WO1998040784A1 - Dispositif de commutation-modulation de lumiere - Google Patents
Dispositif de commutation-modulation de lumiere Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998040784A1 WO1998040784A1 PCT/FR1998/000465 FR9800465W WO9840784A1 WO 1998040784 A1 WO1998040784 A1 WO 1998040784A1 FR 9800465 W FR9800465 W FR 9800465W WO 9840784 A1 WO9840784 A1 WO 9840784A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- light
- electrostatic field
- guides
- electrodes
- guide
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/061—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on electro-optical organic material
- G02F1/065—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on electro-optical organic material in an optical waveguide structure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
- G02F1/3515—All-optical modulation, gating, switching, e.g. control of a light beam by another light beam
- G02F1/3517—All-optical modulation, gating, switching, e.g. control of a light beam by another light beam using an interferometer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
- G02F1/355—Non-linear optics characterised by the materials used
- G02F1/3558—Poled materials, e.g. with periodic poling; Fabrication of domain inverted structures, e.g. for quasi-phase-matching [QPM]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/225—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference in an optical waveguide structure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
- G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
- G02F1/3137—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure with intersecting or branching waveguides, e.g. X-switches and Y-junctions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
- G02F1/355—Non-linear optics characterised by the materials used
- G02F1/361—Organic materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F3/00—Optical logic elements; Optical bistable devices
- G02F3/02—Optical bistable devices
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a light switching-modulation device.
- optical switching and modulation functions find numerous applications in optical microsystems.
- the present invention applies in particular to optical telecommunications, fast electronics and computers.
- These rectifier couplers can be controlled by an electric field or by an electromagnetic field.
- the object of the present invention is to remedy the above drawbacks.
- the invention requires only low control light powers, of the order of lmW, while having a high speed of response and being inexpensive to implement.
- the subject of the present invention is a light switching-modulation device, this device being characterized in that it comprises:
- the molecules of the element material gradually change in isomeric conformation and spatial orientation, which results in a modification of the refractive index sufficient to change the propagation conditions of the first light beam.
- the present invention results from the implementation, by its authors, of a phenomenon which is surprising for those skilled in the art: under the combined effect of the control beam and the electrostatic field, which constitutes a polarization field, expects indeed to obtain an increase in the polar order in the material as it is the case in the articles of J. Delaire and collaborators (reference B mentioned at the end of this description) and M. Dumont and collaborators (reference C mentioned at the end of this description); but the authors of the present invention have on the contrary found, surprisingly, the decrease in this polar order.
- the means for creating the electrostatic field comprise two electrodes placed on either side of the element.
- At least one of the electrodes is at least partially transparent to the second beam.
- the device which is the subject of the invention may further comprise at least two layers of confinement ("cladding layers") which are capable of confining the first beam in the element and which are provided on at least two opposite sides of this element.
- the element forms a layer on either side of which are the two confinement layers.
- the element forms a ribbon on each side of which there is one of said confinement layers.
- the device which is the subject of the invention can constitute an X junction comprising two branches which each have a central part extended, on one side, by an input light guide and, on the other side, by a light guide of output, each central part comprising an element made of said material, so that, when the first beam is brought to the device by one of the input guides, it is capable of leaving this device by one or the other output guides depending on whether the second beam is or is not sent into the elements.
- the device which is the subject of the invention may constitute a Y junction comprising an inlet light guide, two outlet light guides and a central part comprising said element and connected, on one side, to the guide entry and, on the other side, to the exit guides, so that, when the first beam is brought to the device by the entry guide, it is likely to leave this device by one or the other output guides depending on whether the second beam is or is not sent into the element.
- the device can constitute a Fabry-Pérot resonator in which the element is placed, the two electrodes being moreover transparent to the first beam and placed on either side of the resonator or delimiting it.
- the device which is the subject of the invention further comprises a Mach-Zehnder mterferometer in a branch of which the element is placed.
- the device which is the subject of the invention may further comprise means for generating the second beam parallel to the electrostatic field or obliquely with respect thereto.
- the material used in the invention can be chosen from electro-optical polymers comprising photoisomerizable chromophores.
- Figure 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view and partial of a particular embodiment of the device which is the subject of the invention, in which the element has the form of a layer,
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1
- Figure 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another particular embodiment of the device object of the invention, in which the element has the shape of a ribbon
- Figure A represents the variations, depending of time, of the intensity of the second harmonic generated by means of an electro-optical polymer
- FIG. 5 is a schematic and partial top view of a device according to the invention forming a directional coupler
- FIG. 6 is a schematic and partial top view of another device according to the invention forming a digital electro-optical modulator
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view of another device according to the invention, comprising a Fabry-Pérot resonator, and
- Figure 8 is a schematic top view of another device according to the invention, comprising a Mach-Zehnder mterferometer.
- the device according to the invention which is schematically and partially shown in longitudinal section in FIG. 1, comprises an element 2 made of a non-linear, non-centrosymmetric, photoisomenable optical material such as, for example, an electro optic comprising photoisomerizable chromophores.
- This material includes molecules which have a large permanent dipole moment and which undergo a change in conformation when this material is illuminated.
- PMMA-DR1 the grafted polymer
- PMMA-DR1 consisting of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) on which the photoisomerizable molecules known under the name Disperse Red # 1 (DR1) have been attached.
- the element 2 is intended to guide a first light beam 4 which is emitted by a source 6.
- this element 2 is between two confinement layers 8 and 10 which have a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the material constituting the element 2.
- layers 8 and 10 can be made of silica.
- the lower confinement layer which has the reference 8 itself rests on a conductive substrate 12 for example of silicon forming electrode.
- the material constituting the element 2 is transparent to the light beam 4, the source 6 being chosen to emit in the transparency band of this material.
- the device of FIG. 1 comprises another electrode 16 in addition to the electrode 12 formed by the substrate.
- the electrode 12 which coincides with the substrate, constitutes a lower electrode while the electrode 16 is formed on the upper confinement layer 10.
- the two electrodes 12 and 16 are intended to create, in element 2, an electrostatic field E
- the substrate 12 is insulating and a conductive layer 14 is then deposited on its upper face to form an electrode, the layer 8 then being above this electrode 14.
- the voltage is applied between the electrodes 14 and 16.
- the electrostatic field E is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the first light beam 4 in the element 2.
- the device of FIG. 1 is provided with another light source 20 intended to provide a second light beam 22 which propagates perpendicular to the electrodes 12 and 16 and therefore parallel to the electrostatic field E.
- This source 20 is chosen so that the beam 22 can be totally or partially absorbed by the material constituting the element 2.
- the element 2 partially absorbs the beam 22 and this beam 22 is sent into the element 2 through the electrode 16 which is chosen to be transparent or partially transparent to this beam 22.
- the electrode 12 may also be transparent or partially transparent to this beam 22, in which case at least part of this beam 22 passes through this electrode 12 when beam 22 is generated by source 20.
- the electrode 12 could be opaque to the beam 22.
- the zone 23 of the device is shown in dotted lines, zone which is crossed by the beam 22 when this beam 22 is generated by the source 20.
- the first beam 4 crosses the part of this zone 23 which is in the element 2 and therefore interacts with the electrostatic field E and the beam 22.
- the beam 4 passes through the element 2
- the electrostatic field E has an intensity of the order of 1 MV / cm or a few MV / cm.
- This electrostatic field polarizes the molecules of the material constituting element 2 and creates a privileged direction in this material.
- the beam 22 instead of having an orientation parallel to that of this electrostatic field, could be oriented obliquely with respect to this electrostatic field.
- Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the device of Figure 1 in the case where the substrate constitutes an electrode. It can be seen in this FIG. 2 that the guide element 2 constitutes a layer of the optical material.
- a layer of silica 8 is formed on the silicon substrate 12, acting as an electrode, and layer 2 of the optical material is formed on this layer of silica 8, for example by a "spin coating” deposit, then another layer of silica 10 is formed on this layer 2. Then the electrode 16 is formed on the layer 10.
- FIG. 3 Another device according to the invention is shown diagrammatically in cross section in FIG. 3, in the case where the substrate constitutes an electrode.
- Figure 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view along I-I of this other device.
- the element 2 forms a ribbon which is surrounded by confinement layers 9 and 10 which are made of silica in the example shown.
- a layer of silica 9 is deposited on the substrate 12 in which a groove is hollowed out intended to contain the ribbon-shaped guide element 2.
- This element is formed in this groove for example by photobleaching ("photobleaching").
- the assembly obtained is covered with a layer of silica 10 and then the electrode 16 is formed as before. It is specified that the illumination of the element 2 by the beam 22 causes a change in the refractive index of this element 2 at the illuminated place.
- the decoupling of the guided light beam 4 is obtained when the electrostatic field E is established and the beam
- Stopping the illumination of the element 2 by the beam 22 restores the conditions for guiding the element 2 so that the beam 4 is again guided by this element 2.
- the length L of the beam decoupling zone 4 is equal to the diameter of the beam 22 and one is therefore able to easily control this length of the decoupling zone.
- the illumination of the material by the beam 22 leads to a reduction in the polar order in this material and consequently to a reduction in the coefficient of generation of second harmonic and in the electro-optical coefficient of the material.
- this effect of decreasing the polar order and the associated change in the refractive index can be used in other systems such as, for example, directional couplers.
- a device of the kind of those of FIGS. 1 to 3 has the following advantages over the known devices mentioned above.
- This device is controlled by an external light source.
- this device has a very short response time which can be of the order of 1 nanosecond.
- an electro-optical polymer such as for example PMMA-DR1
- PMMA-DR1 an electro-optical polymer
- such a polymer has a strong electro-optical effect (its electro-optical coefficient is greater than or equal to 10 pm / V) and a high breakdown voltage (its breakdown field is greater than or equal to 100 V / ⁇ m) , allowing large variations in refractive index.
- such a polymer is malleable, which contributes to inexpensive manufacture of the device.
- stopping the illumination of the element by the second beam restores the conditions for guiding the first beam.
- FIG. 4 shows the curve representing the variations in the intensity I (in arbitrary units) of the second harmonic generation signal as a function of time t (in arbitrary units), when the polymer is illuminated (parts A of the curve) and when it is not illuminated (parts B of the curve).
- This decrease in the intensity of the second harmonic I 2 ⁇ corresponds to a decrease in the electro-optical coefficient r of the material by a factor of 2.
- E represents the intensity of the applied electrostatic field.
- Liquid crystals can also be used, for example nitrophenyl alkylammophényldiazesses.
- the device according to the invention which is shown diagrammatically in top view in FIG. 5, comprises an X junction comprising two branches 24, 26 which each have a central part 28, 30.
- Each central part 28, 30 is extended, on one side, by an inlet light guide 32, 34 and, on the other side, by an outlet light guide 36, 38.
- Each central part comprises an element 40, 42 made of the same material as the element 8 in FIG. 1.
- Guides 32, 34, 36 and 38 can be made of silica or of this material.
- junction X provided with the elements 40 and 42 can be produced on an electrically conductive substrate 12, for example made of silicon.
- lower and upper confinement layers are provided on the substrate so that the light can be actually guided in guides 32, 34, 36 and 38 and elements 40 and 42.
- the upper face of the upper confinement layer is provided with an electrode 16 which is transparent to the control beam of the device (of the kind of the beam 22 of FIG. 1) and which extends above the elements 40 and 42.
- the confinement layers are for example chosen from silica to allow light to be guided and electrically isolate the upper electrode 16 from the substrate 12 which constitutes the lower electrode. As can be seen in FIG. 5, at the level of the elements 40 and 42, the upper electrode 16 extends on both sides of these elements.
- the interaction length Li of the junction X and the distance d between the branches of the latter, at the level of the central parts 28 and 30, are determined so that the beam 4 injected into the guide 32 passes completely through the guide 38 located in line with guide 32.
- the device according to the invention which is shown diagrammatically in top view in FIG. 6, comprises a Y junction.
- This Y junction includes an inlet light guide 44, two outlet light guides
- This central part 50 is connected, on one side, to the inlet guide 44 and, on the other side, to the outlet guides 46 and 48.
- the guides 44, 46 and 48 can be made of a material capable of conducting light, for example silica, or can be made of the same material as the material constituting the element 52.
- the whole of the Y junction, including the element 52, is conventionally formed on an electrically conductive substrate 12, for example made of silicon.
- the device of FIG. 6 comprises, like that of FIG. 5, lower and upper confinement layers not shown, allowing the light to be guided by the guides 44, 46 and 48 and by the element 52.
- An electrode 16 is formed on the upper face of the upper confinement layer, above the branch of the Y of the element 52, branch which is connected to the guide 46.
- the confinement layers are for example chosen from silica to allow light to be guided and electrically isolate the upper electrode 16 from the substrate 12 which constitutes the lower electrode.
- the upper electrode 16 extends on both sides of the branch of the Y above which it is located.
- the light beam 4 is also sent towards the element 52 via the input guide 44.
- An electrostatic field is further established in this element 52 by applying a voltage, by means not shown, between the electrodes.
- This voltage is chosen so that the beam 4 passes through the guide 46 in the absence of illumination, by a control beam of the type of the beam 22 of FIG. 1, of the part of the element
- the percentage of the beam 4 which passes through the guide 48 is an increasing function of the intensity of the control beam.
- the device thus constitutes a modulator.
- a digital electro-optical modulator is obtained if this intensity takes only two values: the value 0 and a value large enough for the entire beam 4 to pass through the guide 48.
- the electrode 16 covers the whole of the element 52 but only the part of the element 52 mentioned above is illuminated with the control beam, through the electrode 16. high.
- the device according to the invention which is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 7, comprises a Fabry-Pérot resonator delimited by two parallel semi-reflecting mirrors 54 and 56.
- An element 58 made of the same material as element 2 in FIG. 1, is between the two mirrors 54 and 56.
- These two mirrors are electrically conductive and constitute two electrodes.
- the thickness of material between the electrodes 54 and 56 is small, of the order of a few micrometers.
- the device of FIG. 7 is also provided with the source 20 capable of supplying the control light beam 22.
- this beam 22 is sent obliquely to the element 52, through the electrode 56 chosen so as to be transparent to this beam 22.
- the beam 22 could be sent parallel to the beam 4, for example by means of a semi-transparent mirror not shown.
- the distance between the electrodes 54 and 56 is chosen to have the maximum transmission of the Fabry-Pérot resonator without illumination by the beam 22.
- the refractive index of the material constituting this element is modified and the transmission of the beam 4 by the resonator decreases.
- An optical bistable device having two transmission states depending on whether the beam 22 illuminates or does not illuminate the element 58.
- the Fabry-Pérot cavity is delimited by two semi-reflecting mirrors and these two mirrors are respectively provided with two electrodes.
- the device according to the invention which is schematically in top view in FIG. 8, comprises a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a branch of which is an element 62 of the kind of element 2 of FIG. 1.
- the the assembly is formed in a conventional manner on a conductive substrate 12, for example made of silicon.
- lower and upper confinement layers are provided on the substrate for guiding the light by the guides of the interferometer and by the element 62.
- Two electrodes 64 and 66 are placed on either side of the element 62, as seen in plan view in FIG. 8, and are included, like the element 62, between the upper confinement layer and the lower containment layer.
- the silicon substrate constitutes an electrode (lower electrode) of the device while another electrode (upper electrode) is formed above the element 62 on the upper face of the layer of superior confinement, for example in silica.
- the light beam 4 is sent into the input guide 70 of the interferometer and the electrostatic field is created.
- a control beam of the kind of the beam 22 in FIG. 1 a light beam 73 having a certain intensity (which may be zero) is obtained in the output guide 72 of the interferometer.
- this control beam modifies the refractive index of the material constituting the element 62 and therefore the phase of the light which is propagates in the corresponding branch 74 of the interferometer with respect to the other branch 76 of the latter and therefore modifies the intensity of the beam 73 which propagates in the output guide 72.
- a light modulator controlled by a light is controlled by a light.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98913865A EP0966700A1 (fr) | 1997-03-10 | 1998-03-09 | Dispositif de commutation-modulation de lumiere |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR97/02794 | 1997-03-10 | ||
FR9702794A FR2760543B1 (fr) | 1997-03-10 | 1997-03-10 | Dispositif de commutation-modulation de lumiere |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998040784A1 true WO1998040784A1 (fr) | 1998-09-17 |
Family
ID=9504556
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1998/000465 WO1998040784A1 (fr) | 1997-03-10 | 1998-03-09 | Dispositif de commutation-modulation de lumiere |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0966700A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2760543B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1998040784A1 (fr) |
-
1997
- 1997-03-10 FR FR9702794A patent/FR2760543B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-03-09 EP EP98913865A patent/EP0966700A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1998-03-09 WO PCT/FR1998/000465 patent/WO1998040784A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
DELAIRE J A ET AL: "Photoinduced electric field poling of NLO chromophores in polymer films", ICONO'1 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ORGANIC NONLINEAR OPTICS, VAL THORENS, FRANCE, 9-13 JAN. 1994, vol. 9, no. 1-4, 1995, ISSN 1058-7268, NONLINEAR OPTICS, pages 317 - 325, XP000677262 * |
DUMONT M ET AL: "Alignment and orientation of chromophores by optical pumping", ICONO'1 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ORGANIC NONLINEAR OPTICS, VAL THORENS, FRANCE, 9-13 JAN. 1994, vol. 9, no. 1-4, 1995, ISSN 1058-7268, NONLINEAR OPTICS, pages 327 - 338, XP000677261 * |
NAKATANI K ET AL: "SHG of organic photochromes in polymer matrix: photo-assisted poling and photo-switching", ICONO'2 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ORGANIC NONLINEAR OPTICS, KUSATSU, JAPAN, 23-26 JULY 1995, vol. 15, no. 1-4, 1996, ISSN 1058-7268, NONLINEAR OPTICS, pages 351 - 358, XP002048604 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0966700A1 (fr) | 1999-12-29 |
FR2760543A1 (fr) | 1998-09-11 |
FR2760543B1 (fr) | 1999-04-16 |
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