.
  • the head member 14 has a downwards projecting flange member 15 which, together
  • the means for interconnection of the pig receiving unit 3 and the launching barrel may be designed s in many different ways.
  • a clamp coupling having typically three segments, a coupling having rotating locking pins, a coupling of the "collet” type, etc.
  • the connecting means may be remotely operated, either via the umbilical (mentioned below) or o by means of a remotely operated vehicle (rov).
  • the unit 3 is provided with a sealing means for sealing engagement with the barrel 1 when the insert member 4 has been introduced into the barrel, so that leakage of process fluid from the launching trap to the surrounding sea is prevented.
  • the s sealing means may consist of suitable gaskets which may be arranged in connection with the locking means mentioned above, or it may comprise a gasket which is arranged at the bottom of the annular slot 16.
  • a coupling pin 19 for releasable engagement in a corresponding holder or socket member 20 on the running tool 5.
  • the interconnection and the release suitably may take place electrically or hydraulically, and be controlled by means of an umbilical 21 extending between the running tool 5 and the surface 5 vessel .
  • the insert member 4 is adapted for receiving a single pig 6.
  • the insert member may be arranged to receive several pigs, in order to be able to launch successive pigs consecutively without o recovering the unit 3 to the surface for each pig launching.
  • the pig 6 may, e.g., be a cleaning pig, a measuring pig or an inspection pig. Where the insert member is arranged to receive several pigs simultaneously, these may be of different types, according to the topical need. Such an embodiment will be 5 advantageous on fields where there is a need for frequent pigging.
  • the pig launching barrel 1 constitutes an extension of the pipeline 2 in which the pig 6 is to be introduced.
  • an isolating 4 valve 22 which is opened when the pig is to be driven out fr ⁇ m the launching trap and into the pipeline.
  • a driving line 23 for the supply of driving fluid is connected to the barrel 1.
  • the driving line is coupled to an s opening 24 arranged in the wall of the barrel and communicates with a peripheral groove 25 in the insert member 4 when this has been introduced into the barrel.
  • the annular groove 25 communicates with the interior of the insert member 4 via a number of openings 26 therein, so that driving fluid is supplied to the o interior of the insert member when opening an isolation valve 27 in the driving line 23, and the pig 6 then is driven into the pipeline 2 as shown in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of a pipe arrangement for introducing a pig into the pipeline 2 by means of the flow of s production fluid (oil) from an oil reservoir 30 below the sea bed 31.
  • the figure shows a tubing 32 extending between the reservoir 30 and the production Christmas tree in the wellhead 7.
  • an isolation valve 33 for shutting-off the oil flow when required.
  • the driving line 23 with the isolation valve 27 is connected between the barrel 1 and an upstream isolation valve 34 communicating with the tubing in the production Christmas tree 9.
  • a wellhead isolation valve 35 is connected in a line connection 36 between the driving line 23 and the pipeline 2 with 5 the pig isolation valve 22.
  • the pipeline 2 and the line connection 36 are both coupled to a flowline 37 extending between the wellhead 7 and a platform 38 on which there is arranged a receiver station 39 for a pig.
  • the guide lines 11 are coupled to the underwater system by connecting them to the guide posts 13, and the running tool 5 is lowered and interconnected with the now empty pig-receiving unit 3.
  • the 5 coupling 17, 18 between the unit 3 and the barrel 1 is opened, and the unit 3 is raised to the surface.
  • the topical pig is introduced into the unit 3, and this is lowered by means of the running tool 5 as shown in Fig. 1, and the insert member 4 is introduced into the barrel 1 and the units are interconnected as 5 shown in Fig. 2.
  • the running tool is disconnected and drawn up to the surface (Fig. 3).
  • the wellhead isolation valve 35 is closed at the same time as the pig isolation valve 22 is opened, and also the valves 33 and 34 are open.
  • the isolation valve 27 in the driving line 23 is opened, and the pig 6 then is pushed out into the pipeline 4 and further into the flowline 37, the pig being driven by the production fluid flow.
  • the driving function for the pig may be provided by means of liquid from the surface vessel via the umbilical 21 and the driving tool 5 forwards to the launching trap.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Pipeline Systems (AREA)

Abstract

A system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline (2), especially in an underwater system for the production of hydrocarbons from a wellhead (7) at the sea bed, comprising a pig receiving unit (3) capable of being run down to and recovered from the wellhead (7) by means of a running tool (5), and a pig launching unit (1) arranged at the wellhead for launching a pig (6) into the pipeline (2) via a pig isolating valve (22). The pig launching unit comprises an upwardly open sleeve-shaped barrel (1) at the end of the pipeline (2), and the pig receiving unit (3) comprises an insert member (4) adapted for introduction into the barrel (1) by means of the running tool (5), and for releasable securing in the barrel, so that the two units (1, 3) in connected condition form a launching trap for a pig (6) placed in the insert member (4).

Description

1
A system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline "*
The invention relates to a system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline, especially in an underwater system for the production of hydrocarbons from a wellhead at the sea bed, comprising a pig receiving unit capable of being run down to and recovered from the wellhead by means of a running tool, and a pig launching unit arranged at the wellhead for launching a pig into the pipeline via a pig isolating valve. Cleaning, measuring and inspection of pipelines is very topical in connection with oil production. Such operations are carried out by means of different types of "pigs" which are designed for the topical operation, and which are carried through the pipeline in question, usually in that they are entrained by the oil flow proper, or by means of a propulsion mechanism of their own. In connection with underwater production solutions, the systems for pigging of pipelines have had a tendency to be complicated, relatively extensive and very time-consuming to use.
The object of the invention is to provide a compact system for the stated purpose, wherein the system in a simple manner is able to be integrated in existing underwater production solutions, and which consists of a few units which will reduce the installation time and the time for carrying out the pigging operations . The above-mentioned object is achieved with a system of the introductorily stated type which, according to the invention, is characterized in that the pig launching unit comprises an upwardly open sleeve-shaped barrel at the end of the pipeline, and the pig receiving unit comprises an insert member adapted for introduction into the barrel by means of the running tool, and for releasable securing in the barrel, so that the two units in connected condition form a launching trap for a pig placed in the insert member.
The invention will be further described below in connection with an exemplary embodiment with reference to the drawings, wherein
Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a pig launching system according to the invention, in an operational phase wherein a trap insert with a pig is in the process of being installed in 2 the associated trap barrel by means of a running tool; * Figs. 2 and 3 show corresponding views to that of Fig. 1, but of other operational phases; and
Fig. 4 shows a schematic view of a pig launching system s with an embodiment of a pipe arrangement for introduction of a pig into the topical pipeline by means of the fluid flow from a reservoir under the sea bed.
As appears from Figs. 1-3, the pig launching system according to the invention comprises a pig launching unit in the o form of an upwardly open, sleeve-shaped barrel 1 which is arranged at one end of a pipeline 2 in which a pig is to be launched, and a pig receiving unit 3 comprising an insert member 4 adapted for introduction into the barrel 1 by means of a running tool 5, and for releasable securing in the barrel, so is that the two units 1 , 3 in connected condition form a launching trap for a pig 6 placed in the insert member 4.
The sleeve-shaped barrel 1 is installed in a wellhead 7 which is only schematically suggested in Figs. 1-3, for example in a wellhead base 8 for a production Christmas tree 9, as
20 schematically shown in Fig. 4.
The pig receiving unit 3 may, in a commonly known manner, be lowered and drawn up from the wellhead 7 by means of the running tool 5 which may be of a conventional design. The running tool is lowered and drawn up by means of a lifting wire
25 10 operated from a non-illustrated vessel at the water surface, the movement of the running tool being controlled by means of a pair of guide lines 11 which are carried through associated guide sleeves 12 at the running tool 5 and at their lower ends are connected to guide posts 13 at the wellhead 7.
30 The pig receiving unit 3 in the illustrated embodiment comprises an upper head member 14 from which the insert member 4 projects downwards, and which is designed for releasable connection with the pig launching barrel 1. Thus, the head member 14 has a downwards projecting flange member 15 which, together
35 with an upper portion of the insert member 4, defines an annular slot 16 for receiving the upper edge portion of the barrel 1. In the flange member 15 there are arranged a number of radially movable locking pins 17, and the interconnection between the unit 3 and the barrel 1 takes place in that the locking pins are 3 brought into engagement in a peripheral groove 18 arranged in tffe outer surface of the barrel 1 at the upper end thereof.
It will be clear that the means for interconnection of the pig receiving unit 3 and the launching barrel may be designed s in many different ways. For example, instead of the stated locking pins, there may be used a clamp coupling having typically three segments, a coupling having rotating locking pins, a coupling of the "collet" type, etc. The connecting means may be remotely operated, either via the umbilical (mentioned below) or o by means of a remotely operated vehicle (rov).
The unit 3 is provided with a sealing means for sealing engagement with the barrel 1 when the insert member 4 has been introduced into the barrel, so that leakage of process fluid from the launching trap to the surrounding sea is prevented. The s sealing means may consist of suitable gaskets which may be arranged in connection with the locking means mentioned above, or it may comprise a gasket which is arranged at the bottom of the annular slot 16.
At the top of the unit 3 there is further shown to be 0 arranged a coupling pin 19 for releasable engagement in a corresponding holder or socket member 20 on the running tool 5. The interconnection and the release suitably may take place electrically or hydraulically, and be controlled by means of an umbilical 21 extending between the running tool 5 and the surface 5 vessel .
In the illustrated embodiment the insert member 4 is adapted for receiving a single pig 6. However, if desired, the insert member may be arranged to receive several pigs, in order to be able to launch successive pigs consecutively without o recovering the unit 3 to the surface for each pig launching. The pig 6 may, e.g., be a cleaning pig, a measuring pig or an inspection pig. Where the insert member is arranged to receive several pigs simultaneously, these may be of different types, according to the topical need. Such an embodiment will be 5 advantageous on fields where there is a need for frequent pigging.
As appears from Figs. 1-3, the pig launching barrel 1 constitutes an extension of the pipeline 2 in which the pig 6 is to be introduced. Below the barrel there is arranged an isolating 4 valve 22 which is opened when the pig is to be driven out frδm the launching trap and into the pipeline. To drive the pig into the pipeline, a driving line 23 for the supply of driving fluid is connected to the barrel 1. The driving line is coupled to an s opening 24 arranged in the wall of the barrel and communicates with a peripheral groove 25 in the insert member 4 when this has been introduced into the barrel. The annular groove 25 communicates with the interior of the insert member 4 via a number of openings 26 therein, so that driving fluid is supplied to the o interior of the insert member when opening an isolation valve 27 in the driving line 23, and the pig 6 then is driven into the pipeline 2 as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of a pipe arrangement for introducing a pig into the pipeline 2 by means of the flow of s production fluid (oil) from an oil reservoir 30 below the sea bed 31. The figure shows a tubing 32 extending between the reservoir 30 and the production Christmas tree in the wellhead 7. In the production Christmas tree there is shown to be connected an isolation valve 33 for shutting-off the oil flow when required. 0 The driving line 23 with the isolation valve 27 is connected between the barrel 1 and an upstream isolation valve 34 communicating with the tubing in the production Christmas tree 9. Further, a wellhead isolation valve 35 is connected in a line connection 36 between the driving line 23 and the pipeline 2 with 5 the pig isolation valve 22. The pipeline 2 and the line connection 36 are both coupled to a flowline 37 extending between the wellhead 7 and a platform 38 on which there is arranged a receiver station 39 for a pig.
The manner of operation of the pig launching system of 0 the embodiment shown in Fig. 4 will be further described below.
When a pigging operation is to be effected, the guide lines 11 are coupled to the underwater system by connecting them to the guide posts 13, and the running tool 5 is lowered and interconnected with the now empty pig-receiving unit 3. The 5 coupling 17, 18 between the unit 3 and the barrel 1 is opened, and the unit 3 is raised to the surface. The topical pig is introduced into the unit 3, and this is lowered by means of the running tool 5 as shown in Fig. 1, and the insert member 4 is introduced into the barrel 1 and the units are interconnected as 5 shown in Fig. 2. The running tool is disconnected and drawn up to the surface (Fig. 3). Thereafter the wellhead isolation valve 35 is closed at the same time as the pig isolation valve 22 is opened, and also the valves 33 and 34 are open. Thereafter the isolation valve 27 in the driving line 23 is opened, and the pig 6 then is pushed out into the pipeline 4 and further into the flowline 37, the pig being driven by the production fluid flow.
When the pig 6 has been pushed out into the flowline 37, the pig isolation valve 22 and the driving line valve 27 are closed. Thereafter the wellhead isolation valve 35 is opened, so that the natural production flow pushes the pig forwards to the receiver station 39 on the platform 38.
As an alternative to the embodiment according to Fig. 4, the driving function for the pig may be provided by means of liquid from the surface vessel via the umbilical 21 and the driving tool 5 forwards to the launching trap.

Claims

P a t e n t c l a i m s
1. A system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline s ( 2 ) , especially in an underwater system for the production of hydrocarbons from a wellhead ( 7 ) at the sea bed, comprising a pig receiving unit ( 3 ) capable of being run down to and recovered from the wellhead ( 7 ) by means of a running tool ( 5 ) , and a pig launching unit ( 1 ) arranged at the wellhead for launching a pig o (6) into the pipeline (2) via a pig isolating valve (22), CHARACTERIZED IN that the pig launching unit comprises an upwardly open sleeve-shaped barrel ( 1 ) at the end of the pipeline ( 2 ) , and the pig receiving unit ( 3 ) comprises an insert member ( 4 ) adapted for introduction into the barrel ( 1 ) by means of the s running tool (5), and for releasable securing in the barrel, so that the two units ( 1 , 3 ) in connected condition form a launching trap for a pig ( 6 ) placed in the insert member ( 4 ) .
2. A system according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED IN that the trap insert member ( 4 ) is provided with a sealing means for 0 sealing engagement with the barrel ( 1 ) , to prevent leakage of production fluid from the launching trap to the surrounding sea.
3. A system according to claim 1 or 2, CHARACTERIZED IN that the pig receiving unit ( 3 ) comprises an upper head member (14) from which the insert member (4) projects downwards, and 5 which has a downwards projecting flange member (15) which, together with the insert member ( 4 ) , defines an annular slot for receiving an upper edge portion of the barrel ( 1 ) .
4. A system according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED IN that the flange member (15) is provided with a number of radially 0 movable locking pins (17) for engagement in a peripheral groove (18) in the outer surface of the barrel (1).
5. A system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a tubing (32) from a reservoir (30) communicates with the wellhead ( 7 ) , CHARACTERIZED IN that a driving line 5 connection ( 23 ) with an isolation valve ( 27 ) is connected between the launching barrel ( 1 ) and an upstream isolation valve ( 34 ) communicating with the tubing ( 32 ) in the wellhead ( 7 ) , a wellhead isolation valve (35) being connected in a line connection (36) between the driving line and pig isolation valves (27 7 resp. 22), so that the pig (6) can be driven into the pipeline (2) by means of the production fluid flow when the wellhead isolation valve (35) is closed and said remaining valves (27, 34, 35) are open.
6. A system according to any one of the preceding claims, CHARACTERIZED IN that the trap insert member (4) is arranged to receive several pigs ( 6 ) , for launching of successive pigs without recovering the pig receiving unit ( 3 ) by means of the running tool ( 5 ) .
PCT/NO1999/000106 1998-04-01 1999-03-30 A system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline WO1999050586A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU31759/99A AU3175999A (en) 1998-04-01 1999-03-30 A system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO981473 1998-04-01
NO981473A NO981473A (en) 1998-04-01 1998-04-01 System for sending a spike in a subsea pipeline

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999050586A1 true WO1999050586A1 (en) 1999-10-07

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ID=19901873

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NO1999/000106 WO1999050586A1 (en) 1998-04-01 1999-03-30 A system for launching a pig in a subsea pipeline

Country Status (3)

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AU (1) AU3175999A (en)
NO (1) NO981473A (en)
WO (1) WO1999050586A1 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002068856A2 (en) * 2001-02-23 2002-09-06 Fmc Technologies, Inc. Subsea pig launching apparatus
GB2503688B (en) * 2012-07-04 2015-12-02 Vector Int Ltd Pig launcher
WO2017020991A1 (en) * 2015-07-31 2017-02-09 Rosen Swiss Ag Apparatus for launching and receiving a pig into or from a pipeline
US9739411B1 (en) 2014-08-06 2017-08-22 The United States Of Americas As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration System and method for traversing pipes

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2818592A (en) * 1955-04-25 1958-01-07 Scaramucci Domer Soluble plug injector
US3100308A (en) * 1962-07-17 1963-08-13 Exxon Research Engineering Co Combination flexible hose connection and ball pig launcher-receiver
GB2196715A (en) * 1986-10-27 1988-05-05 British Gas Plc Method of launching a pig into a pipeline
EP0646423A1 (en) * 1993-09-03 1995-04-05 Fuji Oil Company, Limited Apparatus for cleaning a piping

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2818592A (en) * 1955-04-25 1958-01-07 Scaramucci Domer Soluble plug injector
US3100308A (en) * 1962-07-17 1963-08-13 Exxon Research Engineering Co Combination flexible hose connection and ball pig launcher-receiver
GB2196715A (en) * 1986-10-27 1988-05-05 British Gas Plc Method of launching a pig into a pipeline
EP0646423A1 (en) * 1993-09-03 1995-04-05 Fuji Oil Company, Limited Apparatus for cleaning a piping

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002068856A2 (en) * 2001-02-23 2002-09-06 Fmc Technologies, Inc. Subsea pig launching apparatus
WO2002068856A3 (en) * 2001-02-23 2002-12-27 Fmc Technologies Subsea pig launching apparatus
US6536461B2 (en) 2001-02-23 2003-03-25 Fmc Technologies, Inc. Subsea pig launching apparatus
GB2389400A (en) * 2001-02-23 2003-12-10 Fmc Technologies Subsea pig launching apparatus
GB2389400B (en) * 2001-02-23 2004-07-28 Fmc Technologies Subsea pig launching apparatus
GB2503688B (en) * 2012-07-04 2015-12-02 Vector Int Ltd Pig launcher
US9739411B1 (en) 2014-08-06 2017-08-22 The United States Of Americas As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration System and method for traversing pipes
WO2017020991A1 (en) * 2015-07-31 2017-02-09 Rosen Swiss Ag Apparatus for launching and receiving a pig into or from a pipeline
US10619784B2 (en) 2015-07-31 2020-04-14 Rosen Swiss Ag Apparatus for launching and receiving a pig into or from a pipeline

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU3175999A (en) 1999-10-18
NO306001B1 (en) 1999-08-30
NO981473A (en) 1999-08-30
NO981473D0 (en) 1998-04-01

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