WO1998028406A1 - Method and device for microinjection of macromolecules into non-adherent cells - Google Patents
Method and device for microinjection of macromolecules into non-adherent cells Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998028406A1 WO1998028406A1 PCT/US1997/023781 US9723781W WO9828406A1 WO 1998028406 A1 WO1998028406 A1 WO 1998028406A1 US 9723781 W US9723781 W US 9723781W WO 9828406 A1 WO9828406 A1 WO 9828406A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/89—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation using microinjection
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M35/00—Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of molecular transfer of materials into living cells, and to improved methods for accomplishing same, particularly in the incorporation of molecular materials into cells that can be made to exist in an adherent state in vitro.
- the invention further relates to the field of gene therapy, as a technique for introducing genetic material into a cell is provided.
- the invention also relates to the field of mechanical apparatus for micro-injecting molecular materials into living cells, devices for introducing materials into a cell with improved cell viability and retention/expression of incorporated materials therein, also being provided in the present disclosure.
- Microinjection of macromolecules into living cells has proven to be a powerful approach for studying the biology of cells at the molecular level.
- Manual microinjection methods have been developed independently by Diacumakos and Graessmann [Diacumakos, E. (1973); Graessmann, A. (1970)], two* pioneers of microinjection technology.
- the methods employ a micromanipulator that is used in directing a glass microinjection needle into a living cell.
- the microinjection needle is connected to a syringe assembly that forces the sample out of the needle.
- the flow of the sample solution into the cell is typically visually monitored employing a phase-contrast microscope.
- fibroblasts e.g., fibroblasts
- Microinjection technology has even been successfully applied to injecting macromolecules into the pronuclei of non-adherent egg cells (100 microns diameter) as part of the protocol used in producing transgenic animals. Such technology has also been used to inject sperm into eggs when performing the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure when treating human infertility.
- ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm injection
- both the holding pipettes (10 microns) and microinjection needles (1-3 microns) used for these injections are much too large to be useful for injecting smaller cells (eg. hematopoietic cells which are -5-10 micron diameter).
- Diacumakos et al. relate to a method for attaching mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells to glass coverslips. This is accomplished by first coating cover slips with collagen, and then subsequently coating the cover-slip with concanavalin A and 1 -cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl) carbo-diimide p-toluene-sulfonate methyl ester. Using this approach, the microinjection of inducing chemicals into MEL cells was reported. Since Con A can affect cells in a variety of ways [eg.
- Friend leukemia cells a cell type that typically does not grow in an adherent state
- concanavalin A and a linker molecule such as glutaraldehyde. In this manner, attachment of these cells to a plastic Petri dish is reported.
- Y. Mori et al. European Patent Application EP0463508 Al
- a microcapillary pipette having a diameter of 1 to 2 microns at its tip is employed.
- the cell adhesive substances included the following molecules: gelatin, lectins, bridge oligopeptides, adhesive proteins, positively charged polymers, collagen, fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycan, glycosaminoglycan and thrombospondin.
- hematopoietic cells attachment of hematopoietic cells has been described via lectins such as PHA, Con A, or pokeweed mitogen, as mentioned above, these agents are well known for their mitogenic, or in some cases inhibitory, effects on hematopoietic cells.
- the immobilized cells are likely biologically modified by the immobilization step.
- the small size of hematopoietic cells, particularly for primary hematopoietic stem cells (5-7 micron diameter) makes them extremely difficult to inject. Since commercially available microinjection needles typically have inner diameters of approximately 0.5 micron- and, therefore, outer diameters in the range of 0.7-1.0 micron- it is not unexpected that hematopoietic cells are adversely affected by injection with such needles.
- LTC-ICs long-term culture initiating cells
- retrovirus-mediated transduction of drug resistance genes e.g., the human multi-drug resistance- 1 gene, MDR-1, which protects cells from several chemotherapeutic agents such as Vincristine, Taxol and Doxorubicin
- drug resistance genes e.g., the human multi-drug resistance- 1 gene, MDR-1, which protects cells from several chemotherapeutic agents such as Vincristine, Taxol and Doxorubicin
- the CD34 + antigen marks all currently assayable human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
- retroviral (type C) vector-mediated transduction requires that the cell be cycling in order to effect transduction.
- Quiescent, i.e., non-cycling, hematopoietic stem cells which typically constitute a portion of the population of cells being treated, are not effectively transduced.
- retroviral mediated gene transfer is a fairly inefficient technique for transfer of genetic material into stem cells.
- Relatively low frequency (0.1-1.0%) of gene marked peripheral leukocytes has been reported using this technique to treat CD34 + cells for transplantation in human trials.
- Other studies report that retroviral transduction protocols used deplete human stem cell reconstituting activity.
- retrovirus-transduced transgenes The expression of retrovirus-transduced transgenes is frequently silenced in the progeny of transduced human or primate progenitors, and even in progeny of transduced mouse stem/progenitors (Challita and Kohn, 1994; Akkina et al, 1994; Lu, et al. 1994).
- hematopoietic cells which are retrovirally genetically modified with drug resistance gene may not efficiently display the drug resistance phenotype.
- This problem while significant for retrovirus vectors (maximum of 8kb), is even more acute for adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors (maximum of 4kb).
- VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule- 1
- the ⁇ subunit of integrins contributes to both ligand binding and the transduction of intracellular signals.
- the ligand binding affinity of several integrins from the ⁇ ,( ⁇ 4 ⁇ ,, ⁇ 5 ⁇ and ⁇ 6 ⁇ ,), ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ L ⁇ 2 anda ⁇ a), and ⁇ 3 subfamily ⁇ IIB ⁇ 3 ) can be regulated by a variety of stimuli (Ref.: Schwartz, M.A., Schaller, M.D., Ginsberg, M.H. (1995) Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11:549-599. (Integrins: Emerging Paradigms of Signal Transduction)).
- the integrins can also affect different cellular functions. For example, monoclonal antibodies directed against the ⁇ , subunit induce negative signaling effects on T cell proliferation (Schwartz et al, 1995).
- integrin family which are used in attachment of cells to various substrates including extracellular matrix molecules and other cells.
- Several methods have been reported for activation of cells expressing integrins to attach to particular substrates. These methods include incubation of cells with anti-integrin antibodies, cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., fibronectin) and peptides or fragments thereof, lipids, divalent cations, and phorbol esters.
- the primary cells have included PHA- stimulated peripheral blood T-cell blasts (Wayner and Kovak, 1992) and resting peripheral blood lymphocytes (Arroyo, et al).
- Transformed cell lines that have reportedly been immobilized include K562 (human erythroleukemic; Kovach et al, 1992), U937 (human myelomonocytic; Wayner & Kovak), M07e (Levesque), TF1 (human erythroleukemic; Levesque), A375 (melanoma cells; Arroyo et al), Jurkat (human T lymphoblastoid; Wayner and Kovach, 1992), Ramos (human B lymphoblastoid; Wayner and Kovach, 1992), and ST-1 (human B lymphoblastoid; Wayner and Kovach, 1992).
- the present invention provides for improved methods of immobilizing non-adherent cells to a surface sufficient to facilitate the efficient introduction of macro- and micro-molecules, including genetic material, proteins, peptides and immunoglobulins into living cells.
- the present invention contemplates that a variety of immobilization techniques can be employed for immobilizing a non-adherent cell to a surface.
- a non-adherent cell is defined as: 1) a cell that is routinely maintained in suspension culture in vitro; or 2) a cell which is routinely maintained in an adherent state in culture, but is intentionally detached and allowed to be maintained for a defined period of time in suspension for the purpose of experimentation or manipulation.
- the method comprises attaching non-adherent cells having cell surface-expressed adhesion molecules, such as integrins (Fig.lA &1B), to a surface, the method comprising: treating said surface with adhesive molecules, and treating said non-adherent cell having cell surface-expressed molecules such as integrins or CD44, with an activating molecule such as an antibody which activates the cell surface expressed molecules to bind to a surface treated with adhesive molecules.
- an activating molecule such as an antibody which activates the cell surface expressed molecules to bind to a surface treated with adhesive molecules.
- the present invention provides for immobilization of cells to substrates [e.g., fibronectin or portions of the fibronectin molecule derived either by protease digestion, recombinant expression (eg. Retronectin; CH-296), or synthesized peptides] without additional stimuli of cell surface expressed adhesion molecules, i.e., attachment of some cell types to fibronectin peptides/fragments may be sufficient for microinjection without prior activation (e.g., U937, HUT-78 cells, CEM cells, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells). Some cell types (e.g., hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells) attach to the carboxyl end of fibronectin with sufficient strength to withstand microinjection.
- substrates e.g., fibronectin or portions of the fibronectin molecule derived either by protease digestion, recombinant expression (eg. Retronectin; CH-296), or synthesized
- adhesive molecules include by way of example and not exclusion: fibronectin, collagen, laminin, epiligrin, invasin, osteospondin, thrombospondin, proteoglycan, glycosaminoglycan, ICAM and VCAM-1 , and fragments thereof derived by protease digestion or recombinant expression; synthesized peptides (with or without chemical modification), or oligosaccharide fragments thereof. Such is also anticipated to include both linear and circularized fragments of said proteins and peptides, or fragments thereof.
- the invention provides for a method for the delivery of material into a non-adherent cell.
- the method comprises: immobilizing the non-adherent cell to an adhesive surface, and micro-injecting a solution containing said foreign material into said immobilized non-adherent cell through a microinjection needle (Fig.12B).
- the microinjection needle may be further described as having an outer diameter in the range of about 0.05 to about 1 micron, or about 0.05 to about 0.5 microns.
- the method of immobilizing non-adherent cells to a surface comprises: immobilizing the non-adherent cell with a holding pipette having a distal end with an inner bore diameter of about 0.5 to about 2.5 microns; and applying a vacuum with a syringe assembly to the holding pipette, driven either manually (e.g., Eppendorf or
- the holding pipettes may be made using a DeFonbrune microforge.
- appropriate bends are made in a glass capillary so that it fits in a chuck assembly holder, such that a 1-5 gram weight can be hung from the capillary positioned inside a heating filament.
- any of the commercially available needle pullers can be used to pull a capillary to provide a pipette as described here as part of the invention.
- the tip should be heat polished with a microforge (DeFonbrune or Narishige).
- the microinjection method of the invention is directed at providing a population of modified non-adherent cells, especially hematopoietic stem cells that include a desired molecule without significant loss of living cells or biological function.
- the estimated number of stem cells that will need to survive the microinjection procedure for a gene therapy procedure to is estimated to be about 150 to about 5,000 stem cells.
- the present invention also contemplates that microinjection-mediated delivery of transgenes or transgenes with accessory proteins, such as integration proteins, directly to the nuclei of primitive cord blood stem cells (Fig. 8), will be more efficient than delivery of same with retroviruses and AAV vectors. It is further contemplated that larger regions of DNA, such as those containing regulatory elements and intron/exon structure, will be deliverable by the present microinjection method. Such will also avert the dysregulated expression and silencing frequently observed in the progeny of transduced stem cells. The present invention also contemplates using other methods for delivery of transgenes or transgenes with accessory proteins.
- accessory proteins such as integration proteins
- iontophoresis iontophoresis, particle bombardment, electroporation, cationic liposome-mediated transfection, peptide-mediated gene delivery (e.g. polylysine), receptor-mediated endocytosis, red blood cell-mediated transfection, hypotonic swelling, micropricking, and addition of nucleic directly to the medium surrounding the cells.
- the invention provides a gene therapy method for treating physiological disorders (Figs. 5, 6, & 7).
- physiological disorders include thalassemia and cancer.
- the apparatus comprises a microinjection needle having an outer diameter in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.5 microns.
- the apparatus comprises a microinjection needle having an outer diameter in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.5 microns with a beveled tip.
- Internal opening dimensions maybe employed that are tailored to accommodate the thickness of the walls of the glass capillary used in making the needle in some embodiments of the present invention.
- the needle will be made using a glass capillary with a sufficient wall thickness that when used in making the injection needle will result in a needle that has a tip with thick enough walls to not easily break when coming in contact with a plastic material when the needle is used in a cell injection procedure.
- the needle will satisfy the above requirements and when used in the injection procedure results in minimal damage to the cells, i.e., will have the best observed cell viability following the injection procedure.
- the glass capillary will have a sufficient wall thickness such that the needle tip will have a thickness such that it does not easily break when coming in contact with a material more pliable than plastic.
- the needle tip may be further defined as being coated with a non- sticky compound (e.g., silicon).
- the needle in other embodiments may be coated both externally and internally with a non-sticky compound (e.g., silicon). These needles will be particularly efficacious in the delivery of viscous, concentrated, or sticky macromolecules from the needles, in particularly those needles with very small outer diameters (.05- 0.5 microns).
- a non-sticky compound e.g., silicon
- the invention in still another aspect, provides a method for the protection of hematopoietic stem cells and their progeny from chemotherapy.
- Such cells will be treated such that they gain resistance to such chemotherapy agents as alkylating agents, anthracyclines, vinca alkaloids, Etoposide, Taxol and the like, or any combination.
- the protection of the hematopoietic stem cell and its progeny from chemotherapy will be provided by microinjection of said cells with multiple drug resistance genes, such as the MGMT gene and/or MDR-1 gene, and delivery of these modified cells to a patient.
- the MGMT gene has been isolated and described in the literature, which teachings are specifically incorporated herein by reference (Wang, et al.
- MDR-1 gene is also described in the literature, and in particular in I. Roninson, et al, which reference is specifically inco ⁇ orated herein by reference. (Koc, et al, 1996).
- Preparations comprising a population of cells enriched with modified human hematopoietic stem cells having nucleic acid material introduced into them comprise yet another aspect of the invention. Kits useful for the immobilization and microinjection of foreign materials into non- adherent cells are also provided.
- kits in some embodiments comprise: a carrier means adapted to contain at least two container means; a container means comprising a microinjection needle having an outer diameter in the range of about 0.05 to about 1 microns, and a container means comprising a microinjection needle having all of these characteristics.
- the kit can comprise an immobilization surface (available both uncoated or adhesive-coated), microinjection needle(s) and, optionally, a cloning ring.
- the adhesive when not coated directly on the immobilization surface can be provided in a separate container.
- activators of cell attachment e.g., antibodies that activate cell surface integrins
- the said kit may also include reagents (eg. divalent cations, peptides, etc.) used for the detachment of cells from the adhesive after microinjection.
- the present invention provides a kit for the microinjection of foreign material into non-adherent cells having cell surface-expressed integrins, the kit comprising: an immobilization surface coated with an adhesive, and anti-integrin monoclonal antibody (or other equivalent integrin activation) and a microinjection needle having an outer diameter in the range of about 0.1 to about 0.15 microns.
- composition comprising hematopoietic stem cells, or more generally non-adherent cells, which are genetically engineered with DNA which encodes a therapeutic agent of interest.
- the genetically engineered cells are subsequently employed as a therapeutic agent.
- the present invention also provides a gene therapy method for the treatment of physiological disorders responsive to gene therapy comprising: administering to a patient parenterally a composition enriched for genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells, the stem cells containing genetic material delivered by microinjection (Fig. 7). It is contemplated that a composition of cells that includes at least about 150 to about 5,000 viable genetically modified cells, potentially supplemented with a sufficient number of genetically modified or unmodified hematopoietic progenitor cells for short-term hematopoietic reconstitution, will provide treatment and or therapy of the targeted disorder.
- hematopoietic stem cells which have been genetically engineered by microinjection to include DNA which encodes a marker or therapeutic agent, with such cells expressing the encoded product in vivo.
- the DNA cures a genetic deficiency of the cells and the expression product is either not secreted from the cells (for example, hemoglobin) or secreted from the cells (for example, Factor VIII).
- the invention is also directed to a method of enhancing the therapeutic effects of hematopoietic stem cells (hSCs).
- hSCs hematopoietic stem cells
- a process for treating a patient with a therapeutic agent by providing the patient with hSCs genetically engineered with DNA encoding such therapeutic agent.
- a patient is provided with hSCs which are genetically engineered with DNA encoding a therapeutic agent whereby such therapeutic agent may be expressed in vivo.
- hSCs which are genetically engineered with DNA encoding a therapeutic agent whereby such therapeutic agent may be expressed in vivo.
- such genetically engineered cells may be provided by administering to the patient hSCs which have been genetically engineered ex vivo by hSCs microinjection.
- composition comprising (i) hSCs genetically engineered with DNA encoding a therapeutic agent and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to a patient.
- FIG. 1A demonstrates potential mechanisms for activating the integrins present on the surface of various non-adherent cells.
- CD34 + stem/progenitor cells are shown to express both the ⁇ 4 ⁇ , integrin as well as the ⁇ 5 ⁇ , integrin on their surface.
- the adhesive molecules used as an example here is fibronectin.
- the ⁇ 4 ⁇ is shown to bind to the LDV-containing peptide sequences, while the ⁇ 5 ⁇ , binds to the RGD-containing peptide.
- the cells shown with a "rounded" suspension mo ⁇ hology when they attach to a substrate, such as fibronectin, are generally attached only in a weak tethered form.
- tethering of cells to a substrate is not sufficient for microinjection of cells employing a rapid scale method because they are easily dislodged by the microinjection needle.
- the activation of integrins by various mechanisms including those enumerated here leads to very tight attachment of cells to fibronectin by converting integrins from a state with low affinity for the ligand to a state with high affinity (Fig. lA)for the ligand, and to support the spreading of the cells. Cells that are more avidly bound do withstand the semi-automated and automated microinjection process.
- Fig. IB demonstrates that, in some cases, attachment and spreading of a cell on an adhesive surface can occur without additional activating agents added prior to, or concurrent with cell attachment.
- FIG. 1C demonstrates the ability of cells to attach and spread, in the absence of any activating agent to carboxyl terminal fragments of fibronectin (containing the RDV and LDV recognition sites). (Kimizuka et al., 1991).
- FIG. 2 A and 2B Methods by which cells immobilized on a surface may be released from the surface immobilization.
- Cells immobilized on a surface with fibronectin may be released with a variety of methods including competition with peptides, inhibition of integrin mediated attachment by calcium, chelation, trypsinization, or disruption by pipetting.
- the cells can eventually be recovered in an non-adherent form where they lose their spread, adherent mo ⁇ hology and return to a more rounded, non- adherent shape (Fig. 2B).
- FIG. 3 shows retention of both myeloid and erythroid colony forming activity by CD34 + cells that have been immobilized via an activated integrin/fibronectin attachment (forward slashed bar). Colony forming activity by concanavalin A immobilized CD34+ cells is also shown (back slashed bar). Shown on the left is erythroid burst (BFU-E) colony formation. Both methods of attachment showed no significant difference from that of the control non-immobilized cells (open bar). Myeloid (CFU-GM) colony formation showed no significant decline in colony formation for the integrin/fibronectin immobilized cells in comparison with the control. In contrast, with concanavalin A immobilization, the myeloid colony formation was only about 50% of the control non-immobilized cells. The small standard deviation indicates this is a significant difference both from that of the control and the integrin/fibronectin sample.
- FIG. 4 shows a time course evaluation of the number of fluorescent cells as a percentage of micro-injected cells.
- CD34 + cells (- ⁇ - and -T- ) or CD347CD387Thy-l'° cells (-A- and -•-) were attached with the integrin/fibronectin method outlined in the examples.
- Cells were injected with needles having 0.2 micron O.D. tips and FITC-Dextran material of 150,000 molecular weight was injected. Shown at the less than 1 hour time point is the assessment of the percentage of good injections giving rise to fluorescent cells immediately after injection.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic of the hematopoietic system with all of the various lineages proceeding eventually from the pluripotent stem cells.
- the CD34 + cells containing all measurable human stem/progenitors constitute 0.5 to 1% of the total mononuclear cells in cord blood or bone marrow. Also shown is a phenotype that was used to describe the pluripotent stem cell. Those are cells that are CD34 + , CD38 " , CD45Ra-/'°, CD71-/ 10 , Thy-1'° and a rough estimate of their frequency is expressed as a percentage of mononuclear cells.
- FIG. 8 shows an advantage of the microinjection system-that is, the ability to co- deliver DNA (rectangles) together with proteins (circles) into the same cell. In this example, the proteins were chosen to facilitate the integration of the DNA sequences into the chromosomal DNA.
- FIG. 9 shows the DNA sequences which are intended to correct a genetic defect (*) in the chromosomal DNA, and in this case is proposed that proteins ( circles) active in homologous recombination will be co-injected together with the correct DNA sequences.
- the object is to replace the deleted or mutated sequences with their correct copies supplied via microinjection-eventually giving rise to a cell which would be corrected at the previously defective allele.
- FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B show CD34 + stem progenitor cells plated onto fibronectin in the absence of any antibodies (i.e., simply in media, FIG. 10A) and via their attachment to fibronectin in the presence of the anti ⁇ , activating integrin antibody, TS 2/16.2.1 (FIG. 10B).
- FIG. 10A cells attached in the absence of antibody are only loosely tethered. They maintain their round mo ⁇ hology, and the refractile nature of the outside surface of the cells indicates that they are not attached flat to the surface; rather they are simply tethered at a point. This is to be contrasted from the extremely flat mo ⁇ hology of the integrin attached cells (FIG. 10B). These cells are tightly attached to the surface, frequently have podia emanating from the cell, and are highly spread in comparison with either the non-immobilized or tethered cells.
- FIG. 11 shows an ethidium bromide stained agarose electrophoresis gel of lambda wild type DNA digested with Hindlll/EcoRI either pre- or post-filtration through a 0.1 micron filter.
- FIG. 12A demonstrates an injection technique employing a holding pipettes to stabilize the cell.
- FIG. 12B represents an injection technique for microinjection of cells that are immobilized by treating a surface of a culture plate with an adhesive molecule. Cells attached through the methods described in this application withstand the microinjection process.
- FIG. 12B represents an injection technique for microinjection of cells that are immobilized by treating a surface of a culture plate with an adhesive molecule. Cells attached through the methods described in this application withstand the microinjection process.
- FIG. 15 Attachment and spreading of CD34 + cells isolated from cord blood on commercial coated fibronectin dishes following treatment with TS2/16.2.1 mAb
- - ⁇ - cells attached
- - ⁇ - cells with micropseudopodia, projections or extensions
- -•- cells loosely attached
- FIG. 16 Proliferation and viability of CD34 + cells isolated from cord blood in the presence or absence of lmg mAb TS2/16.2.1/ml.
- FIG. 20 Size distribution data for borosilicate needle version OB; frequency versus outer diameter (in microns) of borosilicate needle.
- FIG. 21 Size distribution data for quartz needle version 1.0Q. Frequency versus outer diameter (in microns) of quartz needle.
- a pressure device to load a sample into the needle barrel of a siliconized needle.
- FIB 22B & B' - air or other gas bubble is expelled from the tip of the silicon needle after loading of the sample. This may be accomplished by use of a glass, or other similar material, filament to the tip of the sample-loaded needle.
- FIG. 23 - gridded cell plate An elastomeric stamp or manifold device may be used to lay down defined islands of adhesive material in the desired spacial orientation to accommodate the number of cells to be injected in a single batch.
- the defined islands of adhesive may be laid down with a pre-determined spacial orientation to accommodate about 1,000 cells.
- Each cell will be spaced every about 10 to about 20 microns.
- the stamp will have an overall dimension of 1mm x 1mm.
- the stamps may be arranged to conform to the organization of the needles to be used in the injection procedure.
- One or more needles may be configured to move from cell to cell, with one needle injecting the cells in each of the 1mm islands.
- FIG. 24A-24B Injection manifold.
- FIG. 24A demonstrates the top view of one embodiment of the injection manifold.
- the injection needles 1 extend from the manifold 2.
- the number of needles and spatial arrangement of the needles may vary according to the desired arrangement of the user and to provide a needle injection profile that would correspond to the grid pattern arrangement of the girded cell plate wells used.
- FIG. 24B demonstrates a side view of the injection manifold.
- An inlet 3 is connected to the manifold 2.
- a single or multiple needle arrangement of needles 1 extend from the manifold 2.
- FIG. 25 Microinjection assembly unit.
- the needle 1 is positioned to provide contact with a tissue culture dish 5.
- Metal filaments 2 contact a resistivity monitor 4, which is in turn in contact with a sound system 3.
- FIG. 26 Viability of U937 cells after microinjection using borosilicate (hatched bars) or quartz needles (speckled bars), versions 1.OB and 1.0Q, respectively.
- FIG. 27 Viability of CD34+ cells after microinjection using borosilicate (hatched bars) or quartz needles (speckled bars), versions OB and 1.0Q, respectively.
- FIG. 28A & FIG. 28B Scanning electron micrographs of A. Version LOB borosilicate injection needle.
- FIG 28 B Version 1.0 Q quartz injection needle.
- the microinjection method practiced according to the invention in some embodiments employs non-adherent cells and microinjection needles with outer diameters of about 0.05 microns to about 0.5 microns.
- the method in some applications provides for immobilization of a non-adherent cell onto a surface, followed by microinjection of the cell to include a desired foreign material.
- the invention further provides for the removal of modified cells from a culture surface with minimal damage and/or loss of cell viability.
- the modified cells as provided according to the present invention can be used in a variety of applications, including: (a) in laboratory studies, (b) for production of desired proteins (e.g., in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies), and (c) to treat a physiological disorder.
- desired proteins e.g., in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies
- desired proteins e.g., in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies
- desired proteins e.g., in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies
- the techniques disclosed herein may be used in gene therapy.
- the invention provides for a preparation of cells enriched in genetically modified cells. Such preparations may also be used to administer parenterally to a patient suffering from a gene therapy responsive physiological disorder wherein the genetically modified non-adherent cell and its progeny may express a therapeutic agent, thus treating the patients physiological disorder.
- microinjection or “micro-injecting” refer to the delivery of foreign material into a non-adherent cell.
- this method employs a microinjection needle as described below.
- the microinjection process of the invention proceeds generally as follows. A cloning ring is affixed to an immobilization surface, such as a tissue culture plate, and the surface of the plate enclosed by the cloning ring is coated with an adhesive, such as fibronectin.
- the coated immobilization surface is then exposed to a mixture of non-adherent cells to be immobilized in the presence of an activating anti- integrin monoclonal antibody for a period of time and at a temperature sufficient to permit immobilization of the non-adherent cells to the immobilization surface.
- the non-adherent cells will be added to the said immobilization surface in the absence of an activating antibody or other activator of attachment.
- An ideal needle is loaded with a sample solution containing an effective amount or concentration of foreign material.
- the tissue culture plate containing the immobilized non-adherent cells is placed on the stage of a microscope, and the microinjection needle is placed in a micromanipulator such as that sold by Narishige, or an electronically controlled manipulator such as that sold by Eppendorf, mounted on the same microscope.
- a device such as an SAS 10/2 air screw actuated microinjection/aspiration syringe or an automated Eppendorf 5246 Transjector, provides the pressure necessary for delivery of the sample solution (possibly containing a fluorescent marker) from the microinjection needle into the nucleus of the cell. Following insertion of the microinjection needle into the nucleus of the non-adherent cell, an effective amount of the sample solution is injected into the cell.
- Delivery may be monitored via a phase contrast microscope. However, it may be advantageous to deliver such small volumes that no observable change in the cell will be detected via light microscopy.
- nuclear delivery of the foreign fluorescent material may be confirmed with a microscope equipped with a fluorescence detector and the modified cells are subsequently detached from the immobilization surface.
- the microinjection process can be done manually, semi-automatically, or automatically according to the equipment employed.
- the manual microinjection approach involves using a micromanipulator to direct a glass micropipette (loaded with an injection sample) into a living cell's nuclear or cytoplasmic compartment, all viewed with a phase- contrast microscope.
- the injection needle is connected to a syringe assembly that provides the pressure which continuously forces the sample out of the needle.
- the needle tip is inserted into the cell, and the lightening of the phase contrast caused by the flow of sample solution into the cell is visually monitored.
- the change in phase contrast indicates injection of the sample into the cell, whereupon the injection needle is removed from the cell.
- the semi-automatic microinjection process proceeds as follows: The microinjection needle is directed into the nucleus of the cell using the manual settings. This is done to set the Z value, i.e., the vertical position that the needle will return to when performing the automatic injections. Upon setting the Z value, the needle is pulled out of the nucleus and positioned above the nucleus of the cell to be injected. The automated system is then activated. The needle is directed into the cell nucleus at the same time a pulse of pressure expels the injection sample into the nucleus. After the injection is completed, the needle returns to the position directly above the injected cell. A new cell is then located and
- the volume of solution containing foreign material which is micro-injected into the non-adherent cells can be optimized as desired. Generally, the volume injected will not exceed about 2% to about 5% by volume of the non-adherent cell nucleus receiving the solution. The concentration of foreign material and the physical properties of the solution being injected into the non-adherent cell can impact the success of the microinjection.
- other variables such as temperature, speed of microinjection needle penetration into and retraction from the non-adherent cell, inner and outer microinjection needle tip diameter, length of time the needle has an increased internal pressure (for expelling the injection sample), angle of needle when penetrating the cell, and the internal pressure in the needle both during and after the injection procedure must be optimized for each cell type other parameters possibly requiring optimization.
- the temperature used during microinjection can be varied from about room temperature (22° C) to about 37 °C using the heated stage that is part of the microscope used for the injection procedure.
- the volume of solution injected into the non-adherent cell will vary, among other things, according to the volume of the non-adherent cell.
- the pressure used to micro-inject sample solution into the cell will vary according to inner diameter and tip geometry (e.g., taper length and flare) of the microinjection needle and sample solution concentration and viscosity.
- the pressure should be sufficiently low to maintain sample solution flow rate and delivered volume below that which is determined to provide maximum cell viability following the injection procedure.
- microinjection needle is taken to mean a microcapillary comprised of borosilicate, alumina silicate, or quartz glass, or other suitable material, which is used to inject foreign material into non-adherent cells.
- the microinjection needles of the invention can be prepared from conventional glass capillaries with an automated pipette puller such as the P-87, P-97, or P2000 models from Sutter Instruments.
- the microinjection needles can also be prepared manually by employing a microforge or other similar device.
- the microinjection needles of the invention will have an outer diameter less than about 0.5 microns, preferably less than about 0.25 microns and more preferably in the range of about 0.05 microns to about 0.5 microns.
- the inner bore of the microinjection needles will be sufficiently large enough to permit passage of macromolecules from a reservoir through the microinjection needle tip and into the non- adherent cell and will generally be about 0.02-0.4 microns in diameter.
- microinjection needles contemplated by the present invention can be prepared generally by optimizing the particular heating filament, the type of capillary (glass composition and inner/outer diameter), and equipment settings (e.g., heat, pull strength, and velocity of pull) employed.
- the final size and geometry of the microinjection needle can be determined by a variety of methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), resistivity measurement, or bubble pressure assay.
- the final tip outer diameter (O.D.), taper length, and flare of the microinjection needle can be controlled by employing the method described herein. Considerations such as filament or laser temperature, size of filament, velocity of pull, pull rate, initial capillary outer diameter, initial capillary wall thickness, initial capillary bore inner diameter (I.D.), capillary composition, period of exposure to heat and annealing rate can all be optimized as needed to yield microinjection needles having the desired characteristics.
- a non-adherent cell having been micro-injected with a solution containing a foreign material, will remain viable for an extended period of time and will retain and possibly express the foreign material, i.e., a non-adherent cell receiving foreign DNA will be able to replicate the DNA and express a protein associated with that DNA.
- the process of the present invention is not limited to microinjection of foreign materials solely into the nucleus of non-adherent cells.
- the foreign material can be injected into the cytoplasm or various other cellular organelles.
- the term "foreign material” refers to materials such as intact virions, DNA, RNA, proteins, small organic molecules, metabolites, macromolecules, organelles, plasmid vectors, enzymes, inorganic substances, chromosomes, artificial chromosomes, episomal plasmids and other materials which are external to the non-adherent cell being micro-injected.
- non-adherent cell is one that grows as a suspension culture as opposed to one that grows attached in tissue culture.
- non-adherent cell types contemplated by the present invention include mouse, human, primate and canine cells such as primary and transformed B-cells (B-lymphocytes), T-cells (T-lymphocytes), hematopoietic stem cells, granulocytes/neutrophils, myeloblasts, erythroblasts and others.
- Primary stem/progenitor cells contemplated in the invention also include CD34 + , CD347CD38 " , CD347CD38 + , CD3471in7Thy-l'°, CD347CD45Ra- l CD7L 1 Thy-l l0 , CD347c-kit'°,
- Transformed hematopoietic cells useful in the invention include a variety of cells such as U937 and KG-1.
- a primary cell is one which is directly removed from its in vivo source; i.e., the cell has not been manipulated or transformed to provide for indefinite growth in culture.
- a non-adherent cell should be attached sufficiently so as to minimize dislodgement due to microinjection
- the micro-injected non-adherent cell should be removable from the surface to which it is attached with minimal damage or reduction in biological activity
- the immobilization should generally not induce cell activation and/or differentiation. Such could potentially interfere with subsequent biological activity of the non-adherent cell, e.g., loss of stem cell activity.
- An additional consideration is that the microinjection process itself should not adversely impair the viability or biological function of the cell.
- immobilization surface is taken to mean a plastic, glass, quartz or other surface onto which a non-adherent cell can be immobilized or attached.
- Such surfaces may include slides, Petri dishes, plastic/tissue culture plates or dishes, coverslips, chromatographic resins, porous membranes, holding pipettes and the like.
- immobilizing or “immobilization” is meant the process by which a non- adherent cell is attached to or held by an immobilization surface with sufficient strength to permit microinjection.
- Such processes include the retention of a non-adherent cell by a holding pipette having a reduced pressure or vacuum, attachment of the non-adherent cell to a surface by way of lectins or a linking agent, attachment of the cells to a surface via antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies either directly or indirectly, or activation of cell surface expressed adhesion molecules such as integrins or other adhesion proteins on the non-adherent cell by way of various activating agents, activating anti-integrin antibodies, cytokines, or activating cations to include divalent cations (e.g., Mn ⁇ ).
- activating agents activating anti-integrin antibodies, cytokines, or activating cations to include divalent cations (e.g., Mn ⁇ ).
- lectin materials such as PHA and Con A.
- Lectins are plant and animal proteins known to interact with specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of cells, thereby, facilitating attachment.
- linking agent materials such as glutaraldehyde and collagen.
- substrate or “adhesive” are taken to mean materials such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, VCAMs, ICAMs, epiligrin, invasin, osteospondin, thrombospondin, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycan, glycosaminoglycan, or fragments thereof (to include recombinant molecules) or peptides (unmodified or chemically modified).
- Cell surface expressed integrins on non-adherent cells bind with the substrate or adhesive either in the native state or once the integrin has been activated with agents such as anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies.
- the substrate or adhesive attaches directly to an immobilization surface (or in some cases a linker is used to attach the matrix molecule to a particular surface) thereby permitting immobilization of a non-adherent cell onto the immobilization surface.
- an immobilization surface or in some cases a linker is used to attach the matrix molecule to a particular surface
- the resultant is termed an "adhesive-surface couple".
- Integrins are proteinaceous molecules expressed on the surface of various cells and serve a variety of biological functions such as mediating adherence to various matrices/cells.
- a cell surface expressed integrin is an integrin that is produced by a cell and is associated with the cell membrane or cell surface and generally has at least a part of itself disposed external to the cell.
- Such cell surface expressed integrins include for example VLA-4 (c_ 4 ⁇ ,) and VLA-5 (oc 5 ⁇ 1 ).
- VLA-4 c_ 4 ⁇ ,
- VLA-5 oc 5 ⁇ 1
- the term "anti-integrin antibody” refers to an antibody capable of binding to an integrin.
- the anti-integrin antibody can include, by way of example and without limitation, the monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) anti- ⁇ i, , 8A2, TS2/16.2.1, anti- ⁇ 2 , anti- ⁇ 3 , and anti- ⁇ as well as polyclonals.
- the cell surface expressed integrins may also be activated by other methods including antibodies, cytokines, divalent cations and peptides.
- non-adherent cells can be attached to a surface via antigen-specific Mabs, which themselves are directly attached (i.e., covalently bound) to the surface.
- antigen-specific Mabs include, for example, anti-CD34, anti-CD4, and anti VLA-4, anti-VLA-5.
- the method of detachment of immobilized cells from a surface will be selected according to the immobilization method employed.
- cellular detachment is accomplished by competition with peptide(s) (e.g., from fibronectin), release by protease treatment (e.g., trypsin), release with cell disassociation buffer, polyanions which may interfere with the heparin binding site, cations such as Ca ++ which interfere with integrin function, or simple disruption by pipetting.
- cell detachment is accomplished by either the methods mentioned above or competition by excess molecule to which the antibody binds, or excess antibody or antibody fragments (such as Fabs).
- a holding pipette When practicing another embodiment of the non-adherent cell immobilization method of the invention, a holding pipette is employed.
- the term "holding pipette” refers to a microcapillary having an inner bore diameter (opening) of about 0.5 microns to about 2.5 microns which is capable of holding a non-adherent cell without puncturing or otherwise damaging the non-adherent cell surface.
- the bore of the holding pipette is under a reduced pressure (vacuum) which provides the force by which a non- adherent cell is drawn to and immobilized onto a distal end of the holding pipette.
- the holding pipette of the invention is made according to Example 13.
- the holding pipette can be made using a DeFonbrune microforge. Appropriate bends are made in a glass capillary so that it fits in a chuck assembly holder such that an about 1 to about 5 gram weight can be hung from the capillary positioned inside a heating filament. Heat is applied softening the glass resulting in the weight pulling the glass capillary to an about 1 to an about 3 micron diameter at which point the piece of glass capillary from which the weight is suspended breaks away leaving a holding pipette with an about 1 to an about 3 micron diameter tip. The tip is then brought close to the heating filament and the tip is heat polished resulting in a smooth tip with an opening of about 0.5 to about 2.5 microns. This holding pipette can then be attached to a syringe assembly that can be used to create a vacuum that will hold the cell in place during the microinjection procedure.
- the tip must still be heat polished with a microforge (DeFonbrune or Narishige).
- the holding pipette used in the invention will have an O.D. less than about 2.5 microns such that a non-adherent cell held by the holding pipette will not be aspirated into the pipette.
- the holding pipette tip will have to be fire-polished or suitably smoothed.
- Either the Eppendorf or Zandler syringe assemblies have been designed to produce a vacuum in the holding pipette that will hold the cell in place during the injection procedure, but not rupture the membrane of the cell in the process. Barbs should be removed from the holding pipette tip. This is generally accomplished by fire-polishing.
- non-adherent cells micro-injected with foreign material such as DNA can be co-micro-injected with either fluorochrome- (e.g., FITC, Oregon green, Rhodamine) coupled dextran (MW of various molecular weights, e.g., 150,000), or a vital fluorescent DNA-stain (e.g., Hoechst 33342 yoyo dye), Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), or DNA encoding the GFP reporter gene.
- fluorochrome- e.g., FITC, Oregon green, Rhodamine
- dextran MW of various molecular weights, e.g., 150,000
- a vital fluorescent DNA-stain e.g., Hoechst 33342 yoyo dye
- Green Fluorescent Protein GFP
- micro-injected non-adherent cells can be driven into cycle with hematopoietic cytokines or growth factors such as IL-3, IL-6, SCF and Flt-3 ligand or with other agents, such as neutralizing anti- TGF- ⁇ antibody. Altematively, it may be preferable to maintain cells in culture conditions which enable survival without inducing cycling or differentiation. It should be noted that post-microinjection, non-adherent cells that have been detached from the immobilization surface will regain their non-adherent properties and can be grown again in suspension as non-adherent cells.
- the microinjection method and apparati of the invention are described in Example 1.
- a stock solution containing foreign material was typically buffered.
- a stock solution of foreign material typically included phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), water and Tris-EDTA (TE).
- PBS phosphate-buffered saline
- TE Tris-EDTA
- the stock solution was then either directly micro-injected into the recipient cells or diluted with a second buffer solution prior to microinjection into the recipient cells.
- the second buffer solution typically contained Hepes (50 mM), KCl (100 mM) and NaH 2 PO 4 (5 mM) and had a pH of about 7.2.
- the concentration, in wg/ml, of foreign material (“Sample”) actually micro- injected into the cells is indicated as "Cone.” in Table 2.
- the sample solution was typically centrifuged at about 10,000 to 15,000 ⁇ m using a table-top Eppendorf micro-centrifuge, or filtered through a 0.02 mm or 0.1 mm membrane and/or dialyzed prior to microinjection into the cells.
- the cells receiving the sample solution by microinjection included primary cells or transformed cells (e.g., U937, TF-1 cells) (CD34 ⁇ CD347CD38 " , CD347CD38 + , and CD347CD387Thy'°).
- CD34-expressing cells are primary human stem/progenitor cells immunomagnetically purified from umbilical cord blood.
- the CD34 + /CD38 " and CD347 CD38" /Thy-l l0 cell populations were isolated by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS).
- the CD38" subpopulation of the CD34 + cells comprises a more primitive subset of cells.
- 3T3 denotes the Swiss 3T3 fibroblast cell line, which is an adherent mouse fibroblast cell line.
- U937 is a generally non-adherent human myelomonocytic cell line.
- the sample foreign material micro-injected into the cells included DNAs (pCMV- ⁇ , ph-GFP, pGreen Lantern (“pGreen”), pCMV- ⁇ /ph-GFP in a 1 : 1 concentration ratio), fluorescent conjugates ( PE-RAM, FITC-GAM, rhodamine-dextran, FITC-dextran), or mixtures thereof.
- DNAs pCMV- ⁇ , ph-GFP, pGreen Lantern (“pGreen”), pCMV- ⁇ /ph-GFP in a 1 : 1 concentration ratio
- fluorescent conjugates PE-RAM, FITC-GAM, rhodamine-dextran, FITC-dextran
- Various combinations of these and other foreign materials previously described can be micro-injected in the indicated cell lines.
- the cells were immobilized onto a surface, typically a tissue culture plate or Petri dish, by a variety of methods by treating the surface with a molecule "adhesive” (e.g., fibronectin, "Fn") (Table 2).
- adhesive e.g., fibronectin, "Fn”
- activators e.g., anti- ⁇ ,, integrin monoclonal antibodies
- 8A2 Ab 8 A2 from N. Kovach
- TS2 sup conditioned supematant from the TS2/16.2.1 hybridoma cell line, T. Springer, ATCC no.
- HB-243 are anti- ⁇ , integrin monoclonal antibodies which were used for activating cell surface-expressed integrins on respective cells for their immobilization onto fibronectin-coated plates.
- Con A (concanavalin A) was used to immobilize respective cells by first treating the immobilization surface with glutaraldehyde and then exposing the derivatized surface first to concanavalin A and then to respective cells.
- Biotin CD34 immobilization was attempted by exposing glutaraldehyde derivatized plates to biotinylated anti-CD34 antibody and respective cells.
- the number of cells plated in the cloning ring prior to microinjection generally ranged from about 300 to about 2000. Only a fraction of these were actually micro- injected.
- the number of cells micro-injected per experiment indicated as “Cells (#)” in Table 3, ranged from about 2 to about 150 and the microinjections were identified as “good” (g) or “not acceptable” (na). "Good” microinjections provided cells: (1) that showed a mild swelling of the nucleus during microinjection; (2) which volume of sample solution received was not so great as to destroy the cell; and (3) that were not immediately destroyed by the penetration or retraction of the microinjection needle. Microinjections failing any of these criteria were identified as "not acceptable”.
- the cells were assayed or visually monitored immediately after microinjection and at four hours, 12-18 hours, 48 hours and greater than 72 hours after microinjection.
- the number, size, viability status and/or color and intensity of fluorescence of the micro- injected cells was monitored by phase contrast and fluorescent microscopy. Red fluorescence was from rhodamine micro-injected into the cell and green fluorescence was from FITC-dextran or GFP expression by the micro-injected cell. Occasionally, the expression of beta-gal by the micro-injected cell was monitored by x-gal straining.
- microinjections were generally conducted on a heated (about 37 °C) microscope stage, some were conducted at ambient temperature (about 20°-24°C).
- Microinjection needles having an O.D. in the ranges of about 0.9 to about 1.1 microns (indicated as Eppendorf "Femtotips”), about 0.45 to about 0.60 microns (indicated as
- non-adherent cells and, in particular, primary primitive hematopoietic cells from the CD34 + stem/progenitor population can be successfully micro- injected with various macromolecules including DNA by employing the novel microinjection method and apparati of the invention.
- the genetically modified cells successfully express the respective product of the genetic foreign material micro-injected into them.
- a sufficient amount (generally less than 5-10% by volume of the cell nucleus being micro-injected) of a stock solution containing a nucleic acid foreign material is micro-injected into a non-adherent cell, more preferably a hematopoietic stem cell or other hematopoietic cell, immobilized onto an immobilization surface by way of an adhesive and possibly an activating agent that activates cell surface-expressed integrins on the non-adherent cell.
- the microinjection is accomplished by employing a microinjection needle having an outer diameter less than about 0.20 microns and in some embodiments between about 0.05 to about 0.15 microns.
- the present invention also provides a method for the transduction of hematopoietic stem cells (hSCs) and thus an alternative strategy for their direct genetic modification by: (1) direct delivery of DNA sequences into the nuclei of hSCs by microinjection; (2) integration of micro-injected transgene sequences in the chromatin of hSCs or extrachromosomal maintenance of the transgene sequences on episomal vectors or artificial human chromosomes and persistence of those sequences in the progeny of said hSCs; and (3) microinjection of sufficiently large (15-25 Kb) transgenic DNA constructs containing regulatory elements, such as promoters, enhancers and locus control regions (LCRs), and intron exon structure necessary for appropriate long-term, cell type-specific expression of the introduced transgenes; and 4) microinjection of DN A/protein mixtures with the protein(s) included in the injection sample which aid in gene integration and/or targeting (Figs. 8 & 9).
- hSCs hematopoietic stem cells
- Genetically modified hSCs prepared according to the methods of the present invention can be employed for gene therapy applications once said modified hSCs have been delivered to humans for long-term reconstitution.
- hematopoietic stem cells that have been modified by microinjection of foreign material can be used to treat a variety of physiological disorders such as, by way of example and without limitation, AIDS, cancer, thalassemia, anemia, sickle cell anemia, adenosine deaminase deficiency, Fanconi Anemia, Gaucher disease, Hurler
- physiological disorders contemplated within the invention will be responsive to gene therapy.
- responsive to gene therapy is meant that a patient suffering from such disorder will enjoy a therapeutic or clinical benefit such as improved symptomatology or prognosis.
- modified hSCs as cellular vehicles for gene transfer.
- the genes, or transgenes can be any gene having clinical usefulness, for example, therapeutic or marker genes or genes correcting gene defects
- the primary human cells are blood cells.
- blood cells as used herein is meant to include all forms of blood cells as well as progenitors and precursors thereof, as hereinabove described.
- the invention is directed to a method of enhancing the therapeutic effects of hSCs, comprising: (i) micro-injecting into the hSCs of a patient a DNA segment encoding a product that enhances the therapeutic effects of the human primary cells; and (ii) introducing the genetically modified hSCs into the patient.
- hSCs which are genetically engineered need not be targeted to a specific site and, in accordance with the invention, such engineered hSCs and their progeny function as a systemic therapeutic; e.g., a desired therapeutic agent can be expressed and secreted from the cells systemically.
- a method of enhancing the therapeutic effects of hSCs that are infused in a patient comprising: (i) micro-injecting into the hSCs of a patient a DNA segment encoding a product that enhances the therapeutic effects of the blood cells; and (ii) introducing cells resulting from step (i) into the patient.
- the primary human blood cells that are the progeny of modified hSCs and which can be used in the present invention include, by way of example, leukocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and erythroblasts.
- leukocytes granulocytes
- monocytes granulocytes
- macrophages macrophages
- lymphocytes erythroblasts.
- stem-cells from thalassemic or sickle cell anemia patients that are genetically modified with the appropriate hemoglobin gene may give rise to genetically corrected red blood cells.
- the DNA carried by the hSCs can be any DNA having clinical usefulness, for example, any DNA that directly or indirectly enhances the therapeutic effects of the cells.
- the DNA carried by the hSCs can be any DNA that allows the hSCs to exert a therapeutic effect that the hSCs would not normally exert.
- suitable DNA that can be used for genetically engineering, for example, blood cells, include those that encode cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins (for example, interleukins 1-12), globin genes, DNA-repair genes, drug-resistance genes, Fanconi Anemia genes and anti-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) resistance genes.
- the DNA which is used for transducing the human cells can be one whose expression product is secreted from the cells. Altematively, it may encode for gene products retained within the cell.
- the human cells can also be genetically engineered with DNA which functions as a marker, as hereinafter described in more detail.
- the inserted genes are marker genes which permit determination of the traffic and survival of the transformed cells in vivo.
- marker genes include the neomycin resistance (neoR) gene, multi-drug resistant gene, thymidine kinase gene, ⁇ - galactosidase, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase.
- the hSCs are genetically engineered in vitro.
- cells may be removed from a patient and stem cells isolated; genetically engineered in vitro with DNA encoding the therapeutic agent, with such genetically engineered hSCs being readministered along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to the patient.
- a treating procedure is sometimes referred to as an ex vivo treatment.
- the progeny of the modified hSCs are primary human cells and more preferably are primary human nucleated blood cells which express in the appropriated progeny cells the product of the genetic foreign material micro-injected into the parent hSCs.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be a liquid carrier (for example, a saline solution) or a solid carrier; for example, an implant of a biocompatible and non-immunogenic material.
- the engineered cells may be introduced parenterally, e.g., intravenously, sub-cutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intralesionly, or directly into the bone marrow.
- the minimal dose typically delivered is 1 x 10 8 nucleated cells per kg body weight, equivalent to 2.5 x 10 9 cells for a 25 kg child.
- Reported experimental data and modeling of feline hematopoiesis indicate that the stem cell frequency is approximately 1 in 1.7 x 10 6 marrow cells (Abko witz et al. , 1996) . If this same frequency holds for human marrow, delivery of 2.5 x 10 9 cells corresponds to delivery of 1450 stem cells.
- SRCs NOD/SCID reconstituting cells
- human stem cells SRCs are present at a frequency of- 1 in 10 4 CD34 + cells (Serrano et al, 1996).
- 30 mis of cord blood with approximately 3 x 10 7 mononuclear cells, 1% of which are CD34 + ) contain approximately 30 SRCs.
- the required number of stem cells may be in the range of about 150 to about 5,000.
- hSCs may require transduction of hSCs with two independently regulated genes present on the same DNA construct: the selectable gene targeted for expression in stem/progenitor cells and the therapeutic gene (e.g., ADA or globin) targeted for expression in the required cell type.
- the selectable gene targeted for expression in stem/progenitor cells e.g., ADA or globin
- the therapeutic gene e.g., ADA or globin
- Transduction of hSCs with the human O 6 -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene may enable in vivo selection of surviving, modified hSCs by briefly treating patients with alkylating agents of the nitrosourea class (e.g., 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-l- nitrosourea; BCNU).
- alkylating agents of the nitrosourea class e.g., 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-l- nitrosourea; BCNU.
- most anti-neoplastic drugs e.g., Taxol
- BCNU nitrosoureas such as BCNU also exert their DNA-damaging and toxic effects directly on the stem cells.
- mice expressing MGMT in their stem cells were reportedly resistant to BCNU-induced hematosuppression (Maze et al, 1996).
- MDR-1 human multiple drug resistance gene
- the fact that human stem cells already reportedly constitutively express MDR-1 suggests that any enrichment for transduced cells by MDR-1 resistant drugs (e.g., taxol) may occur at the level of progenitors but not stem cells.
- MDR-1 resistant drugs e.g., taxol
- any enrichment for transduced cells by MDR-1 resistant drugs e.g., taxol
- MGMT transgene expression by itself, should, as previously reported, confer resistance in hematopoietic cells to agents such as BCNU employed in high-dose or repetitive chemotherapy for breast and other cancers (Chabner et al, 1993).
- gene therapy employing genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells may include the following elements. Approximately 1-10 x 10 3 highly enriched hematopoietic stem cells are obtained from human cord blood and are temporarily immobilized. Microinjection of these cells delivers a reproducible volume-containing DNA and possible integration enzyme(s) - such that 1-3 copies of the DNA are successfully integrated per cell. Microinjected DNAs of 15-25 kb in size, containing two independently regulated transgenes, are integrated without arrangement.
- transgene targeted for expression in stem cells, provides for in vitro (e.g., rsGFP, or truncated nerve growth factor receptor; tNGF-R) or in vivo (e.g., MGMT) selection of transduced stem cells.
- the therapeutic transgene e.g., ADA for ADA SCID, globin for hemoglobinopathies, MDR-1 for chemoresistance
- ADA ADA for ADA SCID
- MDR-1 chemoresistance
- the present invention may be employed for introducing relatively large fragments of nucleic acid into a cell.
- nucleic acid sequences of DNA having molecular weights of between 20 kb and 24 kb have been introduced through an opening of 0.1 microns.
- microneedles of the present invention having an opinion of
- 0.1 microns may be used with such relatively large molecules.
- the relatively large-sized DNA can be filtered through a 0.1 micron filter.
- the present studies demonstrate that the passage of these relatively large molecules was achieved without loss of integrity of the molecule (Fig. 11).
- CMV- ⁇ DNA plasmid expressing the ⁇ -gal reporter gene under control of the cytomegalo virus (CMV) promoter/enhancer sequences.
- FITC GAM Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (a fluorochrome) labeled goat anti-mouse Immunoglobulins phGFP DNA plasmid expressing the humanized red shifted green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene under control of the CMV promoter/enhancer sequences (from ClonTech)
- pGreen DNA plasmid (pGreen Lantern) expressing the humanized red shifted GFP reporter gene under control of the CMV promoter/enhancer sequences (from GIBCO-BRL)
- Rhodamine-Dextran Rhodamine (a fluorochrome) coupled to dextran
- 8A2 Ab and TS2 sup anti- ⁇ ! integrin-mediated attachment to fibronectin-coated plates.
- 8A2 N. Kovach
- TS2/16.2.1 T. Springer, ATCC
- pCMV- ⁇ and FITC GAM were prepared as described in the present disclosure, and are available in the inventor's laboratory. Some materials were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company. Cell types described herein were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.
- the present example demonstrates the utility of the invention for introducing a molecule of relatively small size into a living cell, wherein the cell retains viability and is provided in an immobilized state during the time the molecule in being introduced into the cell.
- the CD34 + antigen present on approximately 0.5-1.0% of mononuclear bone marrow and umbilical cord blood cells, marks all measurable human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (Fig. 5).
- Umbilical cord blood cells were obtained from normal human fetal deliveries, and mononuclear cells were purified by centrifugation over Ficoll-hypaque.
- CD34 + cells were isolated by immunomagnetic selection with the Miltenyi MiniMACS CD34 Multisort Isolation Kit (involves (1) incubation of cells with anti-CD34 antibody coupled via dextran to immunomagnetic particles, (2) isolation of magnetically-labeled cells by passing through a column attached to a magnet, (3) release of cells from magnetic particles by cleavages with dextranase, (4) separation of cells from magnetic particles by passing through column attached to a magnet). Subsequent FACS analysis, with another anti-CD34 antibody recognizing a different CD34 epitope, demonstrated that the cells were 85-95% pure for CD34 expressing cells.
- IMDM Iscoves Modified Dulbecco's Medium
- bovine serum albumin 2%, StemCell Technology
- insulin 10 micrograms/ml,
- transferrin 200 microgram/ml, ICN
- 2-mercaptoethanol 0.05 mM, Sigma
- low-density lipoprotein 40 microgram ml, Sigma
- pen-strep 100 units and 50 microgram/ml, respectively
- 20 ng/ml human Flt-3 ligand Peprotesh
- 20 ng/ml human Interleukin-3 IL-3, Peprotech
- SCF Stem Cell Factor
- a 6 mm glass cloning ring was attached via Vaseline(R) to a 35 mm tissue culture dish (Corning).
- the dish surface enclosed by the cloning ring was coated with fibronectin by adding 30-50 microliters of a 50 microgram/ml fibronectin solution (Boehringer Mannheim, #1051-407) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Sigma), and incubating overnight at 4 °C (altematively, can be for 45 min. at room temperature). Excess fibronectin- containing solution was removed from the cloning ring immediately prior to addition of cells.
- IMDM/F-3-S This cell-containing media (25 microliters containing approximately 2000 cells) was mixed with 25 microliters of media (IMDM) conditioned 2 days by the TS2/16.2.1 hybridoma cell line (ATCC #HB-243 which produces antibody reactive with Integrin ⁇ ,- human CD29). The 50 microliters of cell/antibody mixture was placed into a 6 mm glass cloning ring enclosing the fibronectin-coated surface. Cells, in the presence of antibody, were allowed to attach to fibronectin for greater than 30 min. at 37 °C in the presence of 6% CO 2 .
- Figure 10A shows an example of cells incubated on a fibronectin surface without the addition of the activating TS2/16.2.1 antibody.
- FIG. 10B shows an example of cells incubated on a fibronectin surface in the presence of the activating TS2/16.2.1 antibody. The cells are more spread with the presence of numerous microspikes and will withstand the microinjection process. Subsequently, 1 ml of IMDM/F-3-S was added outside the cloning ring, and the 35 mm plate containing cells and cloning ring was spun at 600 ⁇ m for 5 min (Beckman low-speed GS-6R centrifuge, swinging bucket rotor, brake off).
- Fine glass microinjection needles were prepared from thin-walled borosilicate glass capillaries (Sutter, 1.2 mm O.D., 0.94 mm I.D.) with an automated pipette puller (Sutter, P- 87, 3 mm box filament). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the outer diameter of microinjection needles pulled with the identical program; O.D.s between 0.17 and 0.22 micron were obtained.
- FITC-dextran (150,000 M.W., Sigma) at a concentration of 0.25% (weight per volume) in 50 mM Hepes (pH 7.2/100 mM KC1/5 mM MISSING UPON TIME OF PUBLICATION
- the present example demonstrates the utility of the present invention for the stable inco ⁇ oration of a foreign molecule into a cell, and particularly immature, undifferentiated cells.
- CD347CD387Thy- 1 lo cells comprise approximately 1 -4% of CD34 + cells, and exhibit properties consistent with that of highly primitive hematopoietic cells (highly enriched in long term culture initiating cells (LTC-ICs)). As such, they represent a candidate population of stem cells. These cells were purified by first immunomagnetically isolating CD34 + cells (Miltenyi Minimacs, see Example 1) followed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) with PerCP-CD34 (Becton-Dickinson), PE-CD38 (Becton-Dickinson), and FITC-Thy-1 (Pharmingen) antibodies. Cells were sorted with Becton-Dickinson FACSVantage with automated cell deposition unit. The primitive nature of these cells was further confirmed by the vast majority of them expressing the CD45Ra/CD71 ⁇ phenotype.
- FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
- the present example demonstrates the utility of the present invention for the stable inco ⁇ oration of a foreign nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein into a cell, and the successful expression of that protein by the modified cell.
- the present example also demonstrates the utility of the present invention as a gene therapy technique. Using 0.45 micron microinjection needles, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) reporter gene expression, 24-48 hrs. post-microinjection, in 5-15% of immobilized CD34 + cells (6-8 micron diameter) was obtained.
- GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
- Cells were micro-injected with approximately 20-40 femtoliters of 50 ng/microliter pGreen Lantern DNA plasmid (Gibco BRL) which expresses the humanized red shifted Green Fluorescent Protein under control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter/enhancer. The remainder of the cells were killed by microinjection-pipette induced cell damage or delivery of too much volume.
- Gibco BRL pGreen Lantern DNA plasmid
- CMV cytomegalovirus
- microinjection needles having an outer diameter of about 0.2 microns
- GFP expression 24-48 hrs. post-injection in 5%-15% of immobilized CD34+ cells was obtained.
- CD347CD387Thy-l'° cells were isolated and attached to fibronectin as described in Example 2. Seventy cells were micro-injected with an estimated 2-10 femtoliters of a 100 ng/microliter solution containing pGreen Lantern DNA in microinjection buffer (Experiment 93, Tables 2-3). Microinjection needles of 0.17-0.22 micron O.D. were employed. GFP expression was observed in 8 cells 5 hours post-microinjection. At 24 hours post- microinjection, 5 cells were positive for GFP expression.
- ICH-3 biotinylated anti-CD34 mAb [100 micrograms/ml] (very weak attachment, manual microinjection difficult);
- CD34 + cells were minimally attached, and could not be micro-injected.
- Plates coated with Con A were prepared as follows: 1. Precoat dish with glutaraldehyde:
- Results indicated a weak attachment of CD34+ cells to the immobilization surface making manual microinjection difficult, but possible.
- Con A Results indicated a strong attachment of CD34+ cells to the immobilization surface making both manual and automated microinjection feasible.
- Anti-b, integrin antibody Results indicated a strong attachment of CD34+ cells to the immobilization surface making both manual and automated microinjection feasible.
- the kinetics of attachment and subsequent spreading of three suspension-grown cell types to intact human fibronectin (Fn) in the presence or absence of the activating anti- integrin monoclonal antibody (mAb) TS2/16.2.1 were investigated.
- the cell types studied thus far are U937, human myelomonocytic cell line; CEM, human lymphoblastic leukemia cell line; and hSC, human primary hematopoietic CD34+ cord blood stem cells.
- the present example demonstrates the utility of the present invention for the use of peptides and mixtures of peptides ("cocktail") to promote the attachment of cells to a surface with reduced disruption to the cells.
- a cocktail mixture of synthetic adhesive peptides that bind cell surface adhesion molecules may be used to coat the surface of a plate to which cells attached.
- dishes For attachment of cells expressing alpha 4/beta 1 or alpha 5/beta 1 integrins, dishes would also be coated with peptides (unmodified or perhaps chemically modified to increase the affinity for cell surface expressed adhesion molecules or to facilitate coating of culture dishes) containing amino acid sequences that are targets for attachment (e.g., sequences containing the LDV sequence of amino acids from the CS-1 region of fibronectin bind alpha 4/beta 1, and sequences containing the RGD amino acid sequence of fibronectin bind alpha 5/beta 1).
- amino acid sequences that are targets for attachment e.g., sequences containing the LDV sequence of amino acids from the CS-1 region of fibronectin bind alpha 4/beta 1, and sequences containing the RGD amino acid sequence of fibronectin bind alpha 5/beta 1).
- the present example demonstrates the utility of the invention for providing an effective mechanism for genetically modifying undifferentiated cell types, such as CD34 + cells.
- the present application also demonstrates the utility of the present invention for a method to provide gene therapy using cells that are provided to an animal, the cells being provided to the animal in an undifferentiated state and containing a particular gene or gene fragment thereof.
- CD34+ cells were immunomagnetically purified as described in Example 1 above.
- the colony-forming ability of integrin/fibronectin immobilized CD34 + cells was compared with CD34 + cells maintained overnight under similar culture conditions where the cells were not immobilized with integrin/fibronectin (Fig. 3).
- 2000 CD34 + cells in IMDM/F-3-S were mixed with an equal volume of IMDM media conditioned 2 days by the TS2/16.2.1 hybridoma cell line, and plated into a well of a 96 well plate previously coated with fibronectin.
- the control well contained 2000 CD34 + cells in IMDM/F-3-S alone.
- cells immobilized or control
- cells were recovered from each well and plated in duplicate in 35 mm dishes containing 1 ml MethoCult GF culture media (containing 0.9% Methylcellulose, 30% fetal bovine serum, 1% bovine serum albumin, 10-4M 2-Mercaptoethanol, 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 ng/ml human SCF, 10 mg/ml human GM-CSF, 10, ng/ml human IL-3 and 3 units/ml Erythropoietin (StemCell Technologies Inc.); 16 days post plating, the number of CFU-derived colonies were assayed.
- MethoCult GF culture media containing 0.9% Methylcellulose, 30% fetal bovine serum, 1% bovine serum albumin, 10-4M 2-Mercaptoethanol, 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 ng/ml human SCF, 10 mg/m
- integrin fibronectin immobilized cells 70 BFU-E, 11 CFU-GM, 5 CFU- GEMM, 10 CFU-CFU-GM, 7 CFU-GEMM, 11 CFU-G, and 2 CFU-M per 1000 plated cells were likewise generated.
- the total number of CFU-GM, CFU-G, and CFU-M are totaled to give Amyeloid colonies, and both erythroid colony (BFUE-E) and myeloid colony results from immobilized cells are expressed as a percentage of the non-immobilized control (Fig. 3).
- Non-immobilized cells were compared to integrin/fibronectin and Con A attached cells: integrin fibronectin: 50 BFU-E, 35 CFU-G, GM, or M, 1.5 CFU-GEMM; Con A: 65 BFU-E, 26 CFU-G, GM, or M, CFU-GEMM; Control: 52 BFU-E, 50 CFU-G, GM, or M, 0.5 CFU-GEMM.
- the results of the three integrin/fibronectin immobilization studies demonstrate no significant effect (either inhibitory or stimulatory) on the number or size of colonies derived from immobilized vs. control non-immobilized cells.
- Cells immobilized via Con A demonstrated granulocyte/macrophage type colonies reduced approximately 50% with respect to control non-immobilized cells (Fig. 3).
- U937 cells were seeded onto commercially available Fn-coated dishes in the presence or absence of the mAb. Viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion and cell proliferation was determined by direct cell counting with a hemocytometer. Treatment with the mAb did not affect cell viability. There was no significant difference in the viability of U937 cells in the presence (96.4%) or absence (95.8%) of the mAb. Similar results were obtained with CEM and hSCs (Fig. 16). Proliferation of U937 cells and CEM cells were unaffected by mAb exposure.
- peptide sequences (unmodified or perhaps chemically modified to increase the affinity for cell surface expressed adhesion molecules) corresponding to targeted amino acid sequences in the adhesive (e.g., peptides containing the LDV or RGD sequences) may be employed as releasing agents to detach cells from an immobilized state.
- cell immobilization involving several adhesion/adhesive interactions may be best competed by a cocktail of peptides.
- retronectin is used to promote the attachment of cells
- the following compositions alone or in combination may be used to detach the cells: 1.
- LDV sequences - provides interference with ⁇ 4 ⁇ , binding to fibronectin; 2.
- RGD sequences - provides interference with ⁇ 5 ⁇ j binding to fibronectin.
- Detachment of cells from an adhesive surface may also be accomplished by antibodies which interfere with the normal interaction between adhesion molecules and the adhesive (e.g., anti- ⁇ 1, anti- ⁇ 4, anti-VLA-4, anti-CS-1 antibodies). Detachment may also be accomplished by mono- or poly -saccharides (or other charged molecules, e.g., lipids, polyanions and polycations) which may interfere with the normal interaction(s) between adhesion molecules and the adhesive.
- antibodies which interfere with the normal interaction between adhesion molecules and the adhesive
- mono- or poly -saccharides or other charged molecules, e.g., lipids, polyanions and polycations
- reagents can be used to detach cells from an adhesive surface. For example,
- polyanions - may disrupt binding to the heparin binding site (eg. heparin, heparin sulfate, hyaluronan, other polysaccharides, etc.); 2. certain divalent cations (eg. calcium) - are known to disrupt integrin function; 3. certain chelating agents (eg. EDTA or EGTA) - are known to disrupt integrin function; 4) disintegrins - are naturally occurring soluble proteins, originally described from snake venom (Blobel, C.P., 1997), which contain integrin binding sequences; 5. combinations of the above.
- heparin binding site eg. heparin, heparin sulfate, hyaluronan, other polysaccharides, etc.
- certain divalent cations eg. calcium
- certain chelating agents eg. EDTA or EGTA
- disintegrins - are naturally occurring soluble proteins, originally described from snake venom
- the present example outlines a method that may be used in the preparation of the microinjection needles of the present invention. As will be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, this procedure may be employed to prepare a number of different diameter needles without the exercise of an undue amount of experimentation. Fine glass microinjection needles of approximately 0.2 +/- 0.02 micron outer diameter were prepared from thin-walled borosilicate glass capillaries (Sutter, 1.2 mm O.D., 0.94 mm I.D.) with an automated pipette puller (Sutter, P-87, 3 mm box filament).
- Finer glass microinjection needles of average outer diameter 0.12 micron, 0.15 micron, or 0.17 micron were prepared from thick-walled borosilicate glass capillaries (Sutter, 1.2 mm O.D., 0.6 mm I.D.) with the Sutter P-87 pipette puller. Parameters for temperature, pull rate, and pressure were optimized for each needle size desired.
- resistivity measurements were performed on sample needles filled with electrolyte. By comparing the measured resistivity against a calibration curve, one can obtain a reasonable estimate of needle tip diameter. By SEM, verification was obtained that automatically pulled needles exhibit structural integrity and uniformity of tip geometry.
- the holding pipette was prepared using a DeFonbrune microforge. Appropriate bends are made in a glass capillary so that it fits in a chuck assembly holder such that a 1 -5 gram weight can be hung from the capillary positioned inside a heating filament. Heat is applied, softening the glass, resulting in the weight pulling the glass capillary to a 1-3 micron diameter, at which point the piece of glass capillary from which the weight is suspended breaks away leaving a holding pipette with a 1-3 micron diameter tip. The tip is then brought close to the heating filament, and the tip is heat polished resulting in a smooth tip with an opening of .5 to 2.5 microns. This holding pipette can then be attached to a syringe assembly that can be used to create a vacuum which will hold the cell in place for the microinjection procedure.
- the present example details one method by which the present microinjection technique may be employed to introduce nucleic acid into the chromosomal DNA of a cell.
- the technique employs holding pipettes that stabilize cells through use of a vacuum.
- the technique described here and variations thereof may be automated so as to provide a more rapid production of genetically modified cells.
- an injection chamber that can have a vacuum behind a material with pores sufficient to hold numerous cells in place for subsequent injection may be employed.
- This chamber in some embodiments will be used in conjunction with an inverted microscope using phase contrast microscopy.
- the present example demonstrates the utility of the present invention for providing enriched populations of viable, genetically modified cells, by microinjection. Quartz Needles
- the Version 1.0B and Version 1.0Q needles yield consistently higher viabilities than the data shown in Tables 2 and 3. It should be noted that these new data support and extend the data shown in Tables 2 and 3. All data shown in Tables 2 and 3 was collected while performing manual nuclear injections into CD34 + cells, while the new data was collected while performing semi automatic nuclear injections into both CD34 + and U937 cells. It is important to note that for the most efficient gene therapy, it is important to demonstrate that the cells are attached sufficiently to use a semi-automatic or automatic microinjection system without disrupting the cells or significantly affecting cell viability, as this will allow for a large number of cells to be injected in a short time span. The data shown in Figures 18 and 19 support our previous studies and supports our claim that a semiautomatic or automatic injection system can be used to deliver DNA and proteins into the nucleus of CD34 + cells as part of a gene therapy protocol.
- Needle tips were sputter coated with gold-palladium in a SCD004 Bal-Tec sputter coater for 120 seconds at 15mA. The needle tips were then scanned and photographed using a Phillips 525M scanning electron microscope at 15KV. Outer diameter measurements were determined and the .046 micron coat value subtracted as the correction factor.
- Figure 28 represents photographs of scanning electron microscopic images of the LOB (28 A) and l.OQ (28B) needles. Table 8 Scanning EM Data for Version 1.0 Q-hSC's Needle
- an expression vector that upon injection into the nucleus expresses a detectable protein that does not hurt the cell and can be detected in the living cell without perturbing cellular function (e.g., pCMV-GEP expression vector).
- detectable molecules e.g., Oregon Green conjugated with Dextran
- detectable molecules can be injected and followed with time.
- the injection sample will be very sticky to the quartz or borosilicate and will immediately plug the needle, or coat the needle diluting out the molecule that you want to inject into the cell.
- We are following a procedure used to siliconize much larger injection needles used in generating transgenic animals (DePamphilis, M.L., Herman, S.A., Martinez-Salas, E., Chalifour, L.E., Wirak, D.O., Cupo, D.Y. and Miranda, M.: "Microinjecting DNA into Mouse Ova to Study DNA Replication and Gene Expression and to Produce Transgenic Animals" BioTechniques: 6: 662-680, 1988).
- Injection pipettes are siliconized for 2-4 days in a desiccator with vapor from a small beaker of hexamethyidisilazane (Pierce). This procedure produces a monomolecular layer of silicon coating the total injection needle. Unfortunately, in the small needles that we are using, this procedure negates the capillary filling of the injection needle resulting in a large air bubble in the end of the needle that cannot be expelled. We have found that by making a small glass filament, we can suck the air bubble out, resulting in a flowing needle (Figure 22).
- the flare of the needle is important as regards both loading of the needle and flow from the needle.
- the P2000 needle puller was used to pull the quartz needles. This resulted in both a smaller needle tip that had a greater flare.
- Resistivity measurements from the Version OB (O.D., 0.25 microns) needle have been obtained that equal those for the Version 1.0Q needle (O.D., 0.07 microns).
- the l.OQ needle has a considerably smaller outer diameter.
- the Version l.OQ needle has greater flare than that of the Version OB and flows when appropriate pressure is applied, whereas a borosilicate needle having a similar outer diameter (0.07 microns) requires pressures that exceeds those that can be produced by this particular injection equipment.
- Flare is an important characteristic that governs flow through the middle.
- the quartz injection needles (Version l.OQ) have a greater flare than the borosilicate injection needles (Version 1.OB).
- the Dl :D2 ratio for the borosilicate needles is in some embodiments an average of about 1 : 1.8 to about 1 :3.
- the quartz needles (Version 1.OQ) has a Dl :D2 ratio that is, in some embodiments, 1 :3 to about 1:18.
- "L" as defined in the diagram is the distance (length) between the flare tip, Dl, and the diameter, D2. In the actual needles measured for Table 2, the length between Dl and D2 was 1.3 microns.
- a ratio of Dl to D2 in the range of about 1 :about 1.5 to about 1 :about 20, or about 1 : about 2 to about 1 : about 10 provide the Dl :D2 width ratios according to some embodiments of the invention.
- the invention provides for widths on the average of about 1 : about 7, or about 1 : about 6, or about 1 : about 5, or about 1 : about 4, or about 1 : about 3, or about 1: about 2.5, or finally, in the range of about 1 :1.5 to about 1 : 2.5 are within the range of the present invention.
- the capillaries used in making the injection needles have a intemal filament.
- This intemal filament helps the sample flow into the tip of the needle during the loading procedure.
- the loading process may also be aided by the filament increasing the capillary action.
- the needle In loading the injection needles with small outer diameters, the needle should be loaded slowly. This will, among other things, introduce as few air bubbles into the tip of the needle as possible. If air bubbles are introduced, they cannot be expelled form the needle and the needle must be replaced. The greater the Dl :D2 ratio, the higher the number of needles that load effectively, having only minimal air bubbles introduced.
- the capillary may be attached to a vacuum and solutions drawn through the capillary.
- the following fluids may be drawn through the capillary.
- the capillaries are then baked at 200° C for up to an hour, and then pulled using either the P87 puller or the P2000 puller (both from Sutter instruments).
- the needles used the same day that they are pulled work most consistently as regards flow. With increasing time the needles decrease in usefulness. The needles do not flow after 2 days of storage. This may be due to particulate matter that was becoming attached through electrostatic interactions with time, thus clogging the needle. Although this is true in some cases, the majority of the needles are believed to lose their capacity to flow, at least in part because they become hydrated (especially in humid conditions). With time, when attempting to load the needle with injection sample, numerous air bubbles form in the tip of the needle. This will result in a needle that does not flow. With the present technology, one cannot achieve high enough pressures to expel the air bubbles. However, by simply baking the needle at 200° C for 1 hour, one can restore the ability to load the needle with minimal air bubbles, thus restoring the flow.
- the present example defines the work station of the present invention for use in the microinjection of cells. While many different configurations of the work station will be appreciated from the one described herein, the present description defines one particular configuration of the station as envisioned by the present inventors.
- the work station as provided in one embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 25.
- the work station comprises a microscope stage
- One of the challenges in microinj ection technology using the automatic inj ector is that the injector must define how far the needle penetrates the cell (set a Z value), without going through the cell, and contacting the hard tissue culture plastic. Sometimes, due to inconsistency in the surface of the tissue culture dish, the needle comes in contact with the tissue culture plastic, breaking the needle. There are several possible ways to get around this problem.
- the technique utilizes an elastomeric stamp (polydimethyl-siloxane) to imprint gold surfaces with pre-defined patterns (micrometer-sized) of self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols. There may be a problem associated with this approach unless the stamp can be made transparent (See Example C; Fig. 23).
- Example B A manifold, containing 5-10 micron O.D. needles arranged in the same defined pattern as the manifold containing the injection needles, would be used to deposit microdroplets of solutions containing adhesion molecules onto to a culture surface (Fig. 24). Cells could then be plated onto these adhesion islands, and the manifold containing the injection needles then used to inject the cells.
- Example C Mrksich, M., L.E. Dike, G.M. Whitesides: "Using Microcontact Printing to Pattern the Attachment of Mammalian Cells to Self Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiolates on Transparent Films of Gold and Silver” Exp. Cell Res. 235:305 (1997).
- This technique utilizes the same principles as in Example A except that now transparent films of gold and silver are used, thus making it possible to use phase contrast microscopy to monitor the injections.
- the present example demonstrates the utility of the present invention for use in gene therapy protocols together with the herein described injection compositions and microinjection methodology.
- a carrier such as a retrovirus, adenovirus, or other carrier cell.
- Gene therapeutic applications of stem cell microinjection to include the following elements: Approximately 1-10 x 10 3 highly enriched stem cells will be obtained from blood, and will be temporarily immobilized. Microinjection of these cells will deliver a reproducible volume-containing DNA and possibly integration enzyme(s) - such that 1-3 copies of the DNA are successfully integrated per cell. Microinjected DNAs of 15-25 kb in size, containing two independently regulated transgenes, will be integrated without rearrangement. One transgene, targeted for expression in stem cells, will provide for in vitro (e.g., rsGFP, or truncated nerve growth factor receptor; tNG-R) or in vivo (e.g., MGMT) selection of transduced stem cells. The therapeutic transgene (e.g., DNA for ADA SCID, globin for hemoglobinopathies, MDR-I for chemoresistance) will be targeted for expression in the appropriate hematopoietic cells.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP97952611A EP0948594A1 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1997-12-19 | Method and device for microinjection of macromolecules into non-adherent cells |
JP52904798A JP2001507935A (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1997-12-19 | Methods and devices for microinjection of macromolecules into non-adherent cells |
AU56182/98A AU5618298A (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1997-12-19 | Method and device for microinjection of macromolecules into non-adherent cells |
CA002275474A CA2275474A1 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1997-12-19 | Method and device for microinjection of macromolecules into non-adherent cells |
US09/767,775 US20040023903A1 (en) | 1997-12-19 | 2001-08-14 | Single-stranded end-capped oligonucleotide mediated targeted gene repair and modification and uses thereof |
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US3382096P | 1996-12-20 | 1996-12-20 | |
US60/033,820 | 1996-12-20 |
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PCT/US1997/023781 WO1998028406A1 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1997-12-19 | Method and device for microinjection of macromolecules into non-adherent cells |
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JP (1) | JP2001507935A (en) |
AU (1) | AU5618298A (en) |
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WO (1) | WO1998028406A1 (en) |
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WO2000020554A1 (en) * | 1998-10-08 | 2000-04-13 | Astrazeneca Ab | Microfabricated cell injector |
WO2002026230A1 (en) * | 2000-09-29 | 2002-04-04 | Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Remedies for inflammatory bowel diseases |
WO2005115623A1 (en) * | 2004-05-25 | 2005-12-08 | Stiftung Caesar Center Of Advanced European Studies And Research | Nanocannula |
EP1946886A1 (en) * | 2007-01-19 | 2008-07-23 | Fujitsu Limited | Capillary, capillary polishing method, and capillary polishing apparatus |
US8926552B2 (en) | 2009-08-12 | 2015-01-06 | Medtronic, Inc. | Particle delivery |
DE102014015418B3 (en) * | 2014-10-20 | 2015-11-19 | Technische Universität Braunschweig | Microsystem and method for manipulating biological material |
US9255249B2 (en) | 2006-05-17 | 2016-02-09 | Cognate Bioservices, Inc. | Isolation and purification of hematopoietic stem cells from post-liposuction lipoaspirates |
WO2023180465A1 (en) * | 2022-03-23 | 2023-09-28 | University Of Twente | A magnetic micro-needle to isolate single immunomagnetically labeled cells |
CN117721157A (en) * | 2024-02-08 | 2024-03-19 | 北京市农林科学院 | Single-needle double microinjection method for ladybug embryo and microinjection quartz microneedle used by same |
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- 1997-12-19 AU AU56182/98A patent/AU5618298A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-19 JP JP52904798A patent/JP2001507935A/en active Pending
- 1997-12-19 CA CA002275474A patent/CA2275474A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-19 EP EP97952611A patent/EP0948594A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP0948594A1 (en) | 1999-10-13 |
CA2275474A1 (en) | 1998-07-02 |
AU5618298A (en) | 1998-07-17 |
JP2001507935A (en) | 2001-06-19 |
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