WO1998058595A1

WO1998058595A1 - Electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and dentifrice system

Info

Publication number: WO1998058595A1
Application number: PCT/US1998/012836
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ioana M. Rizoiu; Andrew I. Kimmel
Original assignee: Biolase Technology, Inc.
Priority date: 1997-06-20
Filing date: 1998-06-19
Publication date: 1998-12-30
Also published as: US20110281230A1; US20090031515A1; EP0996388A1; EP1985255A1; US6616451B1; US20070298369A1; EP0996388A4; AU8155098A; ES2316166T3; US7261558B2; DE69839997D1; US20040091834A1; US20090035717A1; EP0996388B1

Abstract

This invention is a cleaning and whitening system for teeth having an electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush (1) and a dentifrice (31) with a photosensitive agent. The toothbrush has a cleaning surface, such as bristles (8). The toothbrush is also adapted to direct radiation toward the cleaning surface. The radiation may be monochromatic or polychromatic, may be substantially free of ultraviolet radiation, and may consist essentially of wavelengths within a range of 300 to 750 nanometers. The photosensitive agent is dispersed throughout the dentifrice and transmits the radiation through a varying thickness disposed over a target surface. A significant portion of the photosensitive agent reacts, resulting in whitening stains, removing and/or disclosing undesired substances, and/or foaming. The dentifrice may be clear and may have clear abrasive particles. A method for tuning the system includes formulating the dentifrice with photosensitive agents that react to a range of electromagnetic radiation and providing a toothbrush that emits that range.

Description

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMITTING TOOTHBRUSH AND DENTIFRICE SYSTEM

PRIORITY INFORMATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/050343, filed on June 20, 1997 and entitled ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMITTING TOOTHBRUSH AND TRANSPARENT TOOTHPASTE COMBINATION, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to generally to dental hygiene and, more particularly, to toothbrush and brushing compound combinations.

2. Description of Related Art

Proper dental hygiene is not only important for dental health reasons, but for personal appearance considerations as well. One of the many techniques people employ to improve their personal appearance through dental hygiene is to have their teeth whitened. Teeth whitening techniques vary in cost, convenience, and effectiveness.

Dental health professionals use many techniques to whiten teeth to improve their patients' personal appearance. High pressure baking soda solutions are used to scour teeth in a process analogous to sand-blasting. Chemical treatments abound for bleaching the teeth. However, these treatments require the inconvenience of visiting a dental health practice and the expense involved in having the treatment performed by a dental health professional.

Brushing with a dentifrice, whether a toothpaste, gel, cream, or powder, has some effect in whitening teeth due to the abrasive action of the dentifrice on the teeth. A relatively simple method of whitening teeth comprises brushing them with a dentifrice comprising whitening agents. Hydrogen peroxide, a common whitening agent, is a component in many off-the-shelf toothpastes and tooth gels. However, certain diets and activities, such as smoking, stain the teeth beyond the ability of a dentifrice alone to sufficiently whiten them.

The prior art discloses toothbrushes equipped with a light source that can illuminate the brushing region and provide beneficial radiation to the tooth surface. Examples of illuminating toothbrushes are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,306,143 entitled DENTAL HYGIENE APPLIANCE; 5,160,194 entitled TOOTHBRUSH WITH EXTERNALLY ILLUMINATED BRISTLES; 5,030,090 entitled OPTICAL

TOOTHBRUSH AND METHOD OF USE; and 4,779,173 entitled ILLUMINATED BRUSH DEVICE, all of which are expressed incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

A need exists for an improvement in whitening and cleaning teeth which does not require visitmg a dental health professional and which improves the whitening of prior art dentifrices and electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrushes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A cleaning and whitening system for teeth having an electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and a dentifrice with a photosensitive agent is disclosed. The toothbrush has a cleaning surface, such as bristles. The toothbrush is also adapted to direct electromagnetic radiation toward the cleaning surface. The electromagnetic radiation may be monochromatic or polychromatic. Further, the electromagnetic radiation may be substantially free of ultraviolet radiation. Additionally, the electromagnetic radiation may consist essentially of wavelengths within a range of 300 to 750 nanometers. The photosensitive agent is dispersed throughout the dentifrice.

The dentifrice transmits the electromagnetic radiation through a varying thickness of dentifrice disposed over a target surface during use of the system. As a result, a significant portion of the photosensitive agent reacts, resulting in whitening stains, removing and/or disclosing undesirable substances, and/or foaming. The dentifrice may be clear and may have clear abrasive particles.

In an aspect of the invention, the cleaning and whitening system for teeth comprises a toothbrush having a cleaning surface, the toothbrush being adapted to direct polychromatic electromagnetic radiation toward the cleaning surface, wherein the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation consists essentially of wavelengths within a range of 300 to 750 nanometers.

In an aspect of the invention, the teeth cleaning and whitening system comprises a dentifrice that has a photosensitive agent that reacts substantially only to electromagnetic radiation within a predetermined range. The system further comprises a toothbrush having a cleaning surface, the toothbrush being adapted to direct electromagnetic radiation toward the cleaning surface, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is bound to wavelengths that are substantially within the predetermined range. In a further embodiment of the invention, the photosensitive agent has a relatively high reaction rate when exposed to electromagnetic radiation in a highly reactive portion of the predetermined range compared to an average reaction rate when the photosensitive agent is exposed to electromagnetic radiation over the predetermined range. Additionally, the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation emitted by the toothbrush is bound to wavelengths that are substantially within the highly reactive portion of the predetermined range.

In an aspect of the invention, a method of tuning the cleaning and whitening system for teeth includes a step of formulating the dentifrice with photosensitive agents that react to a range of electromagnetic radiation, and a step of providing a toothbrush that emits that electromagnetic radiation range.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of tuning the cleaning and whitening system includes a step of designing a toothbrush that emits a range of electromagnetic radiation and another step of formulating a dentifrice with a photosensitive agent that reacts to the electromagnetic radiation range. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a schematic view of an electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush and a container of brushing compound in a package according to an embodiment of the invention; and Figures 2-4 are schematic views of an electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush according to another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to Figure 1, an electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush

1 and a container 31 of brushing compound are shown disposed within a package 32. Other embodiments of the invention have differing designs of the container 31. The package 32 is shown schematically and embodiments of the invention may use any suitable package design and configuration.

The general structure of the toothbrush 1 is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,306,143 entitled DENTAL HYGIENE APPLIANCE to Levy, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Modified embodiments of the invention may use other suitable electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrushes. The basic components of the toothbrush 1 include a handle 4 and a brushing head 5. The brushing head 5 is constituted by a body 6 having a base surface 7 from which a set of tooth brushing bristles 8 project. The composition and form of the bristles 8, and the manner in which the bristles 8 are secured to the body 6, conform to conventional practice in the toothbrush art. The ends 9 of the bristles 8 comprise a cleaning surface that is used for scouring teeth and alike. Other embodiments of the invention may have other types of cleaning surfaces, such as, for example, a sponge or other type of foam.

The toothbrush 1 is further provided with means for directing monochromatic radiation of a selected type from the body 6 in the direction of an arrow 10, which is generally parallel to the direction in which the bristles 8 project from the body 6. The radiation is emitted generally via the base surface 7 of the body 6. In modified embodiments of the invention, the radiation may be emitted from the handle 4, guided by the bristles 8, or any other suitable means for directing radiation to the ends 9 of the bristles, which form the cleaning surface of the illustrated embodiment of the invention.

The handle 4 is provided with a light-emitting device 14 for generating the electromagnetic radiation. Embodiments of the invention may use any suitable means for generating the electromagnetic radiation, such a semiconductor laser that generates monochromatic electromagnetic radiation or a light emitting diode that emits polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

The brushing head 5 is shown having a lens 18, one or more semitransparent mirrors 20 and a fully reflecting mirror 22. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the electromagnetic radiation produced by light-emitting device 14 is in the form of a small diameter collimated beam extended along an axis corresponding to the longitudinal axis of the handle 4 and the head 5. The mirrors 20 and 22 are oriented at an angle of 45° to the beam axis, and the lens 18 is constructed and arranged to give the electromagnetic radiation beam a slightly diverging form such that the beam will diverge to an area essentially coextensive with the area occupied by the mirror 22.

Modified embodiments of the invention may use other arrangements for directing the electromagnetic radiation generating means to the cleaning surface of the brushing head 5.

The body 6 may itself be made of a plastic which is transparent to the electromagnetic radiation so that portions of the radiation are reflected in the direction

10 by the mirrors 20, and the remaining radiation is reflected by the mirror 22. The optical system constituted by the lens 18 and the mirrors 20, 22 is arranged to cause radiation to traverse an area, which is at least approximately coextensive with the area covered by the ends 9 of the bristles 8. However, the radiation area may, depending on the particular operations to be performed, extend over a smaller or larger cleaning surface. Modified embodiments of the invention may use other optical system arrangements.

A modified embodiment is illustrated in Figures 2-4. The mirrors 20, 22 are replaced with reflective surfaces. The reflective surfaces can be formed on the interior surfaces of the outer, stepped portion of the head of the toothbrush. The reflective surfaces may comprise foil or foils, for example, which are embedded into the plastic and wrapped, for example, around the back and sides of the stepped portion of the head. Other materials and/or types of reflective surfaces may be used to increase, decrease, and/or change a distribution of radiation transmitted through the bristles. In Figure 2, the head tapers from a diameter of .440 units, to a diameter of .287 units just before the stepped portion. This diameter, which is just before the stepped portion, can be increased to facilitate greater transmission of radiation to the stepped portion or, in other embodiments, can be decreased to attenuate an amount of radiation transmitted to the stepped portion. A width of the head, which is .430 units as shown in Figure 4, may similarly be increased to facilitate greater transmission of radiation through the bristles or, in other embodiments, may be decreased to attenuate an amount of radiation transmitted through the bristles. The number, angles, sizes, etc. of the steps forming the reflective surfaces may be changed to increase, decrease, and/or change a distribution of radiation through the bristles. In Figure 2, the distance D34 is 1.000 units, the distance D36 is 0.440, the distance D38 is 0.200, the angle A40 is

3 degrees, the distance D42 is 0.287, the angle A44 is 10 degrees, the angle A46 is 40 degrees, and the angle A48 is 55 degrees. The distance D50 is 1.295 units, the distance D52 is 1.210, the distance D54 is 1.006, the distance D56 is 0.803, the distance D58 is 0.599, the distance D60 is 0.395, the distance D62 is 0.192, the distance D70 is 0.335, the distance D72 is 0.268, the distance D74 is 0.201, the distance D76 is 0.134, the distance D78 is 0.067, the distance D80 is 0.383 and the distance D82 is 0.100. In Figure 3, the angle A90 is 35 degrees, the angle A92 is 15 degrees, the distance D94 is 0.205 units, the distance D96 is 0.411, the distance D98 is 0.616, the distance D100 is 0.821, the distance D102 is 1.026, the distance D104 is 0.310, the distance D106 is 0.248, the distance D108 is 0.186, the distance DI 10 is 0.124 and the distance DI 12 is 1.062. In Figure 4, the distance DI 16 is 0.430 units. In other embodiments of the invention prior art toothbrushes equipped with a light source, which illuminates the brushing region and which provides beneficial radiation to the tooth surface, can be used. Examples of illuminating toothbrushes are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,306,143 entitled DENTAL HYGIENE APPLIANCE; 5,160,194 entitled TOOTHBRUSH WITH EXTERNALLY ILLUMINATED BRISTLES; 5,030,090 entitled OPTICAL TOOTHBRUSH AND METHOD OF USE; and 4,779,173 entitled ILLUMINATED BRUSH DEVICE, all of which are expressed incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The handle 4 includes a power cord 30 which may be plugged into a wall outlet in order to supply operating power to the light-emitting device 14. Other embodiments of the invention may have a replaceable or rechargeable battery in the handle 4 as the power source for the light-emitting device 14. In addition, in the illustrated embodiment, brushing head 5 is readily detachable from handle 4. This allows for a plurality of brushing heads 5, each used by a different individual, to be mounted on handle 4 for use. Additionally, lens 18 may form a unit with handle 4, so that each of the brushing heads 5 need not be provided with its own lens. This configuration would

6/1 reduce the cost associated with manufacturing each head 5. Modified embodiments of the invention may have the electromagnetic radiation supplied from a source external to the toothbrush 1 via a fiber-optic cable, as is known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the toothbrush 1 emits polychromatic electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength and an intensity for facilitating the removal of undesired substances from a target surface. Typical undesired substances include bacteria, plaque, tartar, and calculus, all of which contribute to, or are precursors of, tooth decay. In other embodiments of the invention monochromatic electromagnetic radiation is emitted to accomplish similar objectives.

The dentifrice is formulated in one embodiment to comprise photosensitive agents that assist in removing undesired substances from teeth, such as stains, bacteria, plaque, tartar, and calculus. The photosensitive agents react to the emitted electromagnetic radiation of the toothbrush during brushing to enhance removal of the undesired substances.

The removal enhancement provided by the dentifrice may be direct, such as when the photosensitive agent reacts to the electromagnetic radiation and, in turn, reacts with the undesired substance to remove it. Examples of materials that may comprise a photosensitive agent include peroxy compounds, salt compounds, anti- bacteria agents, and anti -plaque agents. The salt compounds may or may not be dissolved in the dentifrice. The use of peroxide compounds, such as hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, in dentifrices is known in the art, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.4,990,089 entitle METHOD AND MATERIAL FOR BRIGHTENING TEETH, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In accordance with the present invention, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the toothbrush 1 during brushing enhances the whitening and cleaning of the teeth when used in combination with the dentifrice comprising a photosensitive agent.

Other embodiments of the invention comprise dentifrices used in connection with a photosensitive agent comprising a foaming agent. The foaming agent generates foam in the presence of the electromagnetic radiation. The foam operates as a carrier

7 that delivers dentifrice to areas not reachable by the toothbrush cleaning surface, thus improving the overall cleaning and whitening of the teeth. The foaming agent may comprise a peroxy compound in one embodiment of the invention.

In addition, when certain photosensitive agents are brought into contact with one or more of the undesired substances, the application of electromagnetic radiation having an appropriate wavelength and energy content can render the substance or substances visible.

By way of example, one of the purposes of tooth brushing is to remove bacteria which have collected on tooth surfaces, frequently in pits and fissures in the tooth enamel. It is known that regardless of the care exercised and time spent in a brushing session, some of the bacteria deposits may not be dislodged and removed from the tooth surfaces. It is also known that there are chemical products, known as disclosing solutions, which can make any deposited bacteria visible. There are other photosensitive agents, which may be preferable to the conventional disclosing solutions, which will react with bacteria in such a manner as to render the bacteria visible in the presence of radiation having a certain wavelength or wavelengths.

When such a dentifrice is employed, the photosensitive agent comprises a disclosing agent that renders any existing bacteria visible under the radiation produced by the light-emitting device 14 by changing the color of the disclosing agent. The disclosing agent has an affinity for undesired substances, such as bacteria and/or plaque, resulting in the disclosing agent being concentrated about the undesired substances relative to other areas on the target surface. As a result, the radiated, disclosing agent announces locations of undesired substances on the teeth surface, so that brushing can be continued until the user observes that all bacteria have been removed from all visible tooth surfaces. While it would be more difficult to carry out this procedure on lingual tooth surfaces, this would be possible, if brushing were carried out while viewing those surfaces with a mirror. The dentifrices of modified embodiments of the invention may visually announce plaque and/or other undesired substances during brushing as well. According to one exemplary embodiment of the invention, the chemical product consists of or contains Black Shade No. 4625, which can be obtained by Crompton & Knowles, Ingredient Technology Division, of Reading, Pennsylvania. In this embodiment, the radiation source produces radiation at a wavelength, or wavelengths, of between .8μm and lμm . As presently embodied, the radiation source produces polychromatic electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths ranging from .8μm to lμm. In a modified embodiment of the invention, the radiation source produces polychromatic electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths comprising at least a portion of the different wavelengths in the .8μm to lμm range. In still another modified embodiment, the radiation source produces electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength in the .8μm to lμm range. The radiation source may comprise, for example, a Nd:YAG laser.

The source is adjusted to emit radiation at an energy level selected on the basis of the expected concentration of the Black Shade No. 4625 in the material to be treated. The Black Shade No. 4625 will stain, for example, cariogenic bacteria or streptococcus faecalis black so that this bacteria, or any other substance absorbing

Black Shade No. 4625, will readily absorb the laser radiation. As an alternative to the

Black Shade No. 4625 in the example, any other substance for staining the bacteria, for example, black can be used. Other photosensitive substances may be used in addition to, or as an alternative to, black. Agents comprising oranges, reds, browns, yellows, greens, blues, etc., supplied, for example, by Crompton & Knowles,

Ingredient Technology Division, of Reading, Pennsylvania, may be selected, along with radiation sources having corresponding wavelengths. According to one specific embodiment, the chemical product is sudan red as a vital stain when the radiation source is an argon laser.

The radiation energy density can be made sufficiently high to directly vaporize the stained substance. For example, in the case where streptococcus faecalis is stained with Black Shade No. 4625 and irradiated by an Nd:YAG laser, this effect can be achieved with an energy density of the order of 10 J/cm². To improve efficiency in accordance with the present invention, the dentifrice transmits an optimum amount of electromagnetic radiation therethrough. In an embodiment of the invention, an optimum amount of transmission through the dentifrice comprises transmitting electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths and intensities thereof to facilitate reaction of the photosensitive agent, and substantially no additional electromagnetic radiation beyond that. Embodiments of the invention have the photosensitive agents dispersed throughout the dentifrice. During brushing, the dentifrice is dispersed in varying thicknesses over the target surface, which comprises the teeth and gums. To be effective, the electromagnetic radiation should penetrate through the dentifrice' s varying thickness, so that significant portions of the photosensitive agent throughout the varying thicknesses are irradiated and react. For this to occur, the dentifrice transmits the radiation through the varying thicknesses, thereby enabling the significant portions of the dispersed photosensitive agent throughout the dentifrice to substantially absorb the radiation and react. In modified embodiments of the invention, the dentifrice is clear, translucent, tinted, opaque, or a combination thereof. The term "clear" shall be understood to mean visually colorless and transparent. In one embodiment of the invention, the dentifrice is a clear gel comprising at least about 1.5 percent hydrogen peroxide and a clear base. In one exemplary embodiment, the base comprises water, hydrogen peroxide, poloxamer 407, glycerine, flavor and sodium saccharin. In another exemplary embodiment, the base comprises fluoride, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrated silica. The clear gel maximizes transmission of radiation therethrough, to thereby maximize an interaction of the clear gel with the radiation throughout the thickness of the clear gel.

Other agents or bleaching agents may be used in the dentifrice exclusively, or in combination with, hydrogen peroxide, in accordance with modified embodiments of the invention.

In further modified embodiments of the invention, the container may comprise compartments which hold a first portion of the dentifrice in one compartment and a second portion of the dentifrice in the other compartment (not shown). The separation of the dentifrice portions may be to prevent components in the separate portions from

10 reacting prior to use. For example, a first portion comprising baking soda can be separated from a second portion comprising hydrogen peroxide.

In accordance with one embodiment, the active ingredient or ingredients of the dentifrice are engineered to remain relatively stable until the dentifrice is disposed on the tooth. In an embodiment where the dentifrice comprises peroxide, for example, the dentifrice is engineered to hold the peroxide in a relatively stable condition both while in the tube and while initially on the toothbrush.

In addition to engineering the dentifrice to remain stable until placed on the tooth and agitated, a method of the invention comprises a step of instructing the user to leave the source of the toothbrush in an off mode until the toothbrush and dentifrice are placed on the teeth. The user follows the instructions and inserts the toothbrush, with the dentifrice thereon and with the source in an off mode, into the mouth and onto the teeth of the user. Subsequently, the user places the source into an on mode to thereby initiate the emission of radiation from the toothbrush into the dentifrice. The user can then move the bristles of the toothbrush on the teeth to agitate and further activate the active the ingredient or ingredients of the dentifrice. In selected embodiments, the mere placement of the dentifrice on a tooth, with or without agitation, initiates activation of the ingredient or ingredients of the dentifrice. For example, a stain comprising iron, disposed on a tooth, can help to activate the peroxide of a dentifrice when the dentifrice is placed into contact with the stain on the tooth.

In this example, the additional irradiation of the dentifrice can enhance the activation. In other embodiments of the above examples, the bristles of the toothbrush are placed only into close proximity with the teeth.

In still other embodiments of the invention, the dentifrice may comprise abrasives. The abrasives may be visible, an example of which is disclosed in U.S.

Patent No. 3,935,306 entitled TOOTHPASTE FORMULATIONS, which is incorporated herein by reference. The abrasives may be clear, an example of which is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,864,470 entitled VISUALLY CLEAR TOOTHPASTE CONTAINING SYNTHETIC PRECIPITATED HYDRATED

11 SILICA, which is incorporated herein by reference. Clear abrasive particles enhance the transmissibility of the dentifrice, as compared to opaque abrasive particles.

In an embodiment of the invention, the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the toothbrush 1 is substantially free of ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is a relatively high energy wavelength range, compared to visible and infrared wavelengths. Under some circumstances, directing ultraviolet radiation into the mouth may result in cellular damage. Further, as the ultraviolet radiation is higher energy, the toothbrush 1 may consume less energy during operation as it does not emit the higher energy ultraviolet wavelengths. In an embodiment of the invention, the dentifrice and the toothbrush 1 are tuned to be efficient. The dentifrice is formulated with a photosensitive agent. The dentifrice is then tested, using techniques known to those skilled in the art, to determine wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths that cause the photosensitive agents to react. The toothbrush 1 is then designed such that it emits at least a portion of the wide-range electromagnetic radiation wavelengths. Other embodiments of the invention may comprise a toothbrush that emits electromagnetic radiation wavelengths consisting essentially of non-ultraviolet radiation, or, consisting essentially of wavelengths within a range of 300 to 750 nanometers.

Other embodiments of the invention comprise a toothbrush that emits electromagnetic radiation within the infrared or near-infrared region. Compounds can be selected to react with this light exclusively or in addition to other wavelengths. The radiation from the source may comprise a single wavelength in the infrared or near- infrared region, or may comprise a plurality of wavelengths in the infrared or near- infrared region. In one embodiment, the infrared or near-infrared region is selected to comprise a range of wavelengths from about 700nm to about 990nm. In another embodiment, the infrared or near-infrared region is selected to comprise visible light, as well, for a combined range of wavelengths from about 300nm to about 990nm, or to about 1 μm.

Other embodiments of the invention may comprise determining a narrow-range of electromagnetic radiation wavelengths, wherein the photosensitive agent has a

12 relatively high reaction rate when exposed to the narrow-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths compared to an average reaction rate when the photosensitive agent is exposed to the wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths. The toothbrush 1 is designed to provide electromagnetic radiation, which is substantially in the narrow-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths.

In another embodiment of the invention, the dentifrice and the toothbrush 1 are tuned to be efficient in a different process than described above. The dentifrice is formulated to react to the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the toothbrush 1. Embodiments of the invention may have a toothbrush that emits electromagnetic radiation wavelengths consisting essentially of non-ultraviolet radiation or consisting essentially of wavelengths within a range of 300 to 750 nanometers.

While the description above refers to particular embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. For example, embodiments of the invention may have a toothbrush emitting either polychromatic or monochromatic electromagnetic radiation. Additionally, the electromagnetic radiation may be coherent or noncoherent. Further, aspects of the invention may have combinations of the above- described embodiments although these combinations may not be explicitly described. The accompanying claims are intended to cover such embodiments as would fall within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.

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Claims

1. A cleaning and whitening system for teeth comprising a toothbrush having a cleaning surface, the toothbrush being adapted to direct polychromatic electromagnetic radiation toward the cleaning surface, wherein the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation consists essentially of wavelengths within a range of 300 to 750 nanometers.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a dentifrice comprising a photosensitive agent, wherein: a. the photosensitive agent is dispersed throughout the dentifrice; b. the dentifrice is dispersed in a varying thickness over a target surface during use of the system; and c. the dentifrice transmits the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby a significant portion of the dispersed photosensitive agent in the varying thickness over the target surface receives the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation during use of the system, thus enabling the significant portion of the dispersed photosensitive agent to react.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a peroxy compound.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the peroxy compound is hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide.

5. The system of claim 2, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises one or more salt compounds.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the dentifrice is aqueous and at least a portion of the salt compound is dissolved in the dentifrice.

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7. The system of claim 2, wherein the dentifrice comprises a clear gel.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the clear gel comprises clear abrasive particles.

9. The system of claim 7, wherein the clear gel comprises abrasive particles that are not clear.

10. The system of claim 2, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-bacterial agent for removing bacteria in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the anti-bacterial agent has an affinity for bacteria, whereby, during use of the system, the anti-bacterial agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

12. The system of claim 2, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-plaque agent for removing plaque in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the anti -plaque agent has an affinity for plaque, whereby, during use of the system, the anti -plaque agent is concentrated about areas of plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

14. The system of claim 2, further comprising a disclosing agent having an affinity for bacteria and/or plaque, wherein said disclosing agent changes appearance when irradiated by the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby, during use of the system, the disclosing agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface, whereby the

15 irradiated, disclosing agent visually announces locations of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface.

15. The system of claim 2, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a foaming agent for generating foam in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby foam generated during use of the system operates as a carrier that delivers dentifrice to areas not reachable by the toothbrush cleaning surface.

16. The system of claim 2, wherein: a. the dentifrice in disposed in a container; and b. the toothbrush and the container are disposed within a package.

17. The system of claim 2, wherein the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation is substantially free of ultraviolet radiation.

18. The system of claim 2, wherein the cleaning surface comprises bristles.

19. A cleaning and whitening system for teeth comprising: a. a toothbrush having a cleaning surface, wherein the toothbrush is adapted to direct electromagnetic radiation toward the cleaning surface, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is at least substantially free of ultraviolet radiation; and b. a dentifrice comprising a photosensitive agent, wherein: i. the photosensitive agent is dispersed throughout the dentifrice; ii. the dentifrice is dispersed in a varying thickness over a target surface during use of the system; and iii. the dentifrice transmits the electromagnetic radiation, whereby a significant portion of the dispersed photosensitive agent in

16 the varying thickness over the target surface receives the electromagnetic radiation during use of the system, thus enabling the significant portion of the dispersed photosensitive agent to react.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a peroxy compound.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein the peroxy compound is hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide.

22. The system of claim 19, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises one or more salt compounds.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the dentifrice is aqueous and at least a portion of the salt compound is dissolved in the dentifrice.

24. The system of claim 19, wherein the dentifrice comprises a clear gel.

25. The system of claim 24, wherein the clear gel comprises clear abrasive particles.

26. The system of claim 24, wherein the clear gel comprises abrasive particles that are not clear.

27. The system of claim 19, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-bacterial agent for removing bacteria in the presence of the electromagnetic radiation.

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28. The system of claim 27, wherein the anti-bacterial agent has an affinity for bacteria, whereby, during use of the system, the anti-bacterial agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

29. The system of claim 19, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-plaque agent for removing plaque in the presence of the electromagnetic radiation.

30. The system of claim 29, wherein the anti-plaque agent has an affinity for plaque, whereby, during use of the system, the anti-plaque agent is concentrated about areas of plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

31. The system of claim 19, further comprising a disclosing agent having an affinity for bacteria and/or plaque, wherein said disclosing agent changes appearance when irradiated by the electromagnetic radiation, whereby, during use of the system, the disclosing agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface, whereby the irradiated, disclosing agent announces locations of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface.

32. The system of claim 19, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a foaming agent for generating foam in the presence of the electromagnetic radiation, whereby foam generated during use of the system operates as a carrier that delivers dentifrice to areas not reachable by the toothbrush cleaning surface.

33. The system of claim 19, wherein: a. the dentifrice in disposed in a container; and b. the toothbrush and the container are disposed within a package.

34. The system of claim 19, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is substantially free of ultraviolet radiation.

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35. The system of claim 19, wherein the cleaning surface comprises bristles.

36. The system of claim 19, wherein: a. the electromagnetic radiation is monochromatic; and b. the photosensitive agent reacts when exposed to the monochromatic electromagnetic radiation.

37. The system of claim 36, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a peroxy compound.

38. The system of claim 37, wherein the peroxy compound is hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide.

39. The system of claim 36, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises one or more salt compounds.

40. The system of claim 39, wherein the dentifrice is aqueous and at least a portion of the salt compound is dissolved in the dentifrice.

41. The system of claim 36, wherein the dentifrice comprises a clear gel.

42. The system of claim 41, wherein the clear gel comprises clear abrasive particles.

43. The system of claim 41, wherein the clear gel comprises abrasive particles that are not clear.

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44. The system of claim 36, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-bacterial agent for removing bacteria in the presence of the monochromatic electromagnetic radiation.

45. The system of claim 44, wherein the anti-bacterial agent has an affinity for bacteria, whereby, during use of the system, the anti-bacterial agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

46. The system of claim 36, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-plaque agent for removing plaque in the presence of the monochromatic electromagnetic radiation.

47. The system of claim 46, wherein the anti-plaque agent has an affinity for plaque, whereby, during use of the system, the anti-plaque agent is concentrated about areas of plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

48. The system of claim 36, further comprising a disclosing agent having an affinity for bacteria and/or plaque, wherein said disclosing agent changes appearance when irradiated by the monochromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby, during use of the system, the disclosing agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface, whereby the irradiated, disclosing agent announces locations of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface.

49. The system of claim 36, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a foaming agent for generating foam in the presence of the monochromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby foam generated during use of the system operates as a carrier that delivers dentifrice to areas not reachable by the toothbrush cleaning surface.

20

50. The system of claim 36, wherein: a. the dentifrice in disposed in a container; and b. the toothbrush and the container are disposed within a package.

51. The system of claim 36, wherein the monochromatic electromagnetic radiation is substantially free of ultraviolet radiation.

52. The system of claim 36, wherein the cleaning surface comprises bristles.

53. The system of claim 19, wherein: a. the electromagnetic radiation is polychromatic; and b. the photosensitive agent reacts when exposed to the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

54. The system of claim 53, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a peroxy compound.

55. The system of claim 54, wherein the peroxy compound is hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide.

56. The system of claim 53, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises one or more salt compounds.

57. The system of claim 56 wherein the dentifrice is aqueous and at least a portion of the salt compound is dissolved in the dentifrice.

58. The system of claim 53, wherein the dentifrice comprises a clear gel.

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59. The system of claim 58, wherein the clear gel comprises clear abrasive particles.

60. The system of claim 58, wherein the clear gel comprises abrasive particles that are not clear.

61. The system of claim 53, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-bacterial agent for removing bacteria in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

62. The system of claim 61, wherein the anti-bacterial agent has an affinity for bacteria, whereby, during use of the system, the anti -bacterial agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

63. The system of claim 53, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-plaque agent for removing plaque in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

64. The system of claim 63, wherein the anti -plaque agent has an affinity for plaque, whereby, during use of the system, the anti-plaque agent is concentrated about areas of plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

65. The system of claim 53, further comprising a disclosing agent having an affinity for bacteria and/or plaque, wherein said disclosing agent changes appearance when irradiated by the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby, during use of the system, the disclosing agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface, whereby the irradiated, disclosing agent announces locations of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface.

22

66. The system of claim 53, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a foaming agent for generating foam in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby foam generated during use of the system operates as a carrier that delivers dentifrice to areas not reachable by the toothbrush cleaning surface.

67. The system of claim 53, wherein: a. the dentifrice in disposed in a container; and b. the toothbrush and the container are disposed within a package.

68. The system of claim 53, wherein the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation is substantially free of ultraviolet radiation.

69. The system of claim 53, wherein the cleaning surface comprises bristles.

70. A teeth cleaning and whitening system comprising: a. a dentifrice comprising a photosensitive agent that reacts substantially only to electromagnetic radiation within a predetermined range wherein: i. the photosensitive agent is dispersed throughout the dentifrice; ii. the dentifrice is dispersed in a varying thickness over a target surface during use of the system; and iii. the dentifrice transmits the electromagnetic radiation, whereby a significant portion of the dispersed photosensitive agent in the varying thickness over the target surface receives the electromagnetic radiation during use of the system, thus enabling the significant portion of the dispersed photosensitive agent to react; and

23 b. a toothbrush having a cleaning surface, the toothbrush being adapted to direct polychromatic electromagnetic radiation toward the cleaning surface, wherein the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation is bound to wavelengths that are substantially within the predetermined range.

71. The system of claim 70, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a peroxy compound.

72. The system of claim 71, wherein the peroxy compound is hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide.

73. The system of claim 70, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises one or more salt compounds.

74. The system of claim 73, wherein the dentifrice is aqueous and at least a portion of the salt compound is dissolved in the dentifrice.

75. The system of claim 70, wherein the dentifrice comprises a clear gel.

76. The system of claim 75, wherein the clear gel comprises clear abrasive particles.

77. The system of claim 75, wherein the clear gel comprises abrasive particles that are not clear.

78. The system of claim 70, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-bacterial agent for removing bacteria in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

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79. The system of claim 78, wherein the anti-bacterial agent has an affinity for bacteria, whereby, during use of the system, the anti-bacterial agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

80. The system of claim 70, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises an anti-plaque agent for removing plaque in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

81. The system of claim 80, wherein the anti-plaque agent has an affinity for plaque, whereby, during use of the system, the anti-plaque agent is concentrated about areas of plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface.

82. The system of claim 81 , further comprising a disclosing agent having an affinity for bacteria and/or plaque, wherein said disclosing agent changes appearance when irradiated by the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby, during use of the system, the disclosing agent is concentrated about areas of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface relative to other areas on the target surface, whereby the irradiated, disclosing agent announces locations of bacteria and/or plaque on the target surface.

83. The system of claim 70, wherein the photosensitive agent comprises a foaming agent for generating foam in the presence of the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation, whereby foam generated during use of the system operates as a carrier that delivers dentifrice to areas not reachable by the toothbrush cleaning surface.

84. The system of claim 70, wherein: a. the dentifrice in disposed in a container; and b. the toothbrush and the container are disposed within a package.

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85. The system of claim 70, wherein the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation is at least substantially free of ultraviolet radiation.

86. The system of claim 70, wherein the cleaning surface comprises bristles.

87. The system of claim 70, wherein the predetermined range has a lower limit of approximately 350 nanometers and an upper limit of approximately 700 nanometers.

88. The system of claim 70, wherein: a. the photosensitive agent has a relatively high reaction rate when exposed to electromagnetic radiation in a highly reactive portion of the predetermined range compared to an average reaction rate when the photosensitive agent is exposed to electromagnetic radiation over the predetermined range; and b. the polychromatic electromagnetic radiation is bound to wavelengths that are substantially within the highly reactive portion of the predetermined range.

89. The system of claim 88, wherein the predetermined range has a lower limit of approximately 350 nanometers and an upper limit of approximately 700 nanometers.

90. A method of providing a tuned whitening and cleaning system for teeth, the system comprising a dentifrice and an electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush, the method comprising the steps of: a. formulating the dentifrice, wherein the dentifrice comprises photosensitive agents;

26 b. determining wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths that cause the photosensitive agents to react; and c. designing the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush such that the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush emits at least a portion of the wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths.

91. The method of claim 90, wherein the portion of the wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths consist essentially of non-ultraviolet radiation.

92. The method of claim 91, wherein the portion of the wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation consists essentially of wavelengths within a range of 300 to 750 nanometers.

93. The method of claim 91, wherein the portion of the wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation is polychromatic.

94. The method of claim 91 , wherein the portion of the wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation is monochromatic.

95. The method of claim 91 , wherein: a. the step of determining the wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths further comprises a step of determining narrow-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths, wherein the photosensitive agent has a relatively high reaction rate when exposed to the narrow-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths compared to an average reaction rate when the photosensitive agent is exposed to the wide-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths; and b. the step of designing the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush further comprises a step of designing the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush so that the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush

27 emits at least a portion of the narrow-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths.

96. The method of claim 95, wherein the portion of the narrow-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths consists essentially of wavelengths within a range of 300 to 750 nanometers.

97. The method of claim 95, wherein the portion of the narrow-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths is polychromatic.

98. The method of claim 95, wherein the portion of the narrow-range reactive electromagnetic radiation wavelengths is monochromatic.

99. A method of providing a tuned whitening and cleaning system for teeth, the system comprising a dentifrice and an electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush, the method comprising the steps of: a. determining the electromagnetic radiation wavelengths the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush radiates and b . using photosensitive agents to formulate the dentifrice such that the dentifrice reacts when irradiated by the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush.

100. The method of claim 99, wherein the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush emits electromagnetic radiation wavelengths that consist essentially of non- ultraviolet radiation.

101. The method of claim 100, wherein the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush emits essentially only electromagnetic radiation wavelengths between 300 and 750 nanometers.

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102. The method of claim 100, wherein the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush emits monochromatic electromagnetic radiation.

103. The method of claim 100, wherein the electromagnetic radiation emitting toothbrush emits polychromatic electromagnetic radiation.

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