WO1998050821A1 - Dispositif a cristaux liquides comprenant des moyens d'ancrage sur au moins une plaque de confinement donnant une orientation degeneree - Google Patents
Dispositif a cristaux liquides comprenant des moyens d'ancrage sur au moins une plaque de confinement donnant une orientation degeneree Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998050821A1 WO1998050821A1 PCT/FR1998/000909 FR9800909W WO9850821A1 WO 1998050821 A1 WO1998050821 A1 WO 1998050821A1 FR 9800909 W FR9800909 W FR 9800909W WO 9850821 A1 WO9850821 A1 WO 9850821A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
- G02F1/1391—Bistable or multi-stable liquid crystal cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/133753—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers with different alignment orientations or pretilt angles on a same surface, e.g. for grey scale or improved viewing angle
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
- G09G2300/0469—Details of the physics of pixel operation
- G09G2300/0478—Details of the physics of pixel operation related to liquid crystal pixels
- G09G2300/0482—Use of memory effects in nematic liquid crystals
- G09G2300/0486—Cholesteric liquid crystals, including chiral-nematic liquid crystals, with transitions between focal conic, planar, and homeotropic states
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3622—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using a passive matrix
- G09G3/3629—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using a passive matrix using liquid crystals having memory effects, e.g. ferroelectric liquid crystals
- G09G3/3637—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using a passive matrix using liquid crystals having memory effects, e.g. ferroelectric liquid crystals with intermediate tones displayed by domain size control
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of liquid crystal display devices.
- the present invention is the result of a collaboration between the CNRS, the University of Paris-Sud and the Institut Curie.
- the mesogenic molecules generally orient in a direction close to the direction of friction.
- This orientation is characterized by a single "easy" direction for the nematic, usually defined by the angles ⁇ o and ⁇ 0 (see Figure 1): the zenith angle ⁇ o, between the easy axis f and the normal z to the substrate; and the azimuth angle ⁇ o between the easy axis f and a fixed direction chosen in the plane of the substrate.
- the easy axis f corresponds to a minimum of the interaction energy of the nematic with the bordering phase.
- the anchoring energy W has a single minimum, which corresponds to a single easy axis (generally, we do not differentiate between the direction n s and the opposite direction -n s , because that the nematic phase is non-polar).
- a large number of treatments give this simple anchor, which is widely used in liquid crystal display devices.
- Degenerate anchors are typical on a flat interface between the nematic and an isotropic phase. Indeed, nothing imposes an azimuthal direction in this case and by symmetry the minimum of anchoring energy is achieved for all possible angles ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ 360 °).
- the first of these phenomena identified by the inventors corresponds to an adsorption of the mesogenic molecules on the surface.
- the orientation of the molecules is defined by chance or by flow.
- the nematic molecules in direct contact with the surface are adsorbed on the substrate.
- their order and their orientations are memorized on the surface and imposed on the nematic molecules which remain in the volume near the substrate.
- the second of these phenomena identified by the inventors corresponds to an orientation of the substrate by the nematic.
- the present invention now aims to improve the liquid crystal devices to allow the operation of a degenerate or almost degenerate anchor. More specifically, the present invention aims to provide new means for obtaining degenerate anchors, or almost degenerate, and without memory of liquid crystals on solid substrates and allowing the use of these anchors in display devices.
- a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal material sandwiched between two confinement plates, characterized in that at least one of the plates is provided with '' a treatment which defines a degenerate azimuthal anchoring, without azimuthal orientation memory.
- the treatment is a passivation treatment of the surface of at least one of the plates by inhibiting the adsorption sites on this surface.
- the treatment may be a treatment operating by saturation of the adsorption sites.
- the treatment comprises a coating comprising a polymer comprising fluid or very mobile chains, or even self-lubricating, that is to say without site capable of adsorbing the liquid crystal.
- FIG. 1 represents the azimuthal orientation of "easy" direction of the nematic director with respect to a confinement plate and the zenith orientation of the easy direction with respect to normal to the latter
- FIG. 2 represents the orientation of two easy directions in the case of a bistable anchoring
- FIG. 3 shows schematically the case of a conical anchor
- FIG. 4 represents the energy of the zenith anchor for a monostable planar alignment
- FIG. 5 represents the energy of the zenith anchor for a symmetrical bistable anchor or for a degenerate conical anchor
- FIG. 6 represents the texture of the liquid crystal during six successive stages of a switching process
- FIG. 7 represents the texture of the liquid crystal during four successive stages of a switching process in accordance with another variant of the present invention
- FIG. 9 represents the optical response between crossed polarizers of a cell according to the present invention
- FIG. 10 represents two flat textures capable of being obtained with a planar anchoring on a counter blade
- FIG. 11 represents the registration thresholds as a function of the duration of the control pulses, measured on a cell comprising a polyisoprene treatment
- FIG. 12 represents the registration thresholds as a function of the duration of the control pulses, measured on a cell comprising a polystyrene treatment
- FIG. 13 shows the spontaneous erasure time of a cell as a function of the square of the thickness of the cell concerned
- - Figure 14 shows different curves illustrating the optical response of a cell according to the present invention for electrical control pulses of a fixed duration and of different amplitudes
- FIG. 15 represents the optical signal as a function of time for refresh pulses of fixed repetition frequency and for different amplitudes of these pulses
- FIG. 16 represents the average light intensity as a function of the voltage rms
- FIG. 17 illustrates a variant in which the two electrodes are arranged on the same plate
- FIG. 18 represents the angle ⁇ (z) for two displays, one in accordance with the invention, the other conventional, - FIG. 19 illustrates the twist in a chiralised cell
- FIG. 20 represents the optical response of a horizontal field cell
- FIG. 21 represents a device with a chiralised or cholesteric nematic
- FIG. 22 represents the optical response of this device
- FIG. 23 represents the optical response for a similar device having a different thickness and pitch
- FIG. 24 shows the optical response of a long-pitch cell.
- the undesirable memory of the surface of a containment plate is eliminated by virtue of a thin layer of an appropriate surfactant on the substrate.
- the role of the surfactant is to occupy the adsorption sites available on the surface and in this way to "passivate" the substrate, making it impossible to adsorb the liquid crystal itself.
- This passivation material can be formed of any surfactant which reacts strongly with the surface of the containment plate and which is easily adsorbed on it, preferably in a definitive manner.
- this surfactant is further adapted so as not to interact strongly with the liquid crystal, for example not to orient itself easily by the anisotropic interactions with the mesogenic molecules.
- the surface of the confinement plate becomes inert: it no longer adsorbs the molecules of the liquid crystal, and moreover it does not become anisotropic under their action.
- a monomolecular layer of the surfactant is sufficient to saturate all the available adsorption sites and to passivate the surface.
- the surfactant film is preferably thicker to ensure passivation.
- the passivation material is advantageously formed by a thicker layer to strongly screen the substrate-liquid crystal interaction and to thereby avoid the orientation of the polymer and the hysteresis which results therefrom. results.
- the inventors tested in particular several surfactants belonging to the family of organofunctional silanes, comprising chlorosilane (Si-Ci), silanol (Si-OH), or alkoxysilane ( Si-C n H 2n OH). To cling to the surface, these products have the property of being easily adsorbed on glass or other substrates and, after heat treatment, react chemically with the surface and with each other.
- the surfactant layer obtained in this way is very solid and impenetrable for the mesogenic molecules.
- the organofunctional group is chosen so as to minimize the interaction between the surfactant and the mesogenic molecule, to avoid the phenomena of memory and hysteresis.
- the invention is however not limited to the family of organofunctional silanes.
- any equivalent compound that is to say any compound capable of fulfilling the two aforementioned functions: a) to be anchored on the substrate, b) but without interacting with the liquid crystal material, for example with chromium complexes .
- chromium complexes capable of defining a homeotropic anchoring are found in document [7]. Experimental results have shown that most of the silanes tested reduce the memory of the substrates on which they are deposited.
- the inventors observed that the deposition of a layer of GLYMO thicker than about 100A leads to planar anchoring ( ⁇ o ⁇ 90 °) degenerate without any orientation memory: the orientation of the nematic in the test cell is uniform, defined by the standard slide, and under the action of an external electric or magnetic field this orientation changes in a uniform manner and without memory .
- the azimuthal anchoring energy on substrates provided with a passivation layer thicker than 100A is strictly equal to zero. Layers thinner than 100A give very low azimuth anchoring energy, less uniform anchoring and less reproducible results.
- the inventors also tested the action of the passivation layers of the GLYMO product on anisotropic substrates.
- the substrates tested were glass slides with transparent ITO electrodes and a thin layer (5 to 1000 ⁇ ) of SiO, evaporated in vacuum at a grazing angle (75 °).
- the orientation of the 5CB nematic on these substrates is according to the conditions of evaporation, planar monostable, bistable inclined and monostable inclined.
- the substrates show a very strong memory of the initial orientation of the nematic, due to the strong adsorption of mesogenic molecules on the porous and polar layer of SiO.
- the orientational memory disappears almost completely.
- the alignment of 5CB on the passivation layers is planar (without pretilt) monostable, in a direction perpendicular to the evaporation plane.
- the energy of the azimuth anchoring is very strong for the thinnest layers, with an extrapolation length L ⁇ 4 ⁇ A. This anchoring energy gradually weakens when the thickness d of the GLYMO film increases and for d> 200A, L diverges and the anchoring becomes planar degenerate.
- the thickness of the passivation layer is preferably between 20 A and 500 A. Similar results have been obtained by passivating with a layer of GLYMO glass or ITO substrates, made anisotropic by friction. Without passivation, these substrates align the 5CB in a monostable planar fashion, with a strong azimuth anchoring and a very large surface memory. By depositing a layer of GLYMO on the substrates, the inventors observed a complete disappearance of the memory and a weakening of the anchoring force. Again, the anchoring energy gradually decreases when d increases and at d> 200A it cancels out completely: the anchoring becomes planar degenerate, with negligible memory. Similar results have also been obtained with a unidirectional friction of the layer of GLYMO previously deposited on an isotropic substrate.
- the passivation treatment can be formed by depositing a coating thick enough to prevent access to the adsorption sites formed on the substrate, by the liquid crystal molecules, without for the coating does not saturate each of these sites.
- the present invention also proposes, in order to avoid surface hysteresis, to apply to the substrate an isotropic liquid or vitreous layer, the molecules of which can not only inhibit the adsorption sites on the substrate as indicated above, but also can easily reorient or deform so that the confinement plate thus treated loses all the memory of the previous orientation.
- This layer plays the role of an orientational lubricant: it allows the orientation of the nematic director n s on the surface to slide on the substrate without any friction or hysteresis.
- a “anchoring lubricant” product can be formed from polymers which are in the liquid phase at room temperature (or more precisely, throughout the thermal stability range of the mesogenic phase used). In this case, it is necessary to graft the lubricating layer on the substrate to strongly attach its molecules and avoid their solution or diffusion in the liquid crystal.
- the layers thus prepared are both very stable macroscopically and very mobile at the molecular level.
- anchoring lubricants solid polymers, in their vitreous state, provided that their chains are fairly mobile and their viscosity is moderate. This condition is easy to meet if the polymer is close to its melting point at room temperature.
- the inventors have in particular tested several liquid polymers from the family of siloxanes and glassy polymers, with a melting temperature close to ambient (for example polyisoprene and polybutadiene). These products have great mobility in their chains.
- Two nematics at room temperature were used in this study: 5CB and the nematic mixture MLC 6012 (Merck). All the products, deposited in thin layers on the substrates, gave degenerate anchors of the two nematics studied and without any orientation memory.
- the polyisoprene layers deposited on isotropic substrates give an excellent degenerate orientation of the nematics studied. No anchoring memory was detected in the test cells: the orientation of the easy axis on the polyisoprene always remains in the same plane, only on the standard blade. Under the action of the external fields, the easy axis on the studied slide is reoriented in a uniform way without hysteresis and without any azimuthal anchoring energy.
- the azimuthal anchoring energy decreases.
- the inventors observed a gradual transition between the highly monostable anchoring of the substrate and the degenerate anchoring typical for the polyisoprene layer. This is also accompanied by a complete disappearance of the orientation memory.
- the zenith angle ⁇ 0 of the degenerate anchoring on the polyisoprene depends on the nature of the substrate and the nematic.
- the anchor is planar degenerate for polyisoprene deposited on evaporated SiO, while it is degenerate conical ( ⁇ o close to 55 °, the "magic" angle) if the polyisoprene film is deposited directly on the glass.
- the polystyrene used to modify the surfaces (hereinafter called functional PS) was synthesized anionically according to a conventional method, so as to obtain polymer chains terminated at one end with SiCl3.
- the molecular mass of the functional PS is typically 40,000 g / mol but can be varied from 1,000 to 10 6 g / mol.
- a solution of functional PS is first prepared in anhydrous toluene, at a volume fraction of the order of 5%.
- the surfaces to be grafted are cleaned in a stream of oxygen, under UV.
- the functional PS solution is deposited on these surfaces suitable for the spinner.
- the surfaces covered with functional PS are placed in the vacuum oven, typically for 24 hours, at a temperature of 160 ° C.
- the excess functional polymer is then removed by cold dissolution in toluene, possibly with the help of ultrasound.
- the amount of grafted PS is measured by ellipsometry.
- the grafting of polystyrene on isotropic substrates results in a degenerate conical anchoring of the 5CB nematic, without any memory, very homogeneous and reproducible.
- the treatment with grafted polystyrene is very stable over time: the grafted molecules do not dissolve in the liquid crystal and remain attached to the surface even after mechanical treatments, for example after unidirectional friction on tissue.
- the grafting of polystyrene on anisotropic substrates reduces the azimuthal anchoring energy and removes the anchoring memory.
- anisotropic substrates glass or rubbed ITO, evaporated SiO
- the inventors observed a continuous variation of the azimuthal anchoring energy between the usual high value for the untreated substrates and the typical degenerate anchoring of the grafted layer. In this way the inventors have succeeded in obtaining almost reproducible, almost degenerate anchors. Similar results have also been obtained by mechanical friction of the already grafted polystyrene layer.
- a self-lubricating material that is to say without a site capable of adsorbing the liquid crystal, without however comprising fluid or mobile chains for producing the coating of the confinement plate or producing this plate itself directly without any coating.
- This arrangement is particularly suitable when one of the plates does not have an electrode. An example of such an arrangement will be described later.
- nematic display devices use only volume effects. In these displays the texture changes are carried out by continuous deformations in the volume and without any reorientation on the surfaces. By their very nature, these devices require strong monostable anchors for their operation. Recently, nematic displays using a break in the anchoring on the surfaces have been proposed and produced. See documents [2- 5], [8], [9]. In these devices, the orientation of the liquid crystal on the surface changes suddenly during the operation of the display, thus making it possible to transform the volume texture and to switch between two bistable textures (ie textures which remain stable for long times without the application of external fields). The main advantages of these devices are their bistability and their switching speed. However, nematic displays with surface bistability also have certain drawbacks: their anchors are more difficult to produce and to control.
- the display proposed in documents [2-5] requires fairly complex anchors: the two states used are distinguished by both their azimuth and zenith angle (pretilt angle). For the moment these anchors remain difficult to achieve.
- the device proposed in documents [8] and [9] uses simpler anchors (monostable). But to decrease the duration and the voltage of the control pulses, it requires moderate or weak overhead anchor energies, the production technologies of which are not yet well mastered.
- the inventors are now proposing new means for producing degenerate (i.e. without azimuthal anchoring energy or surface memory) or almost degenerate (i.e. with low azimuth anchoring energy and without surface memory) anchors. These anchors are easy to produce and control with external electric fields. Their zenith anchoring force is moderate or even weak, and for this reason they can be used in display devices.
- the switching command for the degenerate anchor displays can be done by a break in the degenerate anchor and then a command for the broken anchor.
- Another solution is the application of an azimuth torque which rotates the degenerate anchor.
- the choice of this position is made by chance, due to fluctuations, or can be induced by a weak control effect exerted on the cell.
- the zenithal energy of such an anchor is shown in Figure 5.
- the same figure 5 can also be interpreted as the zenith part of a degenerate anchor, which by definition has zero azimuthal energy (the two branches ⁇ > 0 and ⁇ ⁇ 0 correspond in this case to the same zenith angle ⁇ and to two angles azimuths which differ by 180 °).
- the anchoring obtained by this superposition is called "almost degenerate anchoring" in the context of the present patent application.
- the azimuthal energy of the anchor is zero (or very weak), but the zenithal energy is arbitrary and can be strong. In practice, these anchors are less anisotropic than monostable anchors and their zenith anchor is usually moderate or weak. I-2) Control of the broken anchor. Different means can be used to control the broken anchor.
- this control is ensured by a hydrodynamic surface flow.
- a hydrodynamic surface flow Such a control by hydrodynamic surface effect can be in accordance with the provisions described in documents [8] and [9] to which reference will usefully be made for a good understanding of the present invention.
- the plate 1 has a conventional monostable and strong anchoring, preferably with a pretilt ( ⁇ o ⁇ ⁇ 90 °).
- the blade 2 has a degenerate conical or planar anchoring ( ⁇ o 2 ⁇ 0, ⁇ o 2 arbitrary) in accordance with the present invention.
- E c ⁇ >E> E C 2 perpendicular to the plates 1 and 2 the anchoring on the blade 2 with degenerate anchoring breaks and the practically homeotropic texture of FIG. 6b is obtained.
- E c ⁇ and E c2 correspond to the breaking thresholds respectively on the two plates.
- the texture of figure 6d can be stable if ⁇ -i and ⁇ 2 are weak.
- the resulting device thus has bistable properties.
- a monostable display is therefore obtained, which can be written with very short pulses ( ⁇ i ⁇ I O ⁇ s) and which spontaneously disappears in a much longer time ( ⁇ e > 10ms).
- ⁇ e can be adjusted within wide limits by modifying the anchors and the thickness of the cell. Of course, other processes can be used to control the broken anchor.
- the display in Figure 6 can be transformed into a bistable display.
- the bent state ( Figure 6d) is stable. Indeed, to pass from the bent state in the inclined uniform state (figure 6a) of minimum energy, the texture must pass through the twisted state of 180 ° (figure 6e). This intermediate state forms a barrier which stabilizes the bent state as long as ( ⁇ + ⁇ 2 ) / 2 ⁇ c .
- the critical angle ⁇ c varies from about 45 ° for compounds - whose torsional energy is very low, to 90 ° (flexed state always stable) for compounds whose elastic energies of bending and twisting are equal.
- FIG. 7 is illustrated a planar anchoring on the blade 1.
- this anchoring on the blade 1 could be oblique.
- I.2 b Control of the broken anchor by the superimposition of them hydrodynamic effects - of volume and surface.
- the flows created by the two hydrodynamic effects, surface and volume, are in the same direction and therefore they are added: in practice, the broken surface is controlled by the superposition of the two effects.
- the inventors produced several cells with degenerate or almost degenerate anchors.
- a first type of cell uses a slide covered with a thin layer of GLYMO (with a thickness of the order of 100A) on a transparent ITO electrode, which gives a degenerate planar anchoring of the 5CB nematic.
- GLYMO is chemically grafted onto the surface and is crosslinked to form a stable and insoluble layer in the liquid crystal.
- the other plate in the cell is always treated by evaporation of SiO (82 °, 105 nm, strong anchoring, monostable, inclined at ⁇ 10 of the order of 55 °).
- the thickness of the cells was between 1 ⁇ m and 4 ⁇ m. After filling, the cells still show a flat texture, without any twisting.
- FIG. 9 is the recording of the optical transmission of the cell between crossed polarizers following the application of a control pulse 30. We have added in FIG. 9 the correspondences with the states explained with reference to FIG. 6. We note that the maximum transmission is obtained for state 6e. On this cell, whose optical response is not optimized, the inventors have measured a contrast better than 100: 1.
- the inventors By applying short electrical pulses, the inventors observed a transition of the cells in the "registered" state, twisted at 180 °.
- the inscription thresholds E c ( ⁇ ) measured for these cells are presented in FIG. 11.
- FIG. 12 is presented the breaking threshold of the anchoring of the 5CB as a function of the duration of the pulse for a treatment of polystyrene grafted on the ITO.
- the same threshold was also obtained for the almost degenerate anchors obtained by mechanical friction of the grafted polystyrene layer.
- the time ⁇ e is an important characteristic of the monostable display (which disappears spontaneously) and it must be adjusted according to the refresh rate. This time depends on several parameters: cell thickness, geometry of the anchors, duration and voltage of the control pulse.
- ⁇ e is presented as a function of the square of the thickness of cell "d" for different samples, containing the nematic 5CB.
- the degenerate anchor blade 2 is always covered by polyisoprene (degenerate conical anchor without any memory).
- Two types of counter-blades 1 were used: monostable planar anchoring on rubbed polyimide (curve a) and inclined monostable anchoring on evaporated SiO (curve b).
- the dependence of ⁇ e on d 2 is well known to those skilled in the art: it can be deduced from the condition of equilibrium between the elastic torque of volume torsion which forces the director to turn on the anchoring cone , and the viscous couple that opposes it.
- 5CB polyisoprene plate 2, 1 oblique SiO counter blade, thickness 2.3 ⁇ m
- pulses close to the break point for example in the form of pulses of fixed duration and of amplitude between U c and U c -20% or of pulses of amplitude fixed and of duration between ⁇ c and ⁇ c -20% ( ⁇ c representing the pulse duration required to break the anchor for a given amplitude, see for example Figures 11 and 12).
- FIG. 15 gives the optical signal as a function of time for refresh pulses of fixed repetition frequency and different amplitudes of these pulses.
- the inventors have shown that the device operates in the rms mode: the average optical signal is a function of the average of the square of the applied voltage.
- Figure 16 shows the average light intensity as a function of the voltage rms (square root of the mean of the square of the voltage). We can see that the voltage threshold is steep. The ratio M between the voltage giving a light intensity of 90% and that giving 10% is close of 1.025. This makes it possible to produce a screen whose number of lines is given by the formula of Alt and Pleshko [11]:
- the inventors also studied the almost degenerate anchors, obtained by superposition of a conical or planar degenerate anchor (polyisoprene, polystyrene or GLYMO layer) with a weak monostable alignment (friction of the blade before or after deposition of the layer degenerate anchoring, deposit of this layer on evaporated SiO or another equivalent anisotropic surface).
- these anchors are symmetrical, bistable anchors, with very low azimuthal anchoring energy.
- the anisotropy can be induced by irradiation using a beam of polarized ultraviolet or visible light.
- the almost degenerate anchors break and the cell registers, giving the texture illustrated in FIG. 6e.
- the breakpoints are the same as for the corresponding degenerate anchors.
- the inscribed texture does not, however, spontaneously disappear by sliding the anchor, and remains stable over the seconds scale. At longer times, the cell is erased by movement of the faults.
- the display proposed in the context of the present invention has the following characteristics:
- the degenerate anchoring plate becomes the master plate, that is to say that it will create the hydrodynamic flow of volume and surface which gives the state bent in the case of the inscription or the elastic interaction which creates the uniform state of FIG. 6a in the case of the erasure.
- the applied field is normal to the blades and the high electric torque breaks the __ zenithal anchoring of the degenerate azimuthal anchoring blade.
- a new volume texture is produced, which in the case of the monostable returns to the initial texture by azimuthal rotation of the molecules on the degenerate anchor plate.
- an azimuth torque applied in the cell produces an azimuthal rotation. No anchoring break occurs in this case: the degenerate azimuth anchoring freely reorients under such a torque and the texture of the cell changes in a progressive and reversible manner since by definition the breaking threshold of the azimuth anchoring degenerate is zero.
- the two electrodes are arranged on the same blade, for example the blade 1 in FIG. 17; they are parallel to the y axis and distant from L.
- the electric field is in the plane of the cell parallel to the x axis.
- the anchoring is traditional, monostable, planar or inclined with an azimuth angle ⁇ 1 relative to the x axis (fig. 17). The distance between the blades is d.
- U2 is the Frederiksz threshold in torsion geometry [document 10], around 0.5V for the 5CB.
- ⁇ (z) varies in volume (fig. 18, curve b), but remains unchanged on both surfaces.
- the inventors have produced several cells with a horizontal field between a blade 1 of strong planar anchoring (oblique evaporation of SiO) and a blade 2 of degenerate conical anchoring (grafted polystyrene).
- the two transparent ITO electrodes were placed on slide 2 and separated by 100 ⁇ m.
- the duration of the control pulses was chosen to be 40 ms, compatible with the duration of the video image.
- fig. 20a is presented the optical response of such a cell (d
- the liquid crystal between the plates is a chiralise or cholesteric nematic with a pitch P relatively large compared to the wavelength of visible light.
- the degenerate conical or planar anchoring on the blade 2 distinguishes the proposed device from the monostable homeotropic anchoring devices already proposed in documents [16] and [17]. Those skilled in the art know that without external constraint, imposed by a field or by the edges, the cholesteric rolls up in a helix.
- Ki elastic constant of the fan deformation of the liquid crystal
- K elastic constant of the torsion
- K 3 elastic constant of bending.
- the coupling between ⁇ and ⁇ plays the role of a torque "converter". It transforms the overhead couples, created directly by the vertical field, into azimuthal couples. Thus, thanks to the free azimuth anchoring on the plate 2, the angle ⁇ 2 changes under the action of the field (fig. 21 b, we assume in this figure ⁇ > 0). Between crossed polarizers a change in the transmitted intensity is obtained. If P and ⁇ are large, the texture is almost planar, we work in the waveguide regime and at the cell output the polarization is more or less rotated, depending on the field applied.
- the proposed device has many advantages compared to devices based on traditional anchors. Compared to horizontal field displays, these advantages are:
- the inventors produced several cells between two glass slides, with transparent ITO electrodes on the internal surfaces of the slides.
- the anchoring is traditional and monostable on the blade 1 and conical or planar degenerate on the blade 2.
- the nematic 5CB is chiralized to obtain a spontaneous torsion, with a pitch P much greater than the wavelength.
- the anchoring is oblique monostable (SiO) on slide 1 and degenerate conical (grafted polystyrene) on slide 2.
- the torsion in the cell varies between -270 ° without field and -160 ° under strong field. This strong twist ensures a wide angle of view, comparable to supertwisted displays.
- the response times are compatible with the frequency of the video image and the contrast (not optimized) is approximately 20.
- Figure 24 we present the optical response of a long-pitch cell (P ⁇ 13 ⁇ m), which works in the waveguide regime and which has better colorimetry.
- This cell has a thickness of ⁇ 3.7 ⁇ m, monostable planar anchoring (SiO) on blade 1 and degenerate planar anchoring (treatment by Glymo) on blade 2.
- SiO monostable planar anchoring
- Glymo degenerate planar anchoring
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP10547791A JP2000513837A (ja) | 1997-05-07 | 1998-05-06 | 縮退した配向を与える少なくとも1つの閉じ込め板上に束縛するための手段を備えた液晶装置 |
EP98924387A EP0912914A1 (fr) | 1997-05-07 | 1998-05-06 | Dispositif a cristaux liquides comprenant des moyens d'ancrage sur au moins une plaque de confinement donnant une orientation degeneree |
CA002260262A CA2260262A1 (fr) | 1997-05-07 | 1998-05-06 | Dispositif a cristaux liquides comprenant des moyens d'ancrage sur au moins une plaque de confinement donnant une orientation degeneree |
US09/214,432 US6452573B1 (en) | 1997-05-07 | 1998-05-06 | Liquid crystal device comprising anchoring means on at least one confinement plate providing a degenerated orientation |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR9705653A FR2763145B1 (fr) | 1997-05-07 | 1997-05-07 | Dispositif a cristaux liquides comprenant des moyens d'ancrage perfectionnes sur au moins une plaque de confinement donnant une orientation degeneree sans memoire |
FR97/05653 | 1997-05-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1998050821A1 true WO1998050821A1 (fr) | 1998-11-12 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
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PCT/FR1998/000909 WO1998050821A1 (fr) | 1997-05-07 | 1998-05-06 | Dispositif a cristaux liquides comprenant des moyens d'ancrage sur au moins une plaque de confinement donnant une orientation degeneree |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6452573B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0912914A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2000513837A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR100546446B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1228168A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2260262A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2763145B1 (fr) |
TW (1) | TW569063B (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1998050821A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002006887A1 (fr) | 2000-07-13 | 2002-01-24 | Japan Science And Technology Corporation | Affichage a cristaux liquides |
FR2899712A1 (fr) * | 2006-04-07 | 2007-10-12 | Nemoptic Sa | Perfectionnements aux afficheurs bistables a cristaux liquides nematique |
Families Citing this family (12)
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US7071824B2 (en) * | 1999-07-29 | 2006-07-04 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Radio frequency identification devices, remote communication devices, identification systems, communication methods, and identification methods |
GB0017953D0 (en) * | 2000-07-21 | 2000-09-13 | Secr Defence | Liquid crystal device |
US6611308B2 (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2003-08-26 | Hannstar Display Corp. | Cone protrusion in multi-domain vertically aligned liquid crystal display |
FR2835644B1 (fr) * | 2002-02-06 | 2005-04-29 | Nemoptic | Procede et dispositif d'adressage d'un ecran cristal liquide bistable |
GB2388201A (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2003-11-05 | Hewlett Packard Co | Liquid crystal device |
FR2847704B1 (fr) * | 2002-11-26 | 2005-01-28 | Nemoptic | Procede et dispositif perfectionnes d'affichage a cristal liquide nematique bistable |
US7033523B2 (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2006-04-25 | Photintech Inc. | Composite liquid crystalline mixture |
EP1723450A1 (fr) * | 2004-03-01 | 2006-11-22 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Couches birefringentes avec a axe optique incline |
US7855643B2 (en) * | 2006-11-10 | 2010-12-21 | Round Rock Research, Llc | Tracking systems, passive RFIDs, methods of locating and identifying RFIDs, and methods of tracking items |
US20080186178A1 (en) * | 2007-02-07 | 2008-08-07 | Micron Technology, Inc. | RFIDS, interrogators, indication systems, methods of determining a bi-directional communication range of an interrogator, methods of activating an observable indicator, and methods of indicating bi-directional functionality of a radio connection |
WO2011089842A1 (fr) * | 2010-01-20 | 2011-07-28 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Procédé de commande de dispositif d'affichage à cristaux liquides |
US9720283B2 (en) | 2014-02-26 | 2017-08-01 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd | Curved display device comprising first and second liquid crystal molecules with respective first and second pretilt-angles and method of manufacturing the same |
Citations (1)
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EP0621501A2 (fr) * | 1993-04-22 | 1994-10-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Dispositif d'affichage à cristal liquide et procédé pour sa fabrication |
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NL7904618A (nl) | 1979-06-13 | 1980-12-16 | Philips Nv | Optische focusseerinrichting. |
KR100193354B1 (ko) * | 1991-05-02 | 1999-06-15 | 유젠 웬닝거 | 액정 광 변조 장치 및 재료 |
US5492769A (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1996-02-20 | Board Of Governors Of Wayne State University | Method for the production of scratch resistance articles and the scratch resistance articles so produced |
JP3267844B2 (ja) * | 1994-11-09 | 2002-03-25 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶素子およびその製造方法 |
KR100247137B1 (ko) * | 1996-07-29 | 2000-03-15 | 구본준 | 멀티도메인 액정셀의 제조방법 |
-
1997
- 1997-05-07 FR FR9705653A patent/FR2763145B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-05-06 CN CN98800770A patent/CN1228168A/zh active Pending
- 1998-05-06 CA CA002260262A patent/CA2260262A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1998-05-06 JP JP10547791A patent/JP2000513837A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1998-05-06 WO PCT/FR1998/000909 patent/WO1998050821A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-05-06 KR KR1019997000031A patent/KR100546446B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-06 US US09/214,432 patent/US6452573B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-06 EP EP98924387A patent/EP0912914A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-06-30 TW TW087107075A patent/TW569063B/zh active
Patent Citations (1)
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EP0621501A2 (fr) * | 1993-04-22 | 1994-10-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Dispositif d'affichage à cristal liquide et procédé pour sa fabrication |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002006887A1 (fr) | 2000-07-13 | 2002-01-24 | Japan Science And Technology Corporation | Affichage a cristaux liquides |
EP1300720A1 (fr) * | 2000-07-13 | 2003-04-09 | Japan Science and Technology Corporation | Affichage a cristaux liquides |
EP1300720A4 (fr) * | 2000-07-13 | 2006-04-12 | Japan Science & Tech Agency | Affichage a cristaux liquides |
FR2899712A1 (fr) * | 2006-04-07 | 2007-10-12 | Nemoptic Sa | Perfectionnements aux afficheurs bistables a cristaux liquides nematique |
WO2007116162A1 (fr) * | 2006-04-07 | 2007-10-18 | Nemoptic | Perfectionnements, aux afficheurs bistables a cristaux liquides nematiques |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2763145B1 (fr) | 1999-07-30 |
US6452573B1 (en) | 2002-09-17 |
TW569063B (en) | 2004-01-01 |
KR20000023586A (ko) | 2000-04-25 |
EP0912914A1 (fr) | 1999-05-06 |
JP2000513837A (ja) | 2000-10-17 |
KR100546446B1 (ko) | 2006-01-26 |
CN1228168A (zh) | 1999-09-08 |
CA2260262A1 (fr) | 1998-11-12 |
FR2763145A1 (fr) | 1998-11-13 |
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