WO1999031973A1 - Animal exerciser - Google Patents
Animal exerciser Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999031973A1 WO1999031973A1 PCT/AU1998/001048 AU9801048W WO9931973A1 WO 1999031973 A1 WO1999031973 A1 WO 1999031973A1 AU 9801048 W AU9801048 W AU 9801048W WO 9931973 A1 WO9931973 A1 WO 9931973A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- animals
- exercising device
- mast
- line
- base
- Prior art date
Links
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 229910000639 Spring steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 24
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 description 7
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241001247986 Calotropis procera Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001875 Ebonite Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000677 High-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K15/00—Devices for taming animals, e.g. nose-rings or hobbles; Devices for overturning animals in general; Training or exercising equipment; Covering boxes
- A01K15/02—Training or exercising equipment, e.g. mazes or labyrinths for animals ; Electric shock devices ; Toys specially adapted for animals
- A01K15/025—Toys specially adapted for animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/04—Tethering-poles or the like
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B21/00—Exercising apparatus for developing or strengthening the muscles or joints of the body by working against a counterforce, with or without measuring devices
- A63B21/02—Exercising apparatus for developing or strengthening the muscles or joints of the body by working against a counterforce, with or without measuring devices using resilient force-resisters
- A63B21/045—Exercising apparatus for developing or strengthening the muscles or joints of the body by working against a counterforce, with or without measuring devices using resilient force-resisters having torsion or bending or flexion element
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B21/00—Exercising apparatus for developing or strengthening the muscles or joints of the body by working against a counterforce, with or without measuring devices
- A63B21/02—Exercising apparatus for developing or strengthening the muscles or joints of the body by working against a counterforce, with or without measuring devices using resilient force-resisters
- A63B21/04—Exercising apparatus for developing or strengthening the muscles or joints of the body by working against a counterforce, with or without measuring devices using resilient force-resisters attached to static foundation, e.g. a user
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an exercising/amusement device for pets and in particular for exercising dogs.
- the exercising/amusement device is capable of providing amusement for dogs, and also possibly for cats.
- the device will provide exercise, which is especially beneficial for dogs confined in small yards or dogs that otherwise would not otherwise have sufficient exercise.
- an exercising device for animals comprising a resiliently flexible mast having a base by which it is secured to ground engaging means, and a tip from which a flexible line depends, the exercising device including a swivel means to allow the locus of attachment of said flexible line to be freely rotatable about said tip, to minimise or avoid the flexible line from becoming wound about said mast; the flexible line optionally having at its remote end, an object to be grasped by the animal.
- the animal may grasp the line in its mouth, or it may be necessary to tie a knot or make a hitch in the line for the animal to grasp, or it may be necessary to attach an object to the line for the animal to grasp.
- the swivel means allows for rotating of the locus of attachment about an axis having the same axial extent as the mast.
- the swivel means also allows for pivoting at the locus of attachment.
- the ground engaging means of the exercising device may include a tubular receptacle into which the base of the mast is received.
- a tubular receptacle provides firm support to the mast, in the ground, and allows the mast to be removed when required (for example to use a lawn in which it is located for other purposes).
- tubular receptacle is arranged in said ground engaging means to be located below the surface of the ground.
- said mast is progressively flexible.
- progressively, flexible it is meant that the further the mast is deflected, the greater becomes the force imparted thereby.
- said mast is of tapered construction.
- the mast will exhibit properties of being more flexible toward the tip and less flexible toward the base. This will help to prevent the mast from fracturing when used with the tubular receptacle. This also assists in optimising the performance of the mast, in terms of its resilience.
- the tubular receptacle includes anchoring means to assist in preventing movement of the tubular receptacle in the ground, brought about by forces imparted by the flexing of the mast.
- the anchoring means may comprise axial or radial fins about which soil is packed.
- the anchoring means may be set in a small concrete pad.
- the mast is composed of a fibre reinforced flexible material.
- the exercising device includes a spool for storing flexible line and locking means to lock the amount of flexible line depending from said tip.
- said swivel means comprises a body mounted rotatably at or proximal to said tip.
- said body has an arm extending away therefrom to hold said depending flexible line away from said body. This will help to prevent entanglement of the line with the mast.
- said spool is located within said body for rotation with said body.
- said body has located axially therewith upper and lower end caps having a surface contiguous with the surface of said body, and tapering to their central axis.
- upper and lower end caps having a surface contiguous with the surface of said body, and tapering to their central axis.
- said flexible line is of pre-set length
- said body includes upper and lower body portions including therebetween a track in which a portion of said flexible line may locate and be retained therein.
- said upper and lower body portions have a contiguous external surface. This allows the line to ride across the surface, minimising the chance of entanglement of the line about the tip and the body.
- said body and said tip include therebetween a ball and socket joint, about which said body may freely rotate and pivot.
- said base is secured to said ground engaging means by a connection which includes a secondary spring means, to obviate excessive bending stress at the base.
- a connection which includes a secondary spring means, to obviate excessive bending stress at the base.
- secondary the intent is to distinguish from the mast which could conceptually be considered to be a primary spring.
- the use of the secondary spring is intended to extend the life of the mast in some applications which might result in breakage at the point of greatest stress where the mast is attached to the ground engaging means.
- the force required to deflect the secondary spring is greater than or equal to the force required to deflect the mast at or adjacent to its base.
- the force required to deflect the secondary spring is twice the force required to deflect the mast at or adjacent to its base.
- the force required to deflect the secondary spring is three times the force required to deflect the mast at or adjacent to its base.
- the secondary spring comprises a length of spring steel rod.
- said spring steel rod is attached to said ground engaging means at one end thereof, and is attached to a tube at the other end thereof, said tube being provided to receive said base.
- said secondary spring may comprise a coil compression spring, part of which receives said base of said mast, and the other part of which is attached to said ground engaging means.
- the object is elongate. This is believed to result in a turning moment being imparted when the object is released by the animal, depending upon the axial alignment of the object relative to the axial alignment of the line. This appears to result in the object travelling in a path deviating from a straight line to the mast, since the elongate object tends to take a path which can unpredictably travel in a circular path around the mast. This lack of predictability adds to the usefulness of the animal exerciser, in being able to retain the attention of the animal.
- the elongate object comprises a length rod like material of width and mass greater than that of the line, either rigid, resiliently flexible, or entirely flexible.
- a length of at least 200mm is preferred, with up to 1000mm being useful.
- the object has a surface which is difficult for the animal to retain a grip of for an extended period.
- the most preferred elongate object comprises a 600mm length of sisal comprising three woven plys of 8mm strands to give a total diameter in the order of around 20mm. The length is attached at one end to the flexible line.
- sisal provides a natural fabric which has a slippery texture that a dog cannot retain a grip for an extended period. This results in loss of grip, so the dog gives chase. Any other fabric such as jute rope or hemp rope could also prove suitable.
- Figure 1 is a side view of an exercising device for a dog according to the first embodiment, showing the upper part in full, and showing the lower part in part cross-section;
- Figure 2 is a perspective view of part of the ground engaging means of the first embodiment
- Figure 3 is an exploded view of part of the ground engaging means of the first embodiment of figure 2;
- Figure 4 is a part cut away side elevation of the body and mast tip of the first embodiment
- Figure 5 is a cut away plan view of part of the body shown in figure 4;
- Figure 6 is a plan view from above of the ground engaging means of the first embodiment;
- Figure 7 is a side view of an exercising device for a dog, according to the second embodiment
- Figure 8 is a side view of an exercising device for a dog according to the third embodiment showing it in use
- Figure 9 is a view showing internal detail of part of the exercising device of either the second or third embodiment
- Figure 10 is a plan view of part of the exercising device of either the second or third embodiment
- Figure 11 is a perspective view of part of the exercising device of either the second or third embodiment.
- Figure 12 is a cut-away view showing the ground engaging means of the exercising device of either the second or third embodiment.
- a vertical mast is secured to or in the ground at its base.
- the mast is resilient and flexible, and has a non-stretchable line depending from its tip, the line optionally having an object secured at its remote end.
- an animal will grasp the end of the line or the object, and pull it away, against the force urged by the mast.
- the resilience of the mast will result in the end of the line or the object being flung, as the mast returns to the upright position, whereupon the animal will give chase. In this manner, the animal exerciser will provide entertainment and exercise for extended periods of time.
- the most preferred embodiment is an exercising device 11 for a dog.
- the exercising device 11 has a tapered mast 13 of reinforced fibreglass rod.
- the mast has a base 15 which is received in a tubular receptacle 17 having a solid base 19, the tubular receptacle 17 and solid base 19 being of unitary construction and formed of a high carbon steel.
- the tubular receptacle 17 receives through an aperture in its solid base 19, an upper portion of a secondary spring in the form of a spring steel rod 21.
- the upper portion of the spring steel rod 21 has a thread formed thereon for receiving nuts 23, to secure the spring steel rod 21 to the tubular receptacle 17.
- the mast 13 has a tip 25 which includes a male portion 27 of a ball joint on which is mounted a swivel means 33 from which a flexible line 35 depends.
- the swivel means 33 comprises a body having an upper body portion 37 and a lower body portion 39. The body is of disk-like configuration and holds the flexible line 35 away from the mast 13, to help prevent entanglement of the flexible line 35 with the mast 13.
- the upper body portion 37 and lower body portion 39 have a socket 41 formed therein, for receiving the male portion 27, thus forming the ball joint.
- the male portion 27 includes a ball race 43 to assist with free rotation and swivelling of the body.
- the upper body portion 37 and lower body portion 39 have a recess 45, which as can be seen in figure 5 extends in a circle within the upper body portion 37 and lower body portion 39, the recess also extending to the exterior of the body.
- the flexible line 35 has a spliced loop 47 which is laid in the recess, before the upper body portion 37 and lower body portion 39 are closed around the spliced loop 47, and secured together by screws 49 (being so secured together while placed over the male portion 27).
- the lower portion of the spring steel rod 21 is surrounded by a hard rubber bush
- the height of the mast 13 may ideally be in the order of 2.5 to 3 metres, with sufficient flexible line 25 provided to almost reach the ground.
- the mast 13 is tapered, and may have a diameter at its tip of between 3.5 mm and 8 mm, but ideally around 6 mm.
- the diameter at the base is dependent on the height of the mast 13.
- the base diameter may be 20 mm.
- the base diameter may be around 14 mm.
- the base diameter may be 10 mm.
- the flexible line is 8mm diameter cotton sash cord, with an end splice or a knot at the end for the dog to grasp with its mouth.
- the flexible line 35 has located at its remote end, an object (not shown), which is shaped to allow it to be readily grasped by an animal.
- the object may be in accordance with the object described hereunder in either the second or third embodiments.
- the assembly comprising the mast 13 together with the tubular receptacle 17, the rubber boot 61 , and spring steel rod 21 , may be separated from the bush 50 and associated ground engaging portion, to allow the lawn in which the animal exerciser is placed to be put to other uses, and to be mown, as required.
- the second embodiment shown generally in Figure 7 is an exercising device 11 for a dog or a cat, although more particularly for a dog.
- the exercising device 11 also has a tapered mast 13 of reinforced fibreglass rod.
- the mast has a base 15 which is received in a tubular receptacle 17, which is located buried in the ground 63.
- the mast 13 has a tip on which is mounted a combined swivel means and line dispenser 65 from which a flexible line 35 depends, via a flexible arm 67 which is of hollow construction so as to pass the flexible line therethrough.
- the flexible arm 67 holds the flexible line 35 away from the mast 13, to help prevent entanglement of the flexible line 35 with the mast 13.
- the swivel means and line dispenser 65 is shown in more detail.
- the swivel means and line dispenser 65 is contained within a central body 69 which is of hollow construction for receiving a bobbin 71 containing the line 35. Referring to Figure 10, it can be seen that the spool 71 is locked against rotation relative to the central body 69 by virtue of splines 72 located in the central body 69, with which the spool 71 locks.
- the swivel means and line dispenser 65 includes a lower end cap 73 which is press fitted over the tip of the mast 13.
- a ball bearing unit 75 has its inner race press-fit over the tip of the mast 13, and its outer race is press fitted into the central body 69, as shown in Figure 9.
- the lower end cap 73 tapers downwardly toward its central axis, to minimise entanglement of the flexible line 35.
- the tip of the mast 13 has a threaded portion 77 at its extreme end, over which is received an upper end cap 79.
- the upper end cap 79 has an embedded nut 81 onto which the threaded portion 77 of the tip of the mast 13 is threadingly engaged.
- the upper end cap 79 is of generally tapered construction towards its central axis, and rounded at the top, so as to allow any line which might become entangled, to ride over the upper end cap 79, and also so that it minimises the risk of injury, should it strike a person or animal.
- the flexible line 35 has located at its remote end, an object 84, which is shaped to allow it to be readily grasped by an animal.
- tubular receptacle 17 is shown, with the base 15 of the mast, received therein.
- Three O-rings 85 help secure the base 15 within the tubular receptacle 17.
- the tubular receptacle is generally buried in the ground, or more preferably concreted into the ground. Radial or axial fins may be provided to assist with anchoring the tubular receptacle 17 in the ground or concrete.
- the height of the mast 13 may ideally be in the order of 2.5 to 3 metres, with sufficient flexible line 35 provided to almost reach the ground.
- the mast 13 is tapered, and may have a diameter at its tip of between 3.5 mm and 8 mm, but ideally around 6 mm.
- the diameter at the base is dependent on the height of the mast 13.
- the base diameter may be 20 mm.
- the base diameter may be around 14 mm.
- the base diameter may be 10 mm.
- the flexible line can be 120 kg breaking strain nylon. With the flexible line 35 almost reaching the ground, the spool 71 should contain no flexible line in reserve.
- the spool 71 should be capable of containing approximately 500 mm of flexible line 35, for this purpose.
- the upper end cap 79 must be unscrewed from the tip of the mast 13, and the spool 71 lifted upward on the splines 72, so that the line may be wound around the spool 71 , before the spool is replaced over the splines 72, and the upper end cap 79 is screwed back into place.
- the object 84 shown in figure 1 is replaced by a 600mm length of sisal 87 comprising three woven plys of 8mm strands to give a total diameter in the order of around 20mm.
- the length of sisal 87 is attached at one end to the flexible line.
- the use of sisal provides a natural fabric which has a slippery texture that a dog cannot retain a grip for an extended period. This results in loss of grip, so the dog gives chase.
- the sisal being elongate, and perhaps also due to its flexibility, it has a tendency to arc through the air, after being released, resulting in the path it takes being unpredictable.
- the object can take a path around the tip of the mast 13. This seems to increase the attention span of the dog, increasing the usefulness of the exercising device.
- the object secured to the end of the line 35 of the animal exerciser 11 of the first embodiment may be either the object 84 used with the second embodiment, or the length of sisal 87 used with the third embodiment. Indeed the choice may be dictated by the preference of the pet concerned.
- the first embodiment differs from the second and third embodiments in two important respects. Firstly, the ball joint in the first embodiment provides less restriction to movement of the line, when it is released by the animal, resulting in a more lively response in the animal exerciser. Secondly, the secondary spring is provided to minimise the risk of breakage of the mast near its base, which may occur in the second and third embodiments when used by more powerfully built dogs.
- the exercising device of the embodiments provides a good plaything for a dog. It may be introduced when the dog is a puppy, for best effect.
- the exercising devices provide a good form of exercise and amusement for a dog, and in particular for a dog that is left alone during the day, as is often the case with dogs living in the city whose owners work during the day.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU16512/99A AU730871B2 (en) | 1997-12-18 | 1998-12-18 | Animal exerciser |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AUPP0992A AUPP099297A0 (en) | 1997-12-18 | 1997-12-18 | Animal exerciser |
AUPP0992 | 1997-12-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999031973A1 true WO1999031973A1 (en) | 1999-07-01 |
Family
ID=3805274
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AU1998/001048 WO1999031973A1 (en) | 1997-12-18 | 1998-12-18 | Animal exerciser |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AUPP099297A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999031973A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU776787B2 (en) * | 2000-08-11 | 2004-09-23 | Martin Johnson | Animal exerciser |
US20150257365A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | Jack William Renforth | Pet toy with telescoping wand with retractable cord apparatus |
FR3028422A1 (en) * | 2014-11-14 | 2016-05-20 | Fabrice Lucien Raoul Messin | MODULAR OUTDOOR SPORTS GAME USING A TELESCOPIC BORE |
CN107006397A (en) * | 2017-05-26 | 2017-08-04 | 仁怀市泓熙养殖专业合作社 | Selection system for breeder |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4079934A (en) * | 1976-07-08 | 1978-03-21 | Nixon Alan C | Tethered ball tennis practice device |
GB2019225A (en) * | 1978-07-16 | 1979-10-31 | Lotfy M H | A ball |
US4499855A (en) * | 1983-08-18 | 1985-02-19 | John Galkiewicz | Kitty tease |
US4517922A (en) * | 1982-09-24 | 1985-05-21 | Lind Jeannine H | Pet amusement device |
US5467740A (en) * | 1994-09-15 | 1995-11-21 | Redwine; Steve | Dog and cat trainer-exerciser |
US5575241A (en) * | 1995-08-30 | 1996-11-19 | Line; Ronnie G. | Animal exercise and amusement device |
US5743215A (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-28 | Zeff; Jack D. | Cat toy for reliably triggering play or attack behavior |
-
1997
- 1997-12-18 AU AUPP0992A patent/AUPP099297A0/en not_active Abandoned
-
1998
- 1998-12-18 WO PCT/AU1998/001048 patent/WO1999031973A1/en active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4079934A (en) * | 1976-07-08 | 1978-03-21 | Nixon Alan C | Tethered ball tennis practice device |
GB2019225A (en) * | 1978-07-16 | 1979-10-31 | Lotfy M H | A ball |
US4517922A (en) * | 1982-09-24 | 1985-05-21 | Lind Jeannine H | Pet amusement device |
US4499855A (en) * | 1983-08-18 | 1985-02-19 | John Galkiewicz | Kitty tease |
US5467740A (en) * | 1994-09-15 | 1995-11-21 | Redwine; Steve | Dog and cat trainer-exerciser |
US5575241A (en) * | 1995-08-30 | 1996-11-19 | Line; Ronnie G. | Animal exercise and amusement device |
US5743215A (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-28 | Zeff; Jack D. | Cat toy for reliably triggering play or attack behavior |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU776787B2 (en) * | 2000-08-11 | 2004-09-23 | Martin Johnson | Animal exerciser |
US20150257365A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | Jack William Renforth | Pet toy with telescoping wand with retractable cord apparatus |
US10609905B2 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2020-04-07 | Little Big Cat, Inc. | Pet toy with telescoping wand with retractable cord apparatus |
FR3028422A1 (en) * | 2014-11-14 | 2016-05-20 | Fabrice Lucien Raoul Messin | MODULAR OUTDOOR SPORTS GAME USING A TELESCOPIC BORE |
CN107006397A (en) * | 2017-05-26 | 2017-08-04 | 仁怀市泓熙养殖专业合作社 | Selection system for breeder |
CN107006397B (en) * | 2017-05-26 | 2020-06-12 | 绍兴市米莉农业科技有限公司 | Selection system for breeding hens |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AUPP099297A0 (en) | 1998-01-15 |
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