WO1999040990A1 - Polymeres a fixation d'anions et leur utilisation - Google Patents

Polymeres a fixation d'anions et leur utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999040990A1
WO1999040990A1 PCT/US1999/003313 US9903313W WO9940990A1 WO 1999040990 A1 WO1999040990 A1 WO 1999040990A1 US 9903313 W US9903313 W US 9903313W WO 9940990 A1 WO9940990 A1 WO 9940990A1
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wastewater
paa
polymer
hcl
anion
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PCT/US1999/003313
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English (en)
Inventor
Peter Kofinas
Dimitri R. Kioussis
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University Of Maryland
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Priority to AU26824/99A priority Critical patent/AU2682499A/en
Publication of WO1999040990A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999040990A1/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
    • B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J41/00—Anion exchange; Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
    • B01J41/08—Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
    • B01J41/12—Macromolecular compounds
    • B01J41/13—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J41/00—Anion exchange; Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
    • B01J41/08—Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
    • B01J41/12—Macromolecular compounds
    • B01J41/14—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/285—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using synthetic organic sorbents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • the invention is in the field of anion binding polymers to remove phosphate and other anions from water and to treat patients with hyperphosphatemia.
  • Impounded waters such as lakes, estuaries, reservoirs, and slow flowing rivers, are important for municipal and industrial water supplies, recreational activities, sport and commercial fishing, and transportation.
  • Today the enormous demands being placed on water supplies and wastewater facilities have necessitated the development and implementation of far broader wastewater treatment projects than those envisioned a few years ago.
  • the standards for water quality have significantly increased, concurrent with a marked decrease in potable water quality.
  • Evidence of water supply contamination by toxic and hazardous pollutants has become more common.
  • Concern about broad water-related environmental issues has increased. As the world population multiplies at an increasing rate, environmental control and management of water supplies have become a critical factor. -2-
  • Domestic or sanitary wastewater refers to liquid discharge from residences, business buildings and institutions.
  • Industrial wastewater is discharged from manufacturing plants .
  • Municipal wastewater is the general term applied to the liquid collected in sanitary sewers and treated in a municipal plant.
  • Storm runoff water in most communities is collected in a separate storm sewer system, without any industrial or domestic connections, and is conveyed to the nearest watercourse for discharge without treatment.
  • the total amount of pollutional load from storm water is relatively minor compared with other wastewater discharges.
  • combined sewer systems exist, where both storm water and sanitary wastewaters are collected in the same piping.
  • Dry weather flow in the combined sewers is intercepted and conveyed to the treatment plant for processing, but during storms, flow in excess of plant capacity is by -passed directly to the receiving watercourse (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H. J.
  • Municipal wastewater treatment is to prevent pollution of the receiving watercourse. Characteristics of municipal wastewater depend to a considerable extent on the type of sewer collection system and on industrial wastes entering the sewers. The beneficial uses of the receiving water body will determine the degree of treatment required for the wastewater. Stream pollution and lake eutrophication resulting from municipal wastes are particularly troublesome in water reuse for water supply and recreation (Viessman W. Jr. &
  • the volume of wastewater from a community varies from 50 to 250 gal per capita per day (gpcd) depending on sewer uses (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr. , Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N J,
  • a common value for domestic wastewater flow is 120 gpcd (9450 liters/person-day), which assumes that the residential dwellings have modern water-using appliances (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. (1996)).
  • the organic matter contributed per person per day in domestic wastewater is approximately 110 g of suspended solids and 90 g of biological oxygen demand (BOD) (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. (1996)).
  • BOD biological oxygen demand
  • sanitary wastewater of 120 gpcd includes residential and commercial wastewaters plus reasonable infiltration, but excludes industrial discharges.
  • Total solids, residue on evaporation, include both dissolved organic matter and salts; the former is represented by the volatile fraction.
  • Sedimentation of a typical domestic wastewater diminishes BOD by approximately 35% and suspended solids by 50% (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
  • the surplus of nutrients in the treated effluent indicates that sanitary wastewater has nitrogen and phosphorus in excess of biological needs.
  • the accepted BOD/Nitrogen/Phosphorus weight ratio required for biological treatment is 100 mg/1 BOD to 5 mg/1 nitrogen to 1 mg/1 phosphorus (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. (1996)).
  • Raw wastewater has a ratio of 100/17/3 and after settling, 100/23/5, and therefore contains abundant phosphorus and nitrogen for microbial growth.
  • Another important wastewater characteristic is that not all of the organic matter is biodegradable. Although a substantial portion of the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are converted to carbon dioxide by microbial action, a waste sludge equivalent of 20 to 40% of the applied BOD is generated in biological treatment.
  • All surface waters should be of adequate quality to support aquatic life and be aesthetically pleasing. Additionally, if needed as a source of supply, the water should be treatable by conventional processes to provide a potable supply, meeting the drinking-water quality standards. Many lakes, reservoirs, and rivers are also maintained at a level of quality suitable for swimming, water skiing, and boating. Surface waters throughout the nation are classified according to intended -5-
  • the common conventional pollution factors are biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, fecal coliforms (bacteria), pH, oil and grease (wide variety of organic compounds), and phosphorus (Quality Criteria for Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (July 1976)). These are the contaminants usually contributed to surface water bodies by treated effluents from municipal wastewater plants. For these pollutants the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed water quality criteria consisting of numerical limits; their rationale is based on bioassays of aquatic organisms (Niessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M.J., Water Supply and Pollution Control, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 4th ed. (1985)). These criteria may be modified to take into account the variability of local waters in establishing state standards.
  • Water quality standards associate particular numerical limits with the designated beneficial uses for specific surface waters, thus recognizing that use and criteria are interdependent.
  • Commonly considered local conditions are natural background levels of pollutants and other constituents, such as the presence of sensitive aquatic species, characteristics of the biological community, flow characteristics, weather and temperature, and synergistic or antagonistic effects of combinations of pollutants (Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M.J., Water Supply and Pollution Control, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 4th ed. (1985)).
  • EPA criteria are considered to be conservative estimates of pollutant concentrations that can be safely tolerated by an ecosystem, whereas state standards address site-specific pollution problems (Quality Criteria for Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (July 1976)).
  • NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
  • the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) state permit program provides the basis for effluent standards (Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M.J., Water Supply and Pollution Control, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 4th ed. (1985)).
  • the EPA requires each state to establish effluent limitations and performance standards for sources of water pollution, including industries, power plants, wastewater treatment plants, and agricultural operations. Effluent limits allow discharge of specific amounts of pollutants and either limit or prohibit emission of toxic pollutants.
  • Secondary treatment is defined as producing an effluent with an average BOD of less than 30 mg/1 and suspended solids of less than 30 mg/1 (Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M. J., Water Supply and
  • Elemental phosphorus is a toxin subject to bioaccumulation.
  • the EPA criterion of 0.10 micro g/1 yellow (elemental) phosphorus for marine or estuarine waters is one-tenth the demonstrated lethal levels to important marine organisms (Quality Criteria for Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (July 1976)).
  • Phosphate phosphorus is a key nutrient stimulating excessive plant growth — both weeds and algae ⁇ in lakes, estuaries, and slow-moving rivers.
  • Cultural eutrophication is the accelerated fertilization of surface waters arising from phosphate pollution associated with discharge of wastewaters and agricultural drainage. Since phosphate removal is feasible by chemical precipitation in wastewater treatment, effluent permits for municipal and industrial discharges to lakes, or streams that flow into lakes, usually limit the concentration to 1.0-2.0 mg/1 of phosphate phosphorus; this is equivalent to about 80% to 90% removal from domestic wastewater (Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M. J., Water Supply and Pollution Control, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 4th ed. (1985)). For lakes in -7-
  • Toxic pollutants must be monitored and controlled, since they are a cause of diseases, behavioral abnormalities, and physiological malfunctions in aquatic organisms (Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M.J., Water Supply and Pollution
  • Bioassays are the best method for determining safe concentrations of toxins for aquatic organisms.
  • a normal, healthy stream or lake has a balance of plant and animal life represented by great species diversity. Pollution disrupts this balance, resulting in a reduction in the variety of individuals and dominance of the surviving organisms.
  • Poisonous effects on fish life also relate to the character of the watercourse, species offish, and season of the year. During the winter, fish are much more resistant because of the cold water. During the spring and summer months when the temperature is continuously rising, the fish are susceptible to unfavorable conditions and are likely to die. During spawning even slight pollution can cause damage to salmon and trout.
  • Ammonium perchlorate is primarily used in explosive and pyrotechnic mixtures and as an ingredient in liquid propellant fuel for jet and rocket engines. AP is a serious fire hazard when it is brought into contact with organic materials such as fuels and reducing agents. It is also a very powerful oxidizer.
  • AP is the oxidizer and primary ingredient in solid propellant for most Air Force large rocket motors (such as the Tomahawk Block III warheads
  • AP When burned, AP produces hydrogen chloride gas.
  • AP can be removed by high-pressure water washout, but resulting waste-streams contain high concentrations of AP and must be treated before discharging into natural waters.
  • Methods that will remove perchlorate, even at extremely low concentrations, from wastewater effluents are a major need in the U.S. defense industry.
  • This research introduced into the contaminated AP water highly crosslinked polymeric hydrogels. These hydrogels selectively bound the perchlorate into the polymer matrix. Thus, they may be used to control one of the most difficult environmental problems facing the U.S. defense industry.
  • Phosphorus enters natural waters from human-generated wastes and land runoff. Contributions from nonpoint sources in surface drainage vary from 0 to
  • Phosphorus in natural waters occurs as various types of phosphate.
  • the most common forms of phosphate are organically bound phosphates, orthophosphates (H 2 PO 4 J HPO 4 2 J PO 4 " ), and polyphosphates (polymers of phosphoric acid) (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. (1996); Viessman W.
  • Typical polyphosphates are sodium hexametaphosphate, Na 3 (PO 3 ) 6 , sodium tripolyphosphate,Na 5 P 3 O 10 , andtetrasodiumpyrophosphate,Na 4 P 2 O 7 . In aqueous solutions, all polyphosphates gradually hydrolyze and revert to the ortho form (Viessman W. Jr.
  • Phosphates are growth-limiting plant nutrients in oligotrophic lakes. Phosphate contributions to surface waters in undeveloped or sparsely populated areas result primarily from decomposition of natural organic matter. The phosphate anion being chemically reactive is not readily transported in groundwater. Contributions from precipitation are variable and depend on air pollution and wind erosion for the particular region. Organically bound phosphates entering an oligotrophic lake during the growing season are rapidly synthesized by plants.
  • the key cycle is orthophosphate synthesized into plant growth, followed by death and decay releasing the phosphate back to solution for resynthesis (Hammer, M.J. & MacKichan, K.A., Hydrology and Quality of Water Resources, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, lst ed. (1981)).
  • Particulate phosphates entering may be eliminated from the cycle by settling to the bottom. Particulates settling to the bottom can act as a sink, retaining phosphate adsorbed onto clay and chemically combined with metal -11-
  • the amount of phosphorus in the biological floe of an activated sludge process is equal to about 1% of the BOD applied.
  • removal in treatment of a typical wastewater with 200 mg/1 of BOD is 2 mg/1 of P, or 20% phosphorus reduction (Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M.J., Water
  • a factor of importance in biological phosphorus removal is the method that is used to process and dispose the sludge withdrawn from primary and secondary settling tanks.
  • An extended aeration system that operates without any sludge wasting extracts no phosphorus.
  • Dewatering of raw-waste sludge followed by land burial of solids results in maximum phosphorus removal.
  • Conventional sludge stabilization by anaerobic or aerobic digestion returns to the influent of the treatment plant a supernatant liquid containing nutrients.
  • Chemical precipitation is used with conventional biological treatment for the removal of phosphates from wastewater effluents. Chemical precipitation involves the use of aluminum and iron coagulants or lime in order to be effective in phosphate removal (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater
  • the molar ratio of aluminum to phosphorus in this equation is 1 : 1 , which is equivalent to a weight ratio of 0.87: 1.00. Since alum contains 9.0% Al, 9.7 lb of coagulant is theoretically required to precipitate 1.0 lb of P (Viessman W. Jr. 8c Hammer, M.J., J ⁇ ter Supply and Pollution Control, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 4th ed. (1985); Riding J.T., et al, J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 51(5): 1040-1053 (1979)). Alum demand is a function of the degree of phosphorus removal required.
  • Ferric chloride can also be applied along with biological aeration for removal of the phosphate ion.
  • the theoretical chemical reaction is:
  • the molar and weight ratios of Fe to P are 1:1 and 1.8:1, respectively.
  • Theoretically, 5.2 lb of FeCl 3 is required to precipitate 1 lb of P (ferric chloride is 34% iron).
  • the actual amount is larger than predicted by the equation.
  • Lime is usually applied to maintain optimum pH and aid coagulation (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. (1996); Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M.J., Water Supply and Pollution Control, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 4th ed. (1985); Process Design Manual for Phosphorus Removal, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer, EPA
  • ferric iron reacts with both natural alkalinity and lime to precipitate as ferric hydroxide.
  • Aluminum and iron coagulants can be mixed with raw wastewaters to precipitate phosphates in primary clarification.
  • the advantage of first stage chemical settling is increased suspended-solids removal, thus reducing the organic load to the second stage biological treatment process.
  • This process requires a larger amount of coagulant in order to achieve the same degree of phosphorus removal as chemical-biological second stage treatment. This process is not as common as secondary chemical-biological processing of wastewater effluents.
  • N 2 gaseous nitrogen
  • NH 3 organic, ammonia
  • NOJ nitrate
  • NOJ nitrite
  • R hydrocarbon
  • Nitrogen in municipal wastewater results from ground garbage, industrial wastes, particularly from food processing, and human excreta. About 40% of the nitrogen is in the form of ammonia, and 60% is bound in organic matter with negligible nitrate (Hammer, M.J. 8c Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. ( 1996); Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M.J., Water Supply and Pollution Control, Harper 8c Row, New York, NY, 4th ed. (1985)).
  • the primary sources of nitrogen in domestic wastewater are feces, urine, and food-processing discharges, with a total nitrogen contribution in the range of 8-12 lb N/capita/year (4-6 kg/capita/year)
  • the nitrogen content of eutrophic lakes is much higher because entering surface waters are rich in nutrients. Drainage from cultivated farmland and cattle feedlots contain nitrogen from inorganic fertilizers and manure. This is mostly in the nitrate form, and therefore cannot be removed from solution even if it is filtered through the soil to enter a lake in groundwater. During the growing season, blue-green algae may fix a substantial amount of nitrogen (from the atmosphere), although the inorganic ionic forms are preferred if available in sufficient supply.
  • Inorganic nitrogen is supplied by watercourses containing rural drainage and municipal wastewaters (Hammer, M.J. & MacKichan, K.A., Hydrology and Quality of Water Resources, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1st ed. (1981)).
  • watercourses containing rural drainage and municipal wastewaters Hammer, M.J. & MacKichan, K.A., Hydrology and Quality of Water Resources, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1st ed. (1981)
  • By synthesis to algae and bacteria it is converted into organic nitrogen. This is particularly evident on the surface during the summer months. Death and decomposition of these organisms releases ammonia that may be oxidized to nitrate.
  • the ammonia and nitrate can then be resynthesized into new cell growth, or the nitrate is converted to N 2 via denitrification (Hammer, M.J.
  • Nitrogen removal is affected by several factors: the forms and concentrations in the raw wastewater, synthesis in aerobic treatment, nitrification- denitrification, and methods of sludge processing (Viessman W. Jr. & Hammer, M. J., Water Supply and Pollution Control, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 4th ed. (1985)). Nitrogen removal in conventional biological treatment units ranges from nearly 0 to 40%, depending on the forms of nitrogen present in the wastewater and the methods of wastewater and sludge processing employed (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. (1996)).
  • Nitrification is the process by which nitrogen is converted to the nitrate form before being removed from the polluted watercourse.
  • the process of nitrification-denitrification reduces the total nitrogen content to nitrate and also involves the conversion of the nitrate to gaseous nitrogen. -19-
  • Nitrification is usually a separate process following conventional biological treatment (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. (1996)).
  • the BOD is removed by conventional treatment which does not oxidize the ammonia therefore producing an effluent suitable for nitrification (Hammer, M.J. &
  • the process of denitrification involves the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas by facultative heterotrophic bacteria in an anoxic environment (zone of low or no oxygen concentration) (Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, H.J. Jr., Water and Wastewater Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 3rd ed. (1996)).
  • An organic carbon source such as RH 2 in Equation 2.5, is required to act as a hydrogen donor and to supply carbon for biological synthesis.
  • Methanol is commonly used due to its ease of application, availability, and ability to be applied without leaving a residual BOD in the process effluent (Viessman W. Jr.
  • Inorganic nitrogen nitrate and ammonia
  • orthophosphates carbon dioxide
  • micronutrients are the major plant nutrients.
  • either phosphorus or nitrogen is the limiting nutrient controlling aquatic plant production.
  • phosphorus is the key element since dissolved phosphate is more likely to be depleted in impounded waters during the growing season than are ammonia and nitrate (Hammer, M.J.
  • Phosphorus and nitrogen are discharged into watercourses from several sources.
  • the most common sources are agricultural land drainage and municipal wastewaters.
  • Chemical phosphates and nitrogenous fertilizers are applied to increase crop yields.
  • Inorganic nitrogen leaches rapidly through the soil being very soluble in water; phosphates, even though relatively immobile in soil, are conveyed by precipitation runoff in both soluble forms and absorbed on soil particles.
  • Manure from cattle also contribute nutrients. Efforts are made to control this problem, however, local weather and topology can seriously restrict their effectiveness (i.e. regions of frequent rainfall).
  • the invention relates to a solution to the problem of water contamination by nutrient pollutants such as reactive phosphorus and reactive nitrogen, as well as toxic pollutants (i.e. ammonium perchlorate).
  • nutrient pollutants such as reactive phosphorus and reactive nitrogen
  • toxic pollutants i.e. ammonium perchlorate
  • the invention relates in particular to the discovery that anion-binding polymers such as crosslinked polymeric hydrogel materials display capability to bind and therefore remove phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, perchlorate and sulfate anions from various types of wastewater effluents.
  • the invention relates to a method of removing anionic pollutants from wastewater, comprising contacting said wastewater with an anion-binding polymer, whereby said anionic pollutants are absorbed to said polymer.
  • the invention also relates to a method of removing anionic pollutants from wastewater and providing an agricultural fertilizer, comprising contacting said wastewater with an anion-binding polymer, whereby said anionic pollutants are absorbed to said polymer, eluting the anions from said polymer with a strongly alkaline solution, and neutralizing the eluant, whereby an agricultural fertilizer is obtained.
  • the invention also relates to a method of removing anionic pollutants from wastewater and providing an agricultural fertilizer, comprising contacting said wastewater with an anion-binding polymer, whereby said anionic pollutants are absorbed to said polymer, and burning said polymer, whereby an agricultural fertilizer is obtained.
  • anion binding polymers e.g. crosslinked poly(allyl amine) PAA-HCl polymeric hydrogel materials, efficiently bind anions in wastewater.
  • the polymeric hydrogels were synthesized by chemically crosslinking linear PAA-HCl chains with epichlorohydrin (EPI), ethylene diglycidyl ether (EDGE) or by the irradiation of aqueous PAA-HCl solutions.
  • EPI epichlorohydrin
  • EDGE ethylene diglycidyl ether
  • the equilibrium swelling ratios of the synthesized pH sensitive polymer gels were studied as a function of various gel processing parameters. At low pH values, the gels swelled to approximately 16 times their dry weights due to protonation of the amine groups. At high pH values, the gels were in a more collapsed state due to the deprotonation of the amine groups.
  • Anion binding experiments in distilled demonized and wastewater samples were performed using UV spectroscopy.
  • the invention also relates to a hydrogel polymer obtained by crosslinking poly(allylamine) with epichlorohydrin. -24-
  • the invention also relates to a hydrogel polymer obtained by crosslinking poly(allylamine) with 1 ,2-ethylenediol-diglycidyl ether.
  • the invention also relates to a hydrogel polymer obtained by crosslinking poly(allylamine) with irradiation.
  • These novel hydrogels may be used in the practice of the invention or for other purposes, e.g. for removing phosphate from the gastrointestinal track. In particular, they may be used in a method to treat patients with hyperphosphatemia present in patients with renal insufficiency, untreated acromegaly, over medication with phosphate salts, acute tissue destruction as occurs during rhabdomyolysis and treatment of malignancies. See U.S. Patent No. 5,496,545.
  • an effective amount of the hydrogel is administered to a patient in need of such treatment.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing hydrogel synthesis by chemical crosslinking of poly(allylamine) polymer with epichlorohydrin (EPI).
  • EPI epichlorohydrin
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing showing hydrogel synthesis by irradiation crosslinking of poly(allylamine) polymer.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing showing crosslink formation by ionizing radiation of poly(allylamine) polymer.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a schematic drawing showing hydrogel synthesis by chemical crosslinking of poly(allylamine) polymer with ethylene diglycidyl ether (EDGE).
  • EDGE ethylene diglycidyl ether
  • FIG. 5 depicts an ammonium perchlorate (AP) calibration curve (yO3.042x).
  • FIG.6 depicts a graph showing the effect of PAA-HCl molecular weight and NaOH on PO 4 binding capacity in pH 7.00 buffer solution.
  • PAA-HCl initial concentration 25% b.v.
  • EPI amount 2.51 x 10 "3 moles. -25-
  • FIG. 7 depicts a graph showing the effect of EPI and solution pH on PO 4 binding capacity.
  • FIG. 8 depicts a graph showing the effect of PAA-HCl molecular weight on the perchlorate binding capacity in AP standard solution.
  • Initial PAA-HCl concentration 25% b.v.
  • NaOH 0.28 g / g
  • PAA-HCl 0.28 g / g
  • EPI amount 2.51 x 10 "3 moles.
  • FIG. 9 depicts a graph showing the decrease of NOJ concentration with time.
  • Initial PAA-HCl concentration: 25% b.v., PAA-HCl M w 9,750 g/mole, EPI amount: 3.13 x 10 "3 moles, and NaOH amount: 0.23 g NaOH/g PAA-HCl.
  • FIG. 10 depicts a graph showing the decrease of NOJ concentration with time.
  • Initial concentration of PAA-HCl 25% b.v.
  • PAA-HCl M w 9,750 g/mole.
  • NaOH amount 0.23 g NaOH/g PAA-HCl.
  • FIG. 11 depicts a graph showing the effect of pH and PAA-HCl molecular weight on the weight swelling ratio (q) of the hydrogels.
  • PAA-HCl 25% b.v., NaOH: 0.28 g / g PAA-HCl, EPI: 2.51 x 10 "3 moles.
  • FIG.12 depicts a graph showing the effect of EPI and PAA-HCl molecular weight on the swelling ratio (q) of the hydrogels.
  • FIG. 13 depicts a graph showing the effect of NaOH on the swelling ratio
  • FIG. 14 depicts a graph showing the effect of PAA-HCl molecular weight and initial PAA-HCl concentration on PO 4 binding capacity.
  • Aquaculture wastewater pH 7.67 ⁇ 0.50.
  • FIG. 15 depicts a graph showing the effect of EPI on PO 4 binding capacity in aquaculture wastewater effluent. -26-
  • FIG. 16 depicts a graph showing the effect of NaOH amount on PO 4 mg-PO binding capacity I _ « I .
  • Aquaculture water pH 7.42 ⁇ 0.50.
  • PAA-HCl concentration 25% b.v.
  • PAA-HCl, EPI 2.51 x 10 "3 moles.
  • FIG. 17 depicts a graph showing the concurrent decrease in PO 4 and NO 3 anion concentrations with time.
  • Aquaculture wastewater pH 7.97 ⁇ 0.50.
  • PAA-HCl concentration 25% b.v., NaOH: 0.23 g / g PAA-HCl, crosslinker: 2.51 x 10 ⁇ 3 moles.
  • FIG. 18 depicts a graph showing the effect of EPI amount on the perchlorate binding capacity in Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) wastewater.
  • Initial PAA-HCl concentration: 25% b.v., PAA-HCl M w 9,750 g/mole, NaOH: 0.23 g / g PAA-HCl.
  • FIG. 19 depicts a graph showing the concentration of NO 3 and PO 4 over time of PAA hydrogel-treated aquaculture wastewater from Tilapia/Hybrid Stripped Bass Fish tanks.
  • FIG. 21 depicts a diagrammatic representation of a lab scale packed column for anion removal.
  • FIG. 22 depicts a graph showing the concentration of NO 3 and PO 4 over time of PAA hydrogel-treated aquaculture wastewater from Tilapia/Hybrid Stripped Bass Fish tanks.
  • the hydrogel was present in a packed column.
  • FIG. 23 depicts a graph showing the concentration of NO 2 over time of
  • PAA hydrogel-treated aquaculture wastewater from Tilapia Hybrid Stripped Bass Fish tanks The hydrogel was present in a packed column.
  • Inorganics NH 3 , NO 3 " , NO 2 " , PO 4 3" , Cl " .
  • Salinity content was 5 ppt.
  • C PAA 25% b.v.
  • PAA M w 70,000 g/mole.
  • NaOH amount 0.241 g/g PAA; EPI amount: 3.0 e "3 moles.
  • FIG. 24 shows the PO 4 binding capacity of a packed column of PAA hydrogel after being regenerated 4 times with 1 M NaOH.
  • the aquaculture wastewater was from Tilapia/Hybrid Stripped Bass Fish tanks.
  • Inorganics NH 3 , NO 3 " , NO 2 " , PO 4 3" , Cl " .
  • Salinity content was 5 ppt.
  • C PAA 25% b.v.
  • PAA M w 57,500 g/mole. NaOH amount: 0.23 g/g PAA; EPI amount: 2.51 e "3 moles.
  • FIG.25 shows the perchlorate binding capacity of PAA hydrogel in Newcastle Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) wastewater effluent during five regeneration cycles.
  • Initial PAA HCl concentration of 25% b.v., PAA HCl M w 57,500 g/mole, NaOH: 0.23 g/g PAA HCl; EPI: 2.76 x 10 "3 moles.
  • the invention relates to a method of removing phosphate and other anions from wastewaters by contacting the wastewater with an anion-binding polymer.
  • anions are considered to be water pollutants. Anion removal from domestic, municipal (e.g., effluent from a sewage treatment plant), industrial, agricultural (e.g., fertilizer waste runoff, poultry litter and the like), -28-
  • aquaculture, fish hatchery or any other wastewater effluent may be achieved by binding the anion to an anion-binding polymer and then by removal of the polymer from the water by primary treatment (i.e. filtration, primary clarification) without substantial release of the anion back into liquid stream.
  • the polymer is in a particulate form and is a suspended solid or part of a packed column. This binding process is generally carried out at ambient temperature.
  • anion-binding polymers that may be used in the practice of the invention are amino-containing polymers, e.g. crosslinked polymeric hydrogels.
  • Crosslinked polymeric hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer networks that are able to absorb large amounts of water but remain insoluble because of the presence of crosslinks, entanglements, or crystalline regions (Hassan, CM., etal. , Macromolecules 50:6166-6173 (1997)).
  • Hydrogels are a class of materials receiving increasing commercial attention in a wide range of technologies including absorbents, separations media, and controlled release of pharmaceuticals and agricultural agents (Peppas, N.A., Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy, Vol 1: Fundamentals, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton. FL (1986); Peppas, N.A. & Langer, R., Science 2(55:1715-1720 (1994)).
  • anion-binding polymers examples include those described in U.S. Patent No. 5,496,545, the contents of which are fully incorporated by reference herein.
  • Such anion-binding polymers may comprise the formula:
  • n is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000 or more, and each R, independently, is H or a lower alkyl (e.g., having between 1 -29-
  • the polymer may comprise the formula:
  • n is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000 or more
  • each R independently, is H or a lower alkyl (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, inclusive), alkylamino (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino) or aryl (e.g., phenyl) group, and each X " is an exchangeable negatively charged counter ion.
  • the polymer may comprise a first repeating unit having the formula
  • n is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000 or more, each R, independently, is H or a lower alkyl (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, inclusive), alkylamino (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino) or aryl group (e.g., phenyl), and each X " is an exchangeable negatively charged counter ion; and further comprising a second repeating unit having the formula (1)
  • the polymer may comprise a repeating unit having the formula -30-
  • n is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000 or more
  • R is H or a lower alkyl (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, inclusive), alkylamino (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino) or aryl group (e.g., phenyl).
  • One example of a copolymer that may be used in the practice of the invention may comprise a first repeating unit having the formula
  • n is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000 or more
  • R is H or a lower alkyl (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, inclusive), alkylamino (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino) or aryl group (e.g., phenyl); and may further comprise a second repeating unit having the formula
  • each n independently, is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000 or more and R is H or a lower alkyl (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, inclusive), alkylamino (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino) or aryl group (e.g., phenyl).
  • R is H or a lower alkyl (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, inclusive), alkylamino (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino) or aryl group (e.g., phenyl).
  • the polymer may comprise a repeating group having the formula
  • n is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000 or more
  • each Rj and R 2 independently, is H or a lower alkyl (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, inclusive), alkylamino (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino) or aryl group (e.g., phenyl), and each X " is an exchangeable negatively charged counter ion.
  • At least one of the R-R 2 groups is a hydrogen group.
  • the polymer may comprise a repeating unit having the formula
  • n is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000 or more, each R, and R 2 , independently, is H, an alkyl group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkylamino group (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino), or an aryl group containing 1 to 12 atoms (e.g., phenyl).
  • the polymer may comprise a repeating unit having the formula
  • n is an integer of from about 1 to 1000 or more
  • each R,, R 2 and R 3 independently, is H, an alkyl group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkylamino group (e.g., having between 1 and 5 carbons atoms, inclusive, such as ethylamino), or an aryl group containing 6 to 12 atoms (e.g., phenyl), and each X " is an exchangeable negatively charged counter ion.
  • n may be any number, so long as the polymer functions to bind anions.
  • the negatively charged counter ions X " may be organic ions, inorganic ions, or combination thereof.
  • the inorganic ions suitable for use in this invention include the halides (especially chloride), carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, bisulfate, hydroxide, persulfate, sulfite, and sulfide.
  • Suitable organic ions include acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, citrate, dihydrogen citrate, hydrogen citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, taurocholate, glycocholate, and cholate. -33-
  • a preferred phosphate binding polymer is poly(allyl amine) (PAA), or, its HCl form.
  • PAA is a water soluble polymer which can be crosslinked by a variety of methods to produce a highly swollen hydrogel material (Kofinas, P., et al, Biomaterials 77:1547-1550 (1996)).
  • PAA-HCl has the formula:
  • the molecular weight range of the anion-binding polymer may range from about 10,000 to about 100,000 g/mole, although the invention is not so limited. Any molecular weight polymer that functions to bind anions may be used in the practice of the present invention. In a most preferred embodiment, the polymer is a cross-linked hydrogel.
  • Cross-linked PAA-HCl efficiently binds anions from wastewater.
  • the cross-linking may be achieved by chemical or irradiation crosslinking.
  • Chemical crosslinking involves the use of a cross-linking agent which bridges two or more linear polymer chains.
  • cross-linking agents that may be used include diacrylates and dimethacrylates (e.g., ethylene glycol diacrylate, propyleneglycol diacrylate, butylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, propylene glycol dimethacrylate, butylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, polyethyleneglycol diacrylate), methylene bisacrylamide, methylene bismethacrylamide, ethylene bisacrylamide, epichlorohydrin (EPI), toluene diisocyanate, ethylenebis- methacrylamide, ethylidene bisacrylamide, divinylbenezene, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, bisphenol A diacrylate, 1 ,4-butanedioldigly
  • cross-linking agent is 1 ,2-ethylenediol diglycidyl ether (EDGE) which is prepared by reacting ethylene glycol and EPI (1 :2). It has surprisingly been discovered that the hydrogel comprising poly(allylamine) polymer cross-linked with 1,2- ethylenediolglycidyl ether binds phosphate better than the hydrogel comprising poly(allylamine) polymer cross-linked with epichlorohydrin.
  • EDGE 1,2-ethylenediol diglycidyl ether
  • the amount of crosslinking agent is typically between about 0.5 and about 75 weight %, and preferably between about 1 and about 10% by weight, based upon combined weight of crosslinking agent and monomer. In a most preferred embodiment, the crosslinking agent is present between about 2 and about 10% by weight.
  • a hydrogel may be prepared by the aqueous reaction of PAA and EPI, which serves as the crosslinking agent.
  • the PAA used in the synthesis of the anion binding gels may have a weight average molecular weight that ranges from 8,500 to 65,000 g/mole, including a hydrochloric acid group ionically associated with each amine (e.g. PAA-HCl).
  • PAA-HCl a hydrochloric acid group ionically associated with each amine
  • PAA-HCl hydrochloric acid group ionically associated with each amine
  • NaOH sodium hydroxide
  • reaction pH i.e. the amount of NaOH used to neutralize the HCl groups on the PAA-HCl.
  • the relative amounts of the materials used in the hydrogel synthesis steps may be independently varied to optimize the final structure and anion binding properties of the resulting gel.
  • the crosslink density which -35-
  • a typical anion binding hydrogel is synthesized as follows: a 12.5% to
  • the salt-free hydrogel slabs now in their fully swollen state, are air-dried in an oven at 40-50 °C.
  • the final water content of the dry gels as determined by thermogravimetric analysis, is 5 to 8 wt%.
  • the dried gel slabs are then cut into smaller pieces or ground into a powder depending on the experimental needs.
  • Another method of obtaining a randomly crosslinked network is by irradiation (Peppas, N.A., Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy, Vol 1: Fundamentals, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton. FL (1986)).
  • irradiation crosslinking are that the network formation is completed in the absence of a potentially toxic crosslinking agent, and that there are no chemical functional groups in the crosslinked structure.
  • Such cross-linked polymers are especially preferred as they are more environmentally benign and more biocompatable when administered to humans.
  • macroradicals These can crosslink or stabilize themselves by various processes, such as disproportionation or degradation.
  • Two types of crosslinking are distinguished: intramolecular crosslinking (between macroradicals of the same polymer molecule) and intermolecular crosslinking. When sufficient intermolecular crosslinks have formed, the solution becomes a gel at a specific gel dose.
  • the reaction pH e.g the amount of NaOH used to neutralize HCl groups of PAA-HCl
  • temperature e.g. 0.1° C.
  • the initial concentration of the polymer e.g. PAA
  • the relative amounts of the polymer and NaOH may be varied in order to optimize the final morphology and anion binding properties of the hydrogel.
  • the crosslink density which affects the mechanical properties and the solute transport through the hydrogel, can be altered by varying the total irradiation dose delivered to the aqueous polymer solution and by the number of free amine sites available for cross-linking (by varying the amount of NaOH added).
  • Electrons may be provided by a Cobalt-60 (Co-60) electron beam machine.
  • the number average molecular weight that may be used in the irradiation synthesis of the phosphate binding gels may range from 8,000 to 65,000 g/mole.
  • PAA-HCl has a hydrochloric acid group ionically associated with each amine. Before irradiation, the hydrochloride groups of the PAA-HCl may be neutralized at least partially with NaOH to provide free amine -37-
  • the PAA hydrogel batches crosslinked using the irradiation method may be synthesized as follows: 5.0 g of 50% b.v. PAA-HCl is diluted in 7.5 ml of distilled deionized water to a 20% b.v. final solution concentration. 0.71 g of NaOH is then dissolved into the PAA-HCl solution. When the temperature of the solution drops below 27 ° C (the dissolution of NaOH is exothermic), the solutions are placed in glass covered 10 cm diameter petri dishes to a depth of 2 to 3 mm. The petri dishes containing the PAA polymer solutions are then exposed to high energy electron irradiation to a total dose of 150 kGy in three 50 kGy passes.
  • the solution inside the petri dish gelled after irradiation.
  • the gels that were formed by irradiation of PAA solutions are then washed with deionized/distilled water to remove residual NaCl produced from the NaOH neutralization of the HCl groups.
  • the water in the petri dish is replaced with fresh water and this washing process was repeated two more times.
  • the salt-free hydrogel slabs are air-dried in an oven at 40-50°C.
  • the dried gel slabs are then cut into smaller pieces or ground into a powder depending on the experimental needs.
  • the anions may be removed in a batch process or continuous process, e.g.
  • the effluent of the column may be checked for increasing levels of anions to determine when the binding capacity of the column has been reached.
  • the columns may then be regenerated by washing with a strongly alkaline solution, e.g. 1 M NaOH or KOH to elute the bound anions, and thereby concentrating them.
  • the columns may then be washed with water to elute the excess alkali and the columns reused to bind anions.
  • the concentrated anion solution may be neutralized, e.g. with HCl and optionally dried. Since the concentrated and/or dried anions may be rich in phosphate, nitrate and other anions, it may be used as a fertilizer. In a preferred -38-
  • the fertilizer is dried and then spread on an agricultural field.
  • the anion binding polymer with anions bound thereto may be burned and the residual salt employed as a fertilizer.
  • the invention also relates to particular hydrogel polymers obtained by crosslinking poly(allylamine) with epichlorohydrin or 1 ,2-ethylenediol-diglycidyl ether or by irradiation. These hydrogel polymers may be used in the practice of the invention or for medical purposes, e.g. for removing deleterious anions from the gastrointestinal tract. See U.S. Patent No. 5,496,545.
  • the invention relates to a method for treating a patient suffering from hyperphosphatemia, comprising administering to the patient in need thereof an effective amount of a PAA HCl hydrogel, preferably a PAA HCl hydrogel obtained by crosslinking PAA HCl with EDGE or irradiation.
  • a PAA HCl hydrogel preferably a PAA HCl hydrogel obtained by crosslinking PAA HCl with EDGE or irradiation.
  • Such patients may have renal insufficiency or chronic kidney failure, hypoparathyroidism, pseudo hypoparathyroidism, acute untreated acromegaly, over medication with phosphate salts, acute tissue destruction as occurs during rhabdomyolysis or may be concurrently be treated for malignancy.
  • patient includes any mammalian patient to which the hydrogel polymers may be administered to achieve a beneficial effect. Foremost amount such mammals are humans as well as nonhuman primates, sheep, horses, cattle, goats, pigs, dogs, cats rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, rats and mice.
  • compositions comprising the hydrogel polymers are administered in therapeutically effective amounts.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is that amount which produces a desired therapeutic result or ameliorates a condition being treated.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount effective to reduce serum levels of deleterious anions such as those described herein.
  • the hydrogel polymers may be prepared for oral administration by methods well known in the pharmaceutical arts.
  • the hydrogel polymers may be administered alone or in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier by be a solid, semi-solid or liquid material that acts as a vehicle, -39-
  • compositions may be in the form of tablets, pills, syrups, aerosols, soft or hard gelatin capsules, sterile packaged powders and the like.
  • suitable carriers include without limitation lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, methyl cellulose, methylhydroxybenzoate, propylhydroxybenzoate, and talc.
  • the aqueous PAA-HCl solutions are partially neutralized using NaOH to cleave off HCl groups.
  • EPI is added to crosslink the free amines produced from the neutralization of the HCl groups.
  • the pH of the gel formation reaction becomes more basic with increasing amount of NaOH added to the reaction medium.
  • Gels were synthesized using 2.51 x 10 "3 moles EPI and 0.23, 0.28, and 0.34 g NaOH per g PAA-HCl.
  • the time to gelation, upon the addition of EPI, decreased with increasing amount of NaOH.
  • the samples synthesized with 0.34 g NaOH per g PAA-HCl gelled within 6 to 7 minutes after addition of the crosslinker to the stirred solution of NaOH and PAA-HCl.
  • EPI used for the chemical crosslinking reaction was also varied, keeping the amounts of NaOH and PAA-HCl unchanged, to produce gels having varying crosslink density. Gels were synthesized using 2.51, 3.13, and 3.76 x 10 "3 moles EPI.
  • Phosphate concentrations were measured using a HACH DR/2010 UV spectrophotometer.
  • the detection procedure used by the spectrophotometer is equivalent to USEPA method 365.2 and Standard Method 4500-P-e for natural water and wastewater and is also known as the Ascorbic Acid Method.
  • the phosphate concentration of the sample was measured by diluting the sample with -40-
  • the phosphate present in the water sample reacts with molybdate, contained in the powder pillows, in an acid medium to produce a phosphomolybdate complex. Ascorbic acid, also in the powder pillows, then reduces the complex, giving an intense molybdenum blue color whose intensity is measured by the spectrophotometer.
  • the constant pH buffer consists of N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid (BES), sodium chloride (NaCl), and potassium phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ).
  • BES N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid
  • NaCl sodium chloride
  • KH 2 PO 4 potassium phosphate
  • buffer solution Upon reaching the desired pH the buffer solution was further diluted with another 200 ml of deionized water. This was done in order to bring down the initial phosphate concentration of the buffer solutions within the limits of the detection method. Buffer solutions at pH level of 5.60, 7.00, 8.00, and 9.13 were prepared and the phosphate binding capacity of the gels -41-
  • C 0 initial phosphate concentration, mg/L PO 4
  • C f final phosphate concentration, mg/L PO 4
  • V s volume of sample
  • Perchlorate anion concentrations were measured using a HACH DR/2010 UV spectrophotometer.
  • the perchlorate concentration of the sample was measured by diluting the sample with deionized water in 10 ml sample cells. Samples were diluted because the detection procedure had a low detection range of 0 to 2.50 mg/1 C1OJ and the initial concentration of perchlorate in the sample was anticipated to be much higher than this method could detect.
  • the contents of one HACH 10 ml PhosVer 3 reagent powder pillow were then added to each cell in order for a reaction to occur that would give the sample a blue color.
  • the perchlorate present reacts with molybdate, contained in the powder pillows, in an acid medium to produce a perchloromolybdate complex. Ascorbic acid, also in the powder pillows, then reduces the complex, giving an intense molybdenum blue color, whose intensity was measured by the spectrophotometer.
  • Perchlorate binding reactions were usually allowed to run for 240 minutes.
  • the decrease of perchlorate concentration in AP solutions, which occurred when a slurry of PAA particles were added to the solutions was measured every 30 minutes using the Hach DR 2010 UV spectrophotometer.
  • the experiment stopped when the hydrogel reached its saturation point and the perchlorate concentration in the sample remained constant.
  • the total phosphate binding capacity of the PAA gel was calculated from the UV experimental data using the following equations: -43-
  • C P0 initial perchlorate concentration, mg/L C1OJ
  • C Pf final perchlorate concentration, mg/L C1OJ
  • V volume of sample
  • L m 0 - amount of dry xerogel used in the experiment
  • UV spectroscopy was also used to measure nitrite and nitrate anion concentrations in the samples.
  • the detection procedures used are the Diazotation method, which is USEPA approved and the Cadmium Reduction method, (Federal Register, ⁇ (85):25505 (May 1 , 1979)), for the nitrite and nitrate anions respectively.
  • the nitrite concentration of the sample was measured by diluting the sample with deionized water in 10 ml sample cells. Samples were diluted because the Diazotation method had a low detection range of 0 to 0.30 mg/1 NOJ and the initial concentration of nitrite in the sample was anticipated to be higher than this method could detect. The contents of one HACH NitriVer3 reagent powder pillow were then added to each cell in order for a reaction to occur that would give the sample a pink color. The nitrite in the sample reacted with sulfanilic acid to form an intermediate diazonium salt. This salt coupled with chromotropic acid to produce a pink colored complex directly proportional to the amount of nitrite present. The intensity of the pink color was measured by the spectrophotometer.
  • Nitrate samples were diluted in 25 ml sample cells in order to measure their concentration. Samples were diluted because the cadmium reduction method had a detection range of 0 to 30.0 mg/1 NOJ and sample concentrations -44-
  • HACH NitraVer5 reagent powder pillow were then added to each cell in order for a reaction to occur that would give the sample an amber color.
  • Cadmium metal present in the powder pillow reduced the nitrates present in the sample to nitrite.
  • the nitrite ions reacted in an acidic medium with sulfanilic acid to form an intermediate diazonium salt. This salt coupled to gentisic acid to form an amber- colored product.
  • Nitrate binding reactions were allowed to run for 3 hours and the decrease of NOJ concentration in the sodium nitrate solutions, which occurred when a slurry of PAA particles were added to the solutions was measured every 30 minutes using the Hach DR/2010 UV spectrophotometer. The experiment stopped when the hydrogel reached its saturation point and the nitrate concentration in the sample remained constant. The nitrate binding capacity of the particular hydrogel used was calculated at the end of the experiment using the following equation
  • Swelling is one of the characteristic features of polymer networks.
  • the degree of swelling is one of the essential parameters to characterize a hydrogel.
  • the swelling ratio is an important parameter that will be used in the design of a packed column were -45-
  • the PAA-HCl gels were air-dried at 45 °C for 48 hours and the resulting xerogels (dried gels) were weighed. Small pieces (approximately 0.005 to 0.01 g) of the PAA-HCl xerogels were then soaked in pH 6.00, 7.00, and 8.04 buffer solutions at temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 °C for 24 hours in order to reach equilibrium. Xerogels synthesized with variations in their NaOH and EPI content as well as different molecular weights were also soaked in pH 7.00 buffer solution at temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 ° C for 24 hours in order to reach equilibrium. The fully swollen gels were then removed from the buffer solution.
  • V 0 is the volume after vacuum drying. Weight changes were followed gravimetrically.
  • the error bars shown on the anion binding graphs were calculated as follows: Measurements of the decrease in anion concentration with time were taken at regular intervals throughout each experimental run. For every data set, two alliquots were extracted from the sample for measurement. The final concentration value was an average of the two measurements. Duplicate experiments were also run in a similar manner. Hence each data point value corresponded to the average value of four concentration measurements. The lowest and highest measured values were used for the upper and lower limits of the error bars.
  • the error bars on the swelling ratio plots were calculated by averaging swelling ratio experimental data obtained from three similar swelling response experiments performed for each PAA-HCl hydrogel variation. The low and high experimental values for the swelling ratio made up the two limits of the error bars shown on the plots.
  • the anion binding polymers may be regenerated, e.g., by washing the polymer with an alkaline solution which may range in concentration from 0.5 to 10 M. Preferably, 1 M NaOH is used to wash the polymer.
  • the regeneration capability of one chemical variation of these polymeric hydrogels has been demonstrated, by release of all of the bound phosphates upon washing a phosphate-saturated hydrogel with a IN NaOH solution.
  • the polymers may be placed into packed columns and the wastewater effluent pumped over the column. The input and output anion concentrations may be monitored and the binding capacity in the presence of organics determined.
  • the systems may be regenerated several times to determine if there is any change in binding capacity.
  • the packed columns may be sized based on results from the anion binding capacities, anion diffusion, mechanical properties, and morphological properties of the polymeric hydrogel networks.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a graph showing the effect of PAA-HCl molecular weight and NaOH on PO 4 binding capacity in pH 7.00 buffer solution.
  • PAA-HCl initial concentration 25% b.v.
  • EPI amount 2.51 x 10 "3 moles.
  • the poly(allylamine) hydrogels proved to be very efficient in binding phosphates in distilled deionized water experiments were constant pH phosphate buffer solutions, were used.
  • the effect of the PAA-HCl molecular weight and the amount of NaOH (neutralizer) on the phosphate binding capacity was investigated in pH 7.00 buffer solution.
  • the two PAA-HCl number average molecular weights used were 9,750 g/mole and 57,500 g/mole.
  • the hydrogels were prepared by varying the amount of NaOH used in synthesizing the 25% b.v. PAA-HCl concentration hydrogels. Gels were synthesized using 0.23, 0.28, and 0.34 g NaOH per g PAA-HCl and 2.51 10 "3 moles EPI.
  • Binding decreased slightly in the acidic pH range (5.60), with an average of 35 mg PO 4 /g- gel.
  • the phosphate binding showed a considerable drop in the alkaline pH range.
  • the phosphate binding capacity dropped from an average of 45 mg PO 4 /g-gel at pH 7.00 to 6.80 mg PO 4 /g-gel at pH 9.13.
  • the binding capacity of the gels did not decrease significantly with increasing pH.
  • PAA-HCl gel required for the complete removal of phosphates initially present in the samples. From the initial phosphate concentration, and the phosphate binding capacity value of the particular gel variation, the theoretical amount of gel required for complete removal of phosphates from the sample is calculated. Experiments were thus conducted to determine the phosphate removal efficiency of the PAA-HCl gels. Experimental results showed that the PAA-HCl gels were capable of binding more than 99% of the phosphates initially in the sample. For example, a sample having an initial phosphate concentration of 12 mg/1, and a PAA-HCl gel with a phosphate binding capacity of 40 mg-PO 4 /g-gel were used. From the initial concentration and the binding capacity, the required quantity of
  • PAA-HCl gel required for complete removal of phosphates was calculated. Upon addition of a slurry of gel to the sample, the phosphate concentration was found to decrease by more than 99% (to less than 0.01 mg/1) of its initial value after approximately 3-4 hours. Hence, phosphate binding capacities of the PAA-HCl gels proved to be good measures of the phosphate removal efficiency of the
  • the poly(allyl amine) hydrogels proved to be very efficient in binding the perchlorate anion in experiments were AP solutions of known concentration, made with distilled deionized water, were used. The effect of the PAA-HCl molecular weight on the perchlorate anion removal was investigated.
  • FIG. 8 shows the decrease in perchlorate concentration (ppm) with time for both PAA-HCl molecular weights. It was observed that the molecular weight did not have any effect on the percent perchlorate removal or the perchlorate binding capacity of the hydrogels. Any differences in concentration with time -51-
  • FIG. 7 shows that a lower perchlorate concentration can be achieved using low molecular weight gels. This was because slightly more gel was used for the low molecular weight experiments than in the high molecular weight experiments (0.0042 g of the 9,750 g/mole gel versus 0.0040 g of the 57,500 g/mole gel).
  • nitrite (NOJ) aqueous solutions prepared in distilled deionized water. All chemicals used for the experiments were A.C.S. grade. Solutions of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite were prepared for the experiments. The aim of these preliminary experiments was to determine whether or not the polymeric hydrogels were capable of binding the NOJ and NOJ anions.
  • FIG.9 shows the decrease in nitrate concentration with time upon addition of the gel to the sample.
  • the gel reached its saturation point after 2 hours, after which time the nitrate concentration remained constant.
  • the average nitrate binding value calculated was 80 mg NO 3 7g gel.
  • the hydrogel removed approximately 60.00% of all nitrates present in solution. A larger amount of
  • PAA-HCl hydrogel would have removed more than 60.00%) of the nitrates.
  • FIG. 10 shows the decrease in nitrite concentration with time after addition of a slurry of gel particles. The nitrite concentration stopped decreasing after 2 hours of reaction time. The average nitrite uptake calculated from the experimental data was 6.0 mg NO 2 7g gel. About 75% of all nitrite ions initially present in the sodium nitrite sample were removed.
  • FIG. 11 shows the equilibrium swelling behavior of small pieces of the PAA-HCl gels. It was observed that the swelling ratios decreased with increasing pH. At basic pH values of 8.04 the gels are in a more collapsed state because the amine groups are deprotonated, i.e. they were in their neutral NH 2 form. At low pH values of 6.00, the amine groups are protonated and therefore a positively charged (NH 3 + ). As a result, the gels began to swell to a high extent as electrostatic repulsion increased within the network with decreasing pH. At pH 6.00 the PAA-HCl hydrogels swelled approximately 15 times their dry weights.
  • FIG. 11 also shows an effect of the PAA-HCl molecular weight on the swelling response of the gels.
  • the high molecular weight gels swelled to a larger extent than the low molecular weight gels.
  • the experimental data is presented in Table 4.5.
  • FIG. 12 shows the swelling behavior of the hydrogels with varying EPI content for the two molecular weights.
  • the gels used in this study had a NaOH content of 0.23 g NaOH per g PAA-HCl.
  • swelling was found to decrease with increasing EPI content.
  • An increase in the amount of crosslinking agent increases the crosslink density of the network, hence causing gels to swell to a smaller extent.
  • the values of the swelling ratio obtained in this case were lower than those obtained in the pH sensitivity swelling studies. This was due to the fact that those gels had a larger NaOH content. No significant molecular weight effect on swelling was observed in this case.
  • the slight differences of the swelling ratios for the two PAA-HCl molecular weights was probably due to experimental error.
  • the data is presented in Table 4.6.
  • FIG. 13 shows the equilibrium swelling response of low molecular -55-
  • the wastewater effluent pH of aquaculture production systems is typically in the range of 7.20 to 8.20 where the polymeric hydrogels exhibit phosphate binding capacities of 30 to 45 mg-PO 4 per g-gel.
  • the pH dependence of the NH 2 protonation state also the reason for the high weight swelling ratios obtained at acidic pH's.
  • the crosslinking density of the polymeric hydrogel is directly related to their EPI (crosslinker) content.
  • EPI crosslinker
  • Increasing the amount of EPI in the gel synthesis causes the resulting hydrogel to be more tightly crosslinked and therefore swell less in water, i.e. absorb less water.
  • hydrogels synthesized with higher amounts of EPI would swell at a lesser extent than hydrogels with smaller amounts of EPI.
  • the NaOH is used to partially neutralize amine groups of the PAA-HCl, by cleaving off HCl groups, to enable crosslinking.
  • This parameter the number of neutralized amines per PAA chain available for crosslinking was altered.
  • the pH of the reaction is increased by neutralizing more hydrochloric acid groups with NaOH, more free amines are produced.
  • the calculated average number of neutralized amines available for crosslinking per PAA chain increased from 55 to 83 upon increasing the amount of NaOH from 0.23 g NaOH per g PAA-HCl to 0.34 g NaOH/g PAA-HCl.
  • the average number of neutralized amines available for crosslinking per PAA chain increased from 327 to 490 in the high molecular weight samples.
  • the increase in the number of free amine sites after the neutralization step increases the number of crosslinks in the polymeric network structure.
  • the occurrence of neighboring free amine sites on the PAA-HCl chains increases and kinetic or steric reasons may cause the EPI to react only once or react with two amine groups on the same chain forming loops instead of crosslinks (Kofinas, P. & Cohen, R.E., Biomaterials 18 (1979)).
  • a factor that must be considered when increasing the amount of NaOH during the gel forming reaction is the duration of the gel forming reaction itself.
  • Gels prepared using 0.28 g NaOH per g PAA-HCl reacted for 20 minutes before the reaction reached the gel point.
  • Gels synthesized with 0.34 g NaOH per g PAA-HCl would typically react for an average of 8 to 10 minutes. This significant reduction in reaction time probably had an effect on the homogeneity of the crosslinking reaction.
  • real networks exhibit a wide distribution of chain lengths between network junction points (Lindemann, B., et al, Macromolecules 50:4073-4077 (1997)).
  • the PAA-HCl molecular weight was observed to have an effect on the swelling response of the gels (see FIG. 10).
  • the high molecular weight gels were found to have higher swelling ratios than gels synthesized with low molecular weight gels. This was attributed to the fact that high molecular weight gels have a larger molecular weight between crosslinks (i.e. longer chain segments between crosslinks) and thus can swell to a larger extent over low molecular weight gels. Small differences were observed in the anion uptake due to the molecular weight of PAA-HCl used in the hydrogel synthesis. Same amounts of NaOH and EPI were added to the same amounts of both PAA-HCl molecular weights during the gel synthesis reaction. High molecular weight polymers contain longer chains than low molecular weight polymers. Therefore gels synthesized with high molecular weight PAA-HCl had more total amine sites than those synthesized -58-
  • the hydrogels can also be produced via ionizing radiation. This is a more costly process compared to using EPI to crosslink the PAA-HCl linear chains. However the use of ionizing radiation does have some inherent advantages over chemical crosslinking. A sterile polymeric material is manufactured. The polymer network does not contain any potentially toxic agent that could possibly be released into the environment, and the polymer sturcture does not incorporate any foreign functional groups.
  • Biological phosphorous removal is based on the ability of some microorganisms to accumulate large amounts of phosphorous under aerobic conditions and store it in form of polyphosphate granules. These strictly aerobic bacteria are able to take up and store carbon compounds under anaerobic conditions, using polyphosphate as an energy source and as a consequence releasing the produced ortho-phosphate.
  • Biological phosphorus removal involves design or operation modifications to conventional treatment systems that result in the growth of a biological population that has a much higher cellular phosphorus content. Such systems incorporate an anaerobic operating phase somewhere in the process, and the waste sludge overall phosphorus content is typically in the range of 3-6%. This diverts more phosphorus to the waste solids and yields lower effluent phosphorus concentrations.
  • bio-P Enhanced biological phosphorus removal
  • wastewater treatment plants for the removal of phosphorus.
  • the crosslinked polymeric hydrogels are capable of removing more than 98% of orthophosphates present in the wastewater within 3 hours. This unique property makes the polymeric hydrogels a more attractive and useful technology than the other phosphorus removal methods currently available.
  • Hybrid Bass Grower containing approximately 38% crude protein, 8% crude fat, and 5% crude fiber.
  • This aquaculture water has an average pH of 7.70 and contains high concentrations of dissolved and particulate complex organics as well as other compounds such as ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrates (NOJ), and nitrites (NOJ).
  • the aquaculture water also has a salinity content of 5 ppm.
  • C 0 initial phosphate concentration, mg/L PO 4
  • C f final phosphate concentration, mg/L PO 4
  • V s volume of sample
  • PAA-HCl concentration 25% b.v.
  • PAA-HCl M consult 9,750 g/mole.
  • the effect of the amount of neutralizer (NaOH) on the phosphate binding capacity was investigated in the aquaculture wastewater effluent.
  • the hydrogels were prepared by varying the amount of NaOH used in synthesizing the hydrogels with a molecular weight of 57,500 g/mole, and a 25% b.v. PAA-HCl initial concentration. Gels were synthesized using 0.23, 0.28, and 0.34 g NaOH per g PAA-HCl and 2.51 10 3 moles EPI. From the UV spectroscopy data it was determined that the phosphate binding was found to decrease upon increasing the NaOH concentration of the hydrogels in the synthesis as shown in FIG. 15. The results are presented in Table 5.4.
  • the aquaculture wastewater originating from recirculating aquacultural production systems contained large amounts of particulate and dissolved complex organics as well as inorganics. Upon comparing the experimental results for phosphate binding from the buffer solutions and aquaculture wastewater effluents it is evident that the gels were not fouled by the presence of organic and inorganic -66-
  • FIG. 19 depicts a graph showing the concentration of NO 3 and PO 4 over time of PAA hydrogel- treated aquaculture wastewater from Tilapia/Hybrid Stripped Bass Fish tanks.
  • FIG. 22 depicts a graph showing the concentration of NO 3 and PO 4 over time of the aquaculture wastewater eluant.
  • C PAA 25% b.v.
  • PAA M w 70,000 g/mole. NaOH amount: 0.241 g/g PAA; EPI amount: 3.0 e "3 moles.
  • FIG. 23 depicts a graph showing the concentration of NO 2 over time with the same column. The ability of the column to be regenerated was then tested.
  • FIG. 24 shows the PO 4 binding capacity of a packed column of PAA hydrogel after being regenerated 4 times with 1 M NaOH. The aquaculture wastewater was again from Tilapia/Hybrid Stripped Bass Fish tanks.
  • C PAA 25% b.v.
  • PAA M w 57,500 g/mole. NaOH amount: 0.23 g/g PAA; EPI amount: 2.51 e "3 moles.
  • the columns can be regenerated multiple times without substantial loss of phosphate binding capacity.
  • the effectiveness of the PAA-HCl hydrogels to remove phosphates as well as nitrates concurrently was investigated in aquaculture wastewater.
  • the aquaculture wastewater sample was rich in nutrients having a PO 4 content of 99 mg PO 4 /l and a NO 3 content of 130 mg NO 3 /l.
  • the PAA-HCl gel used in this study was synthesized with 25%> b.v. PAA-HCl concentration, 0.23 g NaOH/g PAA-HCl, and 2.51 x 10 "3 moles EPI.
  • the theoretical amount of PAA-HCl gel required for complete removal of the phosphate anions from the wastewater samples was calculated based on an average phosphate binding value of 40 mg-
  • PO 4 /g-gel The gel was added to the wastewater sample and the decrease in phosphate concentration was monitored every 30 minutes. After 120 minutes, the phosphate and nitrate concentration stopped decreasing, therefore the experiment stopped. Approximately 85% of PO 4 and 15% of NO 3 were removed from the sample. The PAA-HCl gels therefore selectively bound the PO 4 anions over the
  • the NSWC wastewater samples that were used in the AP binding experiments came from AP storage tanks from the NSWC Indian Head Division at Indian Head, Maryland. This NSWC water has an average pH of 7.50 and contains high concentrations of dissolved metal cations such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu 2+ ), zinc (Zn 2+ ), and sodium (Na + ), as well as other compounds such as ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrates (NOJ), and nitrites (NOJ).
  • the AP wastewater samples were stored in large 2 gallon containers away from direct light at room temperature and pressure.
  • FIG. 17 shows how the amount of EPI affected the perchlorate binding capacity of the gels. Within the limits of experimental error the perchlorate uptake was found to remain constant with EPI content for the low molecular weight PAA-HCl gels. The experimental data is presented in Table 5.5. The perchlorate -70-
  • the amount of NaOH was shown to have a significant effect on the phosphate removal abilities of the PAA-HCl gels.
  • An increase of the amount of NaOH in the gel synthesis reaction resulted in a decrease of the anion binding capacity (see FIGs. 5 and 15).
  • the amount of NaOH influenced the number of free amine (NH 2 ) sites available for the crosslinking and anion binding reactions.
  • the molecular weight of PAA-HCl was also shown to have an effect on the anion binding capacity of the gels. Higher molecular weight polymers have longer chains than low molecular weight polymers. The high molecular weight
  • PAA-HCl used in the gel synthesis had more total amines than the low molecular weight gels. Therefore, during the anion binding experiments the high molecular weight gels consistently showed slightly higher binding capacities since they had more amine groups, available for binding, in their structures. However, high molecular weight PAA-HCl would increase the occurrence of inhomogeneities in the network structure, thus resulting in gels with insufficient mechanical integrity and in some cases nearly similar binding capacity values with gels synthesized with low molecular weight PAA-HCl.
  • the pH of the water sample also had an effect in both the swelling response and phosphate binding capacity of the gels.
  • the PAA-HCl gels were pH sensitive. This was due to the protonation of the amine group (NH 3 + ) at lower pH values. At pH values where the network was charged both the extent of swelling, and the phosphate binding capacity increased (see FIGs. 6 and 10). At high pH values the gel network was uncharged and therefore both swelling and phosphate binding were found to decrease.
  • the temperature and ionic strength of the distilled deionized water and wastewater samples were not observed to have any measurable effect on the anion binding capacity of the PAA-HCl gels.
  • Phosphate and perchlorate binding experiments were performed at various temperatures ranging from 4°C to room temperature.
  • the wastewater samples used in the experiments were of varying ionic strength depending on the particular source of the wastewater effluent. No significant dependence of the binding capacity on ionic strength was observed.
  • a further hydrogel was prepared using ethylene diglycidyl ether (EDGE).
  • EDGE was prepared by reacting EPI with ethylene glycol (EG) in a 2: 1 ratio. The two -OH end groups of the EG react with two EPI molecules to form EDGE.
  • a typical EDGE crosslinked hydrogel is prepared as follows.
  • a mixture of EPI and EG is prepared which results in the formation of EDGE.
  • a 25%> by volume solution of PAA HCl is mixed with 0.28 grams of NaOH per graph of PAA HCl until the NaOH dissolves.
  • the temperature of the solution drops below 27°C, the desired amount of EDGE is added to the batch reaction mixture.
  • the crosslinking agent reacts with the free amine groups produced by neutralization by NaOH (see FIG. 4).
  • the reaction mixture is then stirred for 10 minutes.
  • the reaction mixture is then poured into a petri dish to set into a gel slab. Upon curing for an additional 18-24 hours, the gel is washed three times with deionized water to remove residual NaCl.
  • the salt-free hydrogel slabs now in their fully swollen state, are air dried in an oven at 40-50°C.
  • the concentrations of the other anions mentioned also decreased as in previous experiments.
  • the sulfate binding capacity was found to be 21 mg/g gel.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé d'élimination des polluants anioniques des eaux usées, consistant à mettre en contact ces eaux avec un polymère à fixation d'anions, ces polluants anioniques étant absorbés par ledit polymère. De plus, cette invention concerne un procédé d'élimination des polluants anioniques des eaux usées et de préparation d'un fertilisant agricole, ce procédé consistant à mettre en contact les eaux usées avec un polymère de fixation de polymères, ces polluants anioniques étant absorbés par ledit polymère, à procéder à l'élution des polluants anioniques dudit polymère avec une solution fortement alcaline, et enfin, à neutraliser l'éluant, pour obtenir ainsi un fertilisant agricole. Les polymères préférés de fixation d'anions sont les hydrogels tels que le poly(allylamine) réticulé. Par ailleurs, cette invention concerne un procédé de traitement d'un patient souffrant de l'hyperphosphatémie avec les hydrogels de cette invention.
PCT/US1999/003313 1998-02-17 1999-02-17 Polymeres a fixation d'anions et leur utilisation WO1999040990A1 (fr)

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WO2002085379A1 (fr) * 2001-04-18 2002-10-31 Geltex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Procede permettant d'ameliorer l'acces vasculaire chez des patients ayant des shunts vasculaires
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001030495A1 (fr) * 1999-10-27 2001-05-03 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Resines echangeuses d'ions et procedes de fabrication de ces dernieres
US6569910B1 (en) 1999-10-27 2003-05-27 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Ion exchange resins and methods of making the same
WO2002085379A1 (fr) * 2001-04-18 2002-10-31 Geltex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Procede permettant d'ameliorer l'acces vasculaire chez des patients ayant des shunts vasculaires
US7229613B2 (en) 2001-04-18 2007-06-12 Genzyme Corporation Method for lowering serum glucose
US7541024B2 (en) 2001-04-18 2009-06-02 Genzyme Corporation Low salt forms of polyallylamine
US7718746B2 (en) 2003-11-03 2010-05-18 Ilypsa, Inc. Anion-binding polymers and uses thereof
US7767768B2 (en) 2003-11-03 2010-08-03 Ilypsa, Inc. Crosslinked amine polymers
USRE41316E1 (en) 2004-03-22 2010-05-04 Han Ting Chang Crosslinked amine polymers
US7754199B2 (en) 2004-03-22 2010-07-13 Ilypsa, Inc. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising crosslinked amine polymer with repeat units derived from polymerization of tertiary amines
US8349305B2 (en) 2004-03-22 2013-01-08 Ilypsa, Inc. Crosslinked amine polymers
EP2194033A1 (fr) * 2008-12-08 2010-06-09 Solmetex, Inc. Procédé de récupération de phosphate pour sa réutilisation en tant que fertilisant
WO2010068654A1 (fr) * 2008-12-11 2010-06-17 Ethicon, Inc. Systèmes à libération prolongé du phosphate d'acide ascorbique
US8034363B2 (en) 2008-12-11 2011-10-11 Advanced Technologies And Regenerative Medicine, Llc. Sustained release systems of ascorbic acid phosphate
CN102368999A (zh) * 2008-12-11 2012-03-07 先进科技及再生医学有限责任公司 抗坏血酸磷酸酯缓释体系
US8197838B2 (en) 2008-12-11 2012-06-12 Advanced Technologies And Regenerative Medicine, Llc. Sustained release systems of ascorbic acid phosphate
US9560839B2 (en) 2010-11-17 2017-02-07 Technion Research And Development Foundation Ltd. Physico-chemical process for removal of nitrogen species from recirculated aquaculture systems
US9925214B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2018-03-27 Tricida, Inc. Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US9993500B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2018-06-12 Tricida, Inc. Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US10363268B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2019-07-30 Tricida, Inc. Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US10369169B1 (en) 2013-06-05 2019-08-06 Tricida, Inc. Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US10391118B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2019-08-27 Tricida, Inc Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US9205107B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2015-12-08 Tricida, Inc. Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US11197887B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2021-12-14 Tricida, Inc. Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US9902626B2 (en) 2013-07-26 2018-02-27 General Electric Company Method and filter for removing nitrate ions
US11311571B2 (en) 2014-12-10 2022-04-26 Tricida, Inc. Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US11738041B2 (en) 2014-12-10 2023-08-29 Renosis, Inc. Proton-binding polymers for oral administration
US10980220B2 (en) 2016-03-08 2021-04-20 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Disinfection and removal of nitrogen species from saline aquaculture systems
US11406661B2 (en) 2016-05-06 2022-08-09 Tricida, Inc. HCl-binding compositions for and methods of treating acid-base disorders
US11992501B2 (en) 2016-05-06 2024-05-28 Renosis, Inc. Compositions for and methods of treating acid-base disorders
US10934380B1 (en) 2017-09-25 2021-03-02 Tricida, Inc. Crosslinked poly(allylamine) polymer pharmaceutical compositions
US11266684B2 (en) 2017-11-03 2022-03-08 Tricida, Inc. Compositions for and method of treating acid-base disorders
US11986490B2 (en) 2017-11-03 2024-05-21 Renosis, Inc. Compositions for and method of treating acid-base disorders

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