WO1998052198A1 - Single-jacketed plenum cable - Google Patents
Single-jacketed plenum cable Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998052198A1 WO1998052198A1 PCT/US1997/021277 US9721277W WO9852198A1 WO 1998052198 A1 WO1998052198 A1 WO 1998052198A1 US 9721277 W US9721277 W US 9721277W WO 9852198 A1 WO9852198 A1 WO 9852198A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- communications cable
- foamed
- cable
- outer jacket
- core
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
- H01B7/29—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame
- H01B7/292—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame using material resistant to heat
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
- H01B3/441—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from alkenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
- H01B3/443—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from vinylhalogenides or other halogenoethylenic compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
- H01B7/29—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame
- H01B7/295—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame using material resistant to flame
Definitions
- This invention relates to a communications cable suitable for plenum, riser, and other applications in building structures. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved construction for a high-frequency communications cable that is capable of meeting rigorous burn requirements and is electrically stable during operation at substantially higher temperatures than prior art cables.
- a non-plenum rated cable sheath system which encloses a core of insulated copper conductors, and which comprises only a conventional plastic jacket, may not exhibit acceptable flame spread and smoke generation properties. As the temperature in such a cable rises due to a fire, charring of the jacket material may occur. If the jacket ruptures, the interior of the jacket and the insulation are exposed to elevated temperatures. Flammable gases can be generated, propagating flame and generating smoke.
- the National Electrical Code requires that power-limited cables in plenums be enclosed in metal conduits. This is obviously a very expensive construction due to the cost of materials and labor involved in running conduit or the like through plenums.
- Category 5 For example, extremely good electrical parameters are required, including low attenuation, structural return loss, and cross-talk values for frequencies up to 1 00 MHz.
- cable materials which generally have the requisite resistance to flammability and smoke production also result in electrical parameters for the cable generally not suitable for the higher transmission rates, such as a Category 5 cable.
- the cable core in addition to passing the plenum burn test UL-91 0, must also pass physical property testing provided by the specification requirements UL-444, as well as meet Category 5 electrical requirements such as provided in Electronic Industries Association specification TIA/EIA-568A.
- a cable construction which is available and which meets these requirements is provided in a configuration which includes fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) as insulation, with a low-smoke polyvinyl chloride (PVC) jacket.
- FEP fluorinated ethylene propylene
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- Such a cable construction meets the 1 00 MHz frequency operation requirements, and it has been demonstrated that such a cable construction can be suitable for operation at 1 55 Megabits or 1 50 MHz.
- FEP at times may be in short supply. Given the manufacturing capacity of FEP producers, only enough FEP is currently produced to meet approximately 50 percent of the demand for the volume of material required to construct high-category cables.
- a further object of the present invention is that it provides a cable construction having an outer jacket construction that exhibits electrically stable characteristics at substantially high temperatures, relative to the temperature requirements of currently available plenum cables.
- a riser and plenum rated cable construction includes a plurality of twisted wire pairs utilizing a polyolefin primary insulation material and a single outer jacket for the cable construction formed of a thermoplastic halogenated polymer.
- the outer jacket is of a foamed construction.
- FIG. 1 is an elevation of a cable construction in accordance with the present invention with a portion of the outer jacket broken away for illustrative purposes
- FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a cable construction in accordance with the present invention in which a plurality of cable cores are enclosed as a composite in an outer jacket
- FIG. 3 is a cross-section of one of the conductors in a twisted wire pair of the cable shown in FIG. 2.
- the CMP or plenum burn test is a severe test.
- the test takes place in a closed horizontal fixture or tunnel, with the ignition flame source being a 300,000 BTU/hour methane flame with a high heat flux, and a 240 foot/minute air draft.
- the test lasts 20 minutes, and the cable is stretched side to side across a 1 2 inch wide, 25 foot long wire mesh rack in the tunnel.
- flame spread must not exceed 5.0 feet after the initial 4.5 foot flame source; smoke generation must not exceed a peak optical density of 0.5 (33% light transmission); and the average optical density must not exceed 0.1 5 (70% light transmission).
- the purpose of this optical smoke density parameter is to allow a person trapped in a fire the ability to see exit signs as well as visually discern a route or means of escape.
- FIG. 1 shows an elevation of a cable construction in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention for providing a cable meeting Category 5 electrical requirements and the applicable burn and smoke generation requirements, as well as the physical property requirements, for plenum-rated cable without the use of FEP.
- a cable which is designated generally by the reference numeral 5, which is suitable for use in building plenums and the like.
- the cable 5 is illustrated as having four twisted pair of transmission media, referred to as twisted pairs and indicated by reference numerals 6, 7, 8 and 9, forming what is generally referred to as the cable core.
- the twisted pairs 6-9 have a polyolefin primary insulation, which has good electrical characteristics even though it readily burns.
- a foam/skin high density polyethylene (HDPE) is used for the primary insulation, which has the requisite electrical characteristics for high frequency cable applications.
- the cable construction in accordance with this invention is provided with an outer jacket 1 1 which is highly resistant to burning.
- Thermoplastic halogenated polymers have been found to be suitable materials, particularly thermoplastic fluorocarbon polymers.
- PVDF polyvinyladine fluoride
- a cable construction consisting of only the core of twisted pairs with polyolefin insulation surrounded by a jacket of conventionally extruded thermoplastic fluorocarbon polymer (such as PVDF) meets the applicable burn standards, but does not meet the high frequency electrical standards for cable. Specifically, the less than optimal electrical characteristics of a conventionally manufactured fluorocarbon polymer jacket, and its proximity to the twisted pairs, degrade the cable's electrical characteristics.
- the outer PVDF jacket 1 1 may be employed by cable 5 without any intermediate material between the cable core and the outer PVDF jacket 1 1 .
- the particular foam construction of the outer PVDF jacket 1 1 suitably enhances the electrical characteristics of the PVDF material, which typically exhibits very poor dielectric constant and dissipation factor values in a substantially solid or unfoamed state.
- cable 5 may include a shield located within outer jacket 1 1 .
- a shield substantially surrounds the cable core and is configured to enhance the electrical performance of the cable core.
- the shield may be configured to protect the cable core from extraneous RF or electromagnetic fields and signals.
- the shield may be formed from a metallic foil, such as aluminum or copper, and may be constructed according to any number of conventional methodologies. Such shields are known to those skilled in the art, and need not be described in detail herein. Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a construction of a cable 1 0 in accordance with this invention, suitable for use in building plenums, and the like, i.e.
- the cable 1 0 comprises one or more wrapped cables 20, each of which may include a core 22.
- the core 22 may be one which is suitable for use in data, computer, alarm, and other signaling networks as well as communications.
- the core 22 is the transmission medium and is shown in FIG. 2 as comprising one or more twisted wire pairs, the pairs of which are referred to in FIG. 2 by reference numerals 24, 26, 28 and 30. Cables which are used in plenums may include 25 or more conductor pairs, although some cables include as few as six, four, two or even a single conductor pair such as shown in FIG. 1 .
- each of the cores 22 comprise four twisted conductor pairs, identified in FIG. 2 with reference numerals 24, 26, 28 and 30.
- each of the cables 20 preferably utilizes a foamed PVDF inner jacket configured identified by reference numeral 23.
- the inner jacket 23 may be configured as described more fully hereafter. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inner jacket 23 is not a requirement of the present invention, and that any suitable wrapping element known to those skilled in the art may be employed by cable 1 0. Furthermore, the particular material utilized as the inner jacket 23 may be selected to enhance the electrical and/or physical properties of cable 1 0.
- a plurality of the cables 20 are disposed within an outer jacket 34 in this embodiment. In FIG. 2, three cables 20 are shown as enclosed in an outer jacket 34, although the invention is equally applicable to there only being one cable enclosed by an outer jacket (as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-section of one of the conductors in one of the twisted pairs, such as twisted pair 24.
- the conductor or transmission medium 24 includes a conductor 36 surrounded by an insulating material 38.
- the insulating material 38 may have a skin portion indicated by reference numeral 40.
- the primary insulation 38 surrounding conductor 36 in each wire in the twisted wire pairs, such as wire pair 24, is a foam/skin polyolefin dual extruded insulation, which is acceptable for Category 5 electrical characteristics.
- the reasons for using a foam/skin insulation such as foam 38 with skin 40 (FIG. 2), in addition to achieving improved electrical properties, is to effectively decrease the amount of polyolefin material available to burn.
- FEP has a dielectric constant of 2.1 , with a dissipation factor of 0.0001 ; in accordance with a specific embodiment of the invention described herein, the insulation is a pure foam/skin HDPE having a dielectric constant of 1 .8, with an equivalent dissipation factor of 0.0001 .
- the velocity of propagation is even improved with the foam/skin at approximately 78% as opposed to approximately 75% for FEP.
- a flame retardant polyolefin with fillers would have a velocity of propagation of 67% .
- the primary insulation is dual extruded, with foam insulation 38 being a HDPE.
- a suitable material is one produced and available from Union Carbide Corporation identified as DGDB-1 351 NT, although an equivalent suitable for mechanical foaming may be used.
- the skin portion 40 of wire 24 is also a HDPE produced by Union Carbide Corporation and available therefrom and identified as DGDM-3364 NT.
- the polyolefin skin 40 has to be of adequate thickness to protect the overall foam/skin primary insulation from crushing during twist. The degree of foaming, the foam thickness, and the skin thickness are dependent upon compliance with UL-444 physical property testing requirements.
- the conductor 36 in each wire 24 had a diameter range from 0.01 94 inches to 0.021 5 inches.
- the insulating material 38 had a thickness of 0.0060 inches, and the skin 40 had a thickness of 0.0022 inches.
- each of the cables 20 may be provided with a substantially flame retardant core wrap rather than inner PVDF jacket 23.
- a substantially flame retardant core wrap may be employed to ensure that the cable arrangement satisfies the associated plenum burn requirements.
- the primary insulation of the transmission media is a foamed/skin construction of HDPE.
- One material which was found to be quite suitable in accordance with the invention is a polyethylene material known as DGDB-1 351 NT, and available under that designation from Union Carbide. When this material is foamed and dual extruded with a skin, DGDM 3364 NT also produced by Union Carbide Corporation, it has a dielectric constant at 1 MHz of 1 .80, a dissipation factor at 1 MHz of 0.0001 , and an LOI of 1 7 percent.
- LOI refers to the limiting oxygen index, the percent of oxygen in air at which the sample burns completely.
- the outer jacket 1 1 or 34 in accordance with this invention is made of a foamed halogenated polymer, and can be a foamed PVDF material.
- One PVDF material which has proved to be extremely suitable is known as SOLEF 31 508- 0009, available from Solvay Polymers, Inc. In an unfoamed state, this material has a dielectric constant of 8.40 at 1 MHz, a dissipation factor of 0.1 850 at 1 MHz, and an LOI of 1 00 percent (the ideal LOI).
- the specific gravity of the unfoamed material is 1 .78, and it exhibits excellent char formation.
- PVDF alloy may also be suitable for outer jackets 1 1 or 34.
- One such alloy that has been employed in a dual jacket embodiment is available from Solvay and identified as SOLEF 701 09- X003.
- the dielectric constant of this material at 1 MHz is 5.20
- the dissipation factor at 1 MHz is 0.1 250
- the LOI is 85 percent.
- the specific gravity of this material is 1 .64, and its char formation is excellent.
- this and other PVDF alloys, including other suitable PVDF materials available from other commercial suppliers, may be foamed in accordance with the present invention.
- an extrusion tool may be employed to ensure that outer jackets 1 1 and 34 are properly formed to meet physical and electrical requirements.
- the extrusion tool having a die/core tube Land length of one to two inches
- such extrusion tools and related processes are known to those skilled in the art and, therefore, need not be described in detail herein.
- a quench water trough is placed within approximately three inches from the extruder head to thereby quench the tube extruded jacket during draw-down.
- air or another suitable gas
- outer jackets 1 1 and 34 are formed by a chemical foaming process that utilizes a chemical foaming agent.
- the outer jacket material is formed by introducing a chemical foaming agent to the PVDF (or other suitable material) .
- a chemical foaming agent to the PVDF (or other suitable material) .
- Such chemical foaming techniques are known to those skilled in the material sciences and cable manufacturing arts.
- the specific amount of foaming agent may be varied depending upon the desired electrical and physical characteristics of the end product, the particular manufacturing processes and equipment used, the particular outer jacket material, or other application-specific variables.
- outer jackets 1 1 and 34 are formed by gas injection, where the gas injected during the foaming process is preferably nitrogen.
- gas injection processes are known to those skilled in the art and, therefore, are not described in detail herein.
- the amount of foaming agent/plastic carrier employed to electrically enhance the PVDF jacket material falls within the range of approximately 1 to 1 0 percent by weight, and within a preferred range of about 3 to 8 percent by weight.
- outer jackets 1 1 and 34 are foamed to an expansion within the range of 5 to 30 percent, and within a preferred range of about 1 0 to 20 percent.
- the percent of expansion refers to the change in the specific gravity of the solid versus the foamed outer jacket material. The percent of expansion may be calculated by physically measuring the weight and dimensions of a sample portion of the foamed PVDF outer jacket and comparing the weight to a comparably sized amount of solid PVDF.
- outer jacket 1 1 or 34 has a thickness within the range of 1 5 to 40 mils.
- the foamed PVDF outer jacket 1 1 or 34 is preferably about 25 mils thick.
- the PVDF outer jacket 1 1 , 34 is foamed from its inner surface to its outer surface with small, discrete cells. The uniformity and size of the foam cells suitably enhances the electrical characteristics of cables 5, 1 1 .
- extrusion tools may be configured to impart a smooth (but not a skin) outer surface to cables 5, 1 1 .
- the die tip of an exemplary extrusion tool may be heated to smooth the outer surface of the jacket after it has been foamed.
- the die Land length may be configured to suitably impose a higher pressure drop (and correspondingly higher foaming) as the PVDF material exits the die tip. In a preferred tooling embodiment, a die Land length of greater than one inch is utilized.
- outer jacket 1 1 or 34 may vary depending upon the particular electrical and/or physical requirements of the cable.
- the preferred embodiment of the present invention incorporates cores 22 and outer jacket 1 1 or 34 configured such that electrical performance of the cable is in compliance with TIA/EIA 568A Category 5 cable standards.
- the particular amount of foaming and the specific composition of outer jacket may be suitably selected to ensure that the electrical, physical, and burn characteristics of the cable meet all of the relevant requirements. It should be appreciated that the use of a single outer jacket may reduce the manufacturing time and costs associated with a Category 5 cable, e.g. , cable 5.
- outer jacket 1 1 enables cable 5 to pass the required UL burn tests and the Category 5 electrical tests without the need for an inner or intermediate jacket or a core wrap. Nonetheless, as previously described, in accordance with one aspect of the invention the core can be wrapped with an inner jacket of foamed PVDF material to provide further burn and smoke protection and/or to enhance the electrical performance of the cable.
- All of the above listed cables passed the plenum burn test as indicated, and also passed the Category 5 electrical requirements, as well as the UL-444 physical property test requirements.
- Category 5 cables When plenum cables are subjected to increased temperatures, the electrical characteristics of the cable ⁇ e.g. , attenuation, structural return loss, and cross-talk) may drift by an undesirable amount. Indeed, Category 5 cables must pass elevated temperature attenuation requirements at 40°C and at 60°C; in accordance with current standards, the attenuation of Category 5 cables must be less than about 67.0 dB at room temperature, less than about 72.3 dB at 40°C, and less than about 77.7 dB at 60°C. Although a cable utilizing FEP insulation and a low-smoke PVC jacket may meet these elevated temperature attenuation requirements, it may not remain electrically stable at much higher temperatures, e.g. , greater than 1 00°C.
- outer jackets 1 1 and 34 enable cables 5 and 1 0 to exhibit electrical stability (for purposes of performance tests) from room temperature to a temperature exceeding 60°C.
- cables 5 and 1 0 are electrically stable to at least about 1 21 °C, which is approximately the highest temperature that may be reached within a plenum.
- the attenuation of Category 5 cables must be less than about 94 dB at 1 21 °C
- a prototype cable constructed in accordance with the present invention exhibited attenuation less than 70.0 dB at 1 21 °C.
- cables 5 and 1 0 also meet or exceed the electrical performance requirements associated with structural return loss and cross-talk from room temperature to 1 21 °C.
- the velocity of signal propagation (which should be as high as possible) is extremely important, as is the allowable skew.
- Skew refers to variations among twisted pair in a single cable of the velocity of propagation or other characteristics, and should be as small as possible to minimize data distortion.
- Table 2 represents the results of measurements of characteristics of 4 pair FEP, 3 pair FEP + 1 pair flame-retardant olefin, 2 pair FEP + 2 pair flame-retardant olefin, and 4 pair foam/skin HDPE in accordance with the present invention.
- the velocity of propagation is expressed in percent of the speed of light, and the delay is expressed in nanoseconds over a 1 00 meter cable run.
- the skew percent is determined by the ratio between the worst twisted pair characteristics and the best twisted pair characteristics.
- the references to BRN, GRN, BLU and ORN are simply references to particular colors of twisted pair in a standard 4 twisted pair color standard.
- F/S BRN 1.59 79.20 1.30 F/S GRN 1.61 78.80 1.31 F/S BLU 1.64 77.90 1.32 F/S ORN 1.66 77.50 1.33
- the dielectric constant, velocity of propagation, and delay time for cable constructed with foam/skin insulation in accordance with the present invention are all significantly better than FEP-only insulated cable, and vastly superior to those for composite FEP/olefin insulated cables.
- the skew for the cable of this invention is also significantly better than for FEP-only insulated cable.
- Such a cable construction is indeed suitable for operation at signal frequencies of 150 MHz or 155 Megabits.
- an improved cable construction is achieved, which is a result of a novel combination of electrical and burn properties of materials.
- polyolefin which in a specific example is foamed, such as HDPE surrounded by a HDPE skin, is surrounded by a jacket of thermoplastic halogenated polymer, which in a specific example is a foamed PVDF material.
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- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Insulated Conductors (AREA)
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- Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU96085/98A AU9608598A (en) | 1997-05-15 | 1997-11-18 | Single-jacketed plenum cable |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US85701897A | 1997-05-15 | 1997-05-15 | |
US08/857,018 | 1997-05-15 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998052198A1 true WO1998052198A1 (en) | 1998-11-19 |
Family
ID=25324983
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1997/021277 WO1998052198A1 (en) | 1997-05-15 | 1997-11-18 | Single-jacketed plenum cable |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AR (1) | AR010060A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU9608598A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2220368C (en) |
MX (1) | MX9709008A (en) |
TW (1) | TW406274B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998052198A1 (en) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3516859A (en) * | 1963-09-25 | 1970-06-23 | Siemens Ag | Method of producing insulated electrical conductor |
US4605818A (en) * | 1984-06-29 | 1986-08-12 | At&T Technologies, Inc. | Flame-resistant plenum cable and methods of making |
US5600097A (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1997-02-04 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Fire resistant cable for use in local area network |
US5670748A (en) * | 1995-02-15 | 1997-09-23 | Alphagary Corporation | Flame retardant and smoke suppressant composite electrical insulation, insulated electrical conductors and jacketed plenum cable formed therefrom |
-
1997
- 1997-11-06 CA CA 2220368 patent/CA2220368C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-11-10 AR ARP970105205 patent/AR010060A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-11-14 TW TW86116961A patent/TW406274B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-11-18 AU AU96085/98A patent/AU9608598A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-11-18 WO PCT/US1997/021277 patent/WO1998052198A1/en active Application Filing
- 1997-11-21 MX MX9709008A patent/MX9709008A/en unknown
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3516859A (en) * | 1963-09-25 | 1970-06-23 | Siemens Ag | Method of producing insulated electrical conductor |
US4605818A (en) * | 1984-06-29 | 1986-08-12 | At&T Technologies, Inc. | Flame-resistant plenum cable and methods of making |
US5600097A (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1997-02-04 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Fire resistant cable for use in local area network |
US5670748A (en) * | 1995-02-15 | 1997-09-23 | Alphagary Corporation | Flame retardant and smoke suppressant composite electrical insulation, insulated electrical conductors and jacketed plenum cable formed therefrom |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AR010060A1 (en) | 2000-05-17 |
AU9608598A (en) | 1998-12-08 |
TW406274B (en) | 2000-09-21 |
CA2220368C (en) | 2001-02-13 |
MX9709008A (en) | 1998-11-29 |
CA2220368A1 (en) | 1998-11-15 |
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