WO1998046076A1 - Retinoid related molecules for the inhibition of endothelin-1 overproduction in disease - Google Patents
Retinoid related molecules for the inhibition of endothelin-1 overproduction in disease Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998046076A1 WO1998046076A1 PCT/US1998/007125 US9807125W WO9846076A1 WO 1998046076 A1 WO1998046076 A1 WO 1998046076A1 US 9807125 W US9807125 W US 9807125W WO 9846076 A1 WO9846076 A1 WO 9846076A1
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- Prior art keywords
- methyl
- structures
- aryl
- retinoid
- heteroatom
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
- A61K31/203—Retinoic acids ; Salts thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/02—Non-specific cardiovascular stimulants, e.g. drugs for syncope, antihypotensives
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to retinoid molecules that are potent inhibitors of endothelin-1 messenger RNA transcription and which thus can inhibit the production of endothelin-1.
- the invention has application to the treatment of various diseases associated with the presence and production of increased levels of endothelin- 1 , and the treatment of pain due to increased levels of endothelin-1.
- Endothelin-1 is a polypeptide with very potent vasoconstrictor activity (38).
- E-1 Endothelin-1
- a variety of diseases including systemic sclerosis, Kawasaki disease, cardiogenic shock, acute myocardial infarction, advanced atherosclerosis, advanced prostate cancer, localized prostate cancer, hemangioendothelioma, pulmonary hypertension, sepsis, congestive heart failure and hepatorenal syndrome.
- ET-1 not only functions as a vasoconstrictor but that it also has other functions, serving, for instance, as a growth factor alone or in combination with other hormones and peptides, as in prostate cancer (51).
- ET-1 is related to the sorafotoxins, which are painful and lethal moieties in the venom of certain snakes of the genus Atractapsis (52,53). Similar to venom in a snake bite, recombinant ET-1 has been reported to produce intense pain in humans after the localized injection of high concentrations (54).
- a high localized concentration of ET-1 produced by the cancer cells is likely to be a major contributor to the high degree of pain associated with the late stage of the disease. Molecules that prevent or inhibit the production of ET-1 can therefore be expected to be useful for the treatment of all disease where ET-1 is overproduced and also in situations where ET-1 production or overproduction induces pain.
- Retinoids which regulate cell differentiation by modulating gene expression and are thus able to reverse the preneoplastic transformation of cells, have excellent potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of cancer (58,59).
- Retinoids particularly retinoic acid (RA) analogs, have been used in the treatment of leukemia, mycosis fungoides, basal cell carcinoma, psoriasis and other hyperproliferative diseases of the skin (60).
- RA retinoic acid
- a class of retinoid compounds has been identified that surprisingly inhibits the expression of ET-1.
- This class of retinoids comprises numerous small molecules that are structurally related to all-trans retinoic acid (tRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cisRA).
- the retinoids are useful in the treatment of diseases or pain associated with the overproduction of ET- 1.
- the retinoid molecules of this invention have reduced side effects, which correlates with their reduced ability or inability to induce differentiation in F9 teratocarcinoma cells (ATCC accession No. CRL 1720) and S19 pluripotent teratocarcinoma cells (ATCC accession No. CRL 1825).
- the invention provides a method of inhibiting ET-1 in a subject comprising administering to the subject an ET-1 inhibiting amount of a suitable retinoid.
- the invention provides a method of treating a disease associated with the presence of increased levels of ET-1 in a subject comprising administering to the subject an ET-1 inhibiting amount of a suitable retinoid.
- the invention provides a method of treating pain associated with the presence of increased levels of ET-1 in a subject comprising administering to the subject an
- ET-1 inhibiting amount of a suitable retinoid ET-1 inhibiting amount of a suitable retinoid.
- alkyl refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, w-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl and the like.
- Preferred alkyl groups herein contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the term “lower alkyl” intends an alkyl group of from one to six carbon atoms, preferably from one to four carbon atoms, even more preferably one to two carbon atoms.
- cycloalkyl intends a cyclic alkyl group of from three to eight, preferably five or six carbon atoms.
- alkoxy intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group may be defined as -OR where R is alkyl as defined above.
- a "lower alkoxy” group intends an alkoxy group containing from one to six, more preferably from one to four, carbon atoms.
- alkylene refers to a difunctional saturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chain containing from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, and includes, for example, methylene (-CH 2 -), ethylene (-CH 2 -CH 2 -), propylene (-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -), 2-methylpropylene [-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )-CH 2 -], hexylene [-(CH 2 ) 6 -] and the like.
- “Lower alkylene” refers to an alkylene group of from 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms.
- cycloalkylene refers to a cyclic alkylene group, typically a 5- or 6-membered ring.
- alkene as used herein intends a mono-unsaturated or di-unsaturated hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms. Preferred groups within this class contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
- alkyne intends a mono-unsaturated or di-unsaturated hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms, having the generic formula CnH 2n - 2 , and a structural formula containing a triple bond. Preferred groups within this class contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
- aryl includes any compound derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon and includes, for example, benzene and naphthalene, and heteroaryls such as pyridine, furan, and pyrrole.
- heteroatom refers to sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen, and preferably sulfur or oxygen.
- hetero- refers to a compound having at least one heteroatom present in the structural unit, in substitution for a carbon atom.
- heteroaryl refers to an aryl group having a heteroatom in the aryl ring.
- Me is an abbreviation for methyl.
- Ac is an abbreviation for acetyl.
- Ad is an abbreviation for adamantyl.
- a “radical having two bonding sites” refers to a moiety, bound to two other moieties through covalent bonding, but viewed in isolation as if the bonds between moieties had been broken and two unpaired electrons were available at different points on the radical for bonding with another suitable moiety or moieties.
- a “radical having two bonding sites” thus includes, for example, a divalent radical.
- a “backbone,” when used to refer to a “radical having two bonding sites,” means the shortest continuous chain of carbon atoms between the two bonding sites for the radical, wherein the carbon atoms in such chain may be substituted by heteroatoms or aryl moieties.
- Bonding by aryl or heteroaryl fusion means bonding that occurs along one side each of two aryl or heteroaryl moieties. Bonding by aryl fusion would include, therefore, a naphthyl bond.
- ET-1 Diseases that are associated with the presence of increased or elevated levels of ET-1 include any diseases caused by the presence of increased or elevated levels of ET-1, as well as any diseases which cause an overproduction of ET-1.
- "increased or elevated levels" of ET-1 means levels of ET-1 in a subject, as measured by protocols well known in the art, which are greater than normal levels of ET-1 for the subject, i.e., normal levels of ET-1 are those which are present in a subject in the absence of a disease or pain-associated condition. For example, normal plasma levels of ET-1 in human subjects are described in Nelson et al. (51).
- overproduction of or "overproduced” ET-1 means the production of ET-1 in a subject in an amount greater than that which is normally produced in the subject in the absence of a disease or pain-associated condition.
- an effective amount of a compound as provided herein is meant a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the compound to provide the desired regulation of gene expression or other activity.
- the exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease that is being treated, the particular compound used, its mode of administration and the like. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact “effective amount.” However, an appropriate effective amount may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.
- pharmaceutically acceptable is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual along with the selected compound without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.
- Eliciting,” “modulating” or “regulating” selective gene expression is intended to mean that a compound is capable of acting as an activator or an antagonist of gene expression by a particular mechanism, e.g., a ligand binding a receptor in the retinoic acid family.
- the invention comprises in a first embodiment a method of inhibiting endothelin-1 in a subject comprising administering to the subject an ET-1 inhibiting amount of a suitable retinoid.
- the suitable retinoids of this invention function by binding via the retinoic acid receptors RAR , ⁇ or ⁇ or RXRoc, ⁇ or ⁇ .
- This class of suitable retinoidal molecules comprises potent inhibitors of ET-1 messenger RNA transcription, which effectively inhibit the production of ET-1. These molecules do not, however, possess the typical activities well known for classical retinoids, especially the ability to induce differentiation in various cell lines.
- the suitable retinoids of this invention are not able to induce differentiation in F9 teratocarcinoma cells and/or PI 9 pluripotent teratocarcinoma cells at a concentration of 10 " 6 M or less.
- the suitable retinoids of this invention do not exhibit typical retinoid toxicities in vivo and are therefore well tolerated in mammals and humans.
- Suitable retinoids can be screened for the inhibition of ET-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription by using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay.
- RNA is isolated from cells grown in culture in the absence or presence of the retinoid molecule to be tested.
- the cells can be any cell type in which one desires to examine ET-1 expression, including but not limited to vascular cells, myocardial cells and prostate cancer cells, as well as any cell type in which ET-1 is produced.
- RNA isolation is done following procedures well known in the art, or by using commercially available kits.
- the isolated RNA is subsequently incubated with reverse transcriptase, a DNA polymerase, suitable buffer and upstream and downstream primers specific for the ET-1 gene sequence.
- a reagent kit from, for example,
- Promega which contains all these ingredients, can be used.
- the same reaction can be carried out with primers specific for a housekeeping gene, such as GAPDH, which is not regulated by the activity of the retinoids.
- the RT-PCR reaction is carried out in a thermal cycler by procedures well known in the art. Subsequently, the amplified DNA samples are loaded onto a 2% agarose gel and are analyzed for inhibition of ET-1 mRNA transcription.
- Retinoids which inhibit ET-1 mRNA transcription can also be assayed to determine the degree of induction of cell differentiation, in order to identify specific retinoids suitable for the invention.
- suitable retinoids are not able to induce differentiation in F9 teratocarcinoma cells and/or P 19 pluripotent teratocarcinoma cells at a concentration of 10 6 M or less.
- This cell differentiation-inducing activity of the retinoids of the present invention is conveniently assayed in F9 teratocarcinoma cells and/or PI 9 pluripotent teratocarcinoma cells, in which differentiation is not induced or is only minimally induced by the retinoids of the present invention, as compared to the differentiation-inducing activity of all-trans retinoic acid.
- the differentiation-inducing activity can be measured by inspecting cells, after exposure to the compounds (at a concentration of 10 "6 M or less), for morphological changes (55).
- the differentiation-inducing activity can be assayed by measuring the inhibition of F9 and/or P19 cell proliferation upon exposure to the retinoids of this invention, on the premise that induction of differentiation in these cells is associated with a strong inhibition of cell proliferation.
- a standard colorimetric assay kit (MTT or MTS) from Promega or other suppliers can be used.
- Suitable retinoids of the instant invention are sometimes referred to hereinafter as the inventive compounds.
- the inventive compounds are potent inhibitors of ET-1 mRNA transcription in at least one or more particular cell types.
- the inhibition of ET-1 transcription by these retinoids results in reduced levels of the ET-1 peptide, which has a beneficial effect on diseases where ET-1 is overproduced, or in alleviating pain due to elevated levels of ET-1.
- the inventive compounds can include certain known structural entities previously described as AP-1 selective retinoids (55) and also molecules previously reported as RXR selective compounds (56, 57), provided these compounds have ET-1 inhibiting activity.
- suitable retinoids include molecules whose selectivity has not been previously reported, which are discussed herein.
- Particularly suitable retinoid compounds include compounds of the following structures A(i) - A(ii):
- Rj is a compound of the following structures B(i) - B(iv):
- R [ is a radical having two bonding sites, wherein bonding can occur at each of the two bonding sites, independently, by a single covalent bond or by aryl or heteroaryl fusion
- R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 10 are independently the same or different lower alkyl
- R ⁇ is hydrogen or methyl
- R 7 , R 8 , and Rg are hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, alkyl, or adamantyl
- X and Y are, independently, a heteroatom.
- the symbol rm- as used herein and throughout the application and claims, represents a single or double bond.
- Suitable retinoid compounds also include the salt, amide, and ester of the foregoing compounds.
- the COOH in formula B(i) for R ⁇ the COOH is at the para position.
- the COOH in formula B(iii) for R j h the COOH is at the 2 position.
- R is preferably a hydrocarbon or heterohydrocarbon having from one to five, preferably from one to three, carbon atoms, heteroatoms and/or aryl moieties in its backbone, with the proviso that there is no more than one aryl moiety in the backbone.
- R ] is also preferably: (a) a heteroatom, methyl, methyl hydroxy, carbonyl, imine, heteroaryl, or a divalent methyl substituted with lower alkyl or methyl aryl through a double or single bond; (b) a compound of formula C(i):
- R 1 and R 2 are methyl or heteroatoms, optionally linked together to form a 3, 5, or 6 membered cycloaliphatic or heterocycloaliphatic ring; or (c) a compound of formula C(ii):
- R 3 is a heteroatom, methyl, methyl hydroxy, carbonyl, imine, heteroaryl, a divalent methyl substituted with lower alkyl or methyl aryl through a double or single bond; and R 4 is a heteroatom, carbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethene, methoxy, acetylene, aryl, or carbonyl amine.
- R j is a moiety selected from formulas C(iii) through C(xxiv):
- R 12 and R 13 preferably are each, independently, lower alkyl, and more preferably, independently methyl, and X and Y are each, independently, a heteroatom.
- the moieties represented by C(iii) through C(xxiv) are radicals having two bonding sites, wherein bonding can occur at each of the two bonding sites, independently, by a single covalent bond or by aryl or heteroaryl fusion.
- the bonding sites are represented by the squiggly line and, in those structures that have only one squiggly line, a second bonding site is along one side of the terminal aryl group.
- structure C(xxii) for example, there is one bonding site represented by a squiggly line and an aryl group through which bonding occurs through aryl fusion.
- Particularly suitable retinoids can also include compounds of the following structures D(i) through D(xxxx):
- the invention also encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic ester, amide, and salt derivatives of the inventive compounds containing a carboxylic acid moiety.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are prepared by treating the free acid with an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable base.
- Representative pharmaceutically acceptable bases are ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, copper hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, lysine, arginine, histidine, and the like.
- the reaction is conducted in water, alone or in combination with an inert, water-miscible organic solvent, at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 100°C, preferably at room temperature.
- the molar ratio of retinoid to base used is chosen to provide the ratio desired for any particular salts.
- the starting material can be treated with approximately one equivalent of pharmaceutically acceptable base to yield a neutral salt.
- approximately one-half a molar equivalent of base is used to yield a neutral salt, while for aluminum salts, approximately one-third a molar equivalent of base will be used.
- Ester derivatives are typically prepared as precursors to the acid form of the compounds and accordingly may serve as prodrugs. Generally, these derivatives will be lower alkyl esters such as methyl, ethyl, and the like.
- Amide derivatives -(CO)NH 2 , -(CO)NHR and -(CO)NR 2 , where R is lower alkyl, may be prepared by reaction of reactive derivatives of the carboxylic acid-containing compound with ammonia or a substituted amine.
- the present invention also provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inventive compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting ET-1 mRNA transcription comprising a therapeutic amount of the inventive compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the compounds of the invention may be readily synthesized using techniques generally known to synthetic organic chemists. General suitable experimental methods for making and derivatizing the compounds are described (see, for example, refs 63-72, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference). Utility and Administration:
- the compounds of the invention including the pharmacologically acceptable esters, amides or salts thereof, are useful in many contemplated applications.
- a principal use for the compounds and methods of the present invention is in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including the pain associated with various diseases.
- diseases include, for example, systemic sclerosis, Kawasaki disease, cardiogenic shock, acute myocardial infarction, advanced atherosclerosis, advanced prostate cancer, localized prostate cancer, hemangioendothelioma, pulmonary hypertension, sepsis, congestive heart failure and hepatorenal syndrome.
- Another use for the retinoids of this invention is in the treatment of pain associated with the presence of increased levels of ET-1.
- the compounds and methods of the present invention also permit the identification of therapeutic compounds which can be administered to inhibit ET-1 expression.
- the present invention provides a method for screening a retinoid for ET- 1 production inhibiting activity comprising contacting the retinoid with cells producing ET-1 and assaying the cells for ET-1 production, a decrease in ET-1 production as compared to ET-1 producing cells not contacted with the retinoid indicating a retinoid having ET-1 production inhibiting activity.
- ET- 1 production can be assayed by measuring the amount of ET-1 secreted into the cell culture supernatant according to protocols standard in the art, as well as by assaying the amount of ET-1 mRNA transcribed by RT-PCR as described herein.
- the present invention further provides a method for identifying a retinoid as suitable for treatment of a subject having a disease or pain-associated condition caused by overproduction of ET-1 comprising contacting the retinoid with cells producing ET-1 and assaying the cells for ET-
- retinoids e.g., F9 teratocarcinoma cells and S19 teratocarcinoma pluripotent cells
- retinoids e.g., F9 teratocarcinoma cells and S19 teratocarcinoma pluripotent cells
- a decrease in ET-1 production as compared to ET-1 producing cells not contacted with the retinoid and the inability to induce differentiation in cells which differentiate in the presence of retinoids indicating a retinoid suitable for treatment of a subject having a disease or pain-associated condition caused by overproduction of ET-1.
- ET-1 production can be assayed by measuring the amount of ET-1 secreted into the cell culture supernatant according to protocols standard in the art, as well as by assaying the amount of ET-1 mRNA transcribed by RT-PCR as described herein.
- the inability of the retinoid to induce differentiation in cells which differentiate in the presence of retinoids can be determined according to the differentiation and/or proliferation assays described herein.
- a variety of diseases and pain-associated conditions may thereby be treated with the retinoids identified by this method to be inventive compounds, especially those associated with the presence or expression of increased levels of ET-1. Inhibition of ET-1 mRNA transcription will result in reduced levels of the ET-1 peptide, which has a beneficial effect on the diseases or pain situations mentioned above where ET-1 is overproduced.
- the retinoid is preferably selected from structures D(i) - D(xxi) and D(xxxv), and even more preferably selected from structures D(i) - D(v), D(vii), D(xiv), D(xix) - D(xxi), and D(xxv).
- the retinoid is preferably selected from structures D(i) - D(xiv), D(xvi) - D(xxi), and D(xxxv), even more preferably selected from D(i) - D(v), D(vii), D(xiv), D(xix) - D(xxi), and D(xxv), and still even more preferably, structure D(xxxvii).
- the method of the invention can also be used to treat heart related conditions such as cardiogenic shock, acute myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure.
- the invention has particular application to the treatment of patients that have experienced a myocardial infarction, in order to inhibit chronic heart disease and/or myocardial hypertrophy.
- the retinoid is preferably selected from structures D(xxiv) - D(xxxiv) and D(xxxvi) - D(xxxx). Most preferably the retinoid is structure D(xxxvii).
- the invention can also be characterized by excluding certain diseases from those which are known to be associated with the presence of increased levels of endothelin-1.
- the invention provides a method of treating disease, other than cancer and heart disease, associated with the presence of increased levels of endothelin-1 by administering a suitable retinoid.
- the retinoid is preferably selected from structures D(i) - D(xxii) and D(xxxv).
- the retinoid is preferably selected from structures D(xxiv) - D(xxxiv) and D(xxxvi) - D(xxxx).
- the retinoid has structure A(ii) from above, wherein R 7 is adamantyl, R g is alkoxy (preferably methoxy), R *> is hydrogen, R, is structure C(ii), wherein R 3 is carbonyl and R 4 is a heteroatom, preferably sulfur, and Rj j is strucutre B(i), wherein the COOH is at the para position, and wherein the two ----- bonds are, independently, single and/or double bonds.
- R 7 is adamantyl
- R g is alkoxy (preferably methoxy)
- R *> hydrogen
- R is structure C(ii), wherein R 3 is carbonyl and R 4 is a heteroatom, preferably sulfur
- Rj j is strucutre B(i), wherein the COOH is at the para position, and wherein the two ----- bonds are, independently, single and/or double bonds.
- Such embodiment is particularly suitable for treating heart disease, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and and/or breast cancer.
- the retinoids of the present invention can be administered to any subject which produces ET-1.
- the subject can be a mammal and is most preferably a human.
- the compounds of the invention may be conveniently formulated into pharmaceutical compositions composed of one or more of the compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (74), which discloses typical carriers and conventional methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions that may be used in conjunction with the preparation of formulations of the inventive compounds and which is incorporated by reference herein.
- the compounds may be administered orally, parenterally (e.g., intravenously), by intramuscular injection, by intraperitoneal injection, topically, transdermally, or the like, although oral admimstration is preferred.
- the amount of active compound administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, the subject's weight, the manner of administration and the judgement of the prescribing physician. Generally, however, dosage will approximate that which is typical for the administration of retinoic acid and will preferably be in the range of about 0.5 ⁇ g/kg/day to 60 mg/kg/day for humans, and even more preferably in the range of about 2.0 g/kg/day to 30 mg/kg/day for humans.
- toxicity symptoms and side effects can include, but are not limited to, nausea, adverse effects on bone growth; teratogenicity, headache, skin rashes and the like.
- the retinoid can be administered therapeutically to the subject until symptoms of the disease or pain-associated condition subside or diminish or the retinoid can be administered prophylactically for an extended and indefinite period of time, for example, to prevent chronic heart disease.
- Various clinical parameters that can be monitored by the clinician in determining the efficacy of the retinoid in treating the disease or pain-associated condition can include, but are not limited to, decrease in symptomology (e.g., reduction in pain sensation; increased motor function or mobility; improved overall well being; change in weight or growth rate); decrease in plasma or serum ET-1 levels; decrease in levels of a specific tumor marker (e.g. prostatic serum antigen); reduction in tumor size, etc. These parameters are monitored and measured according to protocols well known in the art.
- Suitable models for testing the efficacy of the retinoids of the present invention in treating or preventing disease or pain-associated conditions caused by increased levels of ET-1 include animal models for tumor growth and mortality caused by malignancy as well as animal models for acute and chronic heart disease.
- the rat model of Sakai et al. (74), in which acute myocardial infarction is induced can be used to study the effects of the inventive compounds on myocardial vascular tissue in these animals.
- an animal model for cancer can be used in the present invention.
- an animal model in which tumor growth has been established can be assayed for reduction in tumor size upon administration of the retinoids of this invention or malignant cells can be introduced into an animal to which the retinoids have been administered and assays for survival or establishment of the malignant cells in the animal can be conducted.
- the retinoids of the present invention can be administered to human subjects with cancer and other disease or pain-associated conditions caused by elevated levels of ET- 1.
- the inventive compounds can be administered to human patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (51).
- the efficacy of the retinoids in these patients can be monitored by assaying such clinical parameters as prostatic serum antigen levels; ET-1 serum or plasma levels; tumor size reduction, weight loss or gain, etc.
- Such a patient would also be an appropriate subject for evaluating the pain reducing effects of administering the retinoids of the present invention, on the basis that prostate cancer patients, particularly in the later stages of the cancer, experience a significant degree of bone pain, which generally cannot be alleviated by conventional pain- relieving therapies.
- the efficacy of the inventive compounds in reducing pain in prostate cancer patients can also be determined according to standard methods known in the art for evaluating pain sensation.
- the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage forms, such as, for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, capsules, powders, liquids, suspensions, lotions, creams, gels, or the like, preferably in unit dosage form suitable for single admimstration of a precise dosage.
- the compositions will include, as noted above, an effective amount of the selected drug in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, in addition, may include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, diluents, etc.
- conventional nontoxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talc, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
- Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., an active compound as described herein and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in an excipient, such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.
- the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
- auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
- fine powders or granules may contain diluting, dispersing, and/or surface active agents, and may be presented in water or in a syrup, in capsules or sachets in the dry state, or in a nonaqueous solution or suspension wherein suspending agents may be included, in tablets wherein binders and lubricants may be included, or in a suspension in water or a syrup. Where desirable or necessary, flavoring, preserving, suspending, thickening, or emulsifying agents may be included. Tablets and granules are preferred oral administration forms, and these may be coated.
- Parental admimstration if used, is generally characterized by injection.
- Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
- a more recently revised approach for parental administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system, such that a constant level of dosage is maintained. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 3,710,795, which is incorporated by reference herein.
- liquids, suspension, lotions, creams, gels or the like may be used as long as the active compound can be delivered to the surface of the skin.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP53134698A JP2001522350A (en) | 1997-04-11 | 1998-04-10 | Retinoid-related molecules for inhibiting overproduction of endothelin-1 in diseases |
EP98914647A EP0973390A4 (en) | 1997-04-11 | 1998-04-10 | Retinoid related molecules for the inhibition of endothelin-1 overproduction in disease |
AU68951/98A AU6895198A (en) | 1997-04-11 | 1998-04-10 | Retinoid related molecules for the inhibition of endothelin-1 overproduction in disease |
BR9808866-1A BR9808866A (en) | 1997-04-11 | 1998-04-10 | Retinoic molecules related to the inhibition of endothelin-1 overproduction in diseases |
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US4329397P | 1997-04-11 | 1997-04-11 | |
US60/043,293 | 1997-04-11 |
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EP (1) | EP0973390A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001522350A (en) |
AU (1) | AU6895198A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9808866A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998046076A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0983992A2 (en) * | 1992-04-22 | 2000-03-08 | Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds having selectivity for retinoid x receptors |
EP1500401A1 (en) * | 2002-04-22 | 2005-01-26 | Research Foundation Itsuu Laboratory | Drugs for treating vascular diseases |
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US9573906B2 (en) | 2011-09-15 | 2017-02-21 | Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Therapeutic compounds |
US10231947B2 (en) | 2017-01-23 | 2019-03-19 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Isochroman compounds and methods of use thereof |
US10238626B2 (en) | 2017-01-23 | 2019-03-26 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Therapeutic compounds |
US10238655B2 (en) | 2017-01-23 | 2019-03-26 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Dihydroindene and tetrahydronaphthalene compounds |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0983991B1 (en) * | 1992-04-22 | 2003-12-17 | Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds having selectivity for retinoid x receptors |
US5324840A (en) * | 1992-06-11 | 1994-06-28 | Allergan, Inc. | Method of treatment with compounds having retinoid-like activity and reduced skin toxicity and lacking teratogenic effects |
US5455265A (en) * | 1993-02-11 | 1995-10-03 | Allergan, Inc. | Method of treatment with compounds having selective agonist-like activity on RXR retinoid receptors |
FR2722985B1 (en) * | 1994-07-27 | 1996-09-13 | Cird Galderma | NOVEL COMPOSITIONS BASED ON A SYNERGETIC MIXTURE BETWEEN AT LEAST ONE LIGAND SPECIFIC FOR RXRS AND AT LEAST ONE LIGAND SPECIFIC FOR RAR-X OR VDR, AND USES THEREOF |
US5624957A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1997-04-29 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Rary-specific retinobenzoic acid derivatives |
FR2735367B1 (en) * | 1995-06-19 | 1997-07-18 | Cird Galderma | USE OF LIGANDS SPECIFIC TO RXRS RECEPTORS |
-
1998
- 1998-04-10 JP JP53134698A patent/JP2001522350A/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-04-10 BR BR9808866-1A patent/BR9808866A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-04-10 EP EP98914647A patent/EP0973390A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-04-10 AU AU68951/98A patent/AU6895198A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-04-10 WO PCT/US1998/007125 patent/WO1998046076A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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DATABASE STN WPIDS 1 January 1900 (1900-01-01), XP002910025, Database accession no. 97-145349 * |
See also references of EP0973390A4 * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0983992A2 (en) * | 1992-04-22 | 2000-03-08 | Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds having selectivity for retinoid x receptors |
EP0983992A3 (en) * | 1992-04-22 | 2000-11-29 | Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds having selectivity for retinoid x receptors |
EP1500401A1 (en) * | 2002-04-22 | 2005-01-26 | Research Foundation Itsuu Laboratory | Drugs for treating vascular diseases |
EP1500401A4 (en) * | 2002-04-22 | 2009-12-23 | Res Found Itsuu Lab | Drugs for treating vascular diseases |
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BR9808866A (en) | 2000-08-01 |
JP2001522350A (en) | 2001-11-13 |
EP0973390A1 (en) | 2000-01-26 |
EP0973390A4 (en) | 2003-03-19 |
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