WO1998047303A2 - Gestion de la position dans un reseau par paquets en mode connexion - Google Patents

Gestion de la position dans un reseau par paquets en mode connexion Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998047303A2
WO1998047303A2 PCT/FI1998/000326 FI9800326W WO9847303A2 WO 1998047303 A2 WO1998047303 A2 WO 1998047303A2 FI 9800326 W FI9800326 W FI 9800326W WO 9847303 A2 WO9847303 A2 WO 9847303A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
message
peer group
mobile terminal
address
network
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FI1998/000326
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO1998047303A3 (fr
Inventor
Harri HANSÉN
Håkan MITTS
Original Assignee
Nokia Networks Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nokia Networks Oy filed Critical Nokia Networks Oy
Priority to CA002286596A priority Critical patent/CA2286596A1/fr
Priority to EP98913793A priority patent/EP1008267A2/fr
Priority to JP54352698A priority patent/JP2002501696A/ja
Priority to AU68358/98A priority patent/AU6835898A/en
Publication of WO1998047303A2 publication Critical patent/WO1998047303A2/fr
Publication of WO1998047303A3 publication Critical patent/WO1998047303A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W60/00—Affiliation to network, e.g. registration; Terminating affiliation with the network, e.g. de-registration
    • H04W60/04—Affiliation to network, e.g. registration; Terminating affiliation with the network, e.g. de-registration using triggered events
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
    • H04Q11/04—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems for time-division multiplexing
    • H04Q11/0428—Integrated services digital network, i.e. systems for transmission of different types of digitised signals, e.g. speech, data, telecentral, television signals
    • H04Q11/0478—Provisions for broadband connections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems 
    • H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
    • H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
    • H04L2012/5603—Access techniques
    • H04L2012/5604—Medium of transmission, e.g. fibre, cable, radio
    • H04L2012/5607—Radio
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems 
    • H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
    • H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
    • H04L2012/5619—Network Node Interface, e.g. tandem connections, transit switching
    • H04L2012/5623—Network design, dimensioning, topology or optimisation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to telecommunication systems and particularly to a connection-oriented packet network comprising hierarchically arranged peer groups.
  • Asynchronous Transfer Mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode
  • ATM transmission technique is a switching and multiplexing solution, particularly associated with a data link layer (OSI Layer 2), that allows a connection-oriented network to be implemented in B-ISDN networks.
  • the present invention can be applied in connection with various connection-oriented packet networks to which routers (such as a TCP/IP protocol) supporting wireless terminals can be added.
  • routers such as a TCP/IP protocol
  • the invention will be illustrated using elements and terms of ATM transfer technique, without the invention being, however, restricted to them.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the structure of ATM cells.
  • a cell comprises a header of five octets and an information field of 48 octets, which comprises the actual payload.
  • the physical layer can comprise a plural number of virtual paths multiplexed in an ATM layer. The paths are identified by means of a Virtual Path Identifier VPI.
  • VPI Virtual Path Identifier
  • the VPI is 8 bits long and at a Network- Node-Interface NNI it is 12 bits.
  • Each virtual path can comprise a plural number of virtual channels identified by a Virtual Channel Identifier VCI of 16 bits.
  • the main function of the header is to identify an interface number for a cell sequence that is transferred through a virtual channel associated with the connection.
  • the header also comprises other fields such as a Header Error Control HEC, a Generic Flow Control GFC, a Cell Loss Priority CLP and a Payload Type PT.
  • An ATM cell indirectly comprises information about the address of the receiver, so each cell is an independent information transport unit. The number of cells transferred in a time unit is proportional to the user's bandwidth requirements.
  • ATM is a connection-oriented communication technique, but because a connection does not exist before it is set up, a connection set-up request must be routed from a source through the ATM network to a destination in just about the same way as packets are routed in packet- switched networks. After connection set-up, the packets travel on one and the same virtual channel during the connection.
  • ATM Forum proposes routing to be implemented by a PNNI (Private NNI) protocol, the characteristics of which are described in greater detail for instance in PNNI Specification, version 1.0, ATM Forum document af-PNN 1-0055.000, A TM Forum, 1996.
  • PNNI Primary NNI
  • a PNNI link can be a physical link or a virtual link.
  • a PNNI link can for instance be a virtual path combining two nodes.
  • the nodes are logically parallel.
  • the PNNI comprises in principal two components: a PNNI signalling protocol and a virtual circuit routing protocol.
  • the PNNI signalling protocol is used for transmitting ATM connection set-up messages in the network between the user-to-network interface of the source and the destination. UNI signalling is converted to NNI signalling in the destination switch.
  • the virtual circuit routing protocol is used for routing the signalling request through the ATM network. This idea is illustrated in Figure 2, which shows signalling used for setting up a connection between two fixed terminals FT1 and FT2.
  • the development of the PNNI protocol aims at two primary goals: flexible extendibility and routing based on Quality of Service.
  • the PNNI protocol routes a connection primarily on the basis of a requested Quality of Sen/ice QoS, traffic parameters and the resources available to the network.
  • the desired quality of service is defined and then maintained during the entire connection. This is based on the Connection Admission Control CAC performed by the ATM switches, the function of which, simply put, is to ensure that as the switch receives a connection set-up request, it checks whether it can set up the connection without causing interference to existing connections. The switch approves the connection only if no interference is to be expected, otherwise the connection is routed through another switch.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the PNNI hierarchy.
  • Each PNNI hierarchy level follows the same recursive network model so that in principle the same mechanisms are used at each hierarchy level.
  • Each hierarchy level comprises groups called peer groups.
  • a peer group is substantially a plural number of groups which all have access to an identical topological database and which exchange with each other link status data.
  • each lower level peer group appears as a logical group node exchanging, similarly as a normal node, parameters concerning the status of links and nodes with other nodes at the same level.
  • Each peer group has a node that functions as a Peer Group Leader PGL, performing the functions of a logical group node.
  • the status data of higher level peer groups is aggregated between the hierarchy levels, so the members of one and the same peer group know the status data of their own group in detail and the data concerning the higher levels with less accuracy, depending on how the distance between the hierarchy levels of the groups concerned.
  • the status data of network elements in the PNNI protocol has been proposed to be transferred by Topology State Packets PTSP.
  • the packets comprise a large amount of status parameters of links and nodes, denoting the communication circumstances within the network. Transfer of status data can be activated on the basis of specific events and status data in the PNNI protocol has also been planned to be flooded at a desired accuracy at regular intervals within the entire network. Flooding makes updated status data available at a selected level in the entire network and members of one and the same peer group in particular will know the data concerning their peer group in detail.
  • Border nodes are peer group nodes having a link to other peer groups, also to external networks, that do not apply the PNNI protocol. Border nodes in different peer groups at one and the same hierarchy level determine each other as an uplink to a corresponding peer group and they also broadcast link availability data within the peer group.
  • the home network of the mobile terminal maintains the data of its home address and its mobile foreign address at a given time. Whenever a mobile terminal registers in a new switch, information about a new mobile foreign address MFA is updated in the home network of the mobile terminal.
  • a connection set-up message arrives at the switch and the switch detects that the destination address of the message is associated with a mobile terminal, the original destination address of the message is encapsuled in the message and a mobile foreign address MFA received from the home network is used as the routing address.
  • the encapsulation is released and the message is routed to the mobile terminal.
  • Encapsulation allows a connection set-up message to be transparently routed to a mobile terminal through the network, using a PNNI protocol.
  • the encapsuled message is typically routed to an anchor switch that is connected to a base station in which the mobile terminal is registered.
  • location monitoring arranged at the accuracy of switches is not, however, the most advantageous alternative.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a solution that will enable a connection set-up message and subsequent communication packets associated with the connection be routed through the network in such a way that the above mentioned problems can be solved without causing significant changes to existing networks.
  • the object of the invention is achieved with a connection-oriented packet network according to claim 1.
  • Said network is characterized by the temporary location information in the home data base comprising an address of a peer group in which the mobile terminal or mobile subscriber is last registered and that said parameters significant for routing comprise information for an internal routing within a peer group.
  • the invention also relates to a mobile terminal according to claim 9 for a connection-oriented packet network said network comprising hierarchically arranged peer groups in which the members of a peer group are arranged to know traffic parameters significant for routing to other members in the respective peer group, said network comprising at least one home data base for storing location information of mobile terminals or subscribers in the form of temporary addresses.
  • the mobile terminal is characterized by said temporary address comprising the address of a peer group in which the mobile terminal or subscriber is last registered, and the mobile terminal being arranged to update the location information in the home data base as it moves from one peer group to another.
  • the invention further relates to a method according to claim 10 for routing a message in a connection-oriented packet network comprising hierarchically arranged peer groups, in which the members of each peer group know the traffic parameters significant for routing to other members in the same peer group, said method comprising the steps of receiving at a first network node, which supports the management of mobile terminals, a connection set-up message comprising a permanent address of a called mobile terminal or mobile subscriber; sending from the first network node a routing information inquiry to a home data base of the called mobile terminal or mobile subscriber, the location information of mobile terminals or subscribers being stored in the data base in the form of temporary addresses; providing to the first network node, as a response, the address of the called mobile terminal or subscriber; routing the connection set-up from the first network node, from the switch onward, by using said temporary address as a destination address of the connection.
  • the method is characterized by storing, in said home register, the address of a peer group in which the mobile terminal or subscriber is last registered as the temporary address; routing the connection set-up on the basis of said peer group address to the peer group concerned; routing the connection set-up arrived at the peer group forward within the peer group using the traffic parameters significant for routing.
  • the dependent claims relate to the preferred embodiments of the invention.
  • the invention is based on monitoring the location of a mobile terminal/subscriber so that the location data in the home data base indicates the location, instead of an individual network node or switch, at the accuracy of a peer group.
  • the subscriber's location is known at the accuracy of a node at least within the peer group (i.e. the serving node is known).
  • Location update to the home network is performed primarily when the mobile terminal/subscriber moves from one peer group to another.
  • the switch routing the connection setup message and performing location inquiry to the data base comprising the location information routes the set-up message to a temporary address received, i.e. to an address of a peer group.
  • the set-up message travels according to the protocol towards said peer group.
  • the border node detects the set-up message is addressed to a mobile terminal or mobile subscriber and either routes the message to the mobile terminal or, if the border node does not comprise sufficient functionality for performing routing, it sends the set-up message to another peer group node that can route the message to the terminal.
  • routing is performed using internal data management of the peer group, which provides every member of the group with information about traffic parameters significant for routing to other members in the same peer group.
  • the information comprises an identity or an address of a base station serving a wireless terminal.
  • This information can be broadcast within the peer group by using a PNNI flooding known per se.
  • the border node already has the information for routing the set-up message within the peer group.
  • the present invention enables a more efficient routing by making use of the advantages offered by a hierarchical network structure and network protocol in the implementation of wireless connections, avoiding at the same time above described problems.
  • location update signalling has no impact on the size of the anchor switch service area, because the location information at the home data base only needs to be updated when the mobile terminal or mobile subscriber changes peer group.
  • the method is easy to implement and does not cause significant changes to existing networks or protocols. As signalling related to mobility management is reduced, also distributed data base operations become easier to implement.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a structure of ATM cells
  • Figure 2 illustrates nodes in a PNNI protocol
  • Figure 3 illustrates a hierarchical structure of a PNNI protocol and a concept of a peer group
  • Figure 4 is a block and signalling diagram illustrating prior art routing of a connection set-up message using tunnelling
  • Figure 5 is a block and signalling diagram illustrating an advantage gained by means of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a block and signalling diagram illustrating prior art routing of a connection set-up message using tunnelling.
  • the example shows three peer groups A, B and C.
  • a fixed terminal FT at an address A. 10.
  • in peer group A sends a connection set-up request to a mobile terminal MT 4 at a home address MHA C.2.11 in peer group C.2.
  • Switches 5, which do not support the management of mobile terminals route the connection set-up message as usually towards peer group C.2 (steps 1 and 2).
  • the switch When the set-up message arrives at a switch MES1 ; 6 supporting wireless terminals, the switch detects on the basis of the address that the set-up message is addressed to a mobile terminal and performs location inquiry to a home network C.2; 2 of the terminal MT 4 (step 3).
  • the home network has a data base HLR 7 which comprises the information about the temporary and permanent addresses of mobile terminals associated with the network.
  • the subscriber data base HLR 7 returns to the switch MES1 6 a temporary address of mobile terminal MT 4 (step 4), i.e. the address B.3.3 of an anchor switch MES2; 8 associated with a base station AP1 to which the mobile terminal has last registered.
  • the switch MES1 ; 6 changes the temporary address B.3.3 as a destination address of the connection set-up message, places the original destination address C.2.11 to another message field (for instance 'called party subaddress') and sends the set-up message further, according to a PNNI protocol, towards a visitor network B.3; 3 (steps 5, 6 and 7).
  • the switch removes the encapsulation by reading from another message field the original destination address C.2.11 , replaces the temporary destination address B.3.3 with the original address and sends the set-up message to the mobile terminal MT (steps 8 to 9) through the base station AP
  • Figure 4 also shows a second base station AP2 of the network B.3, said base station being associated with the same anchor switch as the base station AP1.
  • location information is not necessarily updated at the subscriber data base HLR 7 of network C. If there are many base stations or, correspondingly, if traffic to the peer group B.3 increases, the traffic causes congestion in anchor switch MES2.
  • Figure 5 shows a peer group B.3; 3 with a plural number of base stations. If the traffic of all the base stations was routed via switch MES2, before long the switch would be excessively loaded. The situation could, in principle, be solved by adding more anchor switches to peer group B.3, but the generic problem of traffic being forced through a single switch would remain unsolved and the advantage the network structure offers for guided routing could not be made use of. Quality of service would not improve significantly and yet the signalling related to location updating would increase unnecessarily, because location updating to the home network would always have to be made when moving from one anchor switch area to another.
  • Figure 5 illustrates an advantage offered by the present invention in a case such as the one described above.
  • the networks A, B.3 and C.2 represent separate PNNI peer groups. In the example some of the peer groups belong to different levels of hierarchy, but the hierarchy of the peer groups in relation to each other is not essential to the invention. Steps from 1 to 3 take place as in Figure 4.
  • a temporary address of a mobile terminal MT is stored at a subscriber data base HLR of the home peer group C.2 in such a way that a permanent address of the mobile terminal MT is associated with an address B.3 of the peer group to which the terminal has last registered.
  • Said address B.3 is returned to switch MES1 as a response to a location inquiry (step 4).
  • Switch 6 changes the destination address of the connection set-up message to a temporary address, which is the address B.3 of the peer group, places the original destination address C.2.11 to the message field 'called party subaddress' and sends the set-up message further, according to the PNNI protocol, to the visitor network B.3 (steps 5 and 6).
  • border node 9 When the set-up message arrives at the border node B.3.1 of the visitor network, border node 9 identifies the set-up message as one that is addressed to the mobile terminal MT 4. The identification may be based on for instance that the border node detects that the destination address of the message is a peer group address and not a switch address. The identification may also be based on another mechanism and it is not as such essential to the invention. If border switch 9 is not a switch supporting wireless terminals, it routes the set-up message to a peer group switch that supports wireless terminals, by performing the routing according to a PNNI protocol. If border node B.3.1 is a switch supporting wireless terminals, it routes the set-up message to the base station AP2 according to a PNNI protocol, for instance over path 7a, 8a, 10 or path 7b, 8b, 9b, 10.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à un réseau par paquets en mode connexion qui comprend des groupes d'homologues, disposés de manière hiérarchique (1, 2, 3), et au moins une base de données initiale; les informations sur une position temporaire dans la base de données initiale comprennent une adresse d'un groupe d'homologues dans lequel un terminal mobile ou un abonné mobile a été enregistré dernièrement. Un message d'initialisation est acheminé vers un groupe d'homologues de destination conformément aux informations sur la position temporaire. Chaque membre faisant partie d'un groupe d'homologues possède des informations pour acheminer le message d'initialisation vers un terminal mobile à l'intérieur du groupe d'homologues.
PCT/FI1998/000326 1997-04-15 1998-04-09 Gestion de la position dans un reseau par paquets en mode connexion WO1998047303A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002286596A CA2286596A1 (fr) 1997-04-15 1998-04-09 Gestion de la position dans un reseau par paquets en mode connexion
EP98913793A EP1008267A2 (fr) 1997-04-15 1998-04-09 Gestion de la position dans un reseau par paquets en mode connexion
JP54352698A JP2002501696A (ja) 1997-04-15 1998-04-09 接続指向のパケットネットワークにおける位置管理
AU68358/98A AU6835898A (en) 1997-04-15 1998-04-09 Location management in a connection-oriented packet network

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI971587 1997-04-15
FI971587A FI105138B (fi) 1997-04-15 1997-04-15 Solmuryhmien käyttö sijaintitietona

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1998047303A2 true WO1998047303A2 (fr) 1998-10-22
WO1998047303A3 WO1998047303A3 (fr) 1999-01-21

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PCT/FI1998/000326 WO1998047303A2 (fr) 1997-04-15 1998-04-09 Gestion de la position dans un reseau par paquets en mode connexion

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1008267A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2002501696A (fr)
AU (1) AU6835898A (fr)
CA (1) CA2286596A1 (fr)
FI (1) FI105138B (fr)
WO (1) WO1998047303A2 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA983091B (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1125446A1 (fr) * 1998-11-04 2001-08-22 Motorola, Inc. Procede et appareil permettant d'effectuer la selection et la repartition dans un systeme de communication
WO2002035878A1 (fr) * 2000-10-24 2002-05-02 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Procede et moyen permettant d'assurer la confidentialite de l'identite de l'abonne accrue pendant le deplacement dans un systeme de radiocommunication cellulaire
EP1215865A2 (fr) * 2000-12-13 2002-06-19 Philips Corporate Intellectual Property GmbH Réseau avec une gestion de position
WO2005086458A1 (fr) * 2004-03-09 2005-09-15 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Procede et systeme de gestion de service web
GB2429373A (en) * 2005-08-16 2007-02-21 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd Maintaining location information at a node of a communications network
KR100789075B1 (ko) 2004-03-09 2007-12-26 텔레폰악티에볼라겟엘엠에릭슨(펍) 웹 서비스 처리용 방법 및 시스템

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WO1994028645A1 (fr) * 1993-05-26 1994-12-08 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Procede et appareil pouvant supporter un systeme de telecommunications mobile dans des reseaux geres par mode de transfert asynchrone
US5537411A (en) * 1993-12-23 1996-07-16 France Telecom Dual bus access network having a pair of virtual circuits
US5590125A (en) * 1993-05-26 1996-12-31 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Method and apparatus for supporting mobile communications in asynchronous transfer mode based networks
WO1997029605A1 (fr) * 1996-02-12 1997-08-14 Telia Ab Reseau local commute a mode de transfert asynchrone facilitant la mobilite des terminaux mobiles
EP0800329A2 (fr) * 1996-04-04 1997-10-08 Lucent Technologies Inc. Système et procedé d'acheminement hiérarchique à destinations multiples dans un réseau ATM
EP0835034A2 (fr) * 1996-10-01 1998-04-08 Lucent Technologies Inc. Management de localisation d'un mobile dans des réseaux ATM

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1994028645A1 (fr) * 1993-05-26 1994-12-08 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Procede et appareil pouvant supporter un systeme de telecommunications mobile dans des reseaux geres par mode de transfert asynchrone
US5590125A (en) * 1993-05-26 1996-12-31 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Method and apparatus for supporting mobile communications in asynchronous transfer mode based networks
US5537411A (en) * 1993-12-23 1996-07-16 France Telecom Dual bus access network having a pair of virtual circuits
WO1997029605A1 (fr) * 1996-02-12 1997-08-14 Telia Ab Reseau local commute a mode de transfert asynchrone facilitant la mobilite des terminaux mobiles
EP0800329A2 (fr) * 1996-04-04 1997-10-08 Lucent Technologies Inc. Système et procedé d'acheminement hiérarchique à destinations multiples dans un réseau ATM
EP0835034A2 (fr) * 1996-10-01 1998-04-08 Lucent Technologies Inc. Management de localisation d'un mobile dans des réseaux ATM

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1125446A1 (fr) * 1998-11-04 2001-08-22 Motorola, Inc. Procede et appareil permettant d'effectuer la selection et la repartition dans un systeme de communication
EP1125446A4 (fr) * 1998-11-04 2001-12-19 Motorola Inc Procede et appareil permettant d'effectuer la selection et la repartition dans un systeme de communication
WO2002035878A1 (fr) * 2000-10-24 2002-05-02 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Procede et moyen permettant d'assurer la confidentialite de l'identite de l'abonne accrue pendant le deplacement dans un systeme de radiocommunication cellulaire
EP1215865A2 (fr) * 2000-12-13 2002-06-19 Philips Corporate Intellectual Property GmbH Réseau avec une gestion de position
EP1215865A3 (fr) * 2000-12-13 2003-06-04 Philips Intellectual Property & Standards GmbH Réseau avec une gestion de position
WO2005086458A1 (fr) * 2004-03-09 2005-09-15 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Procede et systeme de gestion de service web
KR100789075B1 (ko) 2004-03-09 2007-12-26 텔레폰악티에볼라겟엘엠에릭슨(펍) 웹 서비스 처리용 방법 및 시스템
US8094648B2 (en) 2004-03-09 2012-01-10 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Method and system for mobile-to-mobile web service handling
GB2429373A (en) * 2005-08-16 2007-02-21 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd Maintaining location information at a node of a communications network
GB2429373B (en) * 2005-08-16 2010-03-10 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd Anchor method for a telecommunications system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2002501696A (ja) 2002-01-15
CA2286596A1 (fr) 1998-10-22
FI971587A0 (fi) 1997-04-15
FI971587A (fi) 1998-10-16
WO1998047303A3 (fr) 1999-01-21
EP1008267A2 (fr) 2000-06-14
AU6835898A (en) 1998-11-11
FI105138B (fi) 2000-06-15
ZA983091B (en) 1998-10-20

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Kadelka et al. B-ISDN interconnection of a WATM demonstrator
Toh et al. Architectures of High Speed Wireless ATM Networks
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