WO1998055543A1 - Polymer stabilization - Google Patents

Polymer stabilization Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998055543A1
WO1998055543A1 PCT/US1998/011471 US9811471W WO9855543A1 WO 1998055543 A1 WO1998055543 A1 WO 1998055543A1 US 9811471 W US9811471 W US 9811471W WO 9855543 A1 WO9855543 A1 WO 9855543A1
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Prior art keywords
tert
antioxidant
butyl
alkyl
extrudable composition
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PCT/US1998/011471
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French (fr)
Inventor
Stephen E. Amos
Roswell E. King
Joyce M. Kunde
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Dyneon Llc
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Priority to AU78145/98A priority Critical patent/AU7814598A/en
Publication of WO1998055543A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998055543A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/15—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring
    • C08K5/151—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring having one oxygen atom in the ring
    • C08K5/1535—Five-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
    • C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
    • C08L23/0807—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons only containing more than three carbon atoms
    • C08L23/0815—Copolymers of ethene with aliphatic 1-olefins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2201/00—Properties
    • C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L71/02—Polyalkylene oxides

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the stabilization of thermoplastic polymers derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as polymers of ethylene and polymers of propylene. In one of its aspects this invention relates to methods of stabilizing such polymers. In another of its aspects, this invention relates to compositions comprising such thermoplastic polymers, lactone based stabilizers, and poly(oxyalkylene) compound.
  • Thermoplastic polymers are a commercially important class of materials with a wide variety of applications. Many of these materials, including the polyolefins, will react with oxygen in a process called autooxidation. This process may be initiated by heat, radiation or reaction with impurities or catalyst residues.
  • a common route to minimizing the degradation problem is the addition of stabilizers by the resin manufacturers. Because thermooxidative degradation may occur during essentially all stages of the production and use of a polymer or polymeric article, it is advisable to add the stabilizers as early in the manufacturing process as possible. Stabilizers have been developed to counter the effects of thermal oxidation, chain scission, photooxidative degradation and other forms of radiation degradation, such as electron-beam and gamma- irradiation. See for Example, "Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering," Vol. 4, pp. 653-662, John Wiley & Sons, 1986.
  • Additive packages have commonly included antioxidants to trap or neutralize the free radicals generated by the degradation process.
  • Hindered phenols are widely used for this purpose in the polymer industry.
  • Aromatic amines such as those derived from ?-phenylenediamine and diphenylamine, are used as free radical scavengers for peroxy radicals.
  • Trivalent phosphorus compounds are useful to reduce hydroperoxides.
  • Hindered amines are used for the protection of polyolefins from photodegradation. Synergistic combinations of these and other classes of stabilizers are used to improve the performance of the primary stabilizers. See for example, "Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering," Vol. 2, pp. 73-91, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
  • Stabilizers recently developed include classes of polyfunctional additives, such as di--l--ylhydroxyl--mines, which include functional aspects of previously used individual stabilizers into the form of a single molecule.
  • a further development includes recently developed lactone additives based on a benzofiiranone derivative. See for example C. Kr ⁇ hnke, "A Major Breakthrough in Polymer Stabilization", Presented at POLYOLEFINS X International Conference, February 23-26, 1997, Houston TX.
  • thermoplastic polymers especially polyolefins
  • polyolefins still exhibit degradation in certain uses and/or under certain processing conditions. This is evidenced by, for example, melt index changes in the polymers with multiple extrusion passes.
  • melt index changes in the polymers with multiple extrusion passes.
  • multiple extrusion passes are very common. A means to maximize polymer performance through these processes is desirable.
  • the present invention achieves this result. It provides a method for decreasing or eliminating negative performance changes in thermoplastic polymer, such as polyethylene, polypropylene or copolymers of these with other monomers when subjected to heat, light and/or oxygen. It also provides polymer compositions and stabilizer systems which achieve this result. Other aspects and various advantages of this invention will become apparent upon reading this specification and the appended claims.
  • this invention relates to a polymer composition
  • a polymer composition comprising an extrudable thermoplastic polymer derived from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer and a stabilizing system comprising a) a lactone stabilizer, and b) an effective amount of a poly(oxyalkylene) compound.
  • the stabilizing system used in this invention is essentially free of any fluoropolymer component. Preferably it is totally free of a fluoropolymer component.
  • this invention relates to the use of such a stabilizing system in the extrusion of thermoplastic polymers, particularly polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene or various copolymers thereof.
  • the stability of the composition of the invention is demonstrated hereinafter by the retention of melt flow properties after multiple extrusion passes.
  • the stabilizing system used in the aspects of this invention typically comprises from 0.005 to 15 weight percent of the extrudable composition
  • the stabilizing system When the stabilizing system is used in a final composition, it typically comprises from 0.01 to 0.6 and preferably from 0.05 to 0.3, weight percent of the composition
  • an intermediate composition such as a concentrate or masterbatch, it typically comprises from 0.6 to 15, preferably from 1 to 15 and more preferably from 1 to 10, weight percent of the composition.
  • the invention relates to shaped articles made from the above-described polymer composition.
  • this invention relates to a method of providing a thermoplastic resin composition with improved oxidative stability, comprising the steps of a) providing the thermoplastic polymer component, b) providing a lactone stabilizer, and c) providing an effective amount of a poly(oxyalkylene) compound, and c) blending the components.
  • This composition may then be pelletized and/or further processed to form a shaped article.
  • this invention relates to a method of stabilizing a polyolefin against the effects of radiation, including gamma radiation and electron beam radiation.
  • the stabilizing system used in the present invention is essentially free of a fluoropolymer component and comprises
  • Lactone stabilizer compounds comprising benzofurane-2-one and derivatives of benzofurane-2-one and methods for the preparation of such compounds are taught in U.S. patent numbers 5,516,920; 5,437,689; 5,422,415; 5,308,899; 5,252,643; 5,216,052; 5,175,312;4,611,016; 4,338,244; and 4,325,863, the disclosures of each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
  • Component A) is a benzofurane-2-one compound of formula I
  • Ri is naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl, 5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-1-naphthyl, thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thiathrenyl, dibenzofiiryl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quina- zolinyl, c
  • Ri is phenylene or naphthylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by Ci- C 4 alkyl or hydroxy; or is -R ⁇ 2 -X-R ⁇ 3 -,
  • R 2 , R 3 , Rt and R$ are each independently of one another hydrogen, chloro, hydroxy, CrC 5alkyl, C 7 -C 9 phenylalkyl, unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or C 1 -C 4 alkyl-substituted C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl; Ci-Cigalkoxy, C ⁇ - Cigalkylthio, C dalkylamino, di(C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl)amino, CrC 2 5alkanoyloxy, C ⁇ -C 2 5al- kanoylamino, C 3 -C 2 5alkenoyloxy, C 3 -C 2 salkanoyloxy which is
  • Re is hydrogen or a radical of formula IV
  • R 7 , Rg, R 9 and Rio are each independently of one another hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C ⁇ -C 25 alkyl, C 2 -C 25 alkyl which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or
  • alkanoyloxy C 3 -C 2 salkanoyloxy which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur
  • alkenoyloxy which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R 14 ; C ⁇ -Cgcyclo
  • alkylcarbonyl C ⁇ -Cgcycloalkylcarbonyloxy, benzoyl or C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkyl-substituted benzoyl; benzoyloxy or C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy; O — R !3 , or also in formula
  • Rn is hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 2 salkyl, C ⁇ -C 2 5alkylthio, C 3 -C 2 salkenyl, C 3 -C 2 salkynyl, C 7 -C 9 phenylalkyl, unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-substituted phenyl; unsubstituted or
  • R12 and R ⁇ 3 are each independently of the other unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C alkyl- substituted phenylene or naphthylene, R ⁇ 4 is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, R 15 is hydroxy,
  • Ri6 and Rn are each independently of the other hydrogen, CF 3 , C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkyl or phenyl, or Ri ⁇ and Rn, together with the linking carbon atom, form a C5- Cgcycloalkylidene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl groups;
  • Rig and R19 are each independently of the other hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl or phenyl,
  • R 20 is hydrogen or C C 4 alkyl
  • R21 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-substituted phenyl; C ⁇ -C 25 alkyl,
  • R22 is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl
  • R 2 is hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 2 5alkanoyl, C 3 -C 2 5alkenoyl, C 3 -C 2 salkanoyl which is
  • R 24 and R25 are each independently of the other hydrogen or C ⁇ -C ⁇ 8 alkyl
  • R 26 is hydrogen or Ci-Cgalkyl
  • R 27 is a direct bond, Ci-Cigalkylene, C 2 -C ⁇ 8 alkylene which is interrupted by
  • R 2 g is hydroxy
  • R29 is oxygen, -NH- or °
  • R 3 o is Ci-Cigalkyl or phenyl
  • R 3 ⁇ is hydrogen or Ci-Cigalkyl
  • M is a metal cation of valency r
  • X is a direct bond, oxygen, sulfur or -NR_r, n is 1 or 2, p is 0, 1 or 2, q is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, r is 1, 2 or 3, and s is 0, 1 or 2.
  • substituents are naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l-naphthyl, thienyl, benzo[b]- thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thiathrenyl, dibenzofiiryl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, pyrrolyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, phenothiazinyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorenyl or phenoxazinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl, C ⁇ -C 4 alkoxy, C ⁇ -C alkylthio, hydroxy, phenylamino or di(C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl)amino,
  • Halogen substituents will conveniently be chloro, bromo or iodo. Chloro is preferred.
  • Alkanoyl of up to 25 carbon atoms inclusive is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, undecanoyl, dodecanoyl, tridecanoyl, tetradecanoyl, pentadecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, heptadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, eicosa- noyl or docosanoyl.
  • C 2 -C 25 - -Jkanoyl substituted by a di(C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl)phosphonate group will typically be (CH 3 CH 2 O) 2 POCH 2 CO-, (CH 3 O) 2 POCH 2 CO-, (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH2O)2POCH 2 CO-, (CH 3 CH 2 O)2POCH 2 CH2CO-, (CH 3 O) 2 POCH 2 CH 2 CO-, (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 POCH 2 CH2CO-, (CH 3 CH 2 O) 2 PO(CH 2 ) 4 CO-, (CH 3 CH 2 O) 2 PO(CH 2 )gCO- or (CH 3 CH 2 O) 2 PO(CH 2 ) ⁇ 7 CO-.
  • Alkanoyloxy of up to 25 carbon atoms is an unbranched or branched radical and is typically formyloxy, acetoxy, propionyloxy, butanoyloxy, pentanoyloxy, hexanoyloxy, heptanoyloxy, octanoyloxy, nonanoyloxy, decanoyloxy, unde- canoyloxy, dodecanoyloxy, tridecanoyloxy, tetradecanoyloxy, pentadecanoyloxy, hexadecanoyloxy, heptadecanoyloxy, octadecanoyloxy, eicosanoyloxy or docosa- noyloxy. Alkanoyloxy of 2 to 18, preferably 2 to 12, e.g. 2 to 6, carbon atoms is preferred. Acetoxy is particularly preferred.
  • Alkenoyl of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propenoyl, 2-butenoyl, 3-butenoyl, isobutenoyl, n-2,4-pentadien- oyl, 3-methyl-2-butenoyl, n-2-octenoyl, n-2-dodecenoyl, isododecenoyl, oleoyl, n- 2-octadecenoyl or n-4-octadecenoyl.
  • Alkenoyl of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, e.g. 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred.
  • Alkenoyloxy of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propenoyloxy, 2-butenoyloxy, 3-butenoyloxy, isobutenoyloxy, n- 2,4-pentadienoyloxy, 3-methyl-2-butenoyloxy, n-2-octenoyloxy, n-2-dodecen- oyloxy, isododecenoyloxy, oleoyloxy, n-2-octadecenoyloxy or n-4-octadecenoyl- oxy.
  • Alkenoyloxy of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, typically 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred.
  • C ⁇ -CgCycloalkylcarbonyloxy is typically cyclopentylcarbonyloxy, cyclohe- xylcarbonyloxy, cycloheptylcarbonyloxy or cyclooctylcarbonyloxy. Cyclohexylcar- bonyloxy is preferred.
  • Alkyl-substituted benzoyl which preferably carries 1 to 3, most preferably 1 or 2, alkyl groups, is typically o-, m- or p-methylbenzoyl, 2,3-dimethyl- benzoyl, 2,4-dimethylbenzoyl, 2,5-dimethylbenzoyl, 2,6-dimethylbenzoyl, 3,4-di- methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, 2-methyl-6-ethylbenzoyl, 4-tert-butylbenzoyl, 2-ethylbenzoyl, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl, 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylbenzoyl or 3,5-di- tert-butylbenzoyl.
  • Preferred substituents are Ci-Cgalkyl, most preferably C ⁇ -C alkyl.
  • C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 Alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy which preferably carries 1 to 3, most preferably 1 or 2, alkyl groups, is typically o-, m- or p-methylbenzoyloxy, 2,3-di- methylbenzoyloxy, 2,4-dimethylbenzoyloxy, 2,5-dimethylbenzoyloxy, 2,6-dimethyl- benzoyloxy, 3,4-dimethylbenzoyloxy, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyloxy, 2-methyl-6-ethyl- benzoyloxy, 4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy, 2-ethylbenzoyloxy, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyloxy, 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy or 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoyloxy.
  • Preferred substituents
  • Alkyl of up to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical and is typically methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2- ethylbutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, 1-methylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, n-hexyl, 1-me- thylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl, 3-methyl- heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, 1-methylundecyl, dodecyl, 1,1,3,3,5,5
  • Alkenyl of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-2,4-pentadienyl, 3- methyl-2-butenyl, n-2-octenyl, n-2-dodecenyl, isododecenyl, oleyl, n-2-octadecenyl or n-4-octadecenyl.
  • Alkenyl of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, typically 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred
  • Alkenyloxy of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propenyloxy, 2-butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy, isobutenyloxy, n-2,4- pentadienyloxy, 3-methyl-2-butenyloxy, n-2-octenyloxy, n-2-dodecenyloxy, isodo- decenyloxy, oleyloxy, n-2-octadecenyloxy or n-4-octadecenyloxy.
  • Alkenyloxy of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, typically 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred.
  • Alkynyl of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propynyl ( — CHj-C ⁇ CH ) ⁇ 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, n-2-octynyl or n-2-
  • Alkynyloxy of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propynyloxy ( — OCH 2 -C- ⁇ CH ), 2-butynyloxy, 3-butynyloxy,
  • n-2-octynyloxy or n-2-dodecynyloxy.
  • Alkynyloxy of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to
  • Phenylalkyl may typically be benzyl, ⁇ -methylbenzyl, ⁇ , ⁇ - dimethylbenzyl or 2-phenylethyl. Benzyl and ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl are preferred.
  • C 7 -C 9 -Phenylalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl moiety by 1 to 3 C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl groups will typically be benzyl, ⁇ -methylbenzyl, ⁇ , ⁇ - dimethylbenzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2,4-dimethylbenzyl, 2,6-dimethylbenzyl or 4-tert-butylbenzyl. Benzyl is preferred.
  • unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl moiety by 1 to 3 C ⁇ -C alkyl groups is a branched or unbranched radical such as phenoxymethyl, 2-methylphenoxymethyl, 3- methylphenoxymethyl, 4-methylphenoxymethyl, 2,4-dimethylphenoxymethyl, 2,3- dimethylphenoxymethyl, phenylthiomethyl, N-methyl-N-phenyl-methyl, N-ethyl-N- phenylmethyl, 4-tert-butylphenoxymethyl, 4-tert-butylphenoxyethoxymethyl, 2,4-di- tert-butylphenoxymethyl, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenoxyethoxymethyl, phenoxyethoxy- ethoxyethoxymethyl, benzyloxy ethyl, benzyloxyethoxymethyl, N-benzyl-N-ethyl- methyl or N-benzyl-N-isopropylmethyl.
  • Phenylalkoxy is typically benzyloxy, ⁇ -methylbenzyloxy, ⁇ , ⁇ -dime- thylbenzyloxy or 2-phenylethoxy. Benzyloxy is preferred.
  • Ci-C-iAlkyl-substituted phenyl that preferably contains 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2, alkyl groups will typically be o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl or 2,6-diethylphenyl.
  • Alkyl-substituted phenoxy which preferably contains 1 to 3, most preferably 1 or 2, alkyl groups, is typically o-, m- or p-methylphenoxy, 2,3-dime- thylphenoxy, 2,4-dimethylphenoxy, 2,5-dimethylphenoxy, 2,6-dimethylphenoxy, 3,4-dimethylphenoxy, 3,5-dimethylphenoxy, 2-methyl-6-ethylphenoxy, 4-tert-butyl- phenoxy, 2-ethylphenoxy or 2,6-diethylphenoxy.
  • Unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-substituted Cs-Cgcycloalkyl is typically cyclopentyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, trimethylcyclohexyl, tert-butylcyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl. Cyclohexyl and tert-butylcyclohexyl are preferred.
  • Unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-substituted C 5 -Cgcycloalkoxy is typically cyclopentoxy, methylcyclopentoxy, dimethylcyclopentoxy, cyclohexoxy, methyl- cyclohexoxy, dimethylcyclohexoxy, trimethylcyclohexoxy, tert-butylcyclohexoxy, cycloheptoxy or cyclooctoxy. Cyclohexoxy and tert-butylcyclohexoxy are preferred.
  • Alkoxy of up to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical and is typically methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, octoxy, decyloxy, tetradecyloxy, hexadecyloxy or octadecyloxy.
  • Alkoxy of 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 8, e.g. 1 to 6, carbon atoms is preferred.
  • R 14 is typically CH 3 -
  • Alkylthio of up to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical and is typically methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, pentylthio, isopentylthio, hexylthio, heptylthio, octylthio, decylthio, tetradecylthio, hexadecylthio or octadecylthio.
  • Alkylthio of 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 8, e.g. 1 to 6, carbon atoms is preferred.
  • Alkylamino of up to 4 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical and is typically methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, n-butylamino, isobutylamino or tert-butylamino.
  • Di(C ⁇ -C )alkylamino also signifies that the two moieties, each independently of the other, are branched or unbranched, and is typically dimethylatnino, methylethylamino, diethylamino, methyl-n-propylamino, methylisopropylamino, methyl-n-butylamino, methylisobutylamino, ethylisopropylamino, ethyl-n- butylamino, ethylisobutylamino, ethyl-tert-butylamino, diethylamino, diisopropylamino, isopropyl-n-butylamino, isopropylisobutylamino, di-n-butylamino or diisobutylamino.
  • Alkanoylamino of up to 25 carbon atoms is an unbranched or branched radical and is typically formylamino, acetylamino, propionyla ino, butanoylamino, pentanoylamino, hexanoylamino, heptanoylamino, octanoylamino, nonanoylamino, decanoylamino, undecanoylamino, dodecanoylamino, tridecanoylamino, tetradeca- noylamino, pentadecanoylamino, hexadecanoylamino, heptadecanoylamino, octade- canoylamino, eicosanoylamino oder docosanoylamino.
  • C ⁇ -C ⁇ gAlkylene is a branched or unbranched radical, typically methylene, ethylene, propylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, decamethylene, dodecamethylene or octadecamethylene.
  • C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 Alkylene is preferred, and Ci-Cgalkylene is particularly preferred.
  • a C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-substituted Cs-Cgcycloalkylene ring which preferably contains
  • 1 to 3 branched or unbranched alkyl groups will typically be cyclopentylene, methylcyclopentylene, dimethylcyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, methylcyclohexylene, dimethylcyclohexylene, trimethylcyclohexylene, tert-butyl- cyclohexylene, cycloheptylene, cyclooctylene or cyclodecylene. Cyclohexylene and tert-butylcyclohexylene.
  • C 2 -C ⁇ gAlkenylene is typically vinylene, methylvinylene, octenylethylene or dodecenylethylene.
  • C 2 -CgAlkenylene is preferred.
  • Alkylidene of 2 to 20 carbon atoms may typically be ethylidene, propyliden, butylidene, pentylidene, 4-methylpentylidene, heptylidene, nonylidene, tridecylidene, nonadecylidene, 1-methylethylidene, 1-ethylpropylidene or 1-ethylpentylidene.
  • C 2 - CgAlkylidene is preferred.
  • Phenylalkylidene of 7 to 20 carbon atoms may typically be benzylidene, 2- phenylethylidene or l-phenyl-2-hexylidene.
  • C 7 -C 9 Phenylalkylidene is preferred.
  • C 5 -CgCycloalkylene is a saturated hydrocarbon group having two free valences and at least one ring unit and is typically cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, cycloheptylene or cyclooctylene. Cyclohexylene is preferred.
  • C -CgBicycloalkylene may be bicycloheptylene or bicyclooctylene.
  • Unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C alkyl-substituted phenylene or naphthylene is typically 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-phenylene, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 2,6- or 2,7-naphthy- lene. 1,4-phenylene is preferred.
  • a C ⁇ -C alkyl-substituted Cs-Cgcycloalkylidene ring that preferably contains
  • branched or unbranched alkyl groups is typically cyclopentylidene, methylcyclopentylidene, dimethylcyclopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, methylcyclohexylidene, dimethylcyclohexylidene, trimethylcyclohexylidene, tert-butylcyclohexylidene, cycloheptyhdene or cyclooctylidene. Cyclohexylidene and tert-butylcyclohexylidene are preferred.
  • a mono-, di- or trivalent metal cation is preferably an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation or an aluminium cation, typically Na + , K + , Mg ++ , Ca ++ or AT + .
  • Cigalkylthio or di(C ⁇ -C 4 -alkyl)amino mono- to penta-substituted alkylphenyl containing together a maximum number of 18 carbon atoms in the 1 to 5 alkyl substituents; naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluorenyl, carbazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, phenothiazinyl or 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl, C ⁇ -C 4 alkoxy, C ⁇ -C 4 alkylthio, hydroxy or amino.
  • Preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein, when n is 2, R ⁇ 2 and R ⁇ 3 are phenylene, X is oxygen or -NR 3 ⁇ -, and
  • R 3 ⁇ is C C 4 alkyl.
  • Further preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein, when n is 1,
  • Ri is naphthyl, phenanthryl, thienyl, dibenzofuryl, carbazolyl, fluorenyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by C ⁇ -C alkyl, C ⁇ -C 4 alkoxy, C ⁇ -C 4 alkylthio, hydroxy, halogen, amino, C ⁇ -C alkylamino or di(C ⁇ -C -alkyl)amino, or is a radical of formula II
  • R 7 , Rg, R 9 und Rio are each independently of one another hydrogen, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, Ci-Cigalkyl, C 2 -C ⁇ galkyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfur, Ci-Cigalkoxy, C 2 -C ⁇ galkoxy which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir; Ci- Cigalkylthio, C 3 -C ⁇ 2 alkenyloxy, C 3 -C ⁇ 2 alkynyloxy, C 7 -C9phenylalkyl, C 7 -C 9 .
  • phenylalkoxy unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-substituted phenyl; phenoxy, cyclohexyl, C 5 -Cgcycloalkoxy; C ⁇ -C alkylamino, di(C C alkyl)amino, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkanoyl, C 3 - C ⁇ 2 alkanoyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfur; C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkanoyloxy, C 3 -
  • C ⁇ 2 alkanoyloxy which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir; C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkanoylamino, C 3 - C ⁇ 2 alkenoyl, C 3 -C ⁇ 2 alkenoyloxy, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylcarbonyloxy, benzoyl or C ⁇ -C alkyl-substituted benzoyl; benzoyloxy or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl substituted
  • Rn is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl, Ci-Cigalkylthio, C 7 -C 9 phenylalkyl, unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C alkyl-substituted phenyl; cyclohexyl, C ⁇ -C 4 alkylamino, di(C ⁇ -C 4 -alkyl)amino, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkanoyl, C 3 -C ⁇ 2 alkanoyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir; C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 al- kanoylamino, C 3 -C ⁇ 2 alkenoyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, benzoyl or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-sub- stituted benzoyl; with the proviso that at least one of R 7 , Rg, R 9 , Rio or R is not hydrogen; / R 2 .
  • R15 is hydroxy, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkoxy or — N x 25
  • Rig and R 19 are each independently of the other hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl
  • R 20 is hydrogen
  • R 2 ⁇ is hydrogen, phenyl, Ci-Cigalkyl, C 2 -C ⁇ 8 alkyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir, C 7 -C 9 phenylalkyl, C 7 -C ⁇ 8 phenylalkyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir and which is unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl moiety by 1 to 3 C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl groups, and R19 and R 20 , together with the linking carbon atoms, form a cyclohexylene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl groups,
  • R 22 is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl
  • R 23 is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkanoyl, C 3 -C ⁇ 2 alkenoyl, C 3 -C ⁇ 2 alkanoyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir; C 2 -C ⁇ 2 alkanoyl which is substituted by a di(C ⁇ -C 6 - alkyl)phosphonate group; C ⁇ -Cgcycloalkylcarbonyl, benzoyl,
  • R 24 and R 25 are each independently of the other hydrogen or C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkyl
  • R 2 ⁇ is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C alkyl
  • R 27 is C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkylene
  • C 2 -Cgalkenylene C 2 -Cgalkylidene
  • C 7 -C ⁇ 2 phenylalkyli- dene Cs-Cgcycloalkylene or phenylene
  • R 28 is hydroxy, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkoxy or _
  • R 2 9 is oxygen or -NH-
  • R 3 o is Ci-Cigalkyl or phenyl
  • s is 1 or 2.
  • compounds of formula I wherein, when n is 1,
  • Ri is phenanthryl, thienyl, dibenzofiiryl, unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-substi- tuted carbazolyl; or fluorenyl, or Ri is a radical of formula II
  • R 7 , Rg, Rg und Rio are each independently of one another hydrogen, chloro, hydroxy, Ci-Cigalkyl, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 8 alkoxy, C C ⁇ galkylthio, C 3 -C 4 alkenyloxy, C 3 -C -alky-
  • Rn is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl, Ci-Cigalkylthio, phenyl or cyclohexyl; with the proviso that at least one of R 7 , Rg, Rg, Rio or R ⁇ is not hydrogen, R 2 o is hydrogen,
  • R 2 ⁇ is hydrogen, phenyl or Ci-Cigalkyl, or R 20 and ⁇ , together with the linking carbon atoms, form a cyclohexylene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl groups, R 22 is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl, and
  • R is hydrogen, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkanoyl or benzoyl.
  • R 7 , Rg, R 9 and Rio are each independently of one another hydrogen or Ci- C 4 alkyl, and Rn is hydrogen, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkyl, C ⁇ -C 4 alkylthio or phenyl; with the proviso that at least one of R 7 , Rg, Rg, Rio or Rn is not hydrogen.
  • R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R5 are each independently of one another hydrogen, chloro, Ci-Cigalkyl, benzyl, phenyl, Cs-Cgcycloalkyl, Ci-Cigalkoxy, Ci-Cigalkylthio, Ci-Cigalkanoyloxy, Ci-Cig.
  • R-t is additionally -(CH 2 ) p -CORi5 or -(CH 2 ) q OH or, if R 3 , R 5 and Re are hydrogen, R-t is additionally a radical of formula III,
  • R 2 R 15 is hydroxy, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkoxy or — N _
  • Ri6 and R ⁇ are methyl groups or, together with the linking carbon atom, form a Cs-Cgcycloalkylidene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 Ci- C 4 alkyl groups
  • R 2 and R 25 are each independently of the other hydrogen or C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkyl
  • p is 1 or 2
  • q is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
  • Particularly interesting compounds of formula I are also those wherein at least two of R 2 , R 3 , t and R 5 are hydrogen.
  • Compounds of formula I of very particular interest are those wherein R 3 and
  • Very particularly preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein R 2 is C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl, R 3 is hydrogen, t is C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl or, if Re is hydrogen, Rt is additionally a radical of formula in,
  • R 5 is hydrogen
  • the compounds of formula I include the following, wherein
  • R 2 , R 3 , R- t , and R5 are each independently of one another hydrogen or d-
  • Ci-C ⁇ alkyl with the proviso that at least two of R , Rg, R 9 , Rio, and R are C
  • R -R ⁇ o are each independently of the other hydrogen or Ci-
  • Rn is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, with the proviso that at least two of R 7 - Rn are not hydrogen.
  • R 2 is C ⁇ -C alkyl
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • t is C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl
  • R 5 is hydrogen
  • benzofurane-2-one is 3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di- tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one,
  • the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those benzofiiranones disclosed in DE-A-
  • the benzofurane-2-one comprises at least about 0.001 wt % to about 50 wt % per total weight of the stabilizing system, more preferably between about 0.10 and 15 weight percent, and most preferably between about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % per total weight of the stabilizing system.
  • the benzofurane-2-one may be combined with one or more free radical scavengers, described hereinafter, if desired.
  • the lactone stabilizer preferably comprises from 10 to 20 weight percent of the combination of lactone and free radical scavengers.
  • Useful phenolic compounds include both mono-, di-, and polyphenols. Examples of these materials are di-tertiary-butylphenol, styrenated phenol, 2,2'- methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), and l,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)-benzene.
  • the phenol component generally may comprise up to about 75 weight percent of the overall stabilizer system, more preferably between about 10 and 50 weight percent, and most preferably between about 20 and 40 weight percent.
  • Component B) of the stabilizing system is a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer.
  • These polymers include poly(oxyalkylene) polyols and their derivatives, and a useful class of poly(oxyalkylene) polymers can be represented by the general formula A[(OR 1 ) x OR 2 ] y where A is an active hydrogen-free residue of a low molecular weight, initiator organic compound having a plurality of active hydrogen atoms (e.g., 2 or 3), such as a polyhydroxyalkane or polyether polyol, e.g., ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,1,1,-trimethylol propane, and poly(oxypropylene) glycol; y is 2 or 3; the (OR 1 ),- is a poly(oxyalkylene) chain having a plurality of oxyalkylene groups, (ORl), wherein the Ri radicals can be the Ri radicals can be the same or different, and are selected from the group consisting of Ci to C5 alky
  • Said poly(oxyalkylene) chain can be a homopolymer chain, e.g., poly(oxyethylene) or poly(oxypropylene), or can be a chain of randomly distributed (i.e., a heteric mixture) oxyalkylene groups, e.g., a copolymer of
  • — OC2H4 — and — OC3H5 — units can be a chain having alternating blocks or backbone segments of repeating oxyalkylene groups, e.g., a polymer comprising
  • R ⁇ is H or an organic radical such as alkyl, aryl or combination thereof such as aralkyl or alkaryl, and may contain hetero atoms such as O or N.
  • R 2 can be methyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, and acyl groups such as acetyl (CH3CO — ), benzoyl
  • Representative poly(oxyalkylene) polymer derivatives can include poly(oxyalkylene) polyol derivatives wherein the terminal hydroxy groups have been partly or fully converted to ether derivatives, e.g., methoxy groups, or ester derivatives, e.g., stearate groups, (C17H35COO — ).
  • Other useful poly(oxyalkylene) derivatives are polyesters, e.g., prepared from dicarboxylic acids and poly(oxyalkylene) glycols.
  • the major portion of the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer derivatives by weight will be the repeating oxyalkylene groups, (OR 1 ).
  • Said poly(oxyalkylene) polyols and their derivatives can be liquids or solids at room temperature and have a molecular weight of at least 200 and preferably a molecular weight of about 400 to 20,000 or higher, e.g., 200,000 or more.
  • Po-y(oxya-kylene) polyols useful in this invention include those sold under the trademark Carbowax, such as Carbowax TM 3350, H(OC2H4) n OH, where n is about 76,
  • Preferred poly(oxyalkylene) polymers are poly(oxyethylene) glycols, often referred to as polyethylene glycols, having a molecular weight of about 1,000 to 20,000.
  • the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer component generally may comprise between about 99.999 and 50 weight percent of the overall stabilizer system, preferably between about 0.5 and 50 weight percent, more preferably between about 1 and 25 weight percent, and most preferably between about 5 and 15 weight percent.
  • the quantity of the poly(oxyalkylene) component added will be an effective amount if the change in melt index value is reduced when compared to a composition with no poly(oxyalkylene) component.
  • the stabilizing system can be prepared by blending the components using any of the means conveniently employed to add adjuvants to polymers.
  • the stabilizer, poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and any other adjuvants can be blended using a Banbury mixer, a mixing extruder or can be dry blended using a mixer.
  • the mixing operation is carried out at a temperature above the melting point of the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer to provide uniform distribution of components in the system.
  • Useful thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers of the present invention comprise polymers which are derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomers and which are susceptible to radical oxidative degradation. These include the large class of olefins, such as polypropylenes, polyethylenes and polybutene- 1. Such olefinic polymers include those obtained by the homopolymerization or copolymerization of olefinic monomers, as well as copolymers of one or more olefins and up to about 30 weight percent or more, but preferably 20 weight percent or less, of one or more monomers that are copolymerizable with such olefins, e.g. vinyl ester compounds such as vinyl acetate.
  • Representative olefins are ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-l-pentene, and 1-octene.
  • Representative monomers that are copolymerizable with the olefins include: vinyl ester monomers such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl chloroacetate, and vinyl chloropropionate; acrylic and alpha-alkyl acrylic acid monomers and their alkyl esters, amides, and nitriles such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, methacrylamide, and acrylonitrile; vinyl aryl monomers such as styrene, o -methoxystyrene, p- methoxystyrene, and vinyl naphthalene; vinyl and vinylidene halide monomers such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and vinylidene bromide; alkyl ester monomers of maleic and fumaric acid and anhydrides thereof such as dimethyl maleate, dieth
  • thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers also include the metallic salts of said olefin copolymers, or blends thereof, that contain free carboxylic acid groups.
  • metals that can be used to provide the salts of said carboxylic acids polymers are the one, two, and three valence metals such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, barium, zinc, zirconium, beryllium, iron, nickel, and cobalt.
  • the thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers also include blends of thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers with other thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers or blends thereof containing conventional adjuvants such as fillers, antiblocking agents, and pigments.
  • thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers useful in the present invention are polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(l-butene), poly(3- methylbutene), poly(4-methylpentene) and copolymers of ethylene with propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 4-methyl-l-pentene, and 1-octadecene.
  • thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers useful in the invention are blends of polyethylene and polypropylene, linear or branched low- density polyethylenes, high-density polyethylenes, and polyethylene and olefin copolymers containing said copolymerizable monomers, some of which are described above, e.g., ethylene and acrylic acid copolymers; ethylene and methyl acrylate copolymers; ethylene and ethyl acrylate copolymers; ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymers; ethylene, acrylic acid, and ethyl acrylate copolymers; and ethylene, acrylic acid, and vinyl acetate copolymers.
  • the stabilizer system will generally comprise between about 0.005 and 2 weight percent of the overall extrudable composition. These types of additives are commonly expressed in parts per hundred parts of resin.
  • the lactone component of the stabilizer system will preferably comprise a total of between 0.1 and 0.6 parts per hundred resin and the poly(oxyalkylene) component will preferably comprise 0.05 to .3 parts per hundred parts resin.
  • Optional Ingredients are commonly expressed in parts per hundred parts of resin.
  • additives such as fillers or colorants or antiblock agents may be utilized in the practice of the present invention, provided they do not have a detrimental effect of the stabilizer system.
  • common fillers such as carbon black and calcium carbonate may be used. Where optical clarity is desired, opaque fillers should not be used, but additional light stabilizers may prove beneficial.
  • Other useful ingredients include free radical scavengers such as those disclosed in the "Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering", Vol. 2, pp 75-82 and 86-90, John Wiley and Sons, 1985. Examples of such materials include phenolic antioxidants, phosphite antioxidants, hindered amines, and hydroxyl amines.
  • phenolic antioxidants useful in the instant invention correspond to at least one compound of formula (V), wherein
  • A is hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 24 alkyl, Cs-C ⁇ 2 cycloalkyl, phenyl-C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl, phenyl or a group of formula -CH 2 -S-R ⁇ 2 or
  • D is C ⁇ -C 2 alkyl, C 5 -C ⁇ 2 cycloalkyl, phenyl-C ⁇ -C alkyl, phenyl or a -CH 2 -S- R ⁇ 2 group,
  • X is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl or one of the groups of formula -C a H 2a -S q -R ⁇ 3 , -C b H 2b -CO-N(R 16 )(R ⁇ 7 ), -CH 2 N(R 2 ,)(R 22 ),
  • G* is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkyl
  • R ⁇ 2 is Ci-Cigalkyl, phenyl or a group of formula -(CH 2 ) c -CO-OR ⁇ s or - CH 2 CH 2 OR 2 o
  • R i3 is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl, phenyl, benzyl or group of formula
  • R ⁇ 4 is C ⁇ -C 30 alkyl or one of the groups of formulae -CHR ⁇ g-CH 2 -S-Ri 9 ,
  • Q is C 2 -C 8 alkylene, C 4 -C 6 thiaalkylene or a -CH 2 CH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) d - group
  • Ri 5 is C ⁇ -C 24 alkyl
  • Ri6 is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl or cyclohexyl
  • R ⁇ is Ci-Cigalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, Ci-Cigalkyl-substituted phenyl or one
  • R ⁇ 6 and R ⁇ together are C 4 -Cgalkylene which can be interrupted by -O- or -NH-
  • Rig is hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl or phenyl
  • Ri is Ci-Cigalkyl
  • R 20 is hydrogen, Ci- C 2 alkyl, phenyl, C 2 -C ⁇ 8 alkanoyl or benzoyl
  • R 2 ⁇ is Ci-Cigalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, Ci-Cigalkyl-substituted phenyl or a
  • R 22 is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl, cyclohexyl, or a
  • R 2 ⁇ and R 22 together are C -C 8 alkylene which can be interrupted by -O- or -
  • R 23 and R 24 are -S-C ⁇ -C ⁇ galkyl, a is 0, 1, 2 or 3, b is 0, 1, 2 or 3, c is 1 or 2, d is 1 to 5, f is 2 to 8, and q is 1, 2, 3 or
  • the phenolic antioxidant particularly preferably corresponds to compounds of formula in, wherein A is hydrogen, Ci-Cgalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or a group of formula -CH 2 -
  • D is Ci-Cgalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or a -CH 2 -R 24 group
  • X is hydrogen, Ci-Cgalkyl or one of the groups of formula -C a H 2a -S q -R ⁇ 3 , CbH 2b -CO-OR, 4 , -CH 2 N(R 2 ⁇ )(R 22 ) ,
  • R ⁇ 3 is C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alkyl, phenyl or a -(CH 2 ) c -CO-OR ⁇ 5 group, R ⁇ is Ci-Cigalkyl or a
  • Q is C -C 8 alkylene, -CH 2 -CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 2 or a -CH 2 CH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) d - group
  • Ris is Ci-Cigalkyl
  • R 2 ⁇ and R 22 are each independently of the other hydrogen or Ci-Cgalkyl, or R 21 and R 22 together are C 4 -C 8 alkylene which can be interrupted by -O- or - H-, a is 1 or 2, b is 1 or 2, c is 1 or 2, and d is 1, 2 or 3, and
  • R 23 and R 24 are -S-C ⁇ -C ⁇ 8 alkyl.
  • the phenolic antioxidant very particularly preferably corresponds to compounds of formula V, wherein
  • A is hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, -CH 2 -R 23 or a group
  • D is hydrogen or Ci-Cigalkyl
  • X is hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl, -CH 2 -R 23 or a group of formula
  • R 23 and R 24 are -S-C ⁇ -C ⁇ 8 alkyl.
  • the phenolic antioxidant may also be a tocopherol or vitamin E derivative, typically ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol and mixtures thereof.
  • vitamin E ⁇ -tocopherol itself is preferred.
  • the phenolic antioxidant can also be an oligomeric antioxidant of the following type:
  • the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those antioxidants listed below.
  • Alkylated monophenols for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl- 4, 6-dimethylphenol, 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butyl- phenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-( ⁇ - methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tri- cyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenols which are linear or branched in the side chains, for example, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(l '-methylundec-1 '-yl)phenol,
  • Alkylthiomethylphenols for example 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4- dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol, 2, 6-di-do- decylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol .
  • Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4 ⁇ methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6- diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol, 2, 6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2, 5 -di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- phenyl stearate, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) adipate.
  • Tocopherols for example ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol and mixtures thereof (Vitamin E).
  • Hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers for example 2,2'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methyl- phenol), 2,2'-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3 -methylphenol), 4,4'- thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol), 4,4'-bis- (2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide.
  • Alkylidenebisphenols for example 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-( ⁇ - methylcyclohexyl)phenol], 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2'- methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4- isobutylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis[6-( ⁇ -methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2'- methylenebis[6-( ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl)-4-nony
  • N- and S-benzyl compounds for example 3,5,3',5'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'- dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tridecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3 -hydroxy-2, 6-dimethylbenzyl)dithiotereph- thalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, isooctyl-3,5di-tert-butyl-4— hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate.
  • Hydroxybenzylated malonates for example dioctadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2- hydroxybenzyl)-malonate, di-octadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)— malonate, di-dodecylmercaptoethyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)malonate, bis[4-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate.
  • Aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds for example l,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hy- droxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, l,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) ⁇ 2,3,5, 6-tetramethylbenzene, 2,4, 6-tris(3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol .
  • Triazine Compounds, for example 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanilino)- 1 ,3 ,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3 , 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- anilino)- 1,3, 5 -triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenoxy)- 1,3,5 -triazine, 2,4, 6-tris(3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)- 1,2, 3 -triazine, l,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5- tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenz
  • Benzylphosphonates for example dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphos- phonate, diethyl-3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyB , 5 -di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy3- methylbenzylphosphonate, the calcium salt of the monoethyl ester of 3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid.
  • Acylaminophenols for example 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4-hydroxystearanilide, octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate.
  • Esters of ⁇ -(3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl,propionic acid with mono- or poly- hydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6- hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris- (hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3- thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-l- phospha-2,6,7-trioxabi
  • Esters of ⁇ -(5-tert-butyl-4-hvdroxy-3-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris- (hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3- thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-l- phospha-2,6,7-triox
  • Esters of ⁇ -(3.5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris- (hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3- thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-l- phospha-2, 6, 7-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane.
  • Esters of 3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9— nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris- (hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3- thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-l- phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
  • Amides of ⁇ -(3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid e.g. N,N'-bis(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine, N,N'-bis(3 , 5 -di-tert ⁇ butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine, N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine.
  • N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine N,N'-bis(3 , 5 -di-tert ⁇ butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine
  • the hindered amine is n,n'-bis(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4- piperidinyl)-l,6-hexanediamine, polymer with 2,4,6-tricr-loro-l,3,5-triazine and 2,4,4-trimethyl-l,2-pentamine, available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. under the trademark, CHIMASSORB TM 944,
  • the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those amines listed below.
  • Aminic antioxidants for example N,N'-di-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-di- sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis( 1 ,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis( 1 -ethyl-3 -methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis( 1 -methylheptyl)-p- phenylenediamine, N ⁇ -dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-diphenyl-p- phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N'- phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-( 1 , 3 -dimethylbutyl)-N'-
  • Sterically hindered amines for example bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- piperidyl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)succinate, bis( 1,2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis( 1 -octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- piperidyl)sebacate, bis(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensate of l-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-2, 2,6,6- tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, the condensate of N,N'- bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino— 2, 6-
  • N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodecylsuccinimid N- (l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodecylsuccinimid
  • 2-undecyl-7,7,9,9-tetra- methyl-l-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxo-spiro[4,5]decane a reaction product of 7,7,9, 9-tetra- methyl-2-cycloundecyl-l-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxospiro [4,5]decane und epichlorohydrin.
  • a preferred hydroxylamines is N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine, which is derived from the direct oxidation of di(hydrogenated tallow) amine.
  • the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those hydroxylaminess listed below.
  • Hydroxylamines for example, N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylhydroxyl- amine, N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine, N,N-dilaurylhydroxylamine, N,N-ditetradecylhy- droxylamine, N,N-dihexadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctadecylhydroxylamine, N- hexadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N-heptadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.
  • Preferred phosphites include tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation under the trademark, IrgafosTM 168, 2,2',2"-nitrilo[triethyl-tris(3,3',5,5'-tetra-tert-butyl-l, 1 '-biphenyl- 2,2'-diyl) phosphite] available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation under the trademark, IRGAFOS TM 12, and bis (2,4-di-tert-butyl-6- methyl)phenyl(ethyl) phosphite available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation under the trademark, IRGAFOS TM 38.
  • the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those phosphites and phosphonites listed below.
  • Phosphites and phosphorites for example triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl alkyl phos- phites, phenyl dialkyl phosphites, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert- butylphenyl) phosphite, diisodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl- phenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)- pentaerythritol diphosphite, diisodecyloxypentaerythritol diphosphit
  • antioxidants for example, aliphatic or aromatic phosphites, esters of thiodipropionic acid or of thiodiacetic acid, or salts of dithiocarbamic or dithiophosphoric acid, 2,2,12,12-tetramethyl-5,9-dihydroxy-3,7,l 1-trithiatridecane and 2,2, 15,15-tetramethyl-5, 12-dihydroxy-3 ,7, 10, 14-tetrathiahexadecane, ascorbic acid.
  • the optional free radical scavengers may be added separately to the extrudable composition. Alternatively, they may be added separately. In general they comprise from 80 to 90 weight percent of the combination of lactone stabilizer and free radical scavenger.
  • UV absorbers and light stabilizers for example, 2-,2'-Hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles, for example 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) ⁇ benzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2 , -hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5'-tert-butyl- 2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)- benzotriazole, 2-(3 l ,5 , -di-tert-butyl-2 , -hydroxyphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3'- tert-butyl- 2 , -hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3 '-sec-butyl-5'- tert-butyl-2'-
  • 2-Hydroxybenzophenones for example the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4— decyloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2',4'-trihydroxy and 2'-hydroxy-4,4'-di- methoxy derivatives.
  • Esters of substituted and unsubstituted benzoic acids as for example 4-tertbutyl— phenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoyl resorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl) resorcinol, benzoyl resorcinol, 2,4-di-tertbutylphenyl 3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl 3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate.
  • Acrylates for example ethyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenylacrylate, isooctyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ , ⁇ - diphenylacrylate, methyl ⁇ -carbomethoxycinnamate, methyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ -methyl-p— methoxy-cinnamate, butyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ -methyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, methyl ⁇ - carbomethoxy-p-methoxycinnamate and N-( ⁇ -carbomethoxy- ⁇ -cyanovinyl)-2- methylindoline.
  • Nickel compounds for example nickel complexes of 2,2'-thio-bis-[4-(l,l,3,3-tetra- methylbutyl)phenol], such as the 1 : 1 or 1 :2 complex, with or without additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanolamine or N-cyclohexyldiethanolamine, nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate, nickel salts of the monoalkyl esters, e.g. the methyl or ethyl ester, of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylphosphonic acid, nickel complexes of ketoximes, e.g. of 2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl undecylketoxime, nickel complexes of l-phenyl-4-lauroyl-5-hydroxypyrazole, with or without additional ligands.
  • additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanolamine or N-cyclohexyldiethanolamine,
  • Oxamides for example 4,4'-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2'-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2'-dioc- tyloxy-5,5'-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2,2'-didodecyloxy-5,5'-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2- ethoxy-2'-ethyloxanilide, N,N'-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxamide, 2-ethoxy-5- tert-butyl-2'-ethoxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2'-ethyl-5,4'-di-tert- butoxanilide and mixtures of ortho- and para-methoxy-disubstituted oxanilides and mixtures of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.
  • 2-(2-HydroxyphenylV1.3.5-triazines for example 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxy- phenyl)- 1,3, 5 -triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)- 1,3, 5 -triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4— dimethylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyloxyphenyl)-6-(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(4- methylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)- 1,3, 5 -
  • Metal deactivators for example N,N'-diphenyloxamide, N-salicylal-N'-salicyloyl hydrazine, N,N'-bis(salicyloyl) hydrazine, N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- phenylpropionyl) hydrazine , 3-salicyloylamino-l,2,4-triazole, bis(benzylidene)- oxalyl dihydrazide, oxanilide, isophthaloyl dihydrazide, sebacoyl bisphenyl- hydrazide, N,N'-diacetyladipoyl dihydrazide, N,N'-bis(salicyloyl)oxalyl dihydrazide, N,N'-bis(salicyloyl)thiopropionyl dihydrazide.
  • metal deactivators for example for copper, are: a) Benzotriazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 4- or 5-alkylbenzotriazoles (e.g. tolutriazole) and derivatives thereof, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzotriazole and 5,5'-methylenebisbenzotriazole; Mannich bases of benzotriazole or tolutriazole, e.g.
  • 1,2,4-Triazoles and derivatives thereof for example 3-alkyl(or aryl)- 1,2,4- triazoles, and Mannich bases of 1,2,4-triazoles, such as l-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)- aminomethyl-l,2,4-triazole; alkoxyalkyl-l,2,4-triazoles such as 1-(1- butoxyethyl)-l,2,4-triazole; and acylated 3-amino-l,2,4-triazoles.
  • Imidazole derivatives for example 4,4'-methylenebis(2-undecyl-5-methylimid- azole) and bis[(N-methyl)imidazol-2-yl]carbinol octyl ether.
  • Sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds for example 2- mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-l,3,4-thiadiazole and derivatives thereof; and 3,5-bis[di(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl]-l,3,4-thiadiazolin- 2-one
  • Amino compounds for example salicylidenepropylenediamine, salicylamino- guanidine and salts thereof.
  • Nitrones for example, N-benzyl-alpha-phenyl-nitrone, N-ethyl-alpha-methyl- nitrone, N-octyl-alpha-heptyl-nitrone, N-lauryl-alpha-undecyl-nitrone, N-tetradecyl- alpha-tridecyl-nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-pentadecyl-nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha- heptadecyl-nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-ocatadecyl-alpha- pentadecyl-nitrone, N-heptadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha- hexadecyl-nitrone,
  • Thiosynergists for example, dilauryl thiodipropionate or distearyl thiodipropionate.
  • Peroxide scavengers for example esters of ⁇ -thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl or tridecyl esters, mercaptobenzimidazole or the zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, dioctadecyl disulfide, penta- erythritol tetrakis( ⁇ -dodecylmercapto)propionate.
  • esters of ⁇ -thiodipropionic acid for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl or tridecyl esters
  • mercaptobenzimidazole or the zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate
  • dioctadecyl disulfide penta- erythritol tetrakis( ⁇ -dodec
  • Polyamide stabilizers for example, copper salts in combination with iodides and/or phosphorus compounds and salts of divalent manganese.
  • Basic co-stabilizers for example, melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, poly- urethanes, alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium stearate, sodium ricinoleate and potassium palmitate, antimony pyrocatecholate or tin pyrocatecholate.
  • Basic co-stabilizers for example, melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, poly- urethanes, alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium ste
  • Nucleating agents may also be added.
  • inorganic substances such as talcum, metal oxides such as titanium dioxide or magnesium oxide, phosphates, carbonates or sulfates of, preferably, alkaline earth metals; organic compounds such as mono- or polycarboxyhc acids and the salts thereof, e.g. 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, diphenylacetic acid, sodium succinate or sodium benzoate; polymeric compounds such as ionic copolymers ("ionomers").
  • Clarifying agents may also be added.
  • Fillers and reinforcing agents for example, calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibres, glass bulbs, asbestos, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood flour and flours or fibers of other natural products, synthetic fibers.
  • dispersants/surfactants examples are:
  • additives for example, plasticisers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheology control additives, catalysts, flow-control agents, flameproofing agents, and antistatic agents.
  • the specific method of incorporation may be any of the various methods used in the polymer industry. These will need to be adapted to the stage of the polymer process where the addition takes place. For example, if the stabilizer system is soluble in a monomer used as in the polymerization solvent, the stabilizer may be added during the polymerization step. An emulsion polymerization process may allow the addition to take place during the emulsion polymerization if the stabilizer is compatible with or itself an emulsifier. Solid forms of stabilizers may be added during the pelletizing step. Later compounding is also possible, such as twin- screw extrusion mixing or other forms of internal mixers depending on the components involved. Uniform distribution of the additives is desired to prevent localized areas lacking in stabilizer or excessive variation in concentration of the various additives.
  • Comparative Example Cl 1500 g of unstabilized, un-neutralized, linear low density polyethylene (0.7 MI and 0.917 density) and 1.5 g of calcium stearate was placed in a jar and blended by shaking by hand for approximately 5 minutes directly after the weighing procedure and for another 1 minute directly before extrusion.
  • the blend was extruded through a laboratory scale, intermeshing, counter rotating, unvented, air cooled, conical twin screw (HaakeBuchler RheomixTM TW-100) with a front inside diameter of 20 mm.
  • the blend was gravity fed to the throat of the extruder, exposed to air.
  • the specific temperature profile of the 3 zone (feed, metering, mixing), plus die extruder was 160/210/210/210°C respectively.
  • the extruder was run at 100 RPM for the first "compounding" pass with a resultant melt temperature of approximately 200°C, and a residence time of approximately 1.5 minutes. Subsequent passes were run at the same temperature profile but at 80 RPM, to increase the residence time to 2 minutes (increase thermal exposure and accelerate thermal degradation). A 4 minute “purge” of material was discarded between each pass. Approximately 200 grams of material was collected from the first (compounding) and fifth pass. This material was used to run melt index (ASTM D1238 2.16kg/190°C) measurements. Comparative Example C2
  • Comparative Example C2 a blend was made and evaluated as in Comparative Example Cl except 2.25 g of IrganoxTM B-215 stabilizer (available from CIBA-GEIGY Corp., Hawthorne, NY) was added to the jar and blended into the mixture.
  • IrganoxTM B-215 stabilizer is said to be a blend of 1 part IrganoxTM 1010 (a phenolic stabilizer) and 2 parts IrgafosTM 168 (a phosphite stabilizer).
  • Example 1 a blend was made and evaluated as in Comparative Example C2 except 1.125 g of PEG 8000 (a polyethylene glycol available from Union Carbide) was also added to the jar and blended into the mixture. Comparative Example C3
  • Comparative Example C3 a blend was made and evaluated as in Comparative Example Cl except 1.80 g of IrganoxTM HP-2215 stabilizer (available from CIBA-GEIGY Corp., Hawthorne, NY) was added to the jar and blended into the mixture.
  • IrganoxTM HP-2215 stabilizer is said to be a blend of 1 part IrganoxTM 1010 (a phenolic stabilizer) and 2 parts IrgafosTM 168 (a phosphite stabilizer) and a quantity of a lactone-based stabilizer.
  • Example 2
  • Example 2 a blend was made and evaluated as in Comparative Example C3 except 1.125 g of CarbowaxTM 8000 (a polyethylene glycol available from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, CT) was also added to the jar and blended into the mixture.
  • CarbowaxTM 8000 a polyethylene glycol available from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, CT
  • the formulations listed in Table 1 show the additives as parts per hundred parts of the base resin (pph).
  • the melt index results are listed as grams per 10 minutes at the listed conditions.
  • Example 1 The Examples and Comparable Examples in Table 1 demonstrate the value of the invention to reduce the change in melt index. This may b seen by comparing the reduction in melt index after 5 passes to the melt index after 1 pass.
  • Comparative Example Cl a large change of 0.26 is noted. This reduction in melt index is representative of a significant increase in viscosity, probably due to molecular enlargement or crosslinking.
  • Comparative Example C2 The addition of a common stabilizer system in current use represented by Comparative Example C2 does show an improvement over Cl as evidenced by a smaller change in melt index.
  • the result shown for Example 1 of the invention shows an even smaller change of only 0.01. This indicates only a very small change in viscosity is taking place.
  • Comparative Example C3 Recent improvements in the state of the art represented by Comparative Example C3 shown an improvement when compared to the results of C2, but even this improvement does not reach the level of improvement noted in Example 1. When the invention is added to C3, as shown in Example 2, the change in melt index is reduced to zero. This is a most desired result. Comparative Examples C4-C8 and Example 3 Into 1000 grams of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) powder was added the various additives at the concentrations set forth in the various examples and in the table below. The concentration of the acid acceptor, zinc stearate, was set at 500 ppm. The concentration of the polyethylene glycol was set at 1000 ppm The resultant admixed powder was tumbled blended for 20 minutes on a Turbula mixer.
  • LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
  • the blended mixture was then melt compounded using a one inch Superior- MPM single screw fitted with a polyolefin compounding screw with a Maddock mixing section in the metering zone of the screw extruder, or a Leistritz 18 mm twin screw extruder.
  • the temperature of the exit die was set at 500° F.
  • the extruded molten strand was quenched in a water bath and pelletized using a Conair strand cutter. A 100 gram aliquot of the pellets from this first pass extrusion were retained for further testing, and the remainder of the extrudate was passed through the extruder again. In this fashion, retains of the pellets were collected for third and fifth pass extrudate.
  • the polyethylene (LLDPE) pellets were tested for melt flow rate using ASTM method 1238-90 on a Tinius-Olsen extrusion plastometer fitted with a 2.16 kg and 21.6 kg weight at 190° C.
  • the melt flow ratio a reflection of the changes in molecular weight distribution of the polymer, was obtained by taking the ratio of melt flow rates at 21.6 kg and 2.16 kg, respectively.

Abstract

Compositions comprising thermoplastic polymers, particularly polyolefin polymers, and a stabilizing system that comprises a lactone-based stabilizer and a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer is disclosed. Also disclosed are parts (including films) made from such compositions; and methods of stabilizing such polymers.

Description

POLYMER STABILIZATION
Background of the invention
This invention relates to the stabilization of thermoplastic polymers derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as polymers of ethylene and polymers of propylene. In one of its aspects this invention relates to methods of stabilizing such polymers. In another of its aspects, this invention relates to compositions comprising such thermoplastic polymers, lactone based stabilizers, and poly(oxyalkylene) compound. Thermoplastic polymers are a commercially important class of materials with a wide variety of applications. Many of these materials, including the polyolefins, will react with oxygen in a process called autooxidation. This process may be initiated by heat, radiation or reaction with impurities or catalyst residues. Because many of the uses of such polymers are in areas of extreme environments, such as dielectric films, insulating layers, and electron beam sterilization, or because the polymers must be processed under extreme conditions, such as in injection or blow molding, the susceptibility of these materials to autooxidation or degradation is a recognized problem.
A common route to minimizing the degradation problem is the addition of stabilizers by the resin manufacturers. Because thermooxidative degradation may occur during essentially all stages of the production and use of a polymer or polymeric article, it is advisable to add the stabilizers as early in the manufacturing process as possible. Stabilizers have been developed to counter the effects of thermal oxidation, chain scission, photooxidative degradation and other forms of radiation degradation, such as electron-beam and gamma- irradiation. See for Example, "Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering," Vol. 4, pp. 653-662, John Wiley & Sons, 1986.
Additive packages have commonly included antioxidants to trap or neutralize the free radicals generated by the degradation process. Hindered phenols are widely used for this purpose in the polymer industry. Aromatic amines, such as those derived from ?-phenylenediamine and diphenylamine, are used as free radical scavengers for peroxy radicals. Trivalent phosphorus compounds are useful to reduce hydroperoxides. Hindered amines are used for the protection of polyolefins from photodegradation. Synergistic combinations of these and other classes of stabilizers are used to improve the performance of the primary stabilizers. See for example, "Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering," Vol. 2, pp. 73-91, John Wiley & Sons, 1985. See also "Plastics Additives", Gatchter/Mϋller, 3rd Edition, pp. 1-100, Hanover Publishers, 1991. Stabilizers recently developed include classes of polyfunctional additives, such as di--l--ylhydroxyl--mines, which include functional aspects of previously used individual stabilizers into the form of a single molecule. A further development includes recently developed lactone additives based on a benzofiiranone derivative. See for example C. Krόhnke, "A Major Breakthrough in Polymer Stabilization", Presented at POLYOLEFINS X International Conference, February 23-26, 1997, Houston TX. Despite the advances in this technology, thermoplastic polymers, especially polyolefins, still exhibit degradation in certain uses and/or under certain processing conditions. This is evidenced by, for example, melt index changes in the polymers with multiple extrusion passes. With the economic incentive to recycle the materials generated and mold flash or runners by parts which are out of specification, multiple extrusion passes are very common. A means to maximize polymer performance through these processes is desirable.
The present invention achieves this result. It provides a method for decreasing or eliminating negative performance changes in thermoplastic polymer, such as polyethylene, polypropylene or copolymers of these with other monomers when subjected to heat, light and/or oxygen. It also provides polymer compositions and stabilizer systems which achieve this result. Other aspects and various advantages of this invention will become apparent upon reading this specification and the appended claims.
Summary of the Invention In one aspect, this invention relates to a polymer composition comprising an extrudable thermoplastic polymer derived from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer and a stabilizing system comprising a) a lactone stabilizer, and b) an effective amount of a poly(oxyalkylene) compound. The stabilizing system used in this invention is essentially free of any fluoropolymer component. Preferably it is totally free of a fluoropolymer component. In another aspect, this invention relates to the use of such a stabilizing system in the extrusion of thermoplastic polymers, particularly polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene or various copolymers thereof. The stability of the composition of the invention is demonstrated hereinafter by the retention of melt flow properties after multiple extrusion passes. The stabilizing system used in the aspects of this invention typically comprises from 0.005 to 15 weight percent of the extrudable composition When the stabilizing system is used in a final composition, it typically comprises from 0.01 to 0.6 and preferably from 0.05 to 0.3, weight percent of the composition When it is used in an intermediate composition, such as a concentrate or masterbatch, it typically comprises from 0.6 to 15, preferably from 1 to 15 and more preferably from 1 to 10, weight percent of the composition.
In a further aspect, the invention relates to shaped articles made from the above-described polymer composition.
In yet another aspect, this invention relates to a method of providing a thermoplastic resin composition with improved oxidative stability, comprising the steps of a) providing the thermoplastic polymer component, b) providing a lactone stabilizer, and c) providing an effective amount of a poly(oxyalkylene) compound, and c) blending the components. This composition may then be pelletized and/or further processed to form a shaped article.
In still another aspect, this invention relates to a method of stabilizing a polyolefin against the effects of radiation, including gamma radiation and electron beam radiation.
Detailed Description
The stabilizing system used in the present invention is essentially free of a fluoropolymer component and comprises
A) a lactone stabilizer compound that comprises benzofurane-2-one, and B) a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer. The Lactone Stabilizer Compound
Lactone stabilizer compounds comprising benzofurane-2-one and derivatives of benzofurane-2-one and methods for the preparation of such compounds are taught in U.S. patent numbers 5,516,920; 5,437,689; 5,422,415; 5,308,899; 5,252,643; 5,216,052; 5,175,312;4,611,016; 4,338,244; and 4,325,863, the disclosures of each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
Component A) is a benzofurane-2-one compound of formula I
Figure imgf000006_0001
wherein, when n is 1,
Ri is naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl, 5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-1-naphthyl, thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thiathrenyl, dibenzofiiryl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quina- zolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, β-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl, phenothiazinyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorenyl or phenoxazinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by d-C4alkyl, CrC4alkoxy, Cι-C alkylthio, hydroxy, halogen, amino, Cι-C4alkylamino, phenylamino or di(Cι-C4alkyl)amino, or R_ is a radical of formula π
Figure imgf000007_0001
and when n is 2,
Ri is phenylene or naphthylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by Ci- C4alkyl or hydroxy; or is -Rι2-X-Rι3-,
R2, R3, Rt and R$ are each independently of one another hydrogen, chloro, hydroxy, CrC 5alkyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl, unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or C1-C4alkyl-substituted C5-C8cycloalkyl; Ci-Cigalkoxy, Cι- Cigalkylthio, C dalkylamino, di(Cι-C4alkyl)amino, CrC25alkanoyloxy, Cι-C25al- kanoylamino, C3-C25alkenoyloxy, C3-C2salkanoyloxy which is
interrupted by oxygen, sulfiir or N— R14 ; Cβ-Cc-cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, benzoyl-
oxy or Cι-C12alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy; with the proviso that, when R2 is hydrogen or methyl, R7 or R9 is not hydroxy or Cι-C2salkanoyloxy; or each pair of substituents R2 and R3 or R3 and R» or R» and R_, together with the linking carbon atoms, forms a benzene ring; t is additionally
Figure imgf000007_0002
or -(CH )qOH, or when R3, R5 and Re are hydrogen, R» is additionally a radical of formula III
Figure imgf000007_0003
wherein Rι is as defined above for n = 1,
Re is hydrogen or a radical of formula IV
Figure imgf000008_0001
in which ----, is not a radical of formula III and Rt is as defined above for n = 1, R7, Rg, R9 and Rio are each independently of one another hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Cι-C25alkyl, C2-C25alkyl which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or
.N— R14 ; Cι-C25alkoxy, C2-C25alkoxy which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur
or N— R14 ; Cι-C25alkylthio, C3-C2salkenyl, C3-C2salkenyloxy, C3-C25alkynyl,
C -C25alkynyloxy, C7-C9phenylalkyl, C7-C9phenylalkoxy, unsubstituted or Cι-C4al- kyl-substituted phenyl; unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substituted phenoxy; unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substituted C5-C8cycloalkyl; unsubstituted or Cι-C alkyl- substituted Cs-Cgcycloalkoxy; Cι-C4alkylamino, di(Cι-C alkyl)amino, Cι-C2salka-
noyl, C3-C25alkanoyl which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 ; Cι-C25_
alkanoyloxy, C3-C2salkanoyloxy which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur
or N— R14 ; Cι-C25alkanoylamino, C3-C 5alkenoyl, C3-C 5alkenoyl which is
interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 ; C3-C25alkenoyloxy, C3-C25.
alkenoyloxy which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 ; Cβ-Cgcyclo
alkylcarbonyl, Cβ-Cgcycloalkylcarbonyloxy, benzoyl or Cι-Cι2alkyl-substituted benzoyl; benzoyloxy or Cι-Cι2 alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy; O — R!3 , or also in formula
Figure imgf000009_0001
II each pair of substituents R and Rg or Rg and Rn, together with the linking carbon atoms, forms a benzene ring,
Rn is hydrogen, Cι-C2salkyl, Cι-C25alkylthio, C3-C2salkenyl, C3-C2salkynyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl, unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substituted phenyl; unsubstituted or
Cι-C4alkyl-substituted Cs-Cgcycloalkyl; Cι-C4alkylamino, di(Cι-C alkyl)amino, Ci-
C25alkanoyl, C3-C25alkanoyl which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 ;
Cι-C25alkanoylamino, C3-C25alkenoyl, C3-C25alkenoyl which is interrupted by
oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 ; Cβ-Cpcycloalkylcarbonyl, benzoyl or Cι-Cι2alkyl-
substituted benzoyl; with the proviso that at least one of R7, Rg, R9, Rio or Rn is not hydrogen,
R12 and Rι3 are each independently of the other unsubstituted or Cι-C alkyl- substituted phenylene or naphthylene, Rι4 is hydrogen or Cι-C8alkyl, R15 is hydroxy,
[Oθ -1 Mr+] , r
^R24 Cι-Cιgalkoxy or — N t
R 25
Ri6 and Rn are each independently of the other hydrogen, CF3, Cι-Cι2alkyl or phenyl, or Riβ and Rn, together with the linking carbon atom, form a C5- Cgcycloalkylidene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 Cι-C4alkyl groups;
Rig and R19 are each independently of the other hydrogen, Cι-C4alkyl or phenyl,
R20 is hydrogen or C C4alkyl, R21 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substituted phenyl; Cι-C25alkyl,
C2-C25alkyl which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 ; C7-C9phenylalkyl
which is unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl moiety by 1 to 3 Cι-C4alkyl groups; C7-C2sphenylalkyl which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or
.N— R14 and which is unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl moiety by 1 to 3
Cι-C alkyl groups; or R2o and R2ι, together with the linking carbon atoms, form a C5-Cι2cycloalkylene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 Cι-C alkyl groups;
R22 is hydrogen or Cι-C4alkyl, R2 is hydrogen, Cι-C25alkanoyl, C3-C25alkenoyl, C3-C2salkanoyl which is
interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 ; C2-C25alkanoyl which is substituted by
a di(Cι-C6alkyl)phosphonate group; Cβ-Cgcycloalkylcarbonyl, thenoyl, furoyl,
benzoyl or
Figure imgf000010_0001
benzoyl;
Figure imgf000010_0002
Figure imgf000010_0003
Figure imgf000011_0001
R24 and R25 are each independently of the other hydrogen or Cι-Cι8alkyl,
R26 is hydrogen or Ci-Cgalkyl,
R27 is a direct bond, Ci-Cigalkylene, C2-Cι8alkylene which is interrupted by
oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 ; C2-Cι8alkenylene, C2-C20alkylidene, C7-C20phenyl-
alkylidene, Cs-Cgcycloalkylene, C7-Cgbicycloalkylene, unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl- substituted phenylene, [T~ or JJ~
R2g is hydroxy,
[OΘ -i M r+] ,
χ 2
Cι-Cιgalkoxy or N' x 25
R29 is oxygen, -NH- or °
^N-C-NH R -0
R3o is Ci-Cigalkyl or phenyl,
R3ι is hydrogen or Ci-Cigalkyl,
M is a metal cation of valency r,
X is a direct bond, oxygen, sulfur or -NR_r, n is 1 or 2, p is 0, 1 or 2, q is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, r is 1, 2 or 3, and s is 0, 1 or 2.
Naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl, 5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-1-naphthyl, thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thiathrenyl, dibenzofiiryl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quina- zolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, β-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl, phenothiazinyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorenyl or phenoxazinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by Cι-C4alkyl, Cι-C alkoxy, Cι-C alkylthio, hydroxy, halogen, amino, Cι-C4alkylamino, phenylamino or di(Cι-C4alkyl)amino, will typically be 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, l-phenylamino-4-naphthyl, 1-methylnaphthyl, 2-methylnaphthyl, 1-me- thoxy-2-naphthyl, 2-methoxy-l -naphthyl, l-dimethylamino-2-naphthyl, 1,2- dimethyl-4-naphthyl, l,2-dimethyl-6-naphthyl, l,2-dimethyl-7-naphthyl, 1,3-di- methyl-6-naρhthyl, l,4-dimethyl-6-naphthyl, l,5-dimethyl-2 -naphthyl, 1,6-dimethyl- 2-naphthyl, l-hydroxy-2-naphthyl, 2 -hydroxy- 1 -naphthyl, l,4-dihydroxy-2-naph- thyl, 7-phenanthryl, 1 -anthryl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, 3-benzo[b]thienyl, 5-benzo[b]- thienyl, 2-benzo[b]thienyl, 4-dibenzofuryl, 4,7-dibenzofuryl, 4-methyl-7-dibenzofu- ryl, 2-xanthenyl, 8-methyl-2-xanthenyl, 3 -xanthenyl, 2-phenoxathiinyl, 2,7-phenoxa- thiinyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyle, 5-methyl-3-pyrrolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5- imidazolyl, 2-methyl-4-imidazolyl, 2-ethyl-4-imidazolyl, 2-ethyl-5-imidazolyl, 3- pyrazolyl, l-methyl-3 -pyrazolyl, l-propyl-4-pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 5,6-dimethyl-2- pyrazinyl, 2-indolizinyl, 2-methyl-3 -isoindolyl, 2-methyl-l -isoindolyl, l-methyl-2- indolyl, l-methyl-3 -indolyl, l,5-dimethyl-2-indolyl, l-methyl-3 -indazolyl, 2,7- dimethyl-8-purinyl, 2-methoxy-7-methyl-8-purinyl, 2-quinolizinyl, 3 -isoquinolyl, 6- isoquinolyl, 7-isoquinolyl, isoquinolyl, 3-methoxy-6-isoquinolyl, 2-quinolyl, 6-qui- nolyl, 7-quinolyl, 2-methoxy-3 -quinolyl, 2-methoxy-6-quinolyl, 6-phthalazinyl, 7- phthalazinyl, l-methoxy-6-phthalazinyl, l,4-dimethoxy-6-phthalazinyl, 1,8- naphthyridin-2-yl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 6-quinoxalinyl, 2,3-dimethyl-6-quinoxalinyl, 2,3- dimethoxy-6-quinoxalinyl, 2-quinazolinyl, 7-quinazolinyl, 2-dimethylamino-6-quina- zolinyl, 3-cinnolinyl, 6-cinnolinyl, 7-cinnolinyl, 3-methoxy-7-cinnolinyl, 2-pteridinyl, 6-pteridinyl, 7-pteridinyl, 6,7-dimethoxy-2-pteridinyl, 2-carbazolyl, 3-carbazolyl, 9- methyl-2-carbazolyl, 9-methyl-3-carbazolyl, β-carbolin-3-yl, l-methyl-β-carbolin-3- yl, l-methyl-β-carbolin-6-yl, 3-phenanthridinyl, 2-acridinyl, 3-acridinyl, 2-perimidi- nyl, l-methyl-5-perimidinyl, 5-phenanthrolinyl, 6-phenanthrolinyl, 1-phenazinyl, 2- phenazinyl, 3-isothiazolyl, 4-isothiazolyl, 5-isothiazolyl, 2-phenothiazinyl, 3- phenothiazinyl, 10-methyl-3-phenothiazinyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 4-methyl-3 -furazanyl, 2-phenoxazinyl or 10-methyl-2-phenoxazinyl.
Particularly preferred above substituents are naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l-naphthyl, thienyl, benzo[b]- thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thiathrenyl, dibenzofiiryl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, pyrrolyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, phenothiazinyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorenyl or phenoxazinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by Cι-C4alkyl, Cι-C4alkoxy, Cι-C alkylthio, hydroxy, phenylamino or di(Cι-C4alkyl)amino, typically 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, l-phenylamino-4-naphthyl, 1-methylnaphthyl, 2-methylnaphthyl, 1-me- thoxy-2-naphthyl, 2-methoxy-l -naphthyl, l-dimethylamino-2-naphthyl, 1,2- dimethyl-4-naphthyl, l,2-dimethyl-6-naphthyl, l,2-dimethyl-7-naphthyl, 1,3- dimethyl-6-naphthyl, l,4-dimethyl-6-naphthyl, l,5-dimethyl-2-naphthyl, 1,6- dimethyl-2-naphthyl, l-hydroxy-2-naphthyl, 2-hydroxy-l -naphthyl, 1,4-dihydroxy- 2-naphthyl, 7-phenanthryl, 1-anthryl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, 3-benzo[b]thienyl, 5-ben- zo[b]thienyl, 2-benzo[b]thienyl, 4-dibenzofuryl, 4,7-dibenzofuryl, 4-methyl-7- dibenzofuryl, 2-xanthenyl, 8-methyl-2-xanthenyl, 3 -xanthenyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3 -pyrrolyl, 2-phenothiazinyl, 3 -phenothiazinyl, 10-methyl-3 -phenothiazinyl.
Halogen substituents will conveniently be chloro, bromo or iodo. Chloro is preferred.
Alkanoyl of up to 25 carbon atoms inclusive is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, undecanoyl, dodecanoyl, tridecanoyl, tetradecanoyl, pentadecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, heptadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, eicosa- noyl or docosanoyl. Alkanoyl of 2 to 18, most preferably 2 to 12, e.g. 2 to 6, carbon atoms, is preferred. Acetyl is particularly preferred. C2-C25- -Jkanoyl substituted by a di(Cι-C6alkyl)phosphonate group will typically be (CH3CH2O)2POCH2CO-, (CH3O)2POCH2CO-, (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)2POCH2CO-, (CH3CH2O)2POCH2CH2CO-, (CH3O)2POCH2CH2CO-, (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)2POCH2CH2CO-, (CH3CH2O)2PO(CH2)4CO-, (CH3CH2O)2PO(CH2)gCO- or (CH3CH2O)2PO(CH2)ι7CO-.
Alkanoyloxy of up to 25 carbon atoms is an unbranched or branched radical and is typically formyloxy, acetoxy, propionyloxy, butanoyloxy, pentanoyloxy, hexanoyloxy, heptanoyloxy, octanoyloxy, nonanoyloxy, decanoyloxy, unde- canoyloxy, dodecanoyloxy, tridecanoyloxy, tetradecanoyloxy, pentadecanoyloxy, hexadecanoyloxy, heptadecanoyloxy, octadecanoyloxy, eicosanoyloxy or docosa- noyloxy. Alkanoyloxy of 2 to 18, preferably 2 to 12, e.g. 2 to 6, carbon atoms is preferred. Acetoxy is particularly preferred.
Alkenoyl of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propenoyl, 2-butenoyl, 3-butenoyl, isobutenoyl, n-2,4-pentadien- oyl, 3-methyl-2-butenoyl, n-2-octenoyl, n-2-dodecenoyl, isododecenoyl, oleoyl, n- 2-octadecenoyl or n-4-octadecenoyl. Alkenoyl of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, e.g. 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred.
C3-C25 Alkenoyl interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or .N— R14 is typically
CH3OCH2CH2CH=CHCO- or CH3OCH2CH2OCH=CHCO-.
Alkenoyloxy of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propenoyloxy, 2-butenoyloxy, 3-butenoyloxy, isobutenoyloxy, n- 2,4-pentadienoyloxy, 3-methyl-2-butenoyloxy, n-2-octenoyloxy, n-2-dodecen- oyloxy, isododecenoyloxy, oleoyloxy, n-2-octadecenoyloxy or n-4-octadecenoyl- oxy. Alkenoyloxy of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, typically 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred.
C3-C25 Alkenoyloxy interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 will typically
be CH3OCH2CH2CH=CHCOO- or CH3OCH2CH2OCH=CHCOO-. C3-C25-Alkanoyl interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or
Figure imgf000015_0001
will typically
be CH3-O-CH2CO-, CH3-S-CH2CO-, CH3-NH-CH2CO-, CH3-N(CH3)-CH2CO-, CH3-O-CH2CH2-O-CH2CO-, CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)2O-CH2CO-, CH3-(O-CH2CH2)3O- CH2CO- or CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)4O-CH2CO-.
C3-C25-Alkanoyloxy interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 will
typically be CH3-O-CH2COO-, CH3-S-CH2COO-, CH3-NH-CH2COO-, CH3- N(CH3)-CH2COO-, CH3-O-CH2CH2-O-CH2COO-, CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)2O- CH2COO-, CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)3O-CH2COO- or CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)4O-CH2COO- Cβ-CgCycloalkylcarbonyl is typically cyclopentylcarbonyl, cyclohexyl- carbonyl, cycloheptylcarbonyl or cyclooctylcarbonyl. Cyclohexylcarbonyl is preferred.
Cβ-CgCycloalkylcarbonyloxy is typically cyclopentylcarbonyloxy, cyclohe- xylcarbonyloxy, cycloheptylcarbonyloxy or cyclooctylcarbonyloxy. Cyclohexylcar- bonyloxy is preferred. Cι-Cι2Alkyl-substituted benzoyl which preferably carries 1 to 3, most preferably 1 or 2, alkyl groups, is typically o-, m- or p-methylbenzoyl, 2,3-dimethyl- benzoyl, 2,4-dimethylbenzoyl, 2,5-dimethylbenzoyl, 2,6-dimethylbenzoyl, 3,4-di- methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, 2-methyl-6-ethylbenzoyl, 4-tert-butylbenzoyl, 2-ethylbenzoyl, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl, 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylbenzoyl or 3,5-di- tert-butylbenzoyl. Preferred substituents are Ci-Cgalkyl, most preferably Cι-C alkyl. Cι-Cι2Alkyl-substituted benzoyloxy which preferably carries 1 to 3, most preferably 1 or 2, alkyl groups, is typically o-, m- or p-methylbenzoyloxy, 2,3-di- methylbenzoyloxy, 2,4-dimethylbenzoyloxy, 2,5-dimethylbenzoyloxy, 2,6-dimethyl- benzoyloxy, 3,4-dimethylbenzoyloxy, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyloxy, 2-methyl-6-ethyl- benzoyloxy, 4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy, 2-ethylbenzoyloxy, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyloxy, 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylbenzoyloxy or 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoyloxy. Preferred substituents are Ci-Cgalkyl, preferably Cι-C alkyl.
Alkyl of up to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical and is typically methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2- ethylbutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, 1-methylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, n-hexyl, 1-me- thylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl, 3-methyl- heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, 1-methylundecyl, dodecyl, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylhexyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl or docosyl. A preferred meaning of R2 and Rμs typically Ci-Cigalkyl. A particularly preferred meaning of t is Cι-C4alkyl.
Alkenyl of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-2,4-pentadienyl, 3- methyl-2-butenyl, n-2-octenyl, n-2-dodecenyl, isododecenyl, oleyl, n-2-octadecenyl or n-4-octadecenyl. Alkenyl of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, typically 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred
Alkenyloxy of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propenyloxy, 2-butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy, isobutenyloxy, n-2,4- pentadienyloxy, 3-methyl-2-butenyloxy, n-2-octenyloxy, n-2-dodecenyloxy, isodo- decenyloxy, oleyloxy, n-2-octadecenyloxy or n-4-octadecenyloxy. Alkenyloxy of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, typically 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred.
Alkynyl of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propynyl ( — CHj-C≡CH )} 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, n-2-octynyl or n-2-
dodecynyl.
Alkynyl of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to 12, typically 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred.
Alkynyloxy of 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, typically including propynyloxy ( — OCH2-C-≡CH ), 2-butynyloxy, 3-butynyloxy,
n-2-octynyloxy, or n-2-dodecynyloxy. Alkynyloxy of 3 to 18, preferably 3 to
12, typically 3 to 6, most preferably 3 to 4, carbon atoms is preferred.
C2-C25 Alkyl interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 will typically be
CH3-OCH2-, CH3-S-CH2-, CH3-NH-CH2-, CH3-N(CH3)-CH2-, CH3-O-CH2CH2-O- CH2-, CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)2O-CH2-, CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)3O-CH2- or CH3-(O- CH2CH2-)4O-CH2-.
C7-C9Phenylalkyl may typically be benzyl, α-methylbenzyl, α,α- dimethylbenzyl or 2-phenylethyl. Benzyl and α,α-dimethylbenzyl are preferred. C7-C9-Phenylalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl moiety by 1 to 3 Cι-C4alkyl groups will typically be benzyl, α-methylbenzyl, α,α- dimethylbenzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2,4-dimethylbenzyl, 2,6-dimethylbenzyl or 4-tert-butylbenzyl. Benzyl is preferred.
C7-C25Phenylalkyl which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 and is
unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl moiety by 1 to 3 Cι-C alkyl groups is a branched or unbranched radical such as phenoxymethyl, 2-methylphenoxymethyl, 3- methylphenoxymethyl, 4-methylphenoxymethyl, 2,4-dimethylphenoxymethyl, 2,3- dimethylphenoxymethyl, phenylthiomethyl, N-methyl-N-phenyl-methyl, N-ethyl-N- phenylmethyl, 4-tert-butylphenoxymethyl, 4-tert-butylphenoxyethoxymethyl, 2,4-di- tert-butylphenoxymethyl, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenoxyethoxymethyl, phenoxyethoxy- ethoxyethoxymethyl, benzyloxy ethyl, benzyloxyethoxymethyl, N-benzyl-N-ethyl- methyl or N-benzyl-N-isopropylmethyl.
C7-C9Phenylalkoxy is typically benzyloxy, α-methylbenzyloxy, α,α-dime- thylbenzyloxy or 2-phenylethoxy. Benzyloxy is preferred. Ci-C-iAlkyl-substituted phenyl that preferably contains 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2, alkyl groups, will typically be o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl or 2,6-diethylphenyl. Cι-C4Alkyl-substituted phenoxy which preferably contains 1 to 3, most preferably 1 or 2, alkyl groups, is typically o-, m- or p-methylphenoxy, 2,3-dime- thylphenoxy, 2,4-dimethylphenoxy, 2,5-dimethylphenoxy, 2,6-dimethylphenoxy, 3,4-dimethylphenoxy, 3,5-dimethylphenoxy, 2-methyl-6-ethylphenoxy, 4-tert-butyl- phenoxy, 2-ethylphenoxy or 2,6-diethylphenoxy. Unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substituted Cs-Cgcycloalkyl is typically cyclopentyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, trimethylcyclohexyl, tert-butylcyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl. Cyclohexyl and tert-butylcyclohexyl are preferred. Unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substituted C5-Cgcycloalkoxy is typically cyclopentoxy, methylcyclopentoxy, dimethylcyclopentoxy, cyclohexoxy, methyl- cyclohexoxy, dimethylcyclohexoxy, trimethylcyclohexoxy, tert-butylcyclohexoxy, cycloheptoxy or cyclooctoxy. Cyclohexoxy and tert-butylcyclohexoxy are preferred.
Alkoxy of up to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical and is typically methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, octoxy, decyloxy, tetradecyloxy, hexadecyloxy or octadecyloxy. Alkoxy of 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 8, e.g. 1 to 6, carbon atoms is preferred.
C2-C25 Alkoxy interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 is typically CH3-
O-CH2CH2O-, CH3-S-CH2CH2O-, CH3-NH-CH2CH2O-, CH3-N(CH3)-CH2CH2O-, CH3-O-CH2CH2-O-CH2CH2O-, CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)2O-CH2CH2O-, CH3-(O- CH2CH2-)3O-CH2CH2O- or CH3-(O-CH2CH2-)4O-CH2CH2O-.
Alkylthio of up to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical and is typically methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, pentylthio, isopentylthio, hexylthio, heptylthio, octylthio, decylthio, tetradecylthio, hexadecylthio or octadecylthio. Alkylthio of 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 8, e.g. 1 to 6, carbon atoms is preferred.
Alkylamino of up to 4 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical and is typically methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, n-butylamino, isobutylamino or tert-butylamino.
Di(Cι-C )alkylamino also signifies that the two moieties, each independently of the other, are branched or unbranched, and is typically dimethylatnino, methylethylamino, diethylamino, methyl-n-propylamino, methylisopropylamino, methyl-n-butylamino, methylisobutylamino, ethylisopropylamino, ethyl-n- butylamino, ethylisobutylamino, ethyl-tert-butylamino, diethylamino, diisopropylamino, isopropyl-n-butylamino, isopropylisobutylamino, di-n-butylamino or diisobutylamino.
Alkanoylamino of up to 25 carbon atoms is an unbranched or branched radical and is typically formylamino, acetylamino, propionyla ino, butanoylamino, pentanoylamino, hexanoylamino, heptanoylamino, octanoylamino, nonanoylamino, decanoylamino, undecanoylamino, dodecanoylamino, tridecanoylamino, tetradeca- noylamino, pentadecanoylamino, hexadecanoylamino, heptadecanoylamino, octade- canoylamino, eicosanoylamino oder docosanoylamino. Alkanoylamino of 2 to 18, preferably 2 to 12, e.g. 2 to 6, carbon atoms is preferred. Cι-CιgAlkylene is a branched or unbranched radical, typically methylene, ethylene, propylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, decamethylene, dodecamethylene or octadecamethylene. Cι-Cι2Alkylene is preferred, and Ci-Cgalkylene is particularly preferred. A Cι-C4alkyl-substituted Cs-Cgcycloalkylene ring which preferably contains
1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2 branched or unbranched alkyl groups will typically be cyclopentylene, methylcyclopentylene, dimethylcyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, methylcyclohexylene, dimethylcyclohexylene, trimethylcyclohexylene, tert-butyl- cyclohexylene, cycloheptylene, cyclooctylene or cyclodecylene. Cyclohexylene and tert-butylcyclohexylene.
C2-CιgAlkylene which is interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or N— R14 will
typically be -CH2-O-CH2-, -CH2-S-CH2-, -CH2-NH-CH2-, -CH2-N(CH3)-CH2-, - CH2-O-CH2CH2-O-CH2-, -CH2-(O-CH2CH2-)2O-CH2-, -CH2-(O-CH2CH2-)3O- CH2- , -CH2-(O-CH2CH2-)4O-CH2- or -CH2CH2-S-CH2CH2-. C2-CιgAlkenylene is typically vinylene, methylvinylene, octenylethylene or dodecenylethylene. C2-CgAlkenylene is preferred.
Alkylidene of 2 to 20 carbon atoms may typically be ethylidene, propyliden, butylidene, pentylidene, 4-methylpentylidene, heptylidene, nonylidene, tridecylidene, nonadecylidene, 1-methylethylidene, 1-ethylpropylidene or 1-ethylpentylidene. C2- CgAlkylidene is preferred. Phenylalkylidene of 7 to 20 carbon atoms may typically be benzylidene, 2- phenylethylidene or l-phenyl-2-hexylidene. C7-C9Phenylalkylidene is preferred.
C5-CgCycloalkylene is a saturated hydrocarbon group having two free valences and at least one ring unit and is typically cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, cycloheptylene or cyclooctylene. Cyclohexylene is preferred.
C -CgBicycloalkylene may be bicycloheptylene or bicyclooctylene. Unsubstituted or Cι-C alkyl-substituted phenylene or naphthylene is typically 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-phenylene, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 2,6- or 2,7-naphthy- lene. 1,4-phenylene is preferred. A Cι-C alkyl-substituted Cs-Cgcycloalkylidene ring that preferably contains
1 to 3, most preferably 1 or 2, branched or unbranched alkyl groups, is typically cyclopentylidene, methylcyclopentylidene, dimethylcyclopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, methylcyclohexylidene, dimethylcyclohexylidene, trimethylcyclohexylidene, tert-butylcyclohexylidene, cycloheptyhdene or cyclooctylidene. Cyclohexylidene and tert-butylcyclohexylidene are preferred.
A mono-, di- or trivalent metal cation is preferably an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation or an aluminium cation, typically Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++ or AT+.
Interesting compounds of formula I are those wherein, when n is 1, Ri is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted in para-position by Ci-
Cigalkylthio or di(Cι-C4-alkyl)amino; mono- to penta-substituted alkylphenyl containing together a maximum number of 18 carbon atoms in the 1 to 5 alkyl substituents; naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluorenyl, carbazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, phenothiazinyl or 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by Cι-C4alkyl, Cι-C4alkoxy, Cι-C4alkylthio, hydroxy or amino.
Preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein, when n is 2,
Figure imgf000020_0001
Rι2 and Rι3 are phenylene, X is oxygen or -NR3ι-, and
R3ι is C C4alkyl. Further preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein, when n is 1,
Ri is naphthyl, phenanthryl, thienyl, dibenzofuryl, carbazolyl, fluorenyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by Cι-C alkyl, Cι-C4alkoxy, Cι-C4alkylthio, hydroxy, halogen, amino, Cι-C alkylamino or di(Cι-C -alkyl)amino, or is a radical of formula II
Figure imgf000021_0001
R7, Rg, R9 und Rio are each independently of one another hydrogen, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, Ci-Cigalkyl, C2-Cιgalkyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfur, Ci-Cigalkoxy, C2-Cιgalkoxy which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir; Ci- Cigalkylthio, C3-Cι2alkenyloxy, C3-Cι2alkynyloxy, C7-C9phenylalkyl, C7-C9. phenylalkoxy, unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substituted phenyl; phenoxy, cyclohexyl, C5-Cgcycloalkoxy; Cι-C alkylamino, di(C C alkyl)amino, Cι-Cι2alkanoyl, C3- Cι2alkanoyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfur; Cι-Cι2alkanoyloxy, C3-
Cι2alkanoyloxy which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir; Cι-Cι2alkanoylamino, C3- Cι2alkenoyl, C3-Cι2alkenoyloxy, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylcarbonyloxy, benzoyl or Cι-C alkyl-substituted benzoyl; benzoyloxy or Cι-C4alkyl substituted
benzoy Jloxy J; O , ' or in formula II each
Figure imgf000021_0002
pair of substituents R7 and Rg or Rg and Rn, together with the linking carbon atoms, forms a benzene ring,
Rn is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl, Ci-Cigalkylthio, C7-C9phenylalkyl, unsubstituted or Cι-C alkyl-substituted phenyl; cyclohexyl, Cι-C4alkylamino, di(Cι-C4-alkyl)amino, Cι-Cι2alkanoyl, C3-Cι2alkanoyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir; Cι-Cι2al- kanoylamino, C3-Cι2alkenoyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, benzoyl or Cι-C4alkyl-sub- stituted benzoyl; with the proviso that at least one of R7, Rg, R9, Rio or R is not hydrogen; /R2 .
R15 is hydroxy, Cι-Cι2alkoxy or — N x25
Rig and R19 are each independently of the other hydrogen or Cι-C4alkyl,
R20 is hydrogen,
R2ι is hydrogen, phenyl, Ci-Cigalkyl, C2-Cι8alkyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir, C7-C9phenylalkyl, C7-Cι8phenylalkyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir and which is unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl moiety by 1 to 3 Cι-C4alkyl groups, and R19 and R20, together with the linking carbon atoms, form a cyclohexylene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 Cι-C4alkyl groups,
R22is hydrogen or Cι-C4alkyl,
R23 is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkanoyl, C3-Cι2alkenoyl, C3-Cι2alkanoyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfiir; C2-Cι2alkanoyl which is substituted by a di(Cι-C6- alkyl)phosphonate group; Cβ-Cgcycloalkylcarbonyl, benzoyl,
Figure imgf000022_0001
R24 and R25 are each independently of the other hydrogen or Cι-Cι2alkyl, R2β is hydrogen or Cι-C alkyl, R27 is Cι-Cι2alkylene, C2-Cgalkenylene, C2-Cgalkylidene, C7-Cι2phenylalkyli- dene, Cs-Cgcycloalkylene or phenylene, R28 is hydroxy, Cι-Cι2alkoxy or _
Figure imgf000023_0001
R29 is oxygen or -NH-, R3o is Ci-Cigalkyl or phenyl, and s is 1 or 2. Also preferred are compounds of formula I, wherein, when n is 1,
Ri is phenanthryl, thienyl, dibenzofiiryl, unsubstituted or Cι-C4alkyl-substi- tuted carbazolyl; or fluorenyl, or Ri is a radical of formula II
Figure imgf000023_0002
R7, Rg, Rg und Rio are each independently of one another hydrogen, chloro, hydroxy, Ci-Cigalkyl, Cι-Cι8alkoxy, C Cιgalkylthio, C3-C4alkenyloxy, C3-C -alky-
R-- , nyloxy, phenyl, benzoyl, benzoyloxy or ■ O ' C I " CI " O ^~ ^ ,, ,
I I
H R22
Rn is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl, Ci-Cigalkylthio, phenyl or cyclohexyl; with the proviso that at least one of R7, Rg, Rg, Rio or Rπ is not hydrogen, R2o is hydrogen,
R2ι is hydrogen, phenyl or Ci-Cigalkyl, or R20 and π, together with the linking carbon atoms, form a cyclohexylene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 Cι-C4alkyl groups, R22 is hydrogen or Cι-C4alkyl, and
R is hydrogen, Cι-Cι2alkanoyl or benzoyl.
Compounds of formula I are especially preferred, wherein, when n is 1, R7, Rg, R9 and Rio are each independently of one another hydrogen or Ci- C4alkyl, and Rn is hydrogen, Cι-Cι2alkyl, Cι-C4alkylthio or phenyl; with the proviso that at least one of R7, Rg, Rg, Rio or Rn is not hydrogen.
Particularly interesting compounds of formula I are those wherein R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each independently of one another hydrogen, chloro, Ci-Cigalkyl, benzyl, phenyl, Cs-Cgcycloalkyl, Ci-Cigalkoxy, Ci-Cigalkylthio, Ci-Cigalkanoyloxy, Ci-Cig. alkanoylamino, C3-Cι8alkenoyloxy or benzoyloxy; with the proviso that, when R2 is hydrogen or methyl, R7 or R9 is not hydroxy or Cι-C2salkanoyloxy; or each pair of substituents R2 and R3 or R3 and t or t and R5, together with the linking carbon atoms, forms a benzene ring, R-t is additionally -(CH2)p-CORi5 or -(CH2)qOH or, if R3, R5 and Re are hydrogen, R-t is additionally a radical of formula III,
/R 2 R15 is hydroxy, Cι-Cι2alkoxy or — N _
R 25
Ri6 and Rπ are methyl groups or, together with the linking carbon atom, form a Cs-Cgcycloalkylidene ring which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 Ci- C4alkyl groups, R2 and R25 are each independently of the other hydrogen or Cι-Cι2alkyl, p is 1 or 2, and q is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
Particularly interesting compounds of formula I are also those wherein at least two of R2, R3, t and R5 are hydrogen. Compounds of formula I of very particular interest are those wherein R3 and
Rs are hydrogen.
Very particularly preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein R2 is Cι-C4alkyl, R3 is hydrogen, t is Cι-C4alkyl or, if Re is hydrogen, Rt is additionally a radical of formula in,
R5 is hydrogen, and
Ri6 and Rπ, together with the linking carbon atom, form a cyclohexylidene ring. Preferably, the compounds of formula I include the following,
Figure imgf000025_0001
wherein
R2, R3, R-t, and R5 are each independently of one another hydrogen or d-
Cβalkyl, with the proviso that at least two of 2, R3, Rt, and R5 are Ci-Cβalkyl; R7, Rg, Rg, Rio, and Rn, are each independently of one another hydrogen or
Ci-Cβalkyl, with the proviso that at least two of R , Rg, R9, Rio, and R are C
C6alkyl.
Preferably, R -Rιo are each independently of the other hydrogen or Ci-
C alkyl, and Rn is hydrogen or Cι-C6alkyl, with the proviso that at least two of R7- Rn are not hydrogen.
Even more preferably, R2 is Cι-C alkyl, R3 is hydrogen, t is Cι-C4alkyl, and R5 is hydrogen.
Most preferably, the benzofurane-2-one is 3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di- tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one,
Figure imgf000025_0002
which is commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. under the trademark, IRGANOX® HP 136. Alternatively or in addition to the compounds described above, the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those benzofiiranones disclosed in DE-A-
4316611, DE-A-4316622, DE-A-4316876, EP-A-0589839 or EP-A-0591102 or 3- [4-(2-acetoxyethoxy)phenyl] -5 , 7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-2-one, 5 , 7-di-tert-butyl— 3-[4-(2-stearoyloxyethoxy)phenyl]benzofuran-2-one, 3,3'-bis[5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(4- [2-hydroxyethoxy]phenyl)benzofiiran-2-one] , 5 , 7-di-tert-butyl-3 -(4-ethoxyphenyl)- benzofuran-2-one, 3 -(4-acetoxy-3 , 5 -dimethylphenyl)-5 , 7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-- 2-one, 3-(3,5-dimethyl-4-pivaloyloxyphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzofiιran-2-one. The compounds of formula I may be prepared as described in US patent number 5,516,920, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In general, the benzofurane-2-one comprises at least about 0.001 wt % to about 50 wt % per total weight of the stabilizing system, more preferably between about 0.10 and 15 weight percent, and most preferably between about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % per total weight of the stabilizing system. The benzofurane-2-one may be combined with one or more free radical scavengers, described hereinafter, if desired. In this circumstance, the lactone stabilizer preferably comprises from 10 to 20 weight percent of the combination of lactone and free radical scavengers.
Phenolic Component
Useful phenolic compounds include both mono-, di-, and polyphenols. Examples of these materials are di-tertiary-butylphenol, styrenated phenol, 2,2'- methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), and l,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)-benzene.
The phenol component generally may comprise up to about 75 weight percent of the overall stabilizer system, more preferably between about 10 and 50 weight percent, and most preferably between about 20 and 40 weight percent.
PoMoxyalkylene Component
Component B) of the stabilizing system is a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer. These polymers include poly(oxyalkylene) polyols and their derivatives, and a useful class of poly(oxyalkylene) polymers can be represented by the general formula A[(OR1)xOR2]y where A is an active hydrogen-free residue of a low molecular weight, initiator organic compound having a plurality of active hydrogen atoms (e.g., 2 or 3), such as a polyhydroxyalkane or polyether polyol, e.g., ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,1,1,-trimethylol propane, and poly(oxypropylene) glycol; y is 2 or 3; the (OR1),- is a poly(oxyalkylene) chain having a plurality of oxyalkylene groups, (ORl), wherein the Ri radicals can be the Ri radicals can be the same or different, and are selected from the group consisting of Ci to C5 alkylene radicals and preferably C2 or C3 alkylene radicals; and x is the number of oxyalkylene units. Said poly(oxyalkylene) chain can be a homopolymer chain, e.g., poly(oxyethylene) or poly(oxypropylene), or can be a chain of randomly distributed (i.e., a heteric mixture) oxyalkylene groups, e.g., a copolymer of
— OC2H4 — and — OC3H5 — units, or can be a chain having alternating blocks or backbone segments of repeating oxyalkylene groups, e.g., a polymer comprising
Figure imgf000027_0001
blocks, where a + b = x, is about 5 to about 500 and preferably about 10 to 300. R^ is H or an organic radical such as alkyl, aryl or combination thereof such as aralkyl or alkaryl, and may contain hetero atoms such as O or N. For example, R2 can be methyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, and acyl groups such as acetyl (CH3CO — ), benzoyl
(C6H5CO— ) and stearoyl (CjγHssCO— ). Representative poly(oxyalkylene) polymer derivatives can include poly(oxyalkylene) polyol derivatives wherein the terminal hydroxy groups have been partly or fully converted to ether derivatives, e.g., methoxy groups, or ester derivatives, e.g., stearate groups, (C17H35COO — ). Other useful poly(oxyalkylene) derivatives are polyesters, e.g., prepared from dicarboxylic acids and poly(oxyalkylene) glycols. Preferably, the major portion of the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer derivatives by weight will be the repeating oxyalkylene groups, (OR1). Said poly(oxyalkylene) polyols and their derivatives can be liquids or solids at room temperature and have a molecular weight of at least 200 and preferably a molecular weight of about 400 to 20,000 or higher, e.g., 200,000 or more. Po-y(oxya-kylene) polyols useful in this invention include those sold under the trademark Carbowax, such as Carbowax ™ 3350, H(OC2H4)nOH, where n is about 76,
Carbowax™ PEG 8000, H(OC2H4)n OH where n is about 181, those sold under the tradename Polyox, such as Polyox™ WSR N-10 where n is about 2272, and those sold under the trademark Pluronic, e.g., Pluronic ™ F-77,
H(OC2H4)d[OCH(CH3)CH2]e(OC2H4)f)H, where d + f is about 108, and e is about 35.
Preferred poly(oxyalkylene) polymers are poly(oxyethylene) glycols, often referred to as polyethylene glycols, having a molecular weight of about 1,000 to 20,000. The poly(oxyalkylene) polymer component generally may comprise between about 99.999 and 50 weight percent of the overall stabilizer system, preferably between about 0.5 and 50 weight percent, more preferably between about 1 and 25 weight percent, and most preferably between about 5 and 15 weight percent. The quantity of the poly(oxyalkylene) component added will be an effective amount if the change in melt index value is reduced when compared to a composition with no poly(oxyalkylene) component.
The stabilizing system can be prepared by blending the components using any of the means conveniently employed to add adjuvants to polymers. Thus the stabilizer, poly(oxyalkylene) polymer and any other adjuvants can be blended using a Banbury mixer, a mixing extruder or can be dry blended using a mixer. Generally, the mixing operation is carried out at a temperature above the melting point of the poly(oxyalkylene) polymer to provide uniform distribution of components in the system.
Thermoplastic polymer Component
Useful thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers of the present invention comprise polymers which are derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomers and which are susceptible to radical oxidative degradation. These include the large class of olefins, such as polypropylenes, polyethylenes and polybutene- 1. Such olefinic polymers include those obtained by the homopolymerization or copolymerization of olefinic monomers, as well as copolymers of one or more olefins and up to about 30 weight percent or more, but preferably 20 weight percent or less, of one or more monomers that are copolymerizable with such olefins, e.g. vinyl ester compounds such as vinyl acetate. The olefins may be characterized by the general structure CH2=CHR, wherein R is a hydrogen or an alkyl radical, and generally, the alkyl radical contains not more than 10 carbon atoms, preferably from one to six carbon atoms. Representative olefins are ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-l-pentene, and 1-octene. Representative monomers that are copolymerizable with the olefins include: vinyl ester monomers such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl chloroacetate, and vinyl chloropropionate; acrylic and alpha-alkyl acrylic acid monomers and their alkyl esters, amides, and nitriles such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, methacrylamide, and acrylonitrile; vinyl aryl monomers such as styrene, o -methoxystyrene, p- methoxystyrene, and vinyl naphthalene; vinyl and vinylidene halide monomers such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and vinylidene bromide; alkyl ester monomers of maleic and fumaric acid and anhydrides thereof such as dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, and maleic anhydride; vinyl alkyl ether monomers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether; vinyl pyridine monomers; N-vinyl carbazole monomers; and N-vinyl pyrolidine monomers. The thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers also include the metallic salts of said olefin copolymers, or blends thereof, that contain free carboxylic acid groups. Illustrative of the metals that can be used to provide the salts of said carboxylic acids polymers are the one, two, and three valence metals such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, barium, zinc, zirconium, beryllium, iron, nickel, and cobalt. The thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers also include blends of thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers with other thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers or blends thereof containing conventional adjuvants such as fillers, antiblocking agents, and pigments.
Representative examples of thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers useful in the present invention are polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(l-butene), poly(3- methylbutene), poly(4-methylpentene) and copolymers of ethylene with propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 4-methyl-l-pentene, and 1-octadecene.
Representative blends of thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymers useful in the invention are blends of polyethylene and polypropylene, linear or branched low- density polyethylenes, high-density polyethylenes, and polyethylene and olefin copolymers containing said copolymerizable monomers, some of which are described above, e.g., ethylene and acrylic acid copolymers; ethylene and methyl acrylate copolymers; ethylene and ethyl acrylate copolymers; ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymers; ethylene, acrylic acid, and ethyl acrylate copolymers; and ethylene, acrylic acid, and vinyl acetate copolymers.
The stabilizer system will generally comprise between about 0.005 and 2 weight percent of the overall extrudable composition. These types of additives are commonly expressed in parts per hundred parts of resin. In this manner, the lactone component of the stabilizer system will preferably comprise a total of between 0.1 and 0.6 parts per hundred resin and the poly(oxyalkylene) component will preferably comprise 0.05 to .3 parts per hundred parts resin. Optional Ingredients
Other additives such as fillers or colorants or antiblock agents may be utilized in the practice of the present invention, provided they do not have a detrimental effect of the stabilizer system. For example, common fillers such as carbon black and calcium carbonate may be used. Where optical clarity is desired, opaque fillers should not be used, but additional light stabilizers may prove beneficial. Other useful ingredients include free radical scavengers such as those disclosed in the "Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering", Vol. 2, pp 75-82 and 86-90, John Wiley and Sons, 1985. Examples of such materials include phenolic antioxidants, phosphite antioxidants, hindered amines, and hydroxyl amines.
The phenolic antioxidants useful in the instant invention correspond to at least one compound of formula (V),
Figure imgf000031_0001
wherein
A is hydrogen, Cι-C24alkyl, Cs-Cι2cycloalkyl, phenyl-Cι-C4alkyl, phenyl or a group of formula -CH2-S-Rι2or
Figure imgf000031_0002
D is Cι-C2 alkyl, C5-Cι2cycloalkyl, phenyl-Cι-C alkyl, phenyl or a -CH2-S- Rι2 group,
X is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl or one of the groups of formula -CaH2a-Sq-Rι3,
Figure imgf000031_0003
-CbH2b-CO-N(R16)(Rι7), -CH2N(R2,)(R22),
Figure imgf000031_0004
R is hydrogen or a group of formula -CO-CH=CH2 , G* is hydrogen or Cι-Cι2alkyl,
Rι2 is Ci-Cigalkyl, phenyl or a group of formula -(CH2)c-CO-ORιs or - CH2CH2OR2o, Ri3 is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl, phenyl, benzyl or group of formula
or -(CH2)c-CO-ORι5 or -CH2-CH2-OR20,
Figure imgf000032_0001
Rι4 is Cι-C30alkyl or one of the groups of formulae -CHRιg-CH2-S-Ri9,
Figure imgf000032_0002
-CHj-qCHrO-CO-C - '.2b // w ■OH
wherein Q is C2-C8alkylene, C4-C6thiaalkylene or a -CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)d- group, Ri5 is Cι-C24alkyl,
Ri6 is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl or cyclohexyl, Rπ is Ci-Cigalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, Ci-Cigalkyl-substituted phenyl or one
ofthe groups of formulae -(CH2)rNH-CO-CbH2b
Figure imgf000032_0003
Figure imgf000033_0001
or Rι6 and Rπ together are C4-Cgalkylene which can be interrupted by -O- or -NH-, Rig is hydrogen, Cι-C4alkyl or phenyl, Ri is Ci-Cigalkyl, R20 is hydrogen, Ci- C2 alkyl, phenyl, C2-Cι8alkanoyl or benzoyl, R2ι is Ci-Cigalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, Ci-Cigalkyl-substituted phenyl or a
-(CH2)rNH-CH2 OH group,
Figure imgf000033_0002
R22 is hydrogen, Ci-Cigalkyl, cyclohexyl, or a
group, or
Figure imgf000033_0003
R2ι and R22 together are C -C8alkylene which can be interrupted by -O- or -
NH-,
R23 and R24 are -S-Cι-Cιgalkyl, a is 0, 1, 2 or 3, b is 0, 1, 2 or 3, c is 1 or 2, d is 1 to 5, f is 2 to 8, and q is 1, 2, 3 or
4. The phenolic antioxidant particularly preferably corresponds to compounds of formula in, wherein A is hydrogen, Ci-Cgalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or a group of formula -CH2-
Figure imgf000034_0001
D is Ci-Cgalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or a -CH2-R24 group, X is hydrogen, Ci-Cgalkyl or one of the groups of formula -CaH2a-Sq-Rι3, CbH2b-CO-OR,4, -CH2N(R2ι)(R22) ,
Figure imgf000034_0002
Rι3 is Cι-Cι2alkyl, phenyl or a -(CH2)c-CO-ORι5 group, Rι is Ci-Cigalkyl or a
Figure imgf000034_0003
group, wherein Q is C -C8alkylene, -CH2-CH2-S-CH2CH2 or a -CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)d- group, Ris is Ci-Cigalkyl,
R2ι and R22 are each independently of the other hydrogen or Ci-Cgalkyl, or R21 and R22 together are C4-C8alkylene which can be interrupted by -O- or - H-, a is 1 or 2, b is 1 or 2, c is 1 or 2, and d is 1, 2 or 3, and
R23 and R24 are -S-Cι-Cι8alkyl.
The phenolic antioxidant very particularly preferably corresponds to compounds of formula V, wherein
A is hydrogen, Cι-C6alkyl, -CH2-R23 or a group
Figure imgf000035_0001
D is hydrogen or Ci-Cigalkyl, and
X is hydrogen, Cι-C4alkyl, -CH2-R23 or a group of formula
Figure imgf000035_0002
R23 and R24 are -S-Cι-Cι8alkyl.
The phenolic antioxidant may also be a tocopherol or vitamin E derivative, typically α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and mixtures thereof. Among these, vitamin E (α-tocopherol) itself is preferred.
The phenolic antioxidant can also be an oligomeric antioxidant of the following type:
Figure imgf000036_0001
(average molecular weight: 600-700).
Alternatively or in addition to the compounds of formula V above, the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those antioxidants listed below.
Alkylated monophenols. for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl- 4, 6-dimethylphenol, 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butyl- phenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-(α- methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tri- cyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenols which are linear or branched in the side chains, for example, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(l '-methylundec-1 '-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(l '-methylheptadec- l'-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(r-methyltridec- -yl)phenol and mixtures thereof
Alkylthiomethylphenols. for example 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4- dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol, 2, 6-di-do- decylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol .
Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones. for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4~ methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6- diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol, 2, 6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2, 5 -di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- phenyl stearate, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) adipate.
Tocopherols. for example α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and mixtures thereof (Vitamin E). Hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example 2,2'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methyl- phenol), 2,2'-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3 -methylphenol), 4,4'- thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol), 4,4'-bis- (2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide.
Alkylidenebisphenols. for example 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-(α- methylcyclohexyl)phenol], 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2'- methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4- isobutylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(α-methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2'- methylenebis[6-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert- butylphenol), 4,4'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 1, l-bis(5-tert-butyl-4- hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4- methylphenol, l,l,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, l,l-bis(5- tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-3 -n-dodecylmercaptobutane, ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3'-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate], bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5- methyl-phenyl)dicyclopentadiene, bis[2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylbenzyl)- 6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate, 1 , 1 -bis-(3 , 5 -dimethyl-2-hydroxy- phenyl)butane, 2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis-(5-tert~ butyl-4-hydroxy2-methylphenyl)-4-n-dodecylmercaptobutane, 1,1,5,5 -tetra-(5 -tert— butyl-4-hydroxy2-methylphenyl)pentane.
O-. N- and S-benzyl compounds, for example 3,5,3',5'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'- dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tridecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3 -hydroxy-2, 6-dimethylbenzyl)dithiotereph- thalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, isooctyl-3,5di-tert-butyl-4— hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate. Hydroxybenzylated malonates. for example dioctadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2- hydroxybenzyl)-malonate, di-octadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)— malonate, di-dodecylmercaptoethyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)malonate, bis[4-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate.
Aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, for example l,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hy- droxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, l,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)~ 2,3,5, 6-tetramethylbenzene, 2,4, 6-tris(3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol .
Triazine Compounds, for example 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanilino)- 1 ,3 ,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3 , 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- anilino)- 1,3, 5 -triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenoxy)- 1,3,5 -triazine, 2,4, 6-tris(3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)- 1,2, 3 -triazine, l,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5- tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)isocyanurate, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethyl)- 1,3,5 -triazine, 1,3,5 -tris(3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenylpropionyl)-hexahydro- 1,3,5 -triazine, 1 , 3 , 5-tris(3 , 5 -dicyclohexyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate.
Benzylphosphonates. for example dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphos- phonate, diethyl-3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyB , 5 -di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy3- methylbenzylphosphonate, the calcium salt of the monoethyl ester of 3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid.
Acylaminophenols. for example 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4-hydroxystearanilide, octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate.
Esters of β-(3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl,propionic acid with mono- or poly- hydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6- hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris- (hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3- thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-l- phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
Esters of β-(5-tert-butyl-4-hvdroxy-3-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris- (hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3- thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-l- phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
Esters of β-(3.5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris- (hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3- thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-l- phospha-2, 6, 7-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane.
Esters of 3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9— nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris- (hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3- thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-l- phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Amides of β-(3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid e.g. N,N'-bis(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine, N,N'-bis(3 , 5 -di-tert~ butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine, N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine.
Preferably, the hindered amine is n,n'-bis(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4- piperidinyl)-l,6-hexanediamine, polymer with 2,4,6-tricr-loro-l,3,5-triazine and 2,4,4-trimethyl-l,2-pentamine, available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. under the trademark, CHIMASSORB™ 944,
Figure imgf000040_0001
or the polycondensation product of l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. under the trademark, T-NTJVIN™ 622.
Figure imgf000040_0002
Alternatively or in addition to the above compounds, the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those amines listed below.
Aminic antioxidants. for example N,N'-di-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-di- sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis( 1 ,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis( 1 -ethyl-3 -methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis( 1 -methylheptyl)-p- phenylenediamine, N^-dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-diphenyl-p- phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N'- phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-( 1 , 3 -dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-( 1 -methylheptyl)-Nl-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-p-phe- nylenediamine, 4-(p-toluenesulfamoyl)diphenylamine, N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-di-sec— butyl-p-phenylenediamine, diphenylamine, N-allyldiphenylamine, 4-isopropoxy- diphenylamine, N-phenyl- 1 -naphthylamine, N-(4-tert-octylphenyl)- 1 -naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, octylated diphenylamine, for example p,p'-di-tert-octyl- diphenylamine, 4-n-butylaminophenol, 4-butyrylaminophenol, 4-nonanoylamino— phenol, 4-dodecanoylaminophenol, 4-octadecanoylaminophenol, bis(4-methoxyphe- nyl)amine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dimethylaminomethylphenol, 2,4'-diaminodiphe- nylmethane, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-4,4'-diaminodi- phenylmethane, 1 ,2-bis[(2-methylphenyl)amino]ethane, 1 ,2-bis(phenylamino)pro- pane, (o-tolyl)biguanide, Bis[4-(r,3'-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine, tert-octylated N- phenyl-1 -naphthylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octyldi- phenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated nonyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated dodecyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated isopropyl/isohexyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- und dialkylated tert-butyldiphenylamines, 2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-4H-l,4-benzothiazine, pheno- thiazine, a mixture of mono- und dialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octylphenothiazines, a mixture of mono- und dialkylated tert-octyl-phenothiazines, N-allylphenothiazin, N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-l,4-diaminobut-2-ene, N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperid- 4-yl-hexamethylenediamine, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperid-4-yl)sebacate, 2,2,6,6— tetramethylpiperidin-4-one, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol.
Sterically hindered amines, for example bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- piperidyl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)succinate, bis( 1,2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis( 1 -octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- piperidyl)sebacate, bis(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensate of l-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-2, 2,6,6- tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, the condensate of N,N'- bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino— 2, 6-dichloro- 1,3, 5 -triazine, tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)nitrilotriacetate, tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-l,2,3,4-butane-tetracarboxylate, 1,1'-(1,2- ethanediyl)bis(3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperazinone), 4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- piperidine, 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, bis(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl- piperidyl)-2-n-butyl-2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)malonate, 3 -n-octyl— 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-2,4-dion, bis(l-octyloxy-2,2,6,6~ tetramethylpiperidyl)sebacate, bis(l-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- piperidyl)succinate, the condensate of N,N'-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)- hexamethylenediamine and 4-mo holino-2,6-dichloro-l,3,5-triazine, the condensate of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(4-n-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl )-l,3,5- triazine and l,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane, the condensate of 2-chloro-4,6-di- (4-n-butylamino-l,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)-l,3,5-triazine and l,2-bis-(3- aminopropylamino)ethane, 8 -acetyl-3 -dodecyl-7,7,9, 9-tetramethyl- 1,3,8— triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, 3 -dodecyl- 1 -(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)- pyrrolidin-2,5-dione, 3-dodecyl-l-(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)pyrrolidine- 2,5-dione, a mixture of 4-hexadecyloxy- and 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpipe- ridine, a condensation product of N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexa- methylenediamine and 4-cyclohexylamino-2,6-dichloro-l,3,5-triazine, a condensation product of l,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane and 2,4,6-trichloro- 1,3, 5 -triazine as well as 4-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (CAS Reg. No. [136504-96-6]); N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodecylsuccinimid, N- (l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodecylsuccinimid, 2-undecyl-7,7,9,9-tetra- methyl-l-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxo-spiro[4,5]decane, a reaction product of 7,7,9, 9-tetra- methyl-2-cycloundecyl-l-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxospiro [4,5]decane und epichlorohydrin.
In particular, N,N',N"N",-tetrakis)[2,4-bis[N-( 1 -cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-butylamino]-l,3,5-triazin-6-yl]-3,3'- ethylenediiminodipropylamine, commercially available from Ciba Specialty chemical under the trademark, TINIJVTN™ 268 and bis(l-octyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- piperidin-3-yl) sebacate, commercially available from Ciba Specialty chemical under the trademark, TD -UVIN™ 123, are preferred.
A preferred hydroxylamines is N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine, which is derived from the direct oxidation of di(hydrogenated tallow) amine. Alternatively or in addition , the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those hydroxylaminess listed below.
Hydroxylamines. for example, N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylhydroxyl- amine, N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine, N,N-dilaurylhydroxylamine, N,N-ditetradecylhy- droxylamine, N,N-dihexadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctadecylhydroxylamine, N- hexadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N-heptadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.
Preferred phosphites include tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation under the trademark, Irgafos™ 168, 2,2',2"-nitrilo[triethyl-tris(3,3',5,5'-tetra-tert-butyl-l, 1 '-biphenyl- 2,2'-diyl) phosphite] available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation under the trademark, IRGAFOS™ 12, and bis (2,4-di-tert-butyl-6- methyl)phenyl(ethyl) phosphite available commercially from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation under the trademark, IRGAFOS™ 38. Alternatively or in addition to the phosphites specifically listed, the stabilized processing aid composition may comprise those phosphites and phosphonites listed below.
Phosphites and phosphorites, for example triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl alkyl phos- phites, phenyl dialkyl phosphites, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert- butylphenyl) phosphite, diisodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl- phenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)- pentaerythritol diphosphite, diisodecyloxypentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di- tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4,6-tris(tert- butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, tristearyl sorbitol triphosphite, tetrakis(2,4- di-tert-butylphenyl) 4,4'-biphenylene diphosphonite, 6-isooctyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetra- tert-butyl-12H-dibenz[d,g]-l,3,2-dioxaphosphocin, 6-fluoro-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert— butyl-12-methyl-dibenz[d,g]-l,3,2-dioxaphosphocin, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methyl- phenyl)methylphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)ethylphosphite. Other additives, may be present in the stabilizing process aid composition or extrudable composition such as those listed below.
Other antioxidants. for example, aliphatic or aromatic phosphites, esters of thiodipropionic acid or of thiodiacetic acid, or salts of dithiocarbamic or dithiophosphoric acid, 2,2,12,12-tetramethyl-5,9-dihydroxy-3,7,l 1-trithiatridecane and 2,2, 15,15-tetramethyl-5, 12-dihydroxy-3 ,7, 10, 14-tetrathiahexadecane, ascorbic acid.
The optional free radical scavengers may be added separately to the extrudable composition. Alternatively, they may be added separately. In general they comprise from 80 to 90 weight percent of the combination of lactone stabilizer and free radical scavenger.
UV absorbers and light stabilizers, for example, 2-,2'-Hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles, for example 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)~ benzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2,-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5'-tert-butyl- 2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)- benzotriazole, 2-(3l,5,-di-tert-butyl-2,-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3'- tert-butyl- 2,-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3 '-sec-butyl-5'- tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-4'- octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3 ', 5 ,-di-tert-amyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3',5,-bis-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, mixture of 2-(3 '- tert-butyl-2,-hydroxy-5'-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-5'-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-carbonylethyl]-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chloro- benzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5- chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3 '-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5 '-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)- phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3 ' -tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5 ' -(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)- phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3 ' -tert-butyl-5 ' -[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2'~ hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3 ' -dodecyl-2'-hydroxy- 5 ' -methylphenyl)benzotri- azole, and 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-(2-isooctyloxycarbonylethyl)phenylbenzo- triazole, 2,2 ' -methylene-bis[4-( 1,1,3,3 -tetramethylbutyl)-6-benzotriazole-2- ylphenol]; the transesterification product of 2-[3 '-tert-butyl-5 '-(2-methoxycarbonyl- ethyl)-2'-hydroxyphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole with polyethylene glycol300;, where R = 3'-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxy-5'-2H-benzotriazol-2-ylphenyl.
2-Hydroxybenzophenones. for example the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4— decyloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2',4'-trihydroxy and 2'-hydroxy-4,4'-di- methoxy derivatives.
Esters of substituted and unsubstituted benzoic acids, as for example 4-tertbutyl— phenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoyl resorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl) resorcinol, benzoyl resorcinol, 2,4-di-tertbutylphenyl 3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl 3 , 5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate.
Acrylates. for example ethyl α-cyano-β,β-diphenylacrylate, isooctyl α-cyano-β,β- diphenylacrylate, methyl α-carbomethoxycinnamate, methyl α-cyano-β-methyl-p— methoxy-cinnamate, butyl α-cyano-β-methyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, methyl α- carbomethoxy-p-methoxycinnamate and N-(β-carbomethoxy-β-cyanovinyl)-2- methylindoline.
Nickel compounds, for example nickel complexes of 2,2'-thio-bis-[4-(l,l,3,3-tetra- methylbutyl)phenol], such as the 1 : 1 or 1 :2 complex, with or without additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanolamine or N-cyclohexyldiethanolamine, nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate, nickel salts of the monoalkyl esters, e.g. the methyl or ethyl ester, of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylphosphonic acid, nickel complexes of ketoximes, e.g. of 2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl undecylketoxime, nickel complexes of l-phenyl-4-lauroyl-5-hydroxypyrazole, with or without additional ligands.
Oxamides. for example 4,4'-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2'-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2'-dioc- tyloxy-5,5'-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2,2'-didodecyloxy-5,5'-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2- ethoxy-2'-ethyloxanilide, N,N'-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxamide, 2-ethoxy-5- tert-butyl-2'-ethoxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2'-ethyl-5,4'-di-tert- butoxanilide and mixtures of ortho- and para-methoxy-disubstituted oxanilides and mixtures of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.
2-(2-HydroxyphenylV1.3.5-triazines. for example 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxy- phenyl)- 1,3, 5 -triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)- 1,3, 5 -triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4— dimethylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyloxyphenyl)-6-(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(4- methylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)- 1,3, 5 -triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-tridecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4— dimethylphenyl)- 1,3, 5 -triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-butyloxy-propoxy)- phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-octyl- oxy-propyloxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-(dodecyloxy/tride- cyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-hydroxy-phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-l,3,5— triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxy-propoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-di- methylphenyl)- 1,3,5 -triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxy)phenyl-4, 6-diphenyl- 1,3,5- triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl- 1 ,3 , 5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris[2~ hydroxy-4-(3 -butoxy-2-hydroxy-propoxy)phenyl]- 1,3,5 -triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy- phenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl- 1 , 3 , 5-triazine.
Metal deactivators. for example N,N'-diphenyloxamide, N-salicylal-N'-salicyloyl hydrazine, N,N'-bis(salicyloyl) hydrazine, N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- phenylpropionyl) hydrazine , 3-salicyloylamino-l,2,4-triazole, bis(benzylidene)- oxalyl dihydrazide, oxanilide, isophthaloyl dihydrazide, sebacoyl bisphenyl- hydrazide, N,N'-diacetyladipoyl dihydrazide, N,N'-bis(salicyloyl)oxalyl dihydrazide, N,N'-bis(salicyloyl)thiopropionyl dihydrazide.
Examples of metal deactivators. for example for copper, are: a) Benzotriazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 4- or 5-alkylbenzotriazoles (e.g. tolutriazole) and derivatives thereof, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzotriazole and 5,5'-methylenebisbenzotriazole; Mannich bases of benzotriazole or tolutriazole, e.g. l-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl)tolutriazole and l-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)- aminomethyl)benzotriazole; and alkoxyalkylbenzotriazoles such as l-(nonyl- oxymethyl)benzotriazole, l-(l-butoxyethyl)benzotriazole and 1-(1 -cyclohexyl - oxybutyl)tolutriazole.
b) 1,2,4-Triazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 3-alkyl(or aryl)- 1,2,4- triazoles, and Mannich bases of 1,2,4-triazoles, such as l-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)- aminomethyl-l,2,4-triazole; alkoxyalkyl-l,2,4-triazoles such as 1-(1- butoxyethyl)-l,2,4-triazole; and acylated 3-amino-l,2,4-triazoles.
c) Imidazole derivatives, for example 4,4'-methylenebis(2-undecyl-5-methylimid- azole) and bis[(N-methyl)imidazol-2-yl]carbinol octyl ether.
d) Sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, for example 2- mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-l,3,4-thiadiazole and derivatives thereof; and 3,5-bis[di(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl]-l,3,4-thiadiazolin- 2-one
e) Amino compounds, for example salicylidenepropylenediamine, salicylamino- guanidine and salts thereof.
Nitrones. for example, N-benzyl-alpha-phenyl-nitrone, N-ethyl-alpha-methyl- nitrone, N-octyl-alpha-heptyl-nitrone, N-lauryl-alpha-undecyl-nitrone, N-tetradecyl- alpha-tridecyl-nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-pentadecyl-nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha- heptadecyl-nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-ocatadecyl-alpha- pentadecyl-nitrone, N-heptadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha- hexadecyl-nitrone, nitrone derived from N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.
Thiosynergists. for example, dilauryl thiodipropionate or distearyl thiodipropionate.
Peroxide scavengers, for example esters of β-thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl or tridecyl esters, mercaptobenzimidazole or the zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, dioctadecyl disulfide, penta- erythritol tetrakis(β-dodecylmercapto)propionate.
Polyamide stabilizers, for example, copper salts in combination with iodides and/or phosphorus compounds and salts of divalent manganese.
Basic co-stabilizers, for example, melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, poly- urethanes, alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium stearate, sodium ricinoleate and potassium palmitate, antimony pyrocatecholate or tin pyrocatecholate.
Nucleating agents, may also be added. For example, inorganic substances such as talcum, metal oxides such as titanium dioxide or magnesium oxide, phosphates, carbonates or sulfates of, preferably, alkaline earth metals; organic compounds such as mono- or polycarboxyhc acids and the salts thereof, e.g. 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, diphenylacetic acid, sodium succinate or sodium benzoate; polymeric compounds such as ionic copolymers ("ionomers").
Clarifying agents may also be added. For example mono or di-substituted di- benzeylidene sorbitol and other chemistry Fillers and reinforcing agents, for example, calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibres, glass bulbs, asbestos, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood flour and flours or fibers of other natural products, synthetic fibers.
Examples of dispersants/surfactants are:
Polybutenylsuccinic amides or -imides, polybutenylphosphonic acid derivatives and basic magnesium, calcium and barium sulfonates, phenolates and salicylates.
Other additives, for example, plasticisers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheology control additives, catalysts, flow-control agents, flameproofing agents, and antistatic agents.
Methods of Incorporation The specific method of incorporation may be any of the various methods used in the polymer industry. These will need to be adapted to the stage of the polymer process where the addition takes place. For example, if the stabilizer system is soluble in a monomer used as in the polymerization solvent, the stabilizer may be added during the polymerization step. An emulsion polymerization process may allow the addition to take place during the emulsion polymerization if the stabilizer is compatible with or itself an emulsifier. Solid forms of stabilizers may be added during the pelletizing step. Later compounding is also possible, such as twin- screw extrusion mixing or other forms of internal mixers depending on the components involved. Uniform distribution of the additives is desired to prevent localized areas lacking in stabilizer or excessive variation in concentration of the various additives.
Examples Samples of extrudable compositions were made and evaluated for melt index stability using ASTM D1238 with 2.16 kg and/or 21.6 kg at 190°C. A comparison of one pass to five passes through an extruder were used to evaluate melt stability. Comparative Example Cl
In Comparative Example Cl, 1500 g of unstabilized, un-neutralized, linear low density polyethylene (0.7 MI and 0.917 density) and 1.5 g of calcium stearate was placed in a jar and blended by shaking by hand for approximately 5 minutes directly after the weighing procedure and for another 1 minute directly before extrusion. The blend was extruded through a laboratory scale, intermeshing, counter rotating, unvented, air cooled, conical twin screw (HaakeBuchler Rheomix™ TW-100) with a front inside diameter of 20 mm. The blend was gravity fed to the throat of the extruder, exposed to air. The specific temperature profile of the 3 zone (feed, metering, mixing), plus die extruder was 160/210/210/210°C respectively. The extruder was run at 100 RPM for the first "compounding" pass with a resultant melt temperature of approximately 200°C, and a residence time of approximately 1.5 minutes. Subsequent passes were run at the same temperature profile but at 80 RPM, to increase the residence time to 2 minutes (increase thermal exposure and accelerate thermal degradation). A 4 minute "purge" of material was discarded between each pass. Approximately 200 grams of material was collected from the first (compounding) and fifth pass. This material was used to run melt index (ASTM D1238 2.16kg/190°C) measurements. Comparative Example C2
In Comparative Example C2, a blend was made and evaluated as in Comparative Example Cl except 2.25 g of Irganox™ B-215 stabilizer (available from CIBA-GEIGY Corp., Hawthorne, NY) was added to the jar and blended into the mixture. Irganox™ B-215 stabilizer is said to be a blend of 1 part Irganox™ 1010 (a phenolic stabilizer) and 2 parts Irgafos™ 168 (a phosphite stabilizer). Example 1
In Example 1, a blend was made and evaluated as in Comparative Example C2 except 1.125 g of PEG 8000 (a polyethylene glycol available from Union Carbide) was also added to the jar and blended into the mixture. Comparative Example C3
In Comparative Example C3, a blend was made and evaluated as in Comparative Example Cl except 1.80 g of Irganox™ HP-2215 stabilizer (available from CIBA-GEIGY Corp., Hawthorne, NY) was added to the jar and blended into the mixture. Irganox™ HP-2215 stabilizer is said to be a blend of 1 part Irganox™ 1010 (a phenolic stabilizer) and 2 parts Irgafos™ 168 (a phosphite stabilizer) and a quantity of a lactone-based stabilizer. Example 2
In Example 2, a blend was made and evaluated as in Comparative Example C3 except 1.125 g of Carbowax™ 8000 (a polyethylene glycol available from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, CT) was also added to the jar and blended into the mixture.
The formulations listed in Table 1 show the additives as parts per hundred parts of the base resin (pph). The melt index results are listed as grams per 10 minutes at the listed conditions.
Table 1
Figure imgf000051_0001
The Examples and Comparable Examples in Table 1 demonstrate the value of the invention to reduce the change in melt index. This may b seen by comparing the reduction in melt index after 5 passes to the melt index after 1 pass. For Comparative Example Cl, a large change of 0.26 is noted. This reduction in melt index is representative of a significant increase in viscosity, probably due to molecular enlargement or crosslinking. The addition of a common stabilizer system in current use represented by Comparative Example C2 does show an improvement over Cl as evidenced by a smaller change in melt index. The result shown for Example 1 of the invention shows an even smaller change of only 0.01. This indicates only a very small change in viscosity is taking place. Recent improvements in the state of the art represented by Comparative Example C3 shown an improvement when compared to the results of C2, but even this improvement does not reach the level of improvement noted in Example 1. When the invention is added to C3, as shown in Example 2, the change in melt index is reduced to zero. This is a most desired result. Comparative Examples C4-C8 and Example 3 Into 1000 grams of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) powder was added the various additives at the concentrations set forth in the various examples and in the table below. The concentration of the acid acceptor, zinc stearate, was set at 500 ppm. The concentration of the polyethylene glycol was set at 1000 ppm The resultant admixed powder was tumbled blended for 20 minutes on a Turbula mixer. The blended mixture was then melt compounded using a one inch Superior- MPM single screw fitted with a polyolefin compounding screw with a Maddock mixing section in the metering zone of the screw extruder, or a Leistritz 18 mm twin screw extruder. The temperature of the exit die was set at 500° F. The extruded molten strand was quenched in a water bath and pelletized using a Conair strand cutter. A 100 gram aliquot of the pellets from this first pass extrusion were retained for further testing, and the remainder of the extrudate was passed through the extruder again. In this fashion, retains of the pellets were collected for third and fifth pass extrudate.
The polyethylene (LLDPE) pellets were tested for melt flow rate using ASTM method 1238-90 on a Tinius-Olsen extrusion plastometer fitted with a 2.16 kg and 21.6 kg weight at 190° C. The melt flow ratio, a reflection of the changes in molecular weight distribution of the polymer, was obtained by taking the ratio of melt flow rates at 21.6 kg and 2.16 kg, respectively.
Figure imgf000053_0001

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. An extrudable composition comprising
(a) an extrudable thermoplastic polymer derived from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and
(b) a stabilizing system that is essentially free from fluoropolymer comprising
(i) a lactone stabilizer comprising a benzofurane-2-one, and (ii) a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer.
2. An extrudable composition according to claim 1 further comprising an antioxidant selected from a phenolic antioxidant, a hindered amine antioxidant, a hydroxylamine antioxidant, a phosphite antioxidant, and combinations of two or more thereof.
3. An extrudable composition according to claim 2 wherein said antioxidant is selected from a phenolic, a phosphite antioxidant and combinations thereof.
4. An extrudable composition according to claim 1 wherein said extrudable thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyolefin.
5. An extrudable composition according to claim 1 wherein said stabilizing system is totally free of said fluoropolymer.
6. A shaped article comprising the composition of claim 1.
7. A shaped article according to claim 6 comprising a film.
8. A method of stabilizing an extrudable thermoplastic polymer derived from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising the steps of (a) providing the thermoplastic polymer, and a stabilizing system essentially free from fluoropolymer comprising a lactone stabilizer comprising a benzofurane-2-one, and a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer, and (b) blending an effective amount of the thermoplastic polymer and the stabilizing composition together.
9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the stabilizing system further comprises an antioxidant selected from a phenolic antioxidant, a hindered amine antioxidant, a hydroxylamine antioxidant, a phosphite antioxidant, and combinations of two or more thereof.
10. A method according to claim 9 wherein the antioxidant is selected from a phenolic antioxidant, a phosphite antioxidant and combinations thereof.
11. A method according to claim 8 wherein said thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyolefin.
12. An extrudable composition according to claim 1 wherein said stabilizing system comprises from about 0.005 to 15 weight percent of said extrudable composition.
13. An extrudable composition according to claim 12 wherein said stabilizing composition comprises from 0.01 to 0.6 weight percent of said extrudable composition.
14. An extrudable composition according to claim 13 wherein said stabilizing system comprises from 0.05 to 0.3 weight percent of said extrudable composition.
15. An extrudable composition according to claim 12 wherein said stabilizing system comprises from 0.6 to 15 weight percent of said extrudable composition.
16. An extrudable composition according to claim 15 wherein said stabilizing system comprises from 1 to 15 weight percent of said extrudable composition.
17. An extrudable composition according to claim 16 wherein said stabilizing system comprises from 1 to 10 weight percent of said extrudable composition.
18. An extrudable composition according to claim 1 wherein said stabilizing system comprises from 0.001 to 50 weight % of said benzofi╬╣rane-2-one and from 99.999 to 50 weight percent of said poly(oxyalkylene) polymer.
19. An extrudable composition according to claim 18 wherein said stabilizing system further comprises a free radical scavenger selector from a phenolic antioxidant, a phosphite antioxidant, a hindered amine antioxidant, a hydroxyl amine antioxidant and combinations thereof.
20. An extrudable composition according to claim 19 wherein said free radical scavenger is selected from a phenolic antioxidant, a phosphite antioxidant, and a combination thereof.
21. An extrudable composition according to claim 20 wherein said free radical scavenger comprises said combination thereof.
22. An extrudable composition according to claim 21 wherein said lactone stabilizer comprises 10 to 20 weight percent of the combination of said lactone stabilizer, said phenolic antioxidant and said phosphite antioxidant.
23. A method according to claim 8 wherein the stabilizing system comprises from about 0.005 to 15 weight percent of the combination of the thermoplastic polymer and the stabilizing system.
PCT/US1998/011471 1997-06-05 1998-06-04 Polymer stabilization WO1998055543A1 (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2315070B (en) * 1996-07-05 2000-11-08 Ciba Sc Holding Ag Phenol-free stabilization of polyolefin fibres
WO2015200586A1 (en) 2014-06-25 2015-12-30 Exxonmobil Chemcal Patents Inc. High melt strength polypropylene and extrusion process for preserving melt strength

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0538509A1 (en) * 1990-04-25 1993-04-28 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Highly antioxidant resin composition
EP0644190A1 (en) * 1993-09-17 1995-03-22 Ciba-Geigy Ag Benzofuran-2-ones as stabilizers

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0538509A1 (en) * 1990-04-25 1993-04-28 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Highly antioxidant resin composition
EP0644190A1 (en) * 1993-09-17 1995-03-22 Ciba-Geigy Ag Benzofuran-2-ones as stabilizers

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2315070B (en) * 1996-07-05 2000-11-08 Ciba Sc Holding Ag Phenol-free stabilization of polyolefin fibres
WO2015200586A1 (en) 2014-06-25 2015-12-30 Exxonmobil Chemcal Patents Inc. High melt strength polypropylene and extrusion process for preserving melt strength

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