WO1999002470A1 - Conductive primer mix - Google Patents
Conductive primer mix Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999002470A1 WO1999002470A1 PCT/US1997/011441 US9711441W WO9902470A1 WO 1999002470 A1 WO1999002470 A1 WO 1999002470A1 US 9711441 W US9711441 W US 9711441W WO 9902470 A1 WO9902470 A1 WO 9902470A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- primer mixture
- carbon black
- binder
- primer
- tetrazene
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium nitrate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- WETZJIOEDGMBMA-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead styphnate Chemical compound [Pb+2].[O-]C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C([O-])=C1[N+]([O-])=O WETZJIOEDGMBMA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000004655 tetrazenes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=S YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000978776 Senegalia senegal Species 0.000 claims 2
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 3
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009527 percussion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000007472 Leucaena leucocephala Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010643 Leucaena leucocephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- XBDYBAVJXHJMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydroanthracene Natural products C1=CC=C2C=C(CCCC3)C3=CC2=C1 XBDYBAVJXHJMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004682 monohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002926 oxygen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068984 polyvinyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
- C06C7/00—Non-electric detonators; Blasting caps; Primers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B41/00—Compositions containing a nitrated metallo-organic compound
- C06B41/02—Compositions containing a nitrated metallo-organic compound the compound containing lead
Definitions
- Ammunition for small arms is typically actuated with the aid of a primer, which initiates the principle charge in the cartridge.
- these primers have been initiated by the impact of a firing pin.
- development has been directed to priming mixtures that are suitable for use in small arms, and provide the desired combination of reliable initiation and insensitivity to stray electrical charges.
- electrically ignitable primers have been initiated by exploding bridge wires or hot wires in combination with a semi-conductive mixture, a pyrotechnic mix or conductive mix.
- the present invention provides an electrically ignitable primer mixture which is suitable for use in small arms ammunition and provides a desirable combination of safety and reliable initiation.
- the instant invention provides an electrically ignitable primer mixture comprising about from 30 to 40% lead styphnate; about from 4 to 12 % antimony sulfide; up to about 5% tetrazene; about from 40 to 55% barium nitrate; about from 4 to 8% aluminum; about from 0.5 to 2% carbon black and up to 1 % binder.
- lead styphnate about from 4 to 12 % antimony sulfide; up to about 5% tetrazene; about from 40 to 55% barium nitrate; about from 4 to 8% aluminum; about from 0.5 to 2% carbon black and up to 1 % binder.
- Lead styphnate should be present in a quantity of at least about 30% by weight of the formulation. In general, little additional benefit is gained by the incorporation of more than about 40% lead styphnate.
- Antimony sulfide is used in the present formulations as a fuel. It is used to tailor the desired shock or detonation velocity, detonation pressure and output temperature. In general, at least about 4% of this component should be present, while greater than about 12% provides little additional benefit to the present formulations.
- tetrazene normally used in primer mixtures
- This compound is also known as tetracene, tetrazolyl, guanyltetrazene hydrate or tetrazene- 1 -carboxamidine-4- (l-H-tetrazol-5-yl)monohydrate.
- tetracene tetrazolyl
- guanyltetrazene hydrate tetrazene- 1 -carboxamidine-4- (l-H-tetrazol-5-yl)monohydrate.
- Barium nitrate is present in the present formulations in a concentration of about from 40 to 55%.
- the function of the barium nitrate is as an oxidizer.
- the primer mix will generally not properly ignite at concentrations of less than about 40% by weight, while concentrations of the barium nitrate greater than about 55 weight percent will not exhibit satisfactory explosive propagation.
- the present invention is based on the discovery that aluminum can effectively provide a secondary electrical path that assists in the prevention of low voltage initiation.
- the aluminum should be present in quantities of about from 4 to 8%.
- the aluminum used is typically in fine particulate form, having a particle size of about from 5 to 40 micrometers. This particle size passes a 325 mesh sieve.
- the present formulations contain about from 0.5 to 2% carbon black.
- a wide variety of carbon blacks can be used in the present invention. Carbon blacks are crystallographically related to semiconductors. They are usually described and categorized by their method of manufacture. For example, lamp black is the soot formed in the glass chimney of a lamp, while acetylene black is formed by oxygen deficient reduction of acetylene. Each method of manufacture gives somewhat different crystalline structure to the carbon black. Different structures are useful for specific applications.
- a carbon black used for pigment should have good light reflection characteristics, while a carbon black used for absorption matrix should have many small pores.
- An electrically conductive carbon black also requires special characteristics, such as particle size and volatile content.
- a higher degree of electrical conductivity is achieved with higher surface area, higher structure, and lower volatile content. Higher surface area is attained by forming a particle with many pores, and higher structure means that the carbon particles are aggregated to a significant extent.
- a lower volatile content results in fewer chemisorbed oxygen complexes on the surface of the particles. This chemisorbed oxygen can act as an insulator making the carbon black less conductive.
- the degree to which the carbon black is electrically conductive also depends on the network formed by the carbon atom aggregates in their surrounding matrix. The electron path flow is facilitated by aggregate contact and small separation distances between aggregates.
- Furnace black is preferred in the present invention.
- Acetylene blacks used in large caliber military electric primers generally lack the electrical characteristics required by small arms firing systems.
- Pigment carbon blacks typically lack the conductivity required for small arm primers.
- the particle size of the carbon black is preferably about from 10 to 30 nanometers.
- the surface area of a carbon black is typically measured as nitrogen surface area, according to ASTM-D-3037. Nitrogen surface areas of greater than about 1000 m /g have been found to be satisfactory.
- a particularly preferred carbon black is that having a nitrogen surface area of about 1475 m /g.
- the primer composition of the present invention can further contain up to about 1% binder to minimize dusting. Typically, at least about 0.5% by weight is used. Binders which can be used can be selected from a variety of gums, such as gum arabics, and particularly gum arabic (acacia), as well as poly vinyl alcohol with guar gum. However, gum arabic has been found to be particularly satisfactory. The particular binder used will be selected for maximum compatibility with the explosive formulation prepared.
- the indicated components can be combined by the use of standard low shear mixers, using customary techniques for blending explosives. With these techniques, the explosive components are generally blended first, followed by the fuels, and finally the oxidizer components.
- the primer mixtures of the present invention generally initiate at a direct current of 100 volts or less.
- the mixtures exhibit reduced impact sensitivity compared to normal primer mixtures, primarily resulting from the reduction or elimination of tetrazene from the mixture.
- the present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, in which parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
- Primer mixtures were formulated from the components and in the quantities indicated in Table I. These formulations were evaluated using a computer data base to determine the characteristics for optimum initiations of propellant, approximating a standard percussion priming mixture. The results are summarized in the table, together with parallel calculations for Comparative Example A, which is a lead styphnate primer mix currently used in the commercial production of percussion primers.
- Example 4 The primer mix of Example 4 was tested ballistically in two metal primer cartridges.
- the conduction path was from a conductive center post through the mix and into the side wall of the primer cup, which was attached to ground.
- the second design used in the second design
- Example 4B the conduction path was from the primer cup through the mix and into an annular post which was attached to ground.
- the ballistic results of firing this mix are as follows:
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/609,294 US5646367A (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1996-03-01 | Conductive primer mix |
AU49760/97A AU741414B2 (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-07 | Conductive primer mix |
PCT/US1997/011441 WO1999002470A1 (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-07 | Conductive primer mix |
DE69728912T DE69728912T2 (en) | 1997-07-07 | 1997-07-07 | CONDUCTIVE IGNITION MIXTURE |
EP97912641A EP1040088B1 (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-07 | Conductive primer mix |
DK97912641T DK1040088T3 (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-07 | Conductive ignition charge mixture |
CA002294877A CA2294877C (en) | 1997-07-07 | 1997-07-07 | Conductive primer mix |
AT97912641T ATE265404T1 (en) | 1997-07-07 | 1997-07-07 | CONDUCTIVE IGNITION MIXTURE |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/609,294 US5646367A (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1996-03-01 | Conductive primer mix |
PCT/US1997/011441 WO1999002470A1 (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-07 | Conductive primer mix |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999002470A1 true WO1999002470A1 (en) | 1999-01-21 |
Family
ID=26792608
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1997/011441 WO1999002470A1 (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-07 | Conductive primer mix |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5646367A (en) |
EP (1) | EP1040088B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU741414B2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1040088T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999002470A1 (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009114347A1 (en) * | 2008-03-10 | 2009-09-17 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primers |
US7833330B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2010-11-16 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primary explosive composition and method of preparation |
US8163786B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2012-04-24 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Preparation of a lead-free primary explosive |
US9278984B2 (en) | 2012-08-08 | 2016-03-08 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Method for preparation of a lead-free primary explosive |
US10456498B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2019-10-29 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Antimicrobial adhesives having improved properties |
US11058793B2 (en) | 2011-05-16 | 2021-07-13 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Adhesive containing microparticles |
US11213432B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2022-01-04 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Transparent cover dressing application system and inclusion of label strip |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5646367A (en) * | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-08 | Remington Arms Company, Inc. | Conductive primer mix |
GB2329380B (en) * | 1997-09-13 | 1999-08-18 | Royal Ordnance Plc | Priming composition |
US6131515A (en) | 1997-12-11 | 2000-10-17 | Remington Arms Company, Inc. | Electric primer |
US6321478B1 (en) | 1998-12-04 | 2001-11-27 | Smith & Wesson Corp. | Firearm having an intelligent controller |
CA2355256A1 (en) * | 1998-12-21 | 2000-06-29 | Adriaan Johannes Goosen | A detonation initiating device |
US6910420B1 (en) | 2003-03-04 | 2005-06-28 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Electrical initiation system |
US8784583B2 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2014-07-22 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Priming mixtures for small arms |
WO2006104521A2 (en) | 2004-11-16 | 2006-10-05 | Ben Glascock | Synchronous weapon firing system |
RU2607211C2 (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2017-01-10 | Акционерное общество "Ульяновский патронный завод" (АО "УПЗ") | Powerful corrosion-proof impact-igniting composition for primer to cartridges of small arms |
RU2616665C2 (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2017-04-18 | Акционерное общество "Ульяновский патронный завод" (АО "УПЗ") | Method for producing shock-flammable non-corrosive composition for blasting caps meant for small arms |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2480141A (en) * | 1944-08-22 | 1949-08-30 | Fed Cartridge Corp | Primer mixture |
US3423259A (en) * | 1966-03-28 | 1969-01-21 | Olin Mathieson | Ammunition priming composition of dry particulate ingredients with karaya gum binder |
US4133707A (en) * | 1977-11-14 | 1979-01-09 | Olin Corporation | Priming mix with minimum viscosity change |
US5646367A (en) * | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-08 | Remington Arms Company, Inc. | Conductive primer mix |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1971030A (en) * | 1931-10-19 | 1934-08-21 | Remington Arms Co Inc | Chemical compound and priming mixture containing the same |
BE422577A (en) * | 1937-06-04 | |||
US2341205A (en) * | 1940-08-09 | 1944-02-08 | Remington Arms Co Inc | Ammunition primer composition |
US3090310A (en) * | 1960-05-04 | 1963-05-21 | George W Peet | Conductive explosive primer mixture and device |
DE1269555B (en) * | 1964-02-28 | 1968-05-30 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Process for the production of conductive ignition sentences |
FR2051694B1 (en) * | 1969-07-11 | 1973-02-02 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | |
US3989683A (en) * | 1973-07-19 | 1976-11-02 | Olin Corporation | Method of treating karaya gum |
DE2364272A1 (en) * | 1973-12-22 | 1975-06-26 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Detonator or firing cap for munitions - can be fired electrically or mechanically using mixtures sensitive to current or friction |
US4029530A (en) * | 1974-07-18 | 1977-06-14 | Remington Arms Company, Inc. | Method of forming lead styphnate ammunition priming mixture |
US4386567A (en) * | 1981-07-28 | 1983-06-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Combination percussion-electric primer |
US4605453A (en) * | 1985-10-01 | 1986-08-12 | The Commonwealth Of Australia | Firing cap composition containing lead styphnate |
US4994125A (en) * | 1989-05-08 | 1991-02-19 | Olin Corporation | Electric primer with intrinsic conductive mix |
US5648634A (en) * | 1993-10-20 | 1997-07-15 | Quantic Industries, Inc. | Electrical initiator |
US5684268A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1997-11-04 | Remington Arms Company, Inc. | Lead-free primer mix |
-
1996
- 1996-03-01 US US08/609,294 patent/US5646367A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-07-07 WO PCT/US1997/011441 patent/WO1999002470A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-07-07 EP EP97912641A patent/EP1040088B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-07 DK DK97912641T patent/DK1040088T3/en active
- 1997-07-07 AU AU49760/97A patent/AU741414B2/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2480141A (en) * | 1944-08-22 | 1949-08-30 | Fed Cartridge Corp | Primer mixture |
US3423259A (en) * | 1966-03-28 | 1969-01-21 | Olin Mathieson | Ammunition priming composition of dry particulate ingredients with karaya gum binder |
US4133707A (en) * | 1977-11-14 | 1979-01-09 | Olin Corporation | Priming mix with minimum viscosity change |
US5646367A (en) * | 1996-03-01 | 1997-07-08 | Remington Arms Company, Inc. | Conductive primer mix |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8298324B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2012-10-30 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primary explosive composition |
US7833330B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2010-11-16 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primary explosive composition and method of preparation |
US8071784B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2011-12-06 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primary explosive composition and method of preparation |
US8163786B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2012-04-24 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Preparation of a lead-free primary explosive |
US8440008B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2013-05-14 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Preparation of a lead-free primary explosive |
US8523989B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2013-09-03 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primary explosive composition |
US8062443B2 (en) | 2008-03-10 | 2011-11-22 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primers |
US8216401B1 (en) | 2008-03-10 | 2012-07-10 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primers |
WO2009114347A1 (en) * | 2008-03-10 | 2009-09-17 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primers |
US11058793B2 (en) | 2011-05-16 | 2021-07-13 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Adhesive containing microparticles |
US9278984B2 (en) | 2012-08-08 | 2016-03-08 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Method for preparation of a lead-free primary explosive |
US10456498B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2019-10-29 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Antimicrobial adhesives having improved properties |
US11213432B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2022-01-04 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Transparent cover dressing application system and inclusion of label strip |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1040088B1 (en) | 2004-04-28 |
US5646367A (en) | 1997-07-08 |
DK1040088T3 (en) | 2004-08-16 |
AU4976097A (en) | 1999-02-08 |
EP1040088A4 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
AU741414B2 (en) | 2001-11-29 |
EP1040088A1 (en) | 2000-10-04 |
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