WO1999031621A1 - Systeme d'acces sans jeton pour effectuer des transactions financieres - Google Patents

Systeme d'acces sans jeton pour effectuer des transactions financieres Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1999031621A1
WO1999031621A1 PCT/US1998/027019 US9827019W WO9931621A1 WO 1999031621 A1 WO1999031621 A1 WO 1999031621A1 US 9827019 W US9827019 W US 9827019W WO 9931621 A1 WO9931621 A1 WO 9931621A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
user
account
biometric
bia
seller
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1998/027019
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ned Hoffman
David Ferrin Pare, Jr.
Jonathan Alexander Lee
Philip Dean Lapsley
Original Assignee
Smarttouch, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Smarttouch, Inc. filed Critical Smarttouch, Inc.
Priority to AU19300/99A priority Critical patent/AU1930099A/en
Publication of WO1999031621A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999031621A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/04—Payment circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
    • G06Q20/12—Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic shopping systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
    • G06Q20/20—Point-of-sale [POS] network systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
    • G06Q20/40—Authorisation, e.g. identification of payer or payee, verification of customer or shop credentials; Review and approval of payers, e.g. check credit lines or negative lists
    • G06Q20/401—Transaction verification
    • G06Q20/4014—Identity check for transactions

Definitions

  • a token an inanimate object which confers a capability to the customer presenting it, is pervasive in today's financial world. Whether a customer is buying groceries in a supermarket, or withdrawing money from an ATM, at the heart of the transaction is a money transfer enabled by a token, such as a plastic debit or credit swipe card, which acts to identify both the customer as well as the financial account being accessed.
  • a token such as a plastic debit or credit swipe card
  • token-based systems for accessing financial services have grown increasingly more prevalent in the banking industry.
  • token-based systems access have become more popular with customers, they have also become more popular with criminals intent on perpetrating fraud.
  • fraud losses in the financial industry stem from many different areas, but they are mainly due to either stolen or counterfeit cards.
  • PIN personal identification number
  • ATMs Trojan horse automated teller machines
  • ATMs automated teller machines
  • the subsequently manufactured counterfeit debit cards are then used in various ATM machines to fraudulently withdraw funds until the account is emptied.
  • biometrics are recorded from a customer of known identity and stored for future reference on a token. In every subsequent account access, the customer is required to physically enter the requested biometric, which is then compared to the authenticated biometric on the token to determine if the two match in order to verify customer identity.
  • biometrics have been suggested for use with smartcards, such as fingerprints, hand prints, voice prints, retinal images, handwriting samples and the like.
  • the biometrics are generally stored on a token in electronic form, and thus the biometrics can be fraudulently copied and reproduced. Because the comparison and verification process is not isolated from the hardware and software directly used by the customer attempting access, a significant risk of fraud still exists.
  • any smartcard-based system will cost significantly more than the current magnetic stripe card systems currently in place.
  • a PIN smartcard costs perhaps $3, and a biometric smartcard will cost $5.
  • each station that currently accepts existing debit cards would need a smartcard reader, and if biometrics are required, a biometric scanner will also have to be attached to the reader as well.
  • smartcards may also store phone numbers, frequent flyer miles, coupons obtained from stores, a transaction history, electronic cash usable at tollbooths and on public transit systems, as well as the customer's name, vital statistics, and perhaps even medical records.
  • a further need in an account access system is ensuring customer convenience by providing access without forcing the customer to possess, carry, and present one or more man-made memory devices in order to authorize an account access.
  • All parties intent on fighting fraud recognize that any system that solves the fraud problem must take the issue of convenience into account, however the fundamental yet unrecognized truth of the situation is, the card itself is extremely inconvenient for the customer. This may not be initially obvious, but anyone who has lost a card, left a card at home, or had a card stolen knows well the keenly and immediately-felt inconvenience during the card's absence.
  • Yet another need in the industry is for a system that greatly reduces or eliminates the need to memorize cumbersome codes in order to access all of his accounts.
  • the present invention satisfies these needs by providing a method and a device system for tokenless authorization of commercial transactions between a user and a seller using a computer system, the method comprising the steps of; a user registration step, wherein the user registers with the computer system at least one registration biometric sample, and at least one user financial account.
  • a seller registration step the seller registers with the computer system at least one seller financial account.
  • a proposal step the seller offers a proposed commercial transaction to the user, the proposed commercial transaction comprising price information.
  • the user signals acceptance of the seller's proposed commercial transaction by adding to the proposed commercial transaction the user's personal authentication information comprising at least one bid biometric sample, wherein the bid biometric sample is obtained from the user's person.
  • the bid biometric sample is forwarded to the computer system.
  • the computer system compares the bid biometric sample with registration biometric samples for producing either a successful or failed identification of the user.
  • a payment step upon determination of sufficient resources, a financial account of the user is debited and a financial account of the seller is credited, wherein a commercial transaction is conducted without the user having to use any portable man-made memory devices such as smartcards or swipe cards.
  • a presentation step in any combination of the results of the above-mentioned steps are presented to the user or seller.
  • the invention also allows for a method and a system device for tokenless access to financial accounts provided by various institutions, the method comprising the steps of: a user registration step, wherein a user registers with a computer system one or more registration biometric samples, and one or more user financial accounts.
  • a user registration step wherein a user registers with a computer system one or more registration biometric samples, and one or more user financial accounts.
  • a transmission step in the user initiates an account access at an ATM by entering the user's personal authentication information comprising at least one bid biometric sample, wherein no portable man-made memory devices such as smartcards or swipe cards are used.
  • an account access request message comprising the personal authentication information is forwarded from the ATM to the computer system.
  • a user identification step the computer system compares the personal authentication information in the account access request message with the registration biometric samples to produce either a successful or failed identification of the user.
  • an account retrieval step wherein upon successful identification of the user, a financial account number of the user is retrieved; and an access
  • the method further comprises a financial operation step, wherein the user performs at least one action selected from the group comprising: obtaining cash, depositing funds, transferring funds between accounts, obtaining account balances, paying bills, and obtaining electronic cash.
  • a financial operation step wherein the user performs at least one action selected from the group comprising: obtaining cash, depositing funds, transferring funds between accounts, obtaining account balances, paying bills, and obtaining electronic cash.
  • the user registers at least one user financial account and assigns an account index code to each user financial account, and during the acceptance step the user adds the account index code to the commercial transaction message, wherein the account index code further comprises one or more alphanumeric characters.
  • the account index code further comprises one or more alphanumeric characters. This allows the computer system to use the account index code that was added to the commercial transaction message to select the corresponding user financial account.
  • an account index name is assigned to an account index code.
  • a list of accounts with their account index names can be retrieved and displayed to the user after a successful identification, wherein no transaction needs to take place if it is desired that the account index names be retrieved.
  • a credit authorization draft is created detailing an agreement to pay the seller from the user's financial account up to an amount specified during the proposal step, whereby transactions can be conducted when the exact amount to be transferred is not known at the time of authorization or when a deposit is required but the account may not ever be debited.
  • the resource determination step and the payment step the computer system communicates with one or more external computer systems in order to perform any combination of the following steps: the resource determination or the construction of the credit authorization draft.
  • the price information comprises any combination of the following: a list of goods and services, a seller name, a date and time, a location, or an invoice number.
  • the acceptance step further comprises the user entering an amount that is the sum of a cash back value to the proposed transaction amount.
  • the biometric sample comprises of one of the following: a fingerprint, a retinal image, and a voice print.
  • the invention provides a tokenless method for identifying users for the purpose of authorizing electronic financial transactions for consumers. It is the essence of this invention that consumers conduct these transactions without the use of a personal identification number (“PIN”) or any tokens, such as credit cards, badges or identification cards including drivers licenses.
  • PIN personal identification number
  • any tokens such as credit cards, badges or identification cards including drivers licenses.
  • FIG. 1 Essentially a Data Processing Center (DPC) 1 is connected to various terminals 2 through various types of communication means 3. The DPC is also connected and communicates with independent computer networks 4.
  • the DPC contains several databases and software execution modules as shown in FIG. 2. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the databases are backed up or "mirrored" in distinct physical locations for safety reasons.
  • the Firewall Machine 5 is responsible for prevention of electronic intrusion of the system while the Gateway Machine 6 is responsible for routing all requests from the user, including adding, deleting and otherwise modifying all databases.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an example of a terminal 2 and the biometric input device 12, which has a biometric scanner 13, data entry means such as a key pad 14, and a display panel 15.
  • the biometric scanner can be any one of fingerprint scanner, voice input device (microphone), palm print scanner, retinal scanner or the like, although the fingerprint scanner will be used as an example.
  • the biometric input device is further equipped with computing modules 16, device drivers, and erasable and non-erasable memory modules.
  • the biometric input device communicates with the terminal through preferably a serial port 17.
  • the terminal 2 communicates through a modem 18 with the DPC 1 through messages 19 and responses 20 using one of the interconnecting means in FIG. 1 such as a cable TV network, cellular telephone network, telephone network, the Internet, or an X.25 network.
  • FIG. 4a is a description on the steps taken to process an electronic financial transaction, from proposal through presentation of results.
  • FIG. 4b shows the process of the formation and construction of an account access request message at the BIA.
  • FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 show a representational diagram of the account access request and response messages.
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the overall process for data encryption and sealing showing the use of DUKPT key data 20 for encryption of data before appending additional data before sealing the message with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) 21.
  • FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 show the decryption and encryption processes at the DPC.
  • FIG. 10 shows the steps taken during the registration of a new user.
  • FIG. 11 describes the steps involved in processing an account access request from a user, starting from entry of biometric personal authentication information at the BIA, all processing by the DPC, and then finally the presentation of results by the BIA.
  • FIG. 12 describes the user ID process at the DPC.
  • FIG. 13 shows the process for the account access response message construction.
  • FIG. 14 shows the decryption and validation of an account access response message at the BIA.
  • the BIA is a combination of hardware and software whose job is to gather, encode, and encrypt biometric input for use in electronic financial transactions and providing access to financial services. Actions of the BIA are directed by an outside controlling entity called a terminal, which issues commands and receives results over the BIA's serial line.
  • BIA software is tailored for various BIA hardware such as: Automated Teller Machines (ATM), personal computer (or "PC"), retail, registration, internal, issuer, and integrated remote.
  • ATM Automated Teller Machines
  • PC personal computer
  • retail registration, internal, issuer, and integrated remote.
  • Each software load provides a different, use-specific command set. For instance, the registration software load does not accept requests to form retail transaction messages.
  • Each BIA has its unique encryption codes that are known only to the DPC, and each BIA is only allowed to perform operations limited to its designated function.
  • Each BIA has a hardware identification code previously registered with the DPC, which makes the BIA uniquely identifiable to the DPC in each subsequent transmission from that biometric input device.
  • Terminals range from software applications running on personal computers to dedicated hardware/software systems developed for a particular use such as a retail point of sale.
  • no BIA reveals unencrypted biometric information.
  • BIA models are either partially or fully integrated with the terminal.
  • Partially integrated devices are physically separate from the terminal, and they include wireless and standard retail point of sale BIAs.
  • Fully integrated devices are contained within the physical enclosure of the terminal itself, for instance a telephone or an ATM. It is preferred that the BIA never disclose any secret encryption codes to any external source.
  • Particular BIA hardware models have different configurations, as illustrated below.
  • the Standard BIA hardware is a multichip module combined preferably with a single-print scanner, a display screen, a serial port, and a key pad.
  • the following components are preferably amalgamated into a multichip module, called the BIA Multichip Module (a process for encapsulating several processors in one physical shell, well known in the industry), constructed to protect the communications pathways between the devices from easy wiretapping; Serial processor, keypad processor, LCD screen processor, CCD, Scanner, A/D processor, High-speed DSP processor containing both flash and mask, ROM, General-purpose microprocessor. Standard RAM, and EEPROM.
  • the following software packages and data are preferably stored in mask ROM; MAC calculation library, DUKPT Key Management library, DES (with CBC) Encryption, library, Base-64 (8-bit to printable ASCII) converter library, Embedded Operating System, Serial line device driver, LCD device driver, key pad device driver, Scanner device driver, Unique hardware identification code, and Multi-Language profiles.
  • Flash ROM is more expensive, but it is much more difficult to reverse engineer, and most importantly, it is electronically erasable. All of the more critical information is stored here. Flash ROM is used in an attempt to increase the difficulty of duplicating a BIA.
  • the standard data and software packages include; Unique DUKPT Future Key Table, Unique 1 12-bit MAC Key, DSP biometric quality determination algorithm, DSP biometric encoding algorithm, Random number generator algorithm, and Command function table.
  • EEPROM can be erased many times, but is also nonvolatile — its contents remain valid across power interruptions
  • RAM is temporary in nature, and its contents are lost whenever power is lost; Encoded Biometric Register, Account Index Code Register, Amount Register, Message Key, Response Key, 8 General Registers, and stack and heap space.
  • Each multichip module contains a "write-once" memory location that is irreversibly set following the initialization of the flash ROM. Whenever an attempt is made to download software to the flash ROM, this memory location is preferably checked; if it is already been set, then the BIA refuses to load. Critical software and data keys may only be downloaded once into the device, at the time of manufacture.
  • registers and keys are explicitly zeroed when an account access is canceled. Once an account access is completed, registers are cleared as well. Once a "form message" command is executed, biometric and account index code registers are also cleared, along with any encryption keys that aren ' t required for subsequent use. It is important that the software not keep copies of registers or keys in stack variables.
  • the following associated hardware components comprise the standard BIA hardware module: BIA Multichip module, CCD single-print scanner, lighted keypad with auxiliary buttons, 2-line 40-column LCD screen, RF shielding, tamper-resistant case, serial connection (up to 57.6kb). tamper detection hardware.
  • buttons are used to specify particular operations, such as the list accounts operation, or the help operation, to display information that is not generally associated with an account access.
  • the following BIA hardware are essentially composed of the same hardware as the BIA Standard except that each contain hardware components for adapting the BIA to specialized functions.
  • BIA/ ATM - The ATM version of BIA hardware is a multichip module combined preferably with a heavy-duty single-print scanner and a serial port.
  • BIA/Wireless - The Wireless version of BIA is the same as the Standard BIA, however, the serial line is replaced with a wireless communications module using external antenna. Used for example in restaurant point of sale.
  • Each BIA software command set provides a different set of operations.
  • the external interface to the BIA is much like a standard modem; commands are sent to it from a controlling terminal using the external serial line. When a command completes, a response code is sent from the BIA to the terminal.
  • the particulars of the BIA software command interface detailed below illustrate one particular embodiment; other embodiments may mimic popular Key or PIN pad interfaces, such as magnetic stripe card readers.
  • Each BIA software load supports a different set of operations. For instance, a retail load supports only electronic financial transactions, while a registration load supports user identification and user registration.
  • All BIA data fields are preferably in printable ASCII, with fields separated by field separator control characters, and records separated by newlines. Encrypted fields are binary converted to 64-bit ASCII using the base-64 conversion library (all known in the industry).
  • this code can be one or more alphanumeric characters, which includes numbers, letters, and other characters. For foreign languages, this includes multiple-character combinations which are used to represent specific words or concepts in that language, such as kanji characters.
  • the BIA captures a biometric in the following way. A fingerprint image is captured and given a preliminary analysis by the print quality algorithm. If the image is not clearly readable by the biometric algorithm software, the BIA continues to take new scans until a predetermined number of seconds pass. As time passes and images of are taken and analyzed, messages are posted to the LCD screen and sent to the terminal based on the problems detected by the image quality algorithm. If no image of appropriate quality is forthcoming, the BIA returns an error code of time expired, displaying a message to that effect on the LCD.
  • the minutiae are then extracted by the image encoding algorithm, and the Biometric Sorting Number (BSN) is calculated.
  • BSN Biometric Sorting Number
  • the BSN need not be unique to the individual, but merely serves to reduce the number of biometrics compared at the DPC.
  • the BSN and the extracted minutia are combined to form the bid biometric.
  • finger ridges in the image are converted into vector lines.
  • the vector lines are typed, and features between the vector line types are compared and the image is classified according to fingerprint class.
  • the BSN is then generated by numerically encoding the classified identification features.
  • the BIA software is supported by several different software libraries. Some of them are standard, generally available libraries, but some have special requirements in the context of the BIA and in the context of the particular biometric used for identification of the user.
  • the BIA Since the BIA is constantly selecting random DES keys for use in the message body and message response encryption, it is important that the keys selected be unpredictable keys. If the random number generator is based on time of day, or on some other externally-predictable mechanism, then the encryption keys will be much more easily guessed by an adversary that happens to know the algorithm. The security of the encryption techniques used in the BIA assumes that both the random number generator algorithm as well as the encryption algorithms are both publicly known.
  • the biometric encoding algorithm is an algorithm for locating identifying or locating the physical characteristic feature of a user of the system for example the minutiae that are formed by ridge endings and bifurcations on human fingertips.
  • a complete list of minutiae is stored in the DPC as a reference, while only a partial list is required by the algorithm when performing a comparison between an identification candidate and a registered user.
  • the encoding algorithm must preferably find a reasonable number of minutiae points. Otherwise, the BIA will ask for the biometric to be re-entered.
  • the BIA is a real-time computing environment, and as such requires a real-time embedded operating system to run it.
  • the operating system is responsible for taking interrupts from devices and scheduling tasks.
  • Each device driver is responsible for the interface between the operating system and the specific hardware, such as the Key pad device driver, or the CCD Scanner device driver.
  • Hardware is the source for events such as "Key pad key pressed,” or “CCD Scanner scan complete”. The device driver handles such interrupts, interprets the events, and then takes action on the events.
  • DES implementations There are any number of DES implementations publicly available. DES implementations provide a secret key-based encryption from plaintext to ciphertext. and decryption from ciphertext to plaintext, using 1 12-bit secret keys.
  • Public Key encryption support libraries are available from Public Key Partners, holders of the RSA public key patent (known in the industry).
  • Public Key cryptosystems are asymmetric encryption systems that allow communication to take place without requiring a costly exchange of secret keys.
  • a public key is used to encrypt a DES key, and then the DES key is used to encrypt a message.
  • the BIA uses public key cryptosystems to provide for the secure exchange of secret keys.
  • the derived unique key per transaction key (DUKPT) management library is used to create future DES keys given an initial key and a message sequence number. Future keys are stored in a Future Key Table. Once used, a given key is cleared from the table. Initial keys are only used to generate the initial future key table. Therefore the initial key is not stored by the BIA
  • DUKPT is designed to create a key management mechanism that provided a different DES key for each transaction, without leaving behind the trace of the initial key. The implications of this are that even successful capture and dissection of a given future key table does not reveal messages that were previously sent, a very important goal when the effective lifetime of the information transmitted is decades. DUKPT is fully specified in ANSI X9.24.
  • the terminal is the device that controls the BIA and connects to the DPC via modem, X.25 packet network, telephone network, the Internet, a private intranet, or even a Cable TV network, or some other mechanism for digital networking that is well- known in the industry. Terminals come in different shapes and sizes, and require different versions of the BIA to perform their tasks. Any electronic device that can issue commands to and receive results from the biometric input device is considered to be a terminal.
  • Some terminals are application programs that run on a general-purpose microcomputer, while other terminals are combinations of special-purpose hardware and software as show in FIG 1.
  • the system always validates it in some manner, either through presentation to the user for confirmation, or by cross-checking through other previously registered information.
  • terminals While terminals are able to read some parts of BIA messages in order to validate that the data was processed properly by the BIA, terminals cannot read biometric identification information including the biometric, encryption keys, or any account index codes.
  • the RPT uses a BIA/Retail to authorize electronic financial transactions from a user to a seller.
  • the RPT preferably provides standard debit and credit card scanning functions as well. Note that only the biometric-related transactions are described in detail here. It is assumed that the RPT may also consist of standard credit and debit magnetic stripe card readers, as well as optional smart card readers too.
  • An example of a RPT is a Verifone Tranz/330.
  • Each RPT is connected to the DPC by a modem, an X.25 network connection, an ISDN connection, or similar mechanism.
  • the RPT may also be connected to other devices, such as an electronic cash register, from which it obtains the amount of the transaction and the seller identification code.
  • the RPT consists of:
  • the consumer is identified by the biometric
  • the seller is identified by the DPC, which cross-checks the seller identification code contained in the BIA's VAD record with the seller identification code added to the transaction request by the RPT.
  • the seller enters the value of the transaction into his electronic cash register.
  • This information is communicated to the BIA, along with the list of goods or services, date and time, any invoice numbers, the location, and the seller identification code.
  • the user approves, he either enters the amount or validates the amount, possibly asking for cash back, and then enters his biometric as well as his account index code.
  • the RPT instructs the BIA to construct the electronic financial transaction, and then sends the electronic financial transaction to the DPC through its network connection (modem, X.25, etc.).
  • the DPC When the DPC receives the transaction, it identifies the consumer using the biometric, obtains the account number using the screen prompt or account index code, and cross-checks the seller identification code in the message with the registered owner of the BIA. If everything checks out, the DPC forms and sends a credit/debit transaction to execute the exchange, assuming the electronic financial transaction is to happen immediately. The response from the credit/debit network is added to the private code to form the transaction response message, which the DPC then sends back to the RPT. The RPT examines the response to see whether or not the transaction succeeded, and then forwards the response to the BIA, which then displays the user's private code, concluding the transaction.
  • Each retail BIA must be registered to a seller. This helps to discourage BIA theft. Furthermore, because the RPT adds the seller identification code onto each message, replacing a seller's BIA with a different BIA is detected by the cross-check performed at the DPC.
  • biometric ATM The purpose of the biometric ATM is to provide users access to cash and other ATM functions without having to use a debit card. It does this by submitting a biometric and an account index code and retrieving a financial account number. For users of the system, this replaces the ATM card + PIN mechanism as a method for identifying the financial account and authorizing the user. It is assumed that all ATMs still continue to accept ATM cards.
  • the ATM consists of:
  • the biometric ATM uses an integrated BIA/ ATM to identify users and allow them access to financial accounts using a biometric and an account index code.
  • a BIA/ ATM is installed into the ATM, making use of the ATM's current keypad and account index code entry.
  • the ATM is connected to the system using its standard debit network connection.
  • the BIA/ ATM is structured in such a way as to make integration with an existing ATM network as simple as possible.
  • the bank is identified by cross-checking the ATM's stored bank code with the BIA/ ATM's bank code.
  • the BIA/ ATM is identified by successfully locating the BIA/ ATM in the VAD, and the user is identified through the standard biometric.
  • a user To access an ATM, a user enters their biometric into the BIA along with the account index code.
  • the BIA forms an account access request message, which is then sent to the DPC by the ATM.
  • the DPC validates the biometric as well as the account index code, and then sends the resulting financial account number along with the private code back to the ATM.
  • the ATM asks the BIA to decrypt the response, and then displays the private code on the ATM's display screen.
  • the ATM also examines the response to see whether or not the user has caused a silent alarm to be raised during the account access.
  • the user performs financial operations using that and related financial accounts with the ATM, requesting cash, depositing funds, transferring funds, inquiring about account balances, and so on.
  • MAC means that the ATM cannot change the contents of the message without being detected, and encryption prevents the encrypted part of the message from being disclosed.
  • the BIA/ ATM Because the BIA/ ATM has no LCD or no keypad attached, it requires the ATM to provide all the text prompts and to gather all the input from the user. This is less secure than if the BIA were performing the operation, but as ATMs are quite physically robust, the resulting security is at least equivalent.
  • Internet simply represents a general-purpose network where a seller, the DPC, and the IPT can all connect to each other in real time. As a result, this mechanism works exactly the same on any other general-purpose network or collection of interconnected general-purpose networks.
  • the IPT consists of:
  • the IPT In addition to identifying the user, the IPT must also identify the remote seller who is the counterparty to the transaction. The seller must also identify both the DPC and the IPT.
  • the Internet Shopper program stores the hostname (or other form of net name) of the seller from which the purchase is taking place so that the DPC can verify the seller's identity. This is called the seller's identification channel. Since the seller registers all of his legitimate Internet hosts with the DPC, this allows the DPC to cross-check the seller identification code with the seller identification code stored under that hostname to verify the seller's identity.
  • the IPT connects to the seller using the Internet. Once a connection is established, the IPT secures it by generating and then sending a Session Key to the seller. In order to assure that the session key is protected from disclosure, it is encrypted with the seller's Public Key using Public Key Encryption. When the seller receives this encrypted Session Key, he decrypts it using his Private Key. This process is called securing a connection through a Public Key Encrypted secret key exchange.
  • the IPT downloads the seller identification code, and both price and product information from the seller. Once the user is ready to make a purchase, he selects the merchandise he wishes to buy. Then, the user enters the biometric using the BIA/PC, the IPT sends the seller identification code, the product identification information, and the amount to the BIA, and instructs it to construct a Remote Electronic financial Transaction message. Then the IPT sends the request to the seller via the secure channel.
  • the seller is connected to the DPC via the same sort of secure connection that the IPT has with the seller, namely, using Public Key Encryption to send a secure session key.
  • the seller connects to the DPC, securing the connection using the session key, forwarding the transaction to the DPC for validation.
  • the DPC validates the biometric, cross-checks the seller identification code contained in the request with the seller identification code stored under the hostname that was sent in the request, and then sends a transaction to the credit/debit network. Once the credit/debit network responds, the DPC constructs a response message including the credit/debit authorization, an encrypted private code, and the address of the user, and sends that message back to the seller.
  • the seller terminal copies the user's mailing address out of the response, makes note of the authorization code, and forwards the response message to the IPT.
  • the IPT hands the response to the BIA, which decrypts the private code and displays it on the LCD screen, indicating that the DPC recognized the user.
  • the IPT also shows the result of the transaction as well, be it success or failure.
  • the whole system of Public Key Encryption relies on having a trusted source for the Public Keys.
  • These trusted sources are called Certifying Authorities, one of which is the company VeriSign, Inc.
  • the BRT consists of:
  • the BRT uses an attached BIA/Reg for biometric entry, and is connected to the system by a modem or a network connection.
  • BIA/Reg for biometric entry
  • User Registration Terminals are located in places that are physically secure such as retail banking outlets.
  • BIA Reg registration message Three entities need to be identified for the DPC to respond positively to a BIA Reg registration message: the registering employee, the registrating institution, and the BIA/Reg. The employee must have been authorized to register users for that institution.
  • the institution and the BIA are identified by cross-checking the owner of the BIA with the institution code set by the BRT.
  • the employee identifies himself to the system by entering his biometric upon starting the registration application.
  • the institution uses its standard user identification procedure (signature cards, employee records, personal information, etc.) before registering the user on the system. It is important for the institution to verify user identity as assiduously as possible, since the registering user will be empowered to make purchases and transfer money from those financial accounts at will.
  • the user preferably enters both a primary and a secondary registration biometric sample.
  • the user must use both index fingers; if the user is missing index fingers, the next inner-most finger may be used. Requiring specific fingers to be used (such as the index finger) allows the prior fraud check to work.
  • the BIA/R determines if the user has entered "a print of sufficient clarity to be read by the biometric algorithm." If a good print is not present, the BIA/R asks the user to re-enter the biometric which was determined to be of poor quality.
  • the user's registration biometric sample is then compared to other registration biometrics contained within the database having the same BSN, and if a match is found, the registration may be denied on the basis of a duplicate registration.
  • the user constructs a confidential private code consisting of a word or phrase. If the user does not wish to construct one, a private code may be constructed randomly by the terminal.
  • the user arranges a financial account code list.
  • This list describes which account index code points at which account (e.g. 1 for debit, 2 for credit, 3 for emergency account index code linked to debit, etc.).
  • the registering institution must be the bank or financial institution that provides the accounts.
  • a user is not actually able to perform operations using the system until a prior fraud user re-registration check is completed. Only if the system finds no instance of prior fraud is the user's access activated.
  • registrations are accomplished at places such as supermarkets, over the Internet, or at unattended kiosks.
  • the ability to authorize transactions will only be enabled once registration is confirmed.
  • the employees performing the registration operation may be required to identify themselves using biometric only when initially activating the registration system. This is a convenience for the employee, but a possible security problem for the system, as unattended or "temporarily borrowed" BRTs could be the source for fraud. As a result, the registration application exits after a predetermined period of no activity.
  • the PPT consists of:
  • the PPT accepts biometric identification using a BIA/Catv connected to and integrated with a cordless, cellular, or standard telephone.
  • biometric identification is used.
  • the seller and all his phone numbers that users will call are registered with the DPC.
  • a user submits an authorization, he also submits the phone number he called, which is then cross-checked with the seller's listed phone numbers.
  • Users call sellers that are selling their wares through paper catalogs, newspapers, magazines, or other basic print media mechanisms.
  • the PPT uses a special modem that shares the telephone voice line to exchange digital information with the seller.
  • the PPT keeps track of the phone number that was typed by the user, in case the user decides to make a purchase.
  • a DSP is used to detect dialtone, ring, connection, and so on, in order to tell what the actual phone number entered was, as distinct from extensions, or the navigation of phone message systems, and so on.
  • the salesman for the seller digitally downloads all the relevant information to the PPT including product, price, and the seller identification code. Note that when in operation, the modem disconnects the speaker.
  • the PPT When the product information is downloaded, the PPT then prompts the user for the biometric, the account selection (using either a screen prompt or an account index code), and then asks the user to validate the purchase amount. Then the phone number and the seller identification code are added, and the message is encrypted. The rapid-connect modem is again engaged to send the authorization information to the seller.
  • the seller When the seller receives the authorization information, the seller verifies that the price and product information are correct, and then forwards the transaction to the DPC using a secured communications channel using either the Internet or some other general-purpose network.
  • the connection to the DPC is secured using Public Key Encryption and a secret key exchange.
  • the DPC Upon receiving and decrypting a phone authorization, the DPC checks the phone number against the seller identification code, validates the biometric, and then sends the transaction to the credit/debit network for authorization. If authorization succeeds, the DPC appends the user's address to the response message and sends the response to the seller.
  • the seller receives the response from the DPC, copies the mailing address, and forwards the message to the user again via a brief session with the rapid-connect modem.
  • a chime sounds, the modem disconnects, and the user's private code (decrypted by the BIA) is displayed on the LCD screen.
  • the seller's sales rep confirms that the user's mailing address is valid; if so, the call is terminated and the transaction is complete.
  • the Data Processing Center handles user registration, seller registration, user identification, seller identification, and in some cases, electronic financial transactions as its main responsibilities.
  • each DPC site is made up of a number of computers and databases connected together over a LAN as illustrated in the DPC Overview Fig. 2.
  • Multiple identical DPC sites ensure reliable service in the face of disaster or serious hardware failure at any single DPC site.
  • each DPC site has electrical power backup and multiple redundancy in all of its critical hardware and database systems.
  • DPC components fall into three categories: hardware, software, and databases. Below is a short description, by category, of each component. Hardware
  • Firewall Machine the entry point of the DPC site. FW
  • Gateway Machine the system coordinator and message processor.
  • DPC Local Area Network connects the DPC sites.
  • DPCLAN DPC Local Area Network
  • IBD Valid Apparatus Database stores information required to validate and decrypt
  • VAD Apparatus Owner Database stores information about the owners of BIA devices.
  • AOD Authorized Individual Database stores the list of people allowed to use personal or issuer BIA devices.
  • AID Remote Seller Database stores information necessary to process transactions with telephone and cable television sellers.
  • Message Processing Module handles the processing of each message by coordinating with the other software modules and databases required to perform the message's task.
  • MPM Sequence Number Module handles DUKPT sequence number processing.
  • SNM Message Authentication Code Module handles MAC validation and generation.
  • MACM Message Decrypt Module handles encrypting and decrypting of BIA requests and responses.
  • MDM IBD Machine List handles the lookup of the main and backup database machines dedicated to holding IBD records for a given biometric group.
  • int ⁇ X> an integral type using ⁇ X> bytes of storage char ⁇ X> a character array of ⁇ X> bytes text a variable length character array
  • ⁇ type>[X] a length ⁇ X> array of the specified type, time a type used for storing time and date biometric a binary data type used for storing the biometric
  • expected means the expected condition of a fully loaded system.
  • Terminals accomplish their tasks by sending messages to a DPC site.
  • the DPC site sends back a response packet containing the status on the success or failure of the operation.
  • Communication is via a logical or a physical connection- oriented message delivery mechanism such as X.25 connections, TCP IP connections, or a telephone call to a modem bank.
  • a logical or a physical connection- oriented message delivery mechanism such as X.25 connections, TCP IP connections, or a telephone call to a modem bank.
  • Each session holds the connection to the terminal open until the DPC sends its response back to the terminal.
  • the message contains a BIA message part and a terminal message part: BIA message part consists of; protocol version number message type
  • the BIA message part is constructed by a BIA device. It includes one or two biometrics, authorization amounts, and the contents of the general registers which are set by the terminal. Note: the MAC in the BIA message part only applies to the BIA part and not to the terminal part.
  • a terminal may place additional data for the message in the terminal message part.
  • the BIA provides a message key to allow the terminal to secure the terminal part data.
  • the BIA automatically includes the message key in the packet's encrypted biometric block when necessary.
  • the terminal performs the message key encryption itself, however.
  • the response packet contains a standard header and two optional free-form message parts: one with a MAC and one without:
  • the message part with a MAC is sent to the BIA so that it may validate that this part of the response has not been tampered with and to display the user's private code.
  • the message part without a MAC is used for transmitting large amounts of data that are not sent to the BIA for MAC validation as the BIA to terminal connection may be of limited bandwidth.
  • a terminal need only send its message to one of the DPC sites, typically the closest, because that site automatically handles updating the others by running distributed transactions as necessary.
  • Each GM has a Message Processing Module that handles the coordination between the DPC components required to process the message and sends the response back to the sender.
  • All packets the DPC receives contain a BIA hardware identification code (the BIA Identification of the packet), a sequence number, and a Message Authentication Code (MAC).
  • the GM asks the MAC Module to validate the packet's MAC and then checks the sequence number with the Sequence Number Module. If both check out, the GM passes the packet to the Message Decrypt Module for decryption. If any one of the checks fail, the GM logs a warning, terminates processing for the packet, and returns an error message to the BIA device.
  • Each packet the DPC receives may contain an optional response key stored in the encrypted biometric block of the packet. Before the DPC replies to a message that includes a response key, it encrypts the response packet with the response key. It also generates a Message Authentication Code and appends it to the packet.
  • response packets include a status or response code that can indicate whether the request succeeded or not. For example, when the DPC declines a credit authorization, it does not return an error packet, it returns a normal transaction response packet with a response code set to "failed".
  • the DPC has three procedures commonly used while processing messages.
  • the DPC executes the following procedure. Using the BSN from the bid biometric, the DPC searches the IBD Machine List for the main and backup IBD machines responsible for handling identifications for the given BSN code. Next, the DPC sends the identification message to either the main or backup machines depending on which is the least loaded. The IBD machine responds with the IBD record for the user or a "user not found" error.
  • the IBD machine retrieves all the IBD records for the given BSN.
  • the IBD machine compares each record's primary registered biometric sample with the user's bid biometric sample arriving at a comparison score indicating the similarity of the two biometrics. If no biometric has a close enough comparison score, the comparisons are repeated using the registered secondary biometric samples. If none of the secondary biometric have a close enough comparison score, then the IBD machine returns an "user not found" error. Otherwise, the EBD machine returns the full IBD record of the user, from which such fields such as the private code, financial account numbers, and so on may be obtained.
  • Each entry in the VAD preferably has information on the number of recent messages submitted, the number of recent messages that have failed, the device security assessment, whether or not the device is attended along with the fraud detection skill of the attendant, and lastly the security problems associated with the physical location of the device itself.
  • the VAD record for the device is updated appropriately. Too many failures, and the Security Factor Module will take the device out of service, refusing any further transactions from that device until a service representative places it back in service.
  • Registration Response protocol version message type 4-byte hardware ID 4-byte sequence number encrypted(response key): private code text biometric identification code list of DPC chosen BSNs status code (OK, fail, etc.) MAC
  • the URT sends the DPC a registration packet containing primary and secondary biometrics, along with ancillary data such as the user's name, address, a list of financial accounts, the private code, and the emergency account index code.
  • ancillary data such as the user's name, address, a list of financial accounts, the private code, and the emergency account index code.
  • the user may include a Social Security Number (or "SSN").
  • SSN Social Security Number
  • any previously entered data can be modified or deleted.
  • only one DPC site acts as the registration site, for implementation simplicity. Registration request packets received by non-registration DPC sites are forwarded to the current registration site.
  • the registration DPC site performs the entire registration check, assigning of IBD records to IBD machines, and the distributed transaction required to update all other DPC sites.
  • the registration DPC site selects the BSN code for the registration biometric, stores the IBD record on the main and backup IBD machines (as specified in the BSN List), and checks the biometric suitability of the registration packet before running the distributed transaction to update the other DPC sites.
  • the DPC runs a BSN and biometric sample duplication check step wherein the biometric and BSN from the registration step is checked against all previously registered biometrics currently associated with the identical BSN.
  • the DPC may reject the registration for the following reasons: the biometrics are confusingly similar to another biometric, thereby generating a BSN that is already assigned. Alternatively, the biometrics may be too similar to other biometrics stored under the BIV chosen by the computer system, resulting in an unacceptable false accept rate or false reject rate.
  • the User Identification message includes a biometric block which the DPC uses with the user identification procedure to identify the user. If the user is identified, then the DPC responds with the user's name, biometric identification, and private code. Otherwise, the DPC responds with an "unknown user" error.
  • BIA Part 4-byte BIA Identification 4-byte sequence number encrypted(DUKPT key) Biometric block:
  • Debit transactions result in immediate transfer of money from the user's financial account to the seller's financial account.
  • debit transactions can occur on a number of different kinds of financial accounts, including checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, credit accounts, and even phone calling-card accounts.
  • the system considers the transaction type to be debit, regardless of the financial account type used as the source of funds, or which external computer system is used to move the money around.
  • the DPC identifies the user by the biometric block of the message. If the user cannot be identified, the DPC replies with an "unknown user" error. At this point, the DPC executes the actual transaction.
  • the DPC constructs a credit authorization draft request and transmits it to the appropriate external computer system (e.g. VISANet, MAPP, etc.).
  • the external computer system is responsible, in this embodiment, for performing the resource determination to see if the user can pay. If the external computer system approves the transaction, the DPC returns an "OK" response code to the BIA device, while a disapproval results in a "failed” code.
  • the contents of the response message from the external computer system (called an "authorization request response", see ISO 8583) are added to the response as well along with the user's private code.
  • the accounts and their balances are stored at the DPC, which performs resource determination, draft generation or credit/debit instead of sending the transaction to an external computer system.
  • Access request allows BIA- equipped terminals to provide a safer and more convenient way for users to identify themselves to the ATM.
  • Remote authorization are generated by telephone, mail order, the Internet, or cable television sellers.
  • the DPC handles remote authorizations the same way it does a retail authorization but with the following exceptions: i) Remote authorizations include a remote seller identification code which the DPC checks against the Remote Seller Database to validate whether the packet's seller Identification matches the one stored in the database. Furthermore, the financial account credited is the remote seller's financial account, not the financial account of the BIA device's owner. ii) Additionally, BIA devices that generate the remote authorizations tend to be personal BIA devices. The DPC checks the biometric Identification of the identified user against the Authorized Individual Database's list of users allowed to use the BIA device. If the user is not authorized to use the device, then the DPC denies the authorization request. iii) Finally, the authorization packet may contain a "send-address" indicator. This indicator informs the DPC to include the user's address in the response packet and is usually used only for mail order purchases.
  • Biometric block 4-byte BIA Identification 4-byte sequence number encryptedf DUKPT key) Biometric block.- 300-byte authorization biometric 112-bit response key MAC Terminal Part: (not used)
  • the list accounts message allows users to determine which financial accounts match particular account index codes. This is useful when users forget which financial accounts and index codes are available.
  • the GM identifies the user by the packet's biometric and retrieves the appropriate information from the user's record.
  • the emergency account index code will be given an innocuous-sounding name so that criminals cannot determine which account index code will trigger the emergency notification.
  • the DPC handles additional message types classified as internal messages.
  • the DPC generally does not accept these messages from non-DPC systems.
  • the messages are database vendor specific.
  • the internal network uses DES-encrypted packets to provide additional security.
  • the User Service and System Administration tasks are implemented using the database vendor's query language and application development tools.
  • IBD find, activate, deactivate, remove, correct records, change BSN.
  • AID add or remove authorized individuals.
  • AOD find, add, remove, correct records.
  • VAD find, activate, deactivate, remove, correct records.
  • RSD find, add, remove, correct records.
  • the DPC Local Area Network links the machines of the DPC sites together preferably using a fiber optic token ring.
  • the fiber optic token ring provides both high bandwidth and good physical security.
  • the network interfaces used by the machines on the DPC LAN include encryption hardware to make tapping or intercepting packets useless without the encryption key.
  • the encryption key is the same for all machines on the LAN and is stored in the encryption hardware.
  • a properly configured network sniffer acts as an intruder detector as backup for the FW If an anomalous message is detected, the intruding messages are recorded in their entirety, an operator is alerted, and the FW is physically shut down by the sniffer.
  • the Message Processing Module handles the processing for a message. It communicates with other components of the DPC as necessary to perform its tasks.
  • MPM Message Processing Module
  • the presence of an MPM on a machine brands it as a GM.
  • the MPM maintains a message context for each message it is currently processing.
  • the message context includes the information necessary to maintain the network connection to the terminal making the message, the BIA device information, the response key, and the response packet.
  • the Message Authentication Code Module's (MACM) tasks are to validate the Message Authentication Code on inbound packets and to add a Message Authentication Code to outbound packets.
  • the MACM maintains an in-memory hash table of 112-bit MAC encryption keys keyed by BIA hardware identification code.
  • the MACM When the MACM receives a request from the GM to validate a packet's MAC, it first looks up the packet's hardware identification code in the hash table. If no entry exists, then the MACM replies to the GM with an "invalid hardware identification code" error.
  • the MACM performs a MAC check on the BIA message part of the packet using the 1 12-bit MAC encryption key. If the MAC check fails, then the MACM replies to the GM with an "invalid MAC” error. Otherwise, the MACM replies with a "valid MAC” message.
  • the MACM also checks the seller identification code against the owner identification code in the hash table. If the codes don't match, then the MACM replies with an "invalid owner" error.
  • the MACM When the MACM receives a request from the GM to generate a MAC for a packet, it looks up the MAC encryption key using the packet's hardware identification code. With the MAC encryption key, the MACM generates a MAC and adds it to the packet. If the MACM cannot find the hardware identification code in its hash table, it replies with an invalid hardware identification code error instead.
  • the MACM hash table entry contains:
  • the hash table requires about 120 MB of storage. For performance reasons, this hash table is cached completely in memory.
  • the MACM only contains records referencing active BIA hardware identification codes and active apparatus owners. Whenever an apparatus or apparatus owner is suspended or deleted from the system, the MACM removes any entries that reference the identification code. When an apparatus is activated, the MACM then adds an entry for it.
  • the MACM also caches the MAC encryption key from the Valid Apparatus Database. Since the system does not allow the encryption key of a BIA to be changed, the MACM does not need to worry about receiving encryption key updates.
  • the Message Decrypt Module's (MDM) task is to reconstruct the DUKPT transaction key and with it decrypt the biometric block of the packet. It maintains a list of the DUKPT Base Keys that are required to generate the transaction key.
  • the MDM constructs the DUKPT transaction key using the packet's sequence number as the DUKPT transaction counter, the upper 22 bits of the BIA hardware identification code as the DUKPT tamper resistant security module (or "TRSM") Identification, and the low 10 bits of the BIA hardware identification code as the DUKPT Key Set Identification.
  • TRSM tamper resistant security module
  • the DUKPT standard specifies how the transaction key is generated.
  • the Key Set Identification is used to look up a Base Key from the Base Key List.
  • the Base Key is used to transform the TRSM Identification into the initial key via a DES encrypt/decrypt/encrypt cycle.
  • the transaction counter is then applied to the initial key as a series of DES encrypt/decrypt/encrypt cycles to generate the transaction key.
  • Base Key Lists are maintained, one for low security BIA devices and one for high security devices.
  • the MDM chooses which Base Key List to use depending on the security level of the device.
  • the MDM Base Key List entry contains:
  • baseKey intl ⁇ The Base Key List is indexed by Key Set Identification.
  • the MDM maintains an in-memory list of the DUKPT Base Keys. Each key requires 1 12— bits. The MDM maintains two sets of 1024 keys requiring 32 KB total.
  • the Biometric Group List (BGL), in conjunction with the Individual Biometric Database Machine List, defines the configuration of the IBD machines.
  • the BGL stores a list of the BSNs in the system which is used to simplify the management of the biometrics.
  • a BSN is a set of consecutive biometric values.
  • a BGL exists on each GM Machine (GM).
  • the BGL when given a BSN, searches through its list of biometric groups for the group containing the BSN.
  • the BGL maintains the list of groups in order and uses a binary search to quickly find the correct group.
  • the initial configuration for the BGL is one giant biometric group containing all possible biometrics. After a threshold number of BSNs are assigned, the giant biometric group is split in two. Thereafter, this process is applied to all succeeding biometric groups.
  • the BGL assigns a new main and backup IBD machine based on available storage on a first-come-first serve basis.
  • the BGL coordinates with the IBD machines to first copy the affected records from the old main and backup machines to the new ones, update the IML record, and last remove the old main and backup copies.
  • Splitting a biometric group is an involved task.
  • the BGL batches split requests to be run when the DPC is lightly loaded, for instance, at night.
  • the system administrator may also change the main and backup IBD machines for a given biometric group if the machines' free storage falls below a level required for handling the expected amount of new registrations.
  • biometric group is identified by a unique identifier.
  • biometric group identification code is the lowBgv code for the group, however the system does not otherwise rely upon this fact.
  • the BGL is keyed by the lowBgv field.
  • the BGL is expected to contain about 3000 groups (each biometric group contains about 1000 active biometric values, but may span millions of actual biometric values).
  • the entire BGL requires about 72 KB of storage and is cached completely in memory.
  • the BGL is responsible for informing the IBD Machine List of the changes and for directing the movement of IBD records from one IBD machine to another.
  • the IBD Machine List (IML), in conjunction with the Biometric Group List, codifies the configuration of the IBD machines.
  • the IML maps a biometric value to the main and backup IBD machines storing IBD records for the biometric.
  • the IML is actually keyed by Biometric Group (a set of consecutive biometric values). An IML exists on each GM Machine (GM).
  • the GM When a GM processes a message that requires a biometric identification, the GM finds the IML record keyed by the biometric group. The GM then knows the main and backup IBD machines to use for the biometric identification.
  • IBD records will be users, who will use the system to purchase products from sellers at points of sale.
  • the rest of the records will be generally associated with people who perform administrative functions such as registration, or user support.
  • the schema for the IML list entries are:
  • the IML is keyed by bvgGroup.
  • the IML is expected to contain about 3000 entries (the number of Biometric Value Groups). Each MachinePair record is 12 bytes requiring about 36 KB of storage and is cached completely in memory.
  • the IML uses Biometric groups for its keys so when the Biometric Group List gets modified, the IML is also updated.
  • the Sequence Number Module's (SNM) primary function is to prevent replay attacks by validating packet sequence numbers. Its secondary task is to minimize the effects of a resubmission attack by informing other SNMs in remote DPC sites of sequence number updates and to periodically update the sequence numbers in the Valid Apparatus Database.
  • the SNM maintains an in-memory hash table of sequence numbers keyed by BIA hardware identification code codes to allow quick validation of packet sequence numbers.
  • the SNM When the SNM receives a validate request from the GM for a given hardware identification code and sequence number, it looks up the hardware identification code in the hash table. If no entry exists, then the SNM replies to the GM with an "invalid hardware identification code" error.
  • the SNM checks the given sequence number against the sequence number stored in the hash table entry. If the sequence number is less than or equal to the stored sequence number, the SNM replies with an "invalid sequence number” error. Otherwise, the SNM sets the sequence number in the hash table entry to the given sequence number and replies with a "valid sequence number” message.
  • the SNM may observe a sequence number gap.
  • a sequence number gap occurs when the SNM receives a sequence number that is more than one greater than the sequence number stored in the hash table entry. In other words, a sequence number was skipped.
  • the SNM discovers a sequence number gap, it replies with a "sequence number gap" message to the GM instead of a "valid sequence number” message.
  • the GM treats the packet as valid, but it also logs a "sequence number gap” warning.
  • Sequence number gaps usually occur when network connectivity is lost: packets are dropped or can't be sent until the network is restored to working order. However, sequence number gaps occur for fraudulent reasons as well: malicious parties could intercept packets preventing them from arriving at the DPC or they could even attempt to counterfeit packets (with a large sequence number so that it isn't immediately rejected).
  • the SNM's secondary function is to inform other DPCs of the updated sequence numbers.
  • Quickly updating sequence numbers at all DPC sites thwarts resubmission attacks wherein a malicious entity monitors packets destined for one DPC site and immediately sends a copy to a different DPC site in the hope of exploiting the transmission delay of sequence number updates from one DPC site to another resulting in both sites accepting the packet as valid, when only the first site should accept the packet.
  • the SNMs send update messages to each other whenever they receive a valid sequence number. If an SNM receives an update message for a sequence number that is less than or equal to the sequence number currently stored in its hash table, that SNM logs a sequence number resubmission warning. All resubmission attacks are detected in this manner.
  • a simpler way to thwart resubmission attacks completely, is to have only one SNM validate packets. Under this scheme, there is no update transmission delay window to exploit with a resubmission attack. Alternately, multiple SNMs can be active at the same time provided none of them handle sequence number validation for the same BIA-equipped device.
  • the SNM When the SNM boots up, it loads the sequence number hash table from the sequence numbers for active BIA stored in the VAD.
  • the VAD is responsible for sending add-entry and remove- entry messages to the SNMs for any BIA-equipped devices that are activated or deactivated to keep the SNM hash table up-to-date.
  • the SNM hash table entry contains:
  • the hash table Assuming about 5 million BIA-equipped devices in service requires the hash table to be about 40 MB.
  • the SNM depends on the Valid Apparatus Database. When an apparatus is suspended or removed from the database, the SNM removes the corresponding entry. When an apparatus is activated, the SNM creates an entry for it.
  • the SNMs require a transmission bandwidth of about 8 KB per second to handle 1000 update sequence number messages per second.
  • the update sequence number messages is buffered and sent out once per second to minimize the number of actual messages sent.
  • the Apparatus Owner Database stores information on users or organizations that own one or more BIA-equipped devices. This information is used to double check that the BIA devices are used only by their rightful owners, to provide financial account information for financial credit and debit transactions, and to allow identification of all BIAs owned by a specific user or organization.
  • BIA devices will be owned by sellers, i.e. sellers engaged in selling to users wishing to buy products.
  • Each AOD record includes a financial account to credit or debit the owner when the DPC processes a financial transaction submitted by one of the owner's BIA-equipped devices. For instance, transactions submitted from BIA attached to a retail point of sale terminal involves credits to the owner's financial account.
  • the Apparatus Owner Database is keyed by ownerld.
  • the AOD is expected to store about 2 million Apparatus Owner records. Each entry is 130 bytes requiring about 260 MB of storage.
  • the AOD is stored as a hashed file keyed by owner identification code. A copy of the AOD is stored on each GM.
  • any Valid Apparatus Database records that reference those apparatus owners are marked as suspended.
  • the MAC Module and the Sequence Number Module remove their entries for the suspended apparatuses.
  • the Valid Apparatus Database is a collection of records representing all of the BIAs that have been manufactured to date.
  • the VAD record contains the Message Authentication Code encryption key for each BIA, as well as an indication of whether a BIA is active, awaiting shipment, or marked as destroyed.
  • the BIA In order for a message from a BIA to be decrypted, the BIA must exist and have an active record in the VAD.
  • each BIA When manufactured, each BIA has a unique public identification code. In addition, each BIA is injected with a unique MAC encryption key, and an initial DUKPT key, all of which are entered into the VAD record prior to BIA deployment.
  • a BIA When a BIA is first constructed, it is given a unique hardware identification code. When a BIA is placed in service, its hardware identification code is registered with the system. First, the owner or responsible party of the BIA is entered into the Apparatus Owner Database (AOD). Then, the VAD record is pointed to the AOD record, and the BIA is then set active. Messages from that BIA are accepted by the DPC.
  • AOD Apparatus Owner Database
  • the installing agent When a BIA enters service, the installing agent performs an attendant security assessment, determining the relative attentiveness the organization pays towards fraud-fighting and the like. Likewise, the geography of the surrounding area is examined; high crime neighborhoods will merit a lower security value, for instance. These values are place in the VAD record for the device. These can change over time. When a BIA is removed from service, it is marked as inactive, and the link to the AOD record is broken. No communications from that BIA are accepted.
  • Each BIA type and model has a device security assessment performed on it during its design and construction. This represents the basic ability of the device to resist attempts to monitor the BIA's internal functioning, the ability of the BIA to keep both past and current encryption keys stored on the BIA secret, and the BIA's ability to resist reprogramming by criminals.
  • the number of failed messages, recent messages, and the average number of messages performed by a given apparatus are recorded in the VAD record, to assist the security factors module in detecting fraudulent messages. Periodically, the recentReqs and the failedReqs fields are cleared.
  • the Valid Apparatus Database is keyed by the hardware identification code.
  • the VAD handles about 5 million retail, issuer, and remote Valid Apparatus entries and/or 200,000 ATMs. Each entry is 51 bytes requiring about 255 MB total.
  • the VAD is stored as a hashed file keyed by hardware identification code. A copy of the VAD is stored on each GM.
  • the number of personal Valid Apparatus entries number in the range of 30 million requiring an additional 1.5 GB of storage.
  • the MAC Modules and Sequence Number Modules are informed of its change in status. For instance, when an apparatus becomes active, the MACP and SNM adds an entry for the newly active apparatus. When an apparatus becomes inactive, the MACP and SNM remove their entry for the apparatus.
  • IBD Individual Biometric Database records store personal information on users for both identification as well as authentication. This information may include their primary and secondary biometrics, one or more biometric values, a list of financial accounts, perhaps an account index code, account index names, private code, one or more emergency account index codes, address, and phone number. The user may optionally include this SSN. This information is necessary for identifying a user either by biometric or personal information, for accessing related information, or for providing an address or phone number to remote sellers or banks for additional verification.
  • Users are added to the system during the user enrollment process at registered User Registration Terminals located in retail banking establishments worldwide, or in local system offices. During enrollment, users add financial accounts and any personal identification numbers, to their biometric and biometric sorting number combination.
  • the EBD exists on multiple machines, each of which is responsible for a subset of the IBD records with a copy of each record stored on two different machines, both for redundancy and for load-sharing.
  • the IBD Machine List stored on the GM, maintains which machines hold which biometric values. ** BSN??
  • Each IBD machine preferably, has additional indexes on the user's Social Security Number, last name, first name, and phone number to facilitate access to the IBD database.
  • Each IBD machine has 40 GB of secondary storage provided by one or more RAID devices.
  • Each EBD record is 2658 bytes (assuming the biometrics are IK apiece) allowing up to 15 million records per machine.
  • the EBD records are stored using a (sometimes clustered) secondary index on the biometric value.
  • the index is stored in memory and requires no more than 64 MB (a 64 MB index handles about 16 million entries).
  • the DPC needs at least 40 IBD machines: 20 EBD machines for main storage and another 20 for backup. The number of IBD machines is easily scaled up or down depending on the number of registered users.
  • the EBD machines, Biometric Group List, and the EBD Machine List remain up-to- date in terms of which biometric values are on which machine.
  • the IBD machines update their databases and indexes appropriately.
  • the Authorized Individual Database For each issuer or personal BIA-equipped device, the Authorized Individual Database (AID) maintains a list of users who are authorized, by the owner of the device, to use it.
  • AID Authorized Individual Database
  • the AID exists because it provides restricted access to a terminal.
  • the Issuer Terminal can only be used by an authorized bank representative.
  • the second reason for the AID is to prevent criminals from secretly replacing the BIA in a retail point of sale terminal with that of a personal BIA from a phone Terminal and thus routing all purchases to a remote seller financial account set up by the criminals.
  • the hardwareld refers to a record in the Valid Apparatus Database and the biometricld refers to a record in the Individual Biometric Database. Whenever the DPC needs to check whether an individual is authorized to use a personal or issuer BIA device, the DPC checks for the existence of an Authorized Individual record with the correct hardwareld and biometricld.
  • Personal BIA devices are identified by a use field set to 1 (personal) in the Valid Apparatus Database.
  • Issuer BIA devices are identified by a use field set to 2 (issuer) in the Valid Apparatus Database.
  • the Remote Seller Database stores information on sellers that provide goods or services over telephones, cable television networks, or the Internet. Each order sent by a user using a properly-equipped terminal is routed through the seller's order terminal to the system.
  • the seller identification code is compared against the seller identification code in the RSD.
  • the seller identification code be it phone number, seller-product credential, or Internet address, exists in the RSD record under the correct seller identification code or the DPC terminates the message and returns an invalid seller identification code error to the sending BIA terminal device.
  • the schema for the Remote Seller record is:
  • the RSD requires about 24 bytes per record for a total of about 2.4 MB storage required.
  • the RSD does not have any direct dependencies on any other DPC components.
  • MACM checks the MAC (local)
  • step 9 compare against the secondary biometric (z * y / 2 ms, where y is the number of records retrieved and z is the probability no match is found).
  • GM encrypts and MACs the response (local).
  • the following set of protocol flows describe interactions between specific terminals, the DPC, the attached BIA, and other parties such as the credit/debit processor, and so on.
  • the system has use-sensitive data processing capabilities, wherein frequent users of the system are on a local cache.
  • This system comprises a master DPC having a master DPC comparison engine, also referred to as a comparator.
  • the master DPC comparator further has a master user biometric database which contains or stores the biometric samples of all users registered with the identification computer system.
  • the master DPC further comprises a user biometric group database which contains the BSNs of said users. BSNs of users may not necessarily be unique to the individual users, thus, more than one user can have the same BSN.
  • the system further comprises at least two local DPCs which are physically apart from each other.
  • Each local DPC further comprises a biometric scanner; a local comparator; a data entry device; and a local user biometric database containing a subset of the biometric samples contained in the master biometric database.
  • Data communications lines allows messages to flow between each local DPC and the master DPC.
  • the BIA sends the appropriate message to the local DPC, where the comparator compares the bid biometric sample against the subset of the registered biometric samples contained in the local DPC databases to produce either a failed or successful first identification result. If the local DPC returns a failed identification result, the bid biometric sample is transmitted to the master DPC for comparison of the entered bid biometric sample to the biometric samples stored in the master DPC for producing either a failed or successful second identification result. If both identifications fail, the person is not identified. Otherwise, the result of the first or second identification result is externalized from the identification computer system to the user by the BIA and/or terminal.
  • the identification computer system further comprises a purge engine for deleting database records from the local DPC databases.
  • a purge engine for deleting database records from the local DPC databases.
  • the local DPCs further comprise at least one terminal apparatus that is functionally partially or fully integrated with the BIA; at least one key pad; and a communication mechanism (such as an ISA bus interface) for interconnecting the biometric scanner, terminal apparatus and the key pad.
  • a communication mechanism such as an ISA bus interface
  • the system further comprises encryption and decryption means, wherein communications between the master DPC and local DPC are encrypted.
  • the master DPC is responsible for storage of the entire set of biometric samples registered with the computer system.
  • Each master DPC is preferably made up of a number of computers and databases connected together over a LAN (known in the industry) as illustrated in the master DPC overview figure 2.
  • LAN known in the industry
  • Multiple identical master DPC sites ensure reliable service in the face of disaster or serious hardware failure at any single Master DPC site.
  • each master, intermediary, and local DPC site has electrical power backup and multiple redundancy in all of its critical hardware and database systems.
  • the master and intermediary DPCs have a firewall machine which is the entry point of data and messages into these computers, and a gateway machine which is a system coordinator and message processor.
  • a firewall machine which is the entry point of data and messages into these computers
  • a gateway machine which is a system coordinator and message processor.
  • each of the indicated computers execute the following procedure: using the bid personal identification code, the computer searches the personal identification group list.
  • the computer retrieves all the IBD records for the submitted bid personal identification code.
  • the comparator compares each biometric sample contained in the individual's bid biometric. Preferably, if no biometric has a close enough comparison score, the comparisons are repeated using the secondary biometrics. If none of the secondary biometrics have a close enough comparison score, then the computer comparator returns an "individual not found" error. Otherwise, the IBD machine returns the full EBD record of the individual, from which such fields such as the private code, account numbers, titles, and so on are accessed.
  • the master DPC Local Area Network (LAN) links the machines of the master DPC sites together using a fiber optic token ring.
  • the fiber optic token ring provides both high bandwidth and good physical security.
  • the network interfaces used by the machines on the DPC LAN include encryption hardware to make tapping or intercepting packets useless without the encryption key.
  • the encryption key is the same for all machines on the LAN and is stored in the encryption hardware.
  • a properly configured network sniffer acts as an intruder detector as backup for the FW. If an anomalous message is detected, the intruding messages are recorded in their entirety, an operator is alerted, and the FW is physically shut down by the sniffer.
  • the FW Machines provide a first line of defense against network viruses and computer hackers. All communication links into or out of the DPC site first pass through a secure FW Machine.
  • the FW Machine an Internet-localnet router, only handles messages destined for the GM Machines.
  • BIA-equipped terminals send packets to a single DPC site via modem, X.25, or other communication medium.
  • the DPC relies on a third party to supply the modem banks required to handle the volume of calls and feed the data onto the DPC backbone.
  • the FW Machines For DPC to DPC communication, primarily for distributed transactions and sequence number updates, the FW Machines send out double-length DES encrypted packets.
  • the DPC LAN component handles the encryption and decryption: the FWs do not have the ability to decrypt the packets.
  • a properly configured network sniffer acts as an intruder detector as backup for the FW. If an anomalous message is detected, the intruding messages are recorded in their entirety, an operator is alerted, and the FW is physically shut down by the sniffer. The FW disallows any transmissions from the internal network to the rest of the Internet.
  • An electronic financial transaction message requires about 400 bytes and registration packets require about 2 KB. To handle 1000 electronic financial transactions per second and 1 registration packet per second, the FW Machines are able to process about 400 KB per second .
  • Each DPC site requires an aggregate bandwidth of nearly three Tl connections to the third party modem bank and the other DPC sites.
  • the GM Machine through the FW Machines, link the outside world (BIA- equipped terminals and other DPCs) to the internal components of the DPC.
  • the DPC has multiple GMs, typically two.
  • the GM supervises the processing of each BIA message, communicates with the various DPC components as necessary, and sends the encrypted results of the message back to the sender.
  • the software performing this task is called the Message Processing Module.
  • the GM logs all messages it receives and any warnings from components it communicates with. For example, the GM logs any silent alarms, sequence number gaps, and invalid packets.
  • Processing a message may require the GM to inform GMs at all other DPCs of a change in the DPC databases. When this happens, the GM runs a distributed transaction to update the remote databases.
  • Synchronous distributed transactions require the GM to wait for the distributed transaction to commit before continuing to process the packet.
  • Asynchronous distributed transactions do not require the GM to wait for the commit, and allow it to finish processing the message regardless of whether the distributed transaction commits or not.
  • Asynchronous distributed transactions are only used to update data for which database consistency is not an absolute requirement: sequence numbers and biometric checksum recordings may be performed asynchronously, whereas creating database records, such as User Biometric records, may not.
  • the requesting GM When executing a synchronous distributed transaction, the requesting GM only considers the entire transaction successful if all sites can successfully commit the transaction locally. Otherwise, the GMs back out the changes locally and reject the request due to a transaction error.
  • the list of valid DPC sites is normally all of the sites. In the case of an extreme site failure, however, a system administrator may manually remove that site from the valid site list.
  • the most likely cause of distributed transaction failures are temporary network failures that are unrelated to any DPC equipment. Messages that require a synchronous distributed transaction cannot be performed until network connectivity is restored or the site is removed from the valid site list. Before a site can be added back to the valid site list, the system administrator brings the site's databases up to date with those of a currently active site.
  • Each GM runs the following software components locally for performance reasons:
  • the message bandwidth required by the GMs is similar to that required by the FW Machines.
  • a FDDI network interface provides 100 MBits per second and easily covers any bandwidth requirements.
  • the invention provides a computer identification system that eliminates the need for a user to possess and present a physical object, such as a token, in order to authorize a transaction.
  • the invention provides a computer identification system that is capable of verifying a user's identity, as opposed to verifying possession of proprietary objects and information.
  • the invention verifies the user's identity based upon one or more unique characteristics physically personal to the user.
  • the invention provides an identification system that is practical, convenient, and easy use.
  • the invention provides a system of secured access to a computer system that is highly resistant to fraudulent transaction authorization attempts by non-authorized users.

Landscapes

  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Strategic Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Finance (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Financial Or Insurance-Related Operations Such As Payment And Settlement (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne un procédé et un système d'autorisation sans jeton de transactions commerciales entre un utilisateur et un vendeur utilisant un système informatique, le procédé comprenant les étapes suivantes: une étape d'enregistrement de l'utilisateur dans laquelle au moins un échantillon biométrique d'identification est enregistré; une étape d'enregistrement du vendeur dans laquelle au moins un compte bancaire du vendeur est enregistré; une étape d'offre dans laquelle le vendeur propose à l'utilisateur une transaction comprenant des informations relatives au prix; une étape d'acceptation, dans laquelle un échantillon biométrique est obtenu de l'acheteur; une étape de transmission, dans laquelle l'échantillon biométrique de l'acheteur est envoyé au système informatique; une étape d'identification du vendeur, dans laquelle les échantillons biométriques sont comparés; et une étape de paiement dans laquelle la transaction commerciale est effectuée sans l'utilisation de dispositifs à mémoire artificiels tels que les cartes à puce ou les cartes magnétiques.
PCT/US1998/027019 1997-12-17 1998-12-17 Systeme d'acces sans jeton pour effectuer des transactions financieres WO1999031621A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU19300/99A AU1930099A (en) 1997-12-17 1998-12-17 Tokenless financial access system

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US99209297A 1997-12-17 1997-12-17
US08/992,092 1997-12-17

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999031621A1 true WO1999031621A1 (fr) 1999-06-24

Family

ID=25537906

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1998/027019 WO1999031621A1 (fr) 1997-12-17 1998-12-17 Systeme d'acces sans jeton pour effectuer des transactions financieres

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU1930099A (fr)
WO (1) WO1999031621A1 (fr)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001061640A1 (fr) * 2000-02-16 2001-08-23 Ong Yong Kin Michael Carte de crédit électronique
NL1015564C2 (nl) * 2000-05-30 2001-12-03 Beleggings En Exploitatie Mij Werkwijze en inrichting voor het uitvoeren van (trans)acties.
DE10031220A1 (de) * 2000-06-27 2002-01-17 Ulrich Michael Kipper Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Abwicklung einer Transaktion in einem elektromischen Kommunikationsnetzwerk
US6615191B1 (en) * 1999-05-11 2003-09-02 E. Addison Seeley Software licensing and distribution systems and methods employing biometric sample authentication
WO2002005077A3 (fr) * 2000-07-07 2003-12-31 Mink & Associates Inc Procede et systeme d'utilisation d'un echantillon biometrique destines a l'acces electronique a des comptes et a l'autorisation de transactions
US8322606B2 (en) 2000-02-16 2012-12-04 Ong Yong Kin Michael Electronic credit card—ECC
US8447272B2 (en) 2009-11-25 2013-05-21 Visa International Service Association Authentication and human recognition transaction using a mobile device with an accelerometer
US8505826B2 (en) 2007-04-16 2013-08-13 Visa U.S.A. Anti-interrogation for portable device
US8554685B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2013-10-08 Visa International Service Association Method and system using universal ID and biometrics
US8589300B2 (en) 2007-10-25 2013-11-19 Visa U.S.A. Inc. Payment transaction using mobile phone as relay
WO2014019448A1 (fr) * 2012-08-03 2014-02-06 Decao Mao Procédé de paiement par empreinte digitale en présence de témoin
US8694793B2 (en) 2007-12-11 2014-04-08 Visa U.S.A. Inc. Biometric access control transactions
US8856043B2 (en) 2011-02-18 2014-10-07 Visa International Service Association Method and system for managing data and enabling payment transactions between multiple entities
US9978064B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2018-05-22 Visa International Service Association Hosted thin-client interface in a payment authorization system

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5280527A (en) * 1992-04-14 1994-01-18 Kamahira Safe Co., Inc. Biometric token for authorizing access to a host system
US5613012A (en) * 1994-11-28 1997-03-18 Smarttouch, Llc. Tokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissions
US5615277A (en) * 1994-11-28 1997-03-25 Hoffman; Ned Tokenless security system for authorizing access to a secured computer system

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5280527A (en) * 1992-04-14 1994-01-18 Kamahira Safe Co., Inc. Biometric token for authorizing access to a host system
US5613012A (en) * 1994-11-28 1997-03-18 Smarttouch, Llc. Tokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissions
US5615277A (en) * 1994-11-28 1997-03-25 Hoffman; Ned Tokenless security system for authorizing access to a secured computer system

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE DIALOG ABI/INFORM(R) 1 January 1900 (1900-01-01), SCALLY R: "CompUSA Tests Fingerprinting to Help Secure Transactions", XP002919236, Database accession no. 01424582 *
DATABASE DIALOG ACCOUNTING AN 1 January 1900 (1900-01-01), "A Credit Union Points a Finger at Biometrics", XP002919234, Database accession no. 00605839 *
DATABASE DIALOG CA SEARCH (R) 1 January 1900 (1900-01-01), HALL J: "Scanning Lets Fingerprints Do Talking Scrambled Image Ensures Privacy Developer Says", XP002919235, Database accession no. 05717680 *

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6615191B1 (en) * 1999-05-11 2003-09-02 E. Addison Seeley Software licensing and distribution systems and methods employing biometric sample authentication
WO2001061640A1 (fr) * 2000-02-16 2001-08-23 Ong Yong Kin Michael Carte de crédit électronique
US7278581B2 (en) 2000-02-16 2007-10-09 Yong Kin Ong Electronic credit card-ecc
US7533828B2 (en) 2000-02-16 2009-05-19 Ong Yong Kin Michael Electronic credit card—ECC
US8322606B2 (en) 2000-02-16 2012-12-04 Ong Yong Kin Michael Electronic credit card—ECC
NL1015564C2 (nl) * 2000-05-30 2001-12-03 Beleggings En Exploitatie Mij Werkwijze en inrichting voor het uitvoeren van (trans)acties.
DE10031220A1 (de) * 2000-06-27 2002-01-17 Ulrich Michael Kipper Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Abwicklung einer Transaktion in einem elektromischen Kommunikationsnetzwerk
DE10031220C2 (de) * 2000-06-27 2002-05-29 Ulrich Michael Kipper Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Abwicklung einer Transaktion in einem elektronischen Kommunikationsnetzwerk
WO2002005077A3 (fr) * 2000-07-07 2003-12-31 Mink & Associates Inc Procede et systeme d'utilisation d'un echantillon biometrique destines a l'acces electronique a des comptes et a l'autorisation de transactions
US8505826B2 (en) 2007-04-16 2013-08-13 Visa U.S.A. Anti-interrogation for portable device
US8589300B2 (en) 2007-10-25 2013-11-19 Visa U.S.A. Inc. Payment transaction using mobile phone as relay
US8694793B2 (en) 2007-12-11 2014-04-08 Visa U.S.A. Inc. Biometric access control transactions
US8447272B2 (en) 2009-11-25 2013-05-21 Visa International Service Association Authentication and human recognition transaction using a mobile device with an accelerometer
US8554685B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2013-10-08 Visa International Service Association Method and system using universal ID and biometrics
US8682798B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2014-03-25 Visa International Service Association Method and system using universal ID and biometrics
US8856043B2 (en) 2011-02-18 2014-10-07 Visa International Service Association Method and system for managing data and enabling payment transactions between multiple entities
US9978064B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2018-05-22 Visa International Service Association Hosted thin-client interface in a payment authorization system
US11132683B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2021-09-28 Visa International Service Association Hosted thin-client interface in a payment authorization system
US11144925B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2021-10-12 Visa International Service Association Hosted thin-client interface in a payment authorization system
US11966924B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2024-04-23 Visa International Service Association Hosted thin-client interface in a payment authorization system
US12067566B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2024-08-20 Visa International Service Association Hosted thin-client interface in a payment authorization system
WO2014019448A1 (fr) * 2012-08-03 2014-02-06 Decao Mao Procédé de paiement par empreinte digitale en présence de témoin

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU1930099A (en) 1999-07-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7319987B1 (en) Tokenless financial access system
US6154879A (en) Tokenless biometric ATM access system
US6594376B2 (en) Tokenless electronic transaction system
US7248719B2 (en) Tokenless electronic transaction system
US5870723A (en) Tokenless biometric transaction authorization method and system
US5764789A (en) Tokenless biometric ATM access system
US5838812A (en) Tokenless biometric transaction authorization system
US5805719A (en) Tokenless identification of individuals
US7152045B2 (en) Tokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissions
US6980670B1 (en) Biometric tokenless electronic rewards system and method
US7631193B1 (en) Tokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissions
WO1998009227A9 (fr) Procede et systeme d'autorisation de transaction, biometrique et sans jeton
US6192142B1 (en) Tokenless biometric electronic stored value transactions
WO1999031621A1 (fr) Systeme d'acces sans jeton pour effectuer des transactions financieres
WO1998004996A1 (fr) Systeme biometrique et sans objet intermediaire d'autorisation de transaction
AU750174B2 (en) Tokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissions

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AU CA JP

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase