WO1998014805B1 - Apparatus and method for generating diffractive element using liquid crystal display - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for generating diffractive element using liquid crystal display

Info

Publication number
WO1998014805B1
WO1998014805B1 PCT/US1997/017850 US9717850W WO9814805B1 WO 1998014805 B1 WO1998014805 B1 WO 1998014805B1 US 9717850 W US9717850 W US 9717850W WO 9814805 B1 WO9814805 B1 WO 9814805B1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
radiation
optical
receiving
display
data
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1997/017850
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO1998014805A1 (en
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/738,767 external-priority patent/US5986781A/en
Application filed filed Critical
Priority to CA002267316A priority Critical patent/CA2267316C/en
Priority to AT97945468T priority patent/ATE285589T1/en
Priority to EP97945468A priority patent/EP0934540B1/en
Priority to DE69732042T priority patent/DE69732042T2/en
Publication of WO1998014805A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998014805A1/en
Publication of WO1998014805B1 publication Critical patent/WO1998014805B1/en

Links

Abstract

Apparatus and method for recording diffractive high resolution graphical information is suited to recording information that would be difficult to counterfeit. In one embodiment, light is selectively passed by a shutter (52), and through spatial filter (54) to remove noise. Liquid crystal display (68) or similar display device receives a data stream from computer (20) and displays periodic structure(s), diffracting the incident beam into one or more diffracted beams (59). Lens (78) focuses an image of the macroscopic pattern formed of these periodic structures to a recording material in image plane (80) where diffracting structure(s) caused by the overlap of some or all the diffracting beams and, optionally, the undiffracted beam, is created. Optional mask (76) blocks some or all of the diffracted and undiffracted beams. The recording material is moved and the process repeated with another pattern of periodic structures until the desired macroscopic image is composited.

Claims

AMENDED CLAIMS
[received by the International Bureau on 17 April 1998 (17.04.98); original claims 1, 3-8, 11 and 25 amended; new claims 53-65 added; remaining claims unchanged (14 pages)]
1. An apparatus for accepting an electromagnetic radiation from an external radiation source and for generating an interference pattern from physical wave interference of components of said radiation at an output plane; said apparatus comprising: control means receiving said radiation beam for selectively passing or blocking passage of said received electromagnetic radiation beam; spatial filter means for receiving said radiation beam and generating a diverging beam of said radiation having a spatial frequency content; display means for dynamically and in substantially real-time receiving a first plurality of data sets from an external data source and for presenting said data sets in a two dimensional data array of picture elements; each said data set including a second plurality of data values associated with a corresponding second plurality of spatial locations at whcih each said data value is displayed, each said displayed data value presenting an optical characteristic related to said corresponding data value in the path of said selectively passed electromagnetic radiation beam; at least one of said first plurality of data sets including data values such that said two- dimensional array of optical characteristic variation causes diffraction of said radiation beam into at least one diffracted beam having a particular diffracted angle relative to a plane of said display means and spatial frequency components associated with said or each diffracted beam; mask filter means receiving said or each diffracted beam and selectively passing a first predetermined one or ones of said beam or beams and selectively blocking second one or ones of said beams different from said first one or ones; optical means for simultaneously receiving said first beams and for redirecting said first beams to simultaneously overlap in said output plane, said simultaneous overlap resulting in the formation of a set of interference fringes over predetermined spatial region related to relative phase difference between said overlapping beams; recording means for recording said interference fringes over said predetermined region; and composite image generation means for generating a mosaic of a plurallity of said sets of recorded interference fringes, said composite image generation means including 40
composite control means for dynamically altering said data set communicated to said display means, positioning means for changing the location at which said interference fringes are recorded for each said data set.
2. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said display means optical characteristic comprises an optical density.
3. The apparatus in any of the preceeding claims, wherein said electromagnetic radiation is a polarized radiation and wherein said display means optical characteristic comprises an optical polarization rotation.
4. The apparatus in any of the preceeding claims, further comprising: a translation stage movable in two-axes having a plane aligned parallel with said output plane; first axis motional means coupled to said stage for driving said stage in a first direction; second axis motional means coupled to said stage for driving said stage in a second direction; and computer control means for controlling said first and second motional means according to predetermined criteria.
5. The apparatus in any of the preceding claims, further comprising said electromagnetic radiation source generating an electromagnetic radiation beam.
6. The apparatus in any of the preceeding claims, further comprising: optical means for receiving said diverging beam from said spatial filter means and for converging said received beam at a predetermined first focal plane.
7. The apparatus in any of the preceeding claims, further comprising: optical means for receiving said diverging beam from said spatial filter means and for collimating said received beam. 41
8. The apparatus in any of the preceeding claims, wherein said radiation comprises radiation having components in the wavelength range between about 0.3 microns and 0.8 microns.
9. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said radiation is at a wavelength of about 0.44 microns corresponding to the wavelength sensitivity range of a photoresist material.
10. The apparatus in Claim 6, wherein said radiation is incoherent radiation.
11. The apparatus in any of the preceding claims, wherein said display means further comprises: a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel having a two-dimensional array of addressable pixel elements; a display controller for receiving said data stream comprising data values for each pixel and for generating an pixel drive signals at each said addressable pixel location to produce a pixel optical characteristic at said location corresponding to said data values.
12. The apparatus in Claim 11 , wherein said display means optical characteristic comprises an optical density.
13. The apparatus in Claim 11 , wherein said electromagnetic radiation is a polarized radiation and wherein said display means optical characteristic comprises an optical polarization rotation.
14. The apparatus in Claim 11 , wherein said LCD comprises an active-matrix type LCD having at least 16-discernable grey scale values.
15. The apparatus in Claim 11 , wherein said LCD comprises a passive-matrix type LCD having at least 16-discernable grey scale values.
16. The apparatus in Claim 14, further comprising: a computer coupled to said display controller for generating said data stream and for communicating said data stream to said display controller.
17. The apparatus in Claim 16, further comprising means for generating a two- dimensional data array in the form of a diffraction grating and for translating said data array into said data stream for transmission to said display controller.
18. The apparatus in Claim 12, further comprising a diffraction grating rotatably mounted in said radiation beam for optically processing said beam prior to said beam impinging on said display means; and means coupled to said computer and to said rotatably mounted grating for controllably rotating said grating in a predetermined manner.
19. The apparatus in Claim 1 , further comprising a photo resistive material located in said output plane sensitive to said radiation to cause formation of a latent image corresponding to the pattern of light and dark regions created by said interference pattern.
20. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said display means includes means for dynamically receiving said data stream from an external computer and for dynamically altering said presented optical characteristic in real-time responsive to said computer without altering a physical configuration of said apparatus.
21. The apparatus in Claim 20, wherein said real-time responsiveness is responsiveness within a time of less than or equal to about 1/60 of a second.
22. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said display means comprises a liquid crystal display.
23. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said display means comprises a spatial light modulator.
24. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said display means comprises a reflective micro mirror.
25. A high-resolution optical diffraction element for forming a real image of interference fringes at an output plane comprising: memory means for storing a data set representative of a two dimensional optical 43
diffraction pattern; a display controller coupled to said memory means for receiving said stored data set and for translating said received data set into a plurality of drive signals; a liquid crystal display panel for receiving said drive signals and for displaying said representation of said diffraction pattern as discernable optical characteristic variation values; and optical means directing an illuminating beam onto an input face of said display and generating a real image of interference fringes from a output face of said display.
26. The optical diffraction element of claim 25, further comprising means for generating said diffraction pattern.
27. The optical diffraction element of Claim 25, wherein said diffractive pattern is computer generated.
28. The optical diffraction element of Claim 25, wherein said diffractive pattern is scanned from a hologram.
29. The optical diffraction element of Claim 25, wherein said diffractive pattern is scanned from a diffraction grating.
30. The optical diffraction element of Claim 25, wherein said data set comprises data selected from the set consisting of: data representing a diffractive element which when displayed results in angular deviation of said radiation, data representing a macroscopic image, data representing imbedded graphics, data representing imbedded micro-text, and combinations thereof.
31. The diffractive element in Claim 25, wherein said liquid crystal display panel includes means for dynamically receiving said data stream from an external computer and for dynamically altering said presented optical characteristic in real-time responsive to said computer without altering a physical configuration of said apparatus.
32. A system for recording a diffractive element, said system comprising: a computer for generating a data set representative of a diffractive pattern; 44
display means coupled to said computer for receiving said data set and for displaying said data set as said diffractive pattern as optical characteristics in a two-dimensional array; a radiation source for generating a radiation beam; first optical system means for processing said radiation beam output by said source and for presenting said processed beam to said display means; second optical system means for receiving an output from said display means and for selectively passing components of said display output to an output plane; detection means for receiving said radiation at said output plane and for forming a detected image of the interference pattern formed at said output plane.
33. The apparatus in Claim 32, wherein said display means optical characteristic comprises optical characteristics selected from the set consisting of an optical density, an optical polarization change, and combinations thereof.
34. The system in Claim 32, wherein said display means comprises an optical element including: memory means for storing a data set representative of a two dimensional optical diffraction pattern; a display controller coupled to said memory means for receiving said stored data set and for translating said received data set into a plurality of drive signals; and a liquid crystal display panel for receiving said drive signals and for displaying said representation of said diffraction pattern as discernable optical characteristic variation values.
35. The system in Claim 32, wherein said first optical system means for processing said radiation beam output by said source and for presenting said processed beam to said display means includes: control means receiving said radiation beam for selectively passing or blocking passage of said received electromagnetic radiation beam; spatial filter means for receiving said radiation beam and generating a diverging beam of said illumination having predetermined spatial frequency content; and wherein said second optical system means for receiving an output from said display means and for selectively passing components of said display output to an output plane includes: 45
mask filter means receiving said plurality of diffracted beams and selectively passing first predetermined ones of said beams and selectively blocking second ones of said beams different from said first ones; and optical means for receiving said first beams and for redirecting said first beams to overlap in said output plane, said overlap resulting in the formation of interference fringes related to relative phase difference between said overlapping beams; said system further comprising: a two-axis translation stage having a plane aligned parallel with said output plane; first axis motional means coupled to said stage for driving said stage in a first direction; second axis motional means coupled to said stage for driving said stage in a second direction; computer control means for controlling said first and second motional means according to predetermined criteria; and a photo resistive material located in said output plane sensitive to said radiation to cause formation of a latent image corresponding to the pattern of light and dark regions created by said interference pattern.
36. The system in Claim 32, further comprising an LCD configured to display a micrographic image to generate a second diffractive element for redirecting a beam to focus a predetermined focal plane location the image at the film or plate surface.
37. The system in Claim 36, wherein said second diffractive element is in the form of a Gabor zone plate in an LCD display panel.
38. The system in Claim 32, wherein said display means further comprising an LCD configured to display a graphic element for dynamically adding two-dimensional image information to a diffracted beam.
39. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said mask filter means receiving said plurality of diffracted beams and selectively passing first predetermined ones of said beams and selectively blocking second ones of said beams different from said first ones, selectively passes a zero-order an a first-order diffracted beam, and wherein overlap results in the 46
formation of interference fringes related to relative phase difference between said zero-order and first-order overiapping beams.
40. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said mask filter means receiving said plurality of diffracted beams and selectively passing first predetermined ones of said beams and selectively blocking second ones of said beams different from said first ones, selectively passes a plus first-order an a minus first-order diffracted beam, and wherein overlap results in the formation of interference fringes related to relative phase difference between said plus first and minus first-order overlapping beams.
41. A method for recording a diffractive element; said method comprising the steps of:
(A) generating a first data set representative of a first two-dimensional diffraction grating having predetermined first diffraction characteristics;
(B) communicating said first data set to a LCD display to cause presentation of said two-dimensional diffraction grating representation as optical characteristic variations on said
LCD;
(C) allowing a beam of radiation to impinge on said LCD in a predetermined manner for a predetermined period of time such that said incident beam is diffracted by said LCD diffraction pattern; (D) optically collecting and redirecting selected components of said diffracted radiation to overlap at a predetermined output focal plane to thereby interfere and generate interference fringes; and
(E) detecting said interference fringes at said output focal plane.
42. The method in Claim 41 , further comprising the steps of:
(F) repeating said steps (A)-(E) for a plurality of data set representations; and
(G) spatially combining each said fringe representations into a final hologram.
43. The method in Claim 41 , wherein said step of spatially combining said fringe representations comprises combining said fringe representations into an ordered array of substantially abutting non-overlapping sequential exposures.
44. The method in Claim 41 , wherein said step of spatially combining said fringe representations comprises combining said fringe representations into a predetermined 47
pattern.
45. The method in Claim 41 , wherein said recording means comprises a photo-sensitive photo resist material, and wherein said spatial combination is performed by exposing said photo-sensitive material to each said data set and moving said photo-sensitive material between each said exposure so that an array of non-overlapping abutting exposures are formed.
46. The method in Claim 41 , wherein said display means optical characteristic comprises optical characteristics selected from the set consisting of an optical density, an optical polarization change, and combinations thereof.
47. The method in Claim 36, wherein said hologram is formed by an array of between about 10 and about 10,000 abutting interference patterns on each side of a polygonal array.
48. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said control means comprises a computer controlled shutter.
49. The apparatus in Claim 1 , wherein said LCD is reimaged at said output plane by a factor of between about 50: 1 and about 1 : 1000.
50. A system for recording a diffractive element, said system comprising: a computer for generating a data set representative of a diffractive pattern; display means coupled to said computer for receiving said data set and for displaying said data set as said diffractive pattern as optical characteristics in a two-dimensional array; a radiation source for generating a radiation beam; first optical system means for processing said radiation beam output by said source and for presenting said processed beam to said display means; second optical system means for receiving an output from said display means and for selectively passing components of said display output to an output plane; detection means for receiving said radiation at said output plane and for forming a detected image of the interference pattern formed at said output plane.
51. The system in Claim 32, wherein: 48
said display means comprises an optical element including: means for storing a data set representative of density variations of a two dimensional optical diffraction pattern; a display controller coupled to said memory means for receiving said stored data set and for translating said received data set into a plurality of LCD drive signals; and a liquid crystal display panel for receiving said LCD drive signals and for displaying said representation of said diffraction pattern as discernable optical density variation values; and said first optical system means includes: a shutter receiving said radiation beam for selectively passing or blocking passage of said received electromagnetic radiation beam; spatial filter means for receiving said radiation beam and generating a diverging beam of said illumination having predetermined spatial frequency content; and said second optical system means including: mask filter means receiving said plurality of diffracted beams and selectively passing first predetermined ones of said beams and selectively blocking second ones of said beams different from said first ones; and optical means for receiving said first beams and for redirecting said first beams to overlap in said output plane to generate interference fringes.
52. The system in Claim 51 , wherein said display means further comprises a diffraction grating rotatably mounted to a rotation means adjacent to an LCD configured to display at least one of a plurality of 2-dimensional selector images, said or each selector image including optically high dense regions that suppress the transmission of radiation through said LCD and optically low density regions that permit passage of electromagnetic radiation through said LCD; first rotation control means for driving said rotation means to a selected angular position chosen from a plurality of addressable angular position; second control means for coupling and controlling the angular position of said diffraction grating with a particular one of said selector images so that said selector image provides a mask for the selective passage and exposure of selected orientations of said diffraction grating through said low density regions of said selector image displayed on said LCD at said output plane; said rotation means being operatively coupled to said LCD so that by rotating said diffraction grating though a multiplicity of angular orientations corresponding to particular ones of said selector images, a composite output image is built up over a multiplicity of exposures; said first and said second optical means being configured such that each exposure 49
provides a large LCD footprint at an output focal plane.
53. A holographic recording apparatus for generating an interference pattern from interference of components of electromagntic radiation received from an external radiation source, said apparatus comprising: a display for displaying a two-dimensional array of data values provided by an external data source, each said data value presenting an optical characteristic to a portion of an externally provided incident radiation beam, at least a first plurality of said data values causing generation of a first diffracted radiation and a second plurality of said data values simultaneously causing generation of a second diffracted or undiffracted radiation, said second diffracted or undiffracted radiation differing from said first diffracted radiation in having either a different diffracted spatial frequency angle or a different diffracted spatial frequency magnitude or both; an spatial frequency selective output filter receiving said first and second radiation and selectively passing predetermined components of said first and second radiation and selectively blocking other components of said first and second radiation; a lens receiving and redirecting said selectively passed radiation to overlap in said output plane, said overlap resulting in the formation of a set of interference fringes related to relative phase difference between said overlapping radiation over a predetermined spatial region; recording means for recording said interference fringes; and a controller for controlling provision of a plurality of sets of data values to said display and for controlling said recording means to sequentially record a corresponding plurality of sets of interference fringes.
54. A holographic recording apparatus as in Claim 53, further comprising: a shutter receiving said externally provided radiation and selectively passing or blocking passage of said received radiation; an input spatial filter receiving said selectively passed radiation and selectively blocking frequency components higher than some predetermined frequency to thereby provide a substantially low-pass filtered radiation; a lens receiving said input spatially filtered radiation and generating an expanded beam substantially covering said display or a predetermined region of said display; and wherein said controller further controls opening and closing of said shutter to 50
selectively pass or block said radiation.
55. A holographic recording apparatus as in Claim 53, wherein said expanded beam is a collimated beam.
56. A holographic recording apparatus as in Claim 53, wherein said expanded beam is a diverging beam.
57. A holographic recording apparatus as in Claim 53, wherein said recording means further comrpises a radiation sensitive recording medium supported during recoding on a two-axis translation stage; said controler further controlling a translation in either or both dimensions so that sequential interference fringe recordings are recorded on different regions of said recording medium to form a mosaic of interference fringes.
58. A holographic recording apparatus as in Claim 53, wherein said electromagnetic radiation is coherent monochromatic light generated by a gas laser.
59. A holographic recording apparatus as in Claim 53, wherein said display is a liquid crystal display (LCD).
60. A method of forming a holographic diffraction pattern on a recording medium, said method comprising:
(a) providing a two-dimensional array of data values from an external data source;
(b) displaying said array of data values on an LCD display; (c) irradiating said LCD display with a beam of incident coherent electromagnetic radiation, each said displayed data value presenting an optical characteristic to a portion of said incident radiation, at least a first plurality of said data values causing generation of a first diffracted radiation and a second plurality of said data values simultaneously causing generation of a second diffracted or undiffracted radiation, said second diffracted or undiffracted radiation differing from said first diffracted radiation in having either a different diffracted spatial frequency angle or a different diffracted spatial frequency magnitude or both;
(d) selectively passing predetermined components of said first and second radiation and selectively blocking other components of said first and second radiation; 51
(e) redirecting said selectively passed radiation to overlap said passed radiation at said recoding medium, said overlap resulting in the formation of a set of interference fringes related to relative phase difference between said overlapping radiation over a predetermined spatial region; (f) recording said interference fringes; and
(g) repeating steps (a)-(e) a plurality of times to record a mosiaic of said interference fringes on different regions of said recording medium to define a holographic diffraction pattern thereon.
61. An article having a holographic diffraction grating formed with the process of
Claim 60.
62. An currency note having a holographic diffraction grating formed with the process of Claim 60.
63. An article having a holographic diffraction grating formed with the process of Claim 60.
64. A document having a holographic diffraction grating formed thereon with the process of Claim 60.
65. An apparatus for accepting an electromagnetic radiation from an external radiation source and for generating an interference pattern from wave interference of components of said radiation at an output recording plane; said apparatus comprising: display means for dynamically receiving a first plurality of data sets from an external data source and for presenting said data sets in a two dimensional data element array, and for receiving an incident radiation beam; each said data set including a plurality of data values associated with a corresponding plurality of spatial locations at which each said data value is displayed, each said displayed data value presenting an optical characteristic related to said corresponding data value in the path of said selectively passed radiation beam, at least one of said first plurality of data sets including data values such that said two- dimensional array of optical characteristic variation causes diffraction of said radiation beam into at least one diffracted beam having a particular diffracted angle relative to a plane of 52
said display means and spatial frequency components associated with said or each diffracted beam; mask filter means receiving said or each diffracted beam and selectively passing a first predetermined one or ones of said beam or beams and selectively blocking second one or ones of said beams different from said first one or ones; optical means for simultaneously receiving said first beams and for redirecting said first beams to simultaneously overlap in said output plane, said simultaneous overlap resulting in the formation of a set of interference fringes over predetermined spatial region related to relative phase difference between said overiapping beams; recording means for recording said interference fringes over said predetermined region; and composite image generation means for generating a mosaic of a plurallity of said sets of recorded interference fringes, said composite image generation means including composite control means for dynamically altering said data set communicated to said display means, positioning means for changing the location at which said interference fringes are recorded for each said data set.
PCT/US1997/017850 1996-10-28 1997-10-01 Apparatus and method for generating diffractive element using liquid crystal display WO1998014805A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002267316A CA2267316C (en) 1996-10-28 1997-10-01 Apparatus and method for generating diffractive element using liquid crystal display
AT97945468T ATE285589T1 (en) 1996-10-28 1997-10-01 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING A DIFFRACTIVE ELEMENT USING A LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
EP97945468A EP0934540B1 (en) 1996-10-28 1997-10-01 Apparatus and method for generating diffractive element using liquid crystal display
DE69732042T DE69732042T2 (en) 1996-10-28 1997-10-01 DEVICE AND METHOD FOR GENERATING A DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT USING A LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/738,767 US5986781A (en) 1996-10-28 1996-10-28 Apparatus and method for generating diffractive element using liquid crystal display
US08/738,767 1996-10-28

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WO1998014805A1 WO1998014805A1 (en) 1998-04-09
WO1998014805B1 true WO1998014805B1 (en) 1998-06-04

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EP (2) EP1515166A3 (en)
AT (1) ATE285589T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2267316C (en)
DE (1) DE69732042T2 (en)
WO (1) WO1998014805A1 (en)

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