WO1998001551A1 - Proteine associee a la tyrosine kinase 1 (tka-1), sequences de nucleotides et d'acides amines, et leur utilisation pour le diagnostic et le traitement des troubles lies a la tka-1 - Google Patents

Proteine associee a la tyrosine kinase 1 (tka-1), sequences de nucleotides et d'acides amines, et leur utilisation pour le diagnostic et le traitement des troubles lies a la tka-1 Download PDF

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WO1998001551A1
WO1998001551A1 PCT/US1996/016510 US9616510W WO9801551A1 WO 1998001551 A1 WO1998001551 A1 WO 1998001551A1 US 9616510 W US9616510 W US 9616510W WO 9801551 A1 WO9801551 A1 WO 9801551A1
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tka
polypeptide
nucleic acid
amino acid
cells
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PCT/US1996/016510
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English (en)
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Axel Ullrich
Luitgard Seedorf
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MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.
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Priority claimed from US08/665,037 external-priority patent/US5895813A/en
Priority claimed from US08/666,067 external-priority patent/US5922842A/en
Application filed by MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. filed Critical MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.
Priority to AU74336/96A priority Critical patent/AU7433696A/en
Publication of WO1998001551A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998001551A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals

Definitions

  • TKA-1 TYROSINE KINASE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-1 (TKA-1), NUCLEO ⁇ DE AND AMINO ACID SEQUENCES ANDTHEIR USE IN DIAGNOSIS ANDTREATMENTOF TKA-1 RELATED DISORDERS
  • TKA-1 tyrosine kinase associated protein one
  • nucleotide sequences encoding TKA-1 as well as various products and methods useful for the diagnosis and treatment of various TKA-l related diseases and conditions .
  • TKs tyrosine kinases
  • TPs tyrosine phosphatases
  • RTKs Receptor tyrosine kinases
  • a single tyrosine kinase can inhibit or stimulate, cell proliferation depending on the cellular environment in which it is expressed. Schlessinger and Ullrich, Neuron, 9 (3) : 383-391 , 1992.
  • the platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R) and the role of its ligand (i.e., PDGF) in cancer are described in International Patent Application WO
  • RTKs are composed of at least three domains : an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic catalytic domain that can phos- phorylate tyrosine residues. Yarden and Ullrich, Ann . Rev. Biochem. 57:443-478, 1988. Ligand binding to membrane-bound receptors induces the formation of receptor dimmers and allosteric changes that activate the intracellular kinase domains and result in the self- phosphorylation (autophosphorylation and/or transphos- phorylation) of the receptor on tyrosine residues.
  • tyrosine kinase Their intrinsic tyrosine kinase is activated upon ligand binding, thereby initiating a complex signal transduc- tion pathway that begins with receptor autophosphorylation and culminates in the tyrosine phosphorylation of a variety of cellular substrates and ultimately in the initiation of nuclear events necessary for the overall cell response Schlessinger and Ullrich, Neuron 9:383-391, 1992.
  • Individual phosphotyrosine residues of the cytoplasmic domains of receptors may serve as specific binding sites that interact with a host of cytoplasmic signaling molecules, thereby activating various signal transduction pathways, Ullrich and Schlessinger, Cell 61:203-212, 1990.
  • the intracellular, cytoplasmic, non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases do not contain a hydrophobic transmembrane domain or an extracellular domain and share non-catalytic domains in addition to sharing their catalytic kinase domains.
  • non-catalytic domains include the SH2 domains (SRC homology domain 2; Sadowski et al., Mol . Cell . Biol . 6:4396-4408; Koch et al . , Science 252:668-674, 1991) SH3 domains (SRC homology domain 3; Mayer et al . , Nature 332:269-272, 1988) and PI domains (also called PTB domains Blaike, et al .
  • a central feature of signal transduction is the reversible phosphorylation of certain proteins. Receptor phosphorylation stimulates a physical association of the activated receptor with target molecules. Some of the target molecules such as phos- pholipase Cy are in turn phosphorylated and activated. Margolis et al . , Cell 57:1101-1107, 1989; Margolis et al . , Science 248:607-610, 1990; ⁇ ishibe et al .
  • Receptor phosphorylation is essential for binding and phosphorylation of cytoplasmic target proteins that contain SH2 domains, such as phospholipase Cy (PLCy) , p21 r s GTPase-activating protein (GAP) , phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 ' -kinase (PI3K) , p60 src and related tyrosine kinases, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB-2) , vav, SHC, CRK, NCK, and PTP1D, (also called SH-PTP2 or syp) and for proteins that contain PI domains, such as SHC.
  • SH2 domains such as phospholipase Cy (PLCy) , p21 r s GTPase-activating protein (GAP) , phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 ' -kinase (PI3K) ,
  • the secondary signal transducer molecules generated by activated receptors result in a signal cascade that regulates cell functions such as cell division or differentiation.
  • Reviews describing intracellular sig- nal transduction include Aaronson, Science, 254:1146- 1153, 1991; Schlessinger, Trends Biochem . Sci . , 13:443- 447, 1988; and Ullrich and Schlessinger, Cell , 61:203- 212, 1990.
  • the search for receptor-specific signal transducers and regulators which (in addition to generally employed SH2 domain substrate proteins) define ligand- and cell type-characteristic effects has so far had only limited success.
  • the present invention relates to TKA-1 polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding such polypeptides, cells containing such nucleic acids, antibodies to such polypeptides, assays utilizing such polypeptides, and methods relating to all of the foregoing.
  • the present invention is based in part upon the isolation and characterization of a new protein which we have designated TKA-1.
  • TKA-1 tyrosine kinase-associated protein
  • TKA-1 binding to structural determinants within the receptor's C-terminal tail results in ligand- independent receptor autophosphorylation, substrate phosphorylation, and activation of receptor-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 '-kinase.
  • TKA-1 overexpression enhances DNA synthesis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and results in disintegration of actin filaments, similar to the transient effect caused by PDGF in nontransfected NIH 3T3 cells.
  • the structural characteristics and functional properties described herein establish TKA-1 as a novel type of intracellular polypeptide involved in receptor-specific regulation of cellular signals.
  • the invention features an isolated, enriched, or purified nucleic acid encoding a TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • TKA-1 polypeptide is meant an amino acid sequence substantially similar to the sequence shown in Figure 1, or fragments thereof.
  • a sequence that is substantially similar will preferably have at least 90% identity (more preferably at least 95% and most preferably 99-100%) to the sequence of Figure 1.
  • identity is meant a property of sequences that measures their similarity or relationship. Identity is measured by dividing the number of identical residues by the total number of residues and multiplying the product by 100. Thus, two copies of exactly the same sequence have 100% identity, but sequences that are less highly conserved and have deletions, additions, or replacements may have a lower degree of identity. Those skilled in the art will recognize that several computer programs are available for determining sequence identity.
  • isolated in reference to nucleic acid is meant a polymer of 6 (preferably 21, more preferably 39, most preferably 75) or more nucleotides conjugated to each other, including DNA or RNA that is isolated from a natural source or that is synthesized. In certain embodiments of the invention longer nucleic acids are preferred, for example those of 300, 600, 900 or more nucleotides and/or those having at least 50%, 60%, 75%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to the full length sequence shown in Figure 1.
  • the isolated nucleic acid of the present invention is unique in the sense that it is not found in a pure or separated state in nature . Use of the term "isolated” indicates that a naturally occurring sequence has been removed from its normal cellular (i.e..
  • sequence may be in a cell-free solution or placed in a different cellular environment.
  • the term does not imply that the sequence is the only nucleotide chain present, but that it is essentially free (about 90 - 95% pure at least) of non-nucleotide material naturally associated with it and thus is meant to distinguish from isolated chromosomes.
  • enriched in reference to nucleic acid is meant that the specific DNA or RNA sequence constitutes a significantly higher fraction (2 - 5 fold) of the total DNA or RNA present in the cells or solution of interest than in normal or diseased cells or in the cells from which the sequence was taken. This could be caused by a person by preferential reduction in the amount of other DNA or RNA present, or by a preferential increase in the amount of the specific DNA or RNA sequence, or by a combination of the two. However, it should be noted that enriched does not imply that there are no other DNA or RNA sequences present , just that the relative amount of the sequence of interest has been significantly increased.
  • the term significant here is used to indicate that the level of increase is useful to the person making such an increase, and generally means an increase relative to other nucleic acids of about at least 2 fold, more preferably at least 5 to 10 fold or even more.
  • the term also does not imply that there is no DNA or RNA from other sources.
  • the other source DNA may, for example, comprise DNA from a yeast or bacterial genome, or a cloning vector such as pUC19. This term distinguishes from naturally occurring events, such as viral infection, or tumor type growths, in which the level of one mRNA may be naturally increased relative to other species of mRNA. That is, the term is meant to cover only those situations in which a person has intervened to elevate the proportion of the desired nucleic acid.
  • nucleotide sequence be in purified form.
  • purified in reference to nucleic acid does not require absolute purity (such as a homogeneous preparation) ,* instead, it represents an indication that the sequence is relatively purer than in the natural environment (compared to the natural level this level should be at least 2-5 fold greater, e . g. , in terms of Mycogen/ml) .
  • Individual clones isolated from a cDNA library may be purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The claimed DNA molecules obtained from these clones could be obtained directly from total DNA or from total RNA.
  • the cDNA clones are not naturally occurring, but rather are preferably obtained via manipulation of a partially purified naturally occurring substance (messenger RNA) .
  • the construction of a cDNA library from mRNA involves the creation of a synthetic substance (cDNA) and pure individual cDNA clones can be isolated from the synthetic library by clonal selection of the cells carrying the cDNA library.
  • cDNA synthetic substance
  • the process which includes the construction of a cDNA library from mRNA and isolation of distinct cDNA clones yields an approximately 10 6 -fold purification of the native message.
  • purification of at least one order of magnitude preferably two or three orders, and more preferably four or five orders of magnitude is expressly contemplated.
  • a TKA-1 polypeptide 25 (preferably 30, more preferably 35, most preferably 40) or more contiguous amino acids set forth in the full length amino acid sequence of Figure 1, or a functional derivative thereof as described herein. In certain aspects, polypeptides of 100, 200, 300 or more amino acids are preferred.
  • the TKA-1 polypeptide can be encoded by a full-length nucleic acid sequence or any portion of the full-length nucleic acid sequence, so long as a functional activity of the polypeptide is retained.
  • Such functional activity can be, for example: (1) stimulation of ligand- independent receptor autophosphorylation, (2) substrate phosphorylation, (3) activation of receptor-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 '-kinase, (4) enhanced DNA synthesis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and (5) disintegration of actin filaments and (6) receptor dimerization.
  • PI receptor-associated phosphatidylinositol
  • the isolated nucleic acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a nucleic acid sequence set forth in the full length amino acid sequence of Figure 1, a functional derivative thereof, or encodes at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 100, 200,, or 300 contiguous amino acids thereof;
  • the TKA-1 polypeptide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least 25, 30, 35, or 40 contiguous amino acids of a TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • the nucleic acid may be isolated from a natural source by cDNA cloning or subtractive hybridization; the natural source may be mammalian (human) blood, semen, or tissue and the nucleic acid may be synthesized by the triester method or by using an automated DNA synthesizer.
  • the nucleic acid is a conserved or unique region, for example those useful for the design of hybridization probes to facilitate identification and cloning of additional polypeptides, the design of PCR probes to facilitate cloning of additional polypeptides, and obtaining antibodies to polypeptide regions.
  • conserved nucleic acid regions are meant regions present on two or more nucleic acids encoding a TKA-1 polypeptide, to which a particular nucleic acid sequence can hybridize under lower stringency conditions. Examples of lower stringency conditions suitable for screening for nucleic acid encoding TKA-1 polypeptides are provided in Abe, et al . J. Biol . Chem.. ⁇ -: 13361 (1992) (hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including any drawings) .
  • conserved regions differ by no more than 5 out of 20 nucleotides.
  • unique nucleic acid region is meant a sequence present in a full length nucleic acid coding for a TKA-1 polypeptide that is not present in a sequence coding for any other naturally occurring polypeptide. Such regions preferably comprise 30 or 45 contiguous nucleotides present in the full length nucleic acid encoding a TKA-1 polypeptide. In particular, a unique nucleic acid region is preferably of mammalian origin.
  • the invention also features a nucleic acid probe for the detection of a TKA-1 polypeptide or nucleic acid encoding a TKA-1 polypeptide in a sample.
  • the nucleic acid probe contains nucleic acid that will hybridize to a sequence set forth in Figure 1 or a functional derivative thereof.
  • the nucleic acid probe hybridizes to nucleic acid encoding at least 12, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300 or 350 contiguous amino acids of the full-length sequence set forth in Figure 1 or a functional derivative thereof.
  • Various low or high stringency hybridization conditions may be used depending upon the specificity and selectivity desired. Under stringent hybridization conditions only highly complementary nucleic acid sequences hybridize. Preferably, such conditions prevent hybridization of nucleic acids having 1 or 2 mismatches out of 20 contiguous nucleotides.
  • Methods for using the probes include detecting the presence or amount TKA-1 RNA in a sample by contacting the sample with a nucleic acid probe under conditions such that hybridization occurs and detecting the presence or amount of the probe bound to TKA-1 RNA.
  • the nucleic acid duplex formed between the probe and a nucleic acid sequence coding for a TKA-1 polypeptide may be used in the identification of the sequence of the nucleic acid detected (for example see, Nelson et al . , in Nonisotopic DNA Probe Techniques, p. 275 Academic Press, San Diego (Kricka, ed. , 1992) hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including any drawings) .
  • Kits for performing such methods may be constructed to include a container means having disposed therein a nucleic acid probe.
  • the invention also features recombinant nucleic acid, preferably in a cell or an organism.
  • the recombinant nucleic acid may contain a sequence set forth in Figure 1 or a functional derivative thereof and a vector or a promoter effective to initiate transcription in a host cell.
  • the recombinant nucleic acid can alternatively contain a transcriptional initiation region functional in a cell, a sequence complimentary to an RNA sequence encoding a TKA-1 polypeptide and a transcriptional termination region functional in a cell.
  • the invention features an isolated, enriched, or purified TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • isolated in reference to a polypeptide is meant a polymer of 2 (preferably 7, more preferably 13, most preferably 25) or more amino acids conjugated to each other, including polypeptides that are isolated from a natural source or that are synthesized. In certain aspects longer polypeptides are preferred, such as those with 402, 407, 413, or 425 contiguous amino acids set forth in Figure 1.
  • the isolated polypeptides of the present invention are unique in the sense that they are not found in a pure or separated state in nature. Use of the term "isolated” indicates that a naturally occurring sequence has been removed from its normal cellular environment.
  • sequence may be in a cell-free solution or placed in a different cellular environment.
  • the term does not imply that the sequence is the only amino acid chain present, but that it is essentially free (about 90 - 95% pure at least) of non-amino acid material naturally associated with it.
  • enriched in reference to a polypeptide is meant that the specific amino acid sequence constitutes a significantly higher fraction (2 - 5 fold) of the total of amino acids present in the cells or solution of interest than in normal or diseased cells or in the cells from which the sequence was taken. This could be caused by a person by preferential reduction in the amount of other amino acids present, or by a preferential increase in the amount of the specific amino acid sequence of interest, or by a combination of the two. However, it should be noted that enriched does not imply that there are no other amino acid sequences present, just that the relative amount of the sequence of interest has been significantly increased.
  • the term significant here is used to indicate that the level of increase is useful to the person making such an increase, and generally means an increase relative to other amino acids of about at least 2 fold, more preferably at least 5 to 10 fold or even more.
  • the term also does not imply that there is no amino acid from other sources.
  • the other source amino acid may, for example, comprise amino acid encoded by a yeast or bacterial genome, or a cloning vector such as pUC19.
  • the term is meant to cover only those situations in which man has intervened to elevate the proportion of the desired nucleic acid. It is also advantageous for some purposes that an amino acid sequence be in purified form.
  • purified in reference to a polypeptide does not require absolute purity (such as a homogeneous preparation) ; instead, it represents an indication that the sequence is relatively purer than in the natural environment (compared to the natural level this level should be at least 2-5 fold greater, e. g. , in terms of Mycogen/ml) . Purification of at least one order of magnitude, preferably two or three orders, and more preferably four or five orders of magnitude is expressly contemplated. The substance is preferably free of contamination at a functionally significant level, for example 90%, 95%, or 99% pure.
  • the TKA-1 polypeptide contains at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, or 350 contiguous amino acids of the full- length sequence set forth in Figure 1, or a functional derivative thereof.
  • the invention features an antibody (e.g.. a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody) having specific binding affinity to a TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • the antibody contains a sequence of amino acids that is able to specifically bind to a TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • specific binding affinity is meant that the antibody binds to TKA-1 polypeptides with greater affinity than it binds to other polypeptides under specified conditions .
  • Antibodies having specific binding affinity to a TKA-1 polypeptide may be used in methods for detecting the presence and/or amount of a TKA-1 polypeptide in a sample by contacting the sample with the antibody under conditions such that an immunocomplex forms and detecting the presence and/or amount of the antibody conjugated to the TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • Diagnostic kits for performing such methods may be constructed to include a first container means containing the antibody and a second container means having a conjugate of a binding partner of the antibody and a label .
  • the invention features a hybridoma which produces an antibody having specific binding affinity to a TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • hybridoma is meant an immortalized cell line which is capable of secreting an antibody, for example a TKA-1 antibody.
  • the TKA-1 antibody comprises a sequence of amino acids that is able to specifically bind a TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • the invention describes a polypeptide comprising a recombinant TKA-1 polypeptide or a unique fragment thereof.
  • unique fragment is meant an amino acid sequence present in a full-length TKA-1 polypeptide that is not present in any other naturally occurring polypeptide.
  • such a sequence comprises 6 contiguous amino acids present in the full sequence. More preferably, such a sequence comprises 12 contiguous amino acids present in the full sequence. Even more preferably, such a sequence comprises 18 contiguous amino acids present in the full sequence .
  • recombinant TKA-1 polypeptide is meant to include a polypeptide produced by recombinant DNA techniques such that it is distinct from a naturally occurring polypeptide either in its location (e.g.
  • the invention describes a recombinant cell or tissue containing a purified nucleic acid coding for a TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • the nucleic acid may be under the control of its genomic regulatory elements, or may be under the control of exogenous regulatory elements including an exogenous promoter.
  • exogenous it is meant a promoter that is not normally coupled in vivo transcriptionally to the coding sequence for the TKA-1 polypeptide.
  • the invention features a TKA-1 polypeptide binding agent able to bind to a TKA-l polypeptide.
  • the binding agent is preferably a purified antibody which recognizes an epitope present on a TKA-l polypeptide.
  • Other binding agents include molecules which bind to the TKA-l polypeptide and analogous molecules which bind to a TKA-l polypeptide. Such binding agents may be identified by using assays that measure TKA-l binding partner activity, such as those that measure PDGFR activity.
  • the invention features a method of disrupting or promoting receptor dimerization.
  • the method involves providing a TKA-l small molecule mimetic (i.e., an organic chemical that mimics the activity of TKA-l to bind to and activate TKA-l binding partners) to a TKA-l binding partner complex.
  • a TKA-l small molecule mimetic i.e., an organic chemical that mimics the activity of TKA-l to bind to and activate TKA-l binding partners
  • the method may involve providing the full length TKA-l protein or a large fragment thereof (i.e., at least 80%, or preferably 90% sequence similarity or identity to the full length TKA-l sequence) to a binding partner. Such a method will preferably aid in tissue regeneration .
  • the invention features methods of identifying TKA-l like molecules that have at least one and preferably two or more GLGF or DHR motifs.
  • TKA-l like molecules that have at least one and preferably two or more GLGF or DHR motifs.
  • motifs are described in further detail below and are defined and exemplified in Heinemann and Hahn, TIBS. 20:102-104, September 1995, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety including any drawings.
  • Such molecules are believed to be important in receptor dimerization.
  • the invention features a method for screening for human cells containing a TKA-l polypeptide or an equivalent sequence.
  • the method involves identifying the novel polypeptide in human cells using techniques that are routine and standard in the art, such as those described herein for identifying TKA-l (e. ⁇ .. cloning, Southern or Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, PCR amplification, etc . ) .
  • Novel methods are also provided which utilize an entire chimera RTK, but otherwise are the same as the CORT techniques described in International Patent application WO 92/13001, published August 6, 1992, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, including any drawings.
  • the invention also features methods of screening mammalian (preferably human, ) cells for binding partners of TKA-l polypeptides and screening these and other organisms for TKA-l or the corresponding binding partner.
  • the present invention also features the purified, isolated or enriched versions of the peptides identified by the methods described above.
  • the invention provides an assay to identify agents capable of interfering with the interaction between TKA-l and a TKA-l binding partner or between a TKA-l like molecule having one or two or more GLGF or DHR domains and a binding partner for such a TKA-l like molecule.
  • assays may be performed in vitro or in vivo and are described in detail in Examples 8-10 herein.
  • Other such assays can be obtained by modifying existing assays. For example the growth assay described in Serial No. 08/487,088, filed June 7, 1995, (incorporated herein by reference including any drawings) may be modified by using the 293 cells described in Example 3 herein.
  • the invention provides isolated domains and deletion mutants (as well as sequences that hybridize to the full length TKA-l sequence under stringent hybridization conditions and that encodes a TKA-l protein) as well as the nucleic acids encoding the same.
  • the isolated domains can be used in screening assays to find specific inhibitors and the three dimensional structure of the domains can be used in the rational design of inhibitors.
  • the GLGF domain described herein also referred to as the PDZ domain
  • the underlined regions of sheet 4 of Figure 1 reflect areas of internal homology that are longer than, and thus include, the GLGF domains.
  • Another set of internally homologous domains is underlined at amino acids 346-360 and 361-376.
  • the consensus recognition binding sequence for this domain is (S/T)XV, and the interaction region located at the c-terminus of PDGFR is SFL (L is a conservative substitution) .
  • Figure 1 shows the schematic structure and deduced amino acid sequence of TKA-l. Shaded areas represent long and short internal repeats, which are underlined in the amino acid sequence. Figure 1 also shows the full length nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of TKA-l.
  • Figure 2 shows several GLGF domain interactions between various receptors and intracellular molecules .
  • the present invention relates to TKA-l polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding such polypeptides, cells, tissues and animals containing such nucleic acids, antibodies to such polypeptides, assays utilizing such polypeptides, and methods relating to all of the foregoing.
  • TKA-l an intracellular factor that selectively binds to PDGF ⁇ and ⁇ receptors and thereby activates their signaling capacity.
  • an activated autophosphorylated receptor chimera consisting of the EGF-R binding and ⁇ PDGF-R signaling domains as a probe, one clone was identified in a human placenta ⁇ gtll expression library that encoded a novel binding protein, designated TKA-l, in addition to clones representing mRNA copies for the p85 noncatalytic subunit of PI3K. Because the latter had previously been shown to exhibit very high affinity to the PDGF-R, TKA-l binding, which occurred under the same experimental conditions during the screening process, appeared to be within a similar range.
  • TKA-l represents a non-SH2 domain-containing factor involved in transmission and regulation of tyrosine kinase signals.
  • TKA-l is not phosphorylated on tyrosines but appears to be constitutively phosphorylated on four Ser/Thr residues resulting in a 53kD form.
  • the existence of two homologous 106 amino acid- long sequences suggests that one TKA-l molecule may interact simultaneously with two PDGF-R molecules, mediating the generation of a receptor dimer.
  • These homologous sequences have now been identified as GLGF or DHR motifs (see Heinemann and Hahn, TIBS. 20:102-104, September 1995, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety including any drawings) .
  • Such motifs are recognized as important binding motifs and are believed to bind to the C- terminus of receptors through conserved terminal sequences.
  • PDGF-R conforms to this consensus sequence. References describing these motifs and their functional importance include Weinman et al . , Jrnl Clinical Investigation 95:2143-2149, 1995; Weinman et al . , Jrnl Clinical Investigation 92:1781-1786, 1993; Koonin et al, Nature Genetics 2:256-257, 1992; Klingensmith et al . , Genes & Development 8:118-130, 1994; Kazuhiko et al., FEBS 337:200-206, 1994; Kornau et al .
  • TKA-l PDGF-R Dimerization and Activation
  • TKA-l Overexpression of TKA-l induces biochemical and biological effects normally only induced by ligand-sti ulated receptor dimerization and activation. These include receptor autophosphorylation, PI3K binding and activation, the promotion of thymidine incorporation in cellular DNA, and changes in cell morphology normally only observed upon exposure of fibroblasts to PDGF suggesting that TKA-l may act as an alternative to ligand dependent PDGF-R activation.
  • TKA-l has a direct effect on actin reorganization. While TKA-l activates the PDGF-R and PDGF-mediated effects to a lesser extent than PDGF, the two factors appear to act additively, suggesting either that TKA-l and PDGF activate distinct PDGF-R fractions or that simultaneous interaction with extracellular and cytoplasmic receptor sequences results in a hyperactive state.
  • TKA-l in signal regulation is suggested by our Northern blot analysis, which revealed the existence of three transcripts of 1.4, 1.6, and 2.2 kb, of which the 1.6 kb form most likely corresponds to our cloned cDNA.
  • TKA-l acts like a PDGF-R-specific intracellular ligand, which upon binding activates tyrosine kinase activity and subsequent effects.
  • Our data suggest the possibility that TKA-l plays a role in cell survival in the absence of extracellular ligands or in cell locomotion. This is supported by immunofluorescence microscopy on TKA-l-overexpressing cell lines, which revealed intense localization at cell edges, consistent with signals necessary for cell movement, a process that appears to involve activated PI-3 kinase (Kundra, V. et al . , (1994), Nature, 367:474-476).
  • the signal-activating function of TKA-l suggests novel regulatory mechanisms, which open new possibilities for crosstalk with other receptor and effector systems.
  • Various other features and aspects of the invention include: Nucleic Acid Encoding A TKA-l Polypeptide; A Nucleic Acid Probe for the Detection of TKA-l; A Probe Based Method And Kit For Detecting TKA-l; DNA Constructs Comprising a TKA-l Nucleic Acid Molecule and Cells Containing These Constructs; Purified TKA-l Polypeptides; An Antibody Having Binding Affinity To A TKA-l Polypeptide And A Hybridoma Containing the Antibody; An Antibody Based Method And Kit For Detecting TKA-l; Isolation of Compounds Which Interact With TKA-l; Transgenic Animals,* and Gene Therapy.
  • EGF-PDGF -receptor chimera A chimeric receptor consisting of the extracellular and transme brane domains of the EGF receptor and the cytoplasmic domain of the PDGF-receptor (EP-R) was purified from 293 cells that were transiently transfected with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-driven EP-R expression plasmid by immunoprecipitation using protein A and monoclonal antibody (MAb) 108.1 (Honegger, A. M. et al., (1989), Proc . Na tl . Acad . Sci . USA, 86, 925-929) .
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • the immune complex was washed three times with HNTG-buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl , 10% glycerol) containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and subsequently with kinase-buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5 , 1 mM MnCl 2 , 10% glycerol) . Labelling of the receptor was carried out in 50 ml of kinase buffer containing 100 mCi 32 P g ATP at room temperature on a shaker for 40 minutes. Subsequently, cold ATP was added (2.5 ml of a 1 mM solution) and the incubation was continued for another 10 minutes.
  • HNTG-buffer 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl , 10% glycerol
  • kinase-buffer 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5 , 1 mM MnCl 2 , 10% g
  • Unincorporated ATP was removed by washing three times with HNTG buffer. After the immune complex was disrupted by incubation in 0.2 M glycine, pH 2.5, the protein A sepharose was removed by centrifugation and the supernatant neutralized with 1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.8.
  • ⁇ gtll expression library A ⁇ gtll library constructed from human placenta mRNA (Clontech) was plated at a density of 5xl0 4 plaques per 150 mm agar plate. A total of 5xl0 5 plaques were initially screened. After incubation of the plates for 4 hours at 42°C, the plates were overlaid with isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) impregnated filters, as described by Macgregor, P.F. et al., (1990), Oncogene, 5, 451-458. Incubation was continued overnight at 37°C.
  • IPTG isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside
  • the filters were removed, washed several times with TBST buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl , 0.05% Triton X-100) , and subsequently incubated in TBST containing 5% Carnation dry milk for 4 hours at 4°C. Then in vi tro tyrosine-phosphorylated receptor was added ( ⁇ lxl0 6 cpm/ml) and incubation continued overnight. The filters were washed 5 times at room temperature in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.2% Triton X-100. Filters were dried and exposed to X-ray film at -80°C. Positive plaques were enriched by sequential screenings and the cDNA insert was sequenced after subcloning into Bluescript.
  • TBST buffer 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl , 0.05% Triton X-100
  • the chimeric receptor EP-R, EP-R deletion mutants, HER1-2, and EK-R are described elsewhere (Seedorf, K. et al . , (1991), J. Biol . Chem . , 266, 12424-12431; Seedorf , K. et al . , (1992), Mol . Cell . Biol . , 12, 4347-4356; Lee, J et al . , (1989), EMBO J. , 8, 167-173; Herbst, R. et al . , (1991), J. Biol . Chem . . , 266,19908-19916).
  • TKA-l cDNA was cloned via EcoRI into a CMV promoter-driven expression vector for transient expression in 293 cells.
  • TKA-l cDNA was cloned via the same restriction site into pLEN.
  • Ecotrophic recombinant retrovirus stocks were prepared from the helper virus-free producer line GP+E-86 (Markovitz et al . , 1988) .
  • Low-titer a photrophic virus which was generated by transient transfection of retrovirus expression plasmids into the helper virus-free packaging cell line PA 317 (Miller, A.D. et al . , (1985), Mol . Cell .
  • GP+E-86 was used to infect GP+E-86 secondary packaging cells, followed by selection of GP+E-86 producer cells in G418 (1 mg/ml) .
  • the virus titer was determined by infection of NIH3T3 cells with serial dilutions and determination of G418-resistant colonies. The titers were between 2 and 5xl0 5 .
  • subconfluent NIH3T3 cells IO 5 cells per 6-cm dish
  • supernatants of GP+E-86 producer cells were incubated with supernatants of GP+E-86 producer cells in the presence of Polybrene (4 mg/ml; Aldrich) overnight, followed by selection with G418.
  • Stable expression of TKA-l was determined by Western blot analysis using TKA-1-specific antibodies .
  • Transfections -and ii ⁇ munoprecipitat ion Polyclonal antibodies against TKA-l were produced by immunizing rabbits with a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein containing the entire coding region of TKA-l expressed in E. coli .
  • the EGF-R and EP-R chimera were precipitated with MAb 108.1.
  • a polyclonal antisera directed against the extracellular domain of the EGF-R was used.
  • the PDGF- ⁇ -R was precipitated using antisera B2 (Ronnstrand et al .
  • Immunoprecipitates were separated on 7.5% PAA gels, transferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against phosphotyrosine (5E2; Fendly, B.M. et al., (1990), Cancer Res . , 50, 1550-1558), TKA-l, and EGF-R, respectively. Protein bands were made visible using horseradish peroxidase-coupled goat anti -mouse and goat anti-rabbit antibodies and the ECL (Amersham) detection method.
  • RNA was prepared from human tissue or tumor cell lines as described by Sambrook et al . (1989) .
  • 3 mg RNA were size-fractionated by ele ⁇ trophoresis in a 1.2% agarose-2.2M formaldehyde gel, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and backed at 80°C for 2 hours.
  • the blot was hybridized with a 32 P-labelled TKA-l probe. Hybridization was carried out overnight at 42 °C in the presence of 50% formamide, 5X SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 5X Denhardt's solution. The membrane was then washed in
  • Thymidine incorporation assay Cells (10 s per well) were seeded into 24 -well dishes pretreated with 0.2% gelatin. Cells were grown for 3 days in DMEM containing 10% FCS and then starved for 48 hours in 0.5% FCS. PDGF was added for 18 hours and subsequently [ 3 H] thymidine (0.5 mCi/well) for 4 hours. The cells were washed three times with PBS and incubated with ice cold 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for 30 minutes. After washing twice with the same solution, the TCA precipitate was solubilized in 0.2M NaOH, 1% SDS, neutralized, and counted in a scintillation counter.
  • TCA trichloroacetic acid
  • PDGF-BB was added at a concentration of 10 ng/ml for various times, washed three times with PBS, and fixed for 20 minutes at room temperature in 3% paraformaldehyde freshly prepared in PBS. After permeabilization with -20°C acetone for 2 minutes, cells were stained with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin (50 mg/ml in PBS, Sigma) . After washing in PBS, coverslips were mounted in PBS/glycerol 1:1 and viewed in a Zeiss fluorescence microscope.
  • the cDNA inserts of the recombinant ⁇ phage were subcloned and partially sequenced. Seven of these proved to encode the noncatalytic subunit of PI3K, p85, which demonstrated that the experiment was successful.
  • One clone with a cDNA insert of about 1600 bp encoded an apparently novel polypeptide, which was designated tyrosine kinase activator protein 1 (TKA-l) .
  • TKA-l tyrosine kinase activator protein 1
  • a glutathione S-transferase TKA-l fusion protein was generated by cloning the partial TKA-l cDNA into a pGEX bacterial expression vector. This purified glutathione S-transferase TKA-l fusion protein was then shown to associate specifically with the immunoprecipitated EP-R chimera by immunoblot analysis using anti-glutathione S-transferase-specific antibodies.
  • TKA-l has a translation initiation codon at position 97 (ATG) , flanked by nucleotides matching Kozak's criteria for a translation initiation site
  • TKA-l contains no src homology region 2 (SH2) or 3 (SH3) domains nor has the coding sequence any striking homology with other proteins.
  • a stretch of 106 amino acids (aa 7-112) is duplicated within the sequence (aa 146-252) with 65% identity, and a second stretch of 15 amino acids (aa 346-360 and 361-376) with 47% identity.
  • the calculated molecular mass of the protein encoded by the longest open reading frame beginning with a methionine codon was 49,346.
  • TKA-l mRNA was analyzed for the expression of TKA-l mRNA in various human tissues.
  • Northern blot analysis was performed using a DNA probe corresponding to the first 1,032 nucleotides.
  • 3 ⁇ g of poly (A) + mRNA obtained from various human tissues (A) or mammary carcinoma cell lines (B) were separated on a 1.2% agarose-formaldehyde gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, and hybridized with a 32 P- labeled, 1, 031-nucleotide long TKA-l cDNA fragment.
  • Exposure time was 4 days at -70°C with an intensifying screen.
  • TKA-l mRNA bands Three hybridizing mRNA bands of 2.2, 1.6, and 1.4 kb were observed. The 1.6 and 1.4 kb mRNAs were found in all tissues analyzed, while the 2.2 kb mRNA was expressed in brain, liver, placenta, spleen, kidney, and duodenum, but not in muscle and stomach. Differential quantitative and qualitative expression of three TKA-l mRNAs in several mammary carcinoma-derived cell lines suggest a functional significance. The fact that the largest mRNA expressed in SK-BR-3 cells was the 1.6 kb species supported our conclusion that our cDNA clone represented a full-length copy of this TKA-l mRNA.
  • TKA-l cDNA was cloned into a CMV early promoter-driven expression vector for transient expression in 293 cells (ATCC# CRL 1573) . After transfection and metabolic labeling, the cells were lysed or separated into cytosol and membrane fractions. TKA-l was subsequently precipitated with a TKA-l-specific antiserum and analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
  • 293 cells transiently transfected with TKA-l expression plasmid were biosynthetically labeled and lysed or fractionated into soluble and membrane-bound polypeptides. TKA-l was subsequently immunoprecipitated using TKA-1-specific antisera from the soluble fraction, the membrane fraction, and from total cell lysates.
  • EP-R and TKA-l expression plasmids were simultaneously transfected and EP-R immunoprecipitated from total cell lysates using MAb 108.1.
  • 293 cell lysates containing overexpressed TKA-l were treated with MAb 108.1, while in another lane, TKA-l was immunoprecipitated from nontransfected 293 cells.
  • Polypeptides were separated on a 7.5% SDS-PAGE gel and exposed for 48 hours to X-ray film.
  • TKA-l Precipitation of TKA-l from [ 35 S] methionine-labeled crude cell lysates revealed two bands of 47 and 53 kD.
  • the 53 kD protein was enriched in the soluble fraction, while the 47 kD protein, which corresponded to the predicted molecular weight, was located primarily in the membrane fraction.
  • Simultaneous overexpression of EP-R and TKA-l cDNA, and subsequent immunoprecipitation of EP-R with MAb 108.1 resulted in selective coprecipitation of the 47 kD TKA-l protein, indicating that the 53 kD protein does not interact with the receptor.
  • TKA-l interacts specifically wi th the C- terminus of the
  • TKA-l To determine functional characteristics of TKA-l, various RTKs and RTK mutants were overexpressed with and without TKA-l. After metabolic labeling of the cells with [ 35 S]methionine, the receptors were immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibody 108.1 against the EGF-R extracellular domain present in all the receptors used. Binding of TKA-l was determined by coimmunoprecipitation of the 47 kD form.
  • EP-R, CSF-l-R, and EK-R expression vectors were transfected alone or together with the TKA-l expression plasmid into 293 fibroblasts.
  • 293 cells were transiently transfected with receptor expression plasmid and simultaneously with receptor and TKA-l expression plasmids. Cells were metabolically labeled with
  • 293 cells were transiently transfected with EP-R, EP-RD83 (lacking 83 amino acids of the PDGF-R kinase insertion sequence (KIS) ) , EP-RD103 (lacking the entire KIS), EP-RDCT74, EP-RDCT80, and EP-RDCT115 (lacking the PDGF-R C-terminal-most 74, 80, and 115 amino acids, respectively) , expression plasmid alone or together with TKA-l expression plasmid.
  • Cells were further treated and after immunoprecipitation of the receptors with MAb 108.1, the proteins were separated on a 7.5% SDS-PAGE gel and exposed to X-ray film.
  • TKA-l activates ligand- independent receptor phosphorylation on tyrosine
  • TKA-l A potential role in signal regulation for TKA-l was first examined by determining the effects of TKA-l on EP-R autophosphorylation and receptor-mediated substrate phosphorylation in transiently overexpressing 293 fibroblasts.
  • Cells were transfected with TKA-l, EP-R, or EP-R + TKA-l, starved for 24 hours in medium containing 0.5% FCS, and subsequently left untreated or treated with EGF for 10 minutes. After lysis in SDS-containing buffer, cell proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose.
  • EP-R+ 945 cpm, EP-R TKA-l- : 1045 cpm, EP-R TKA-1+: 1630 cpm) .
  • the TKA-l cDNA was cloned into an SV40 promoter-driven expression vector. After transfection and selection with G418, several clones were isolated 14 days later and TKA-l expression was determined by Western blot analysis using TKA-1-specific antisera.
  • TKA-1-specific antibodies Using TKA-1-specific antibodies, several clones expressing TKA-l at different levels were identified.
  • the apparent molecular weight of TKA-l expressed in NIH 3T3 transfectants matched that of the endogenous protein in 293 and SK-BR-3 cells, which further confirmed that the 47 kD band of transfected 293 cells corresponds to the native form.
  • Nontransfected NIH3T3 cells did not show a band corresponding to TKA-l, possibly due to a lack of crossreactivity of the antiserum with the mouse homolog.
  • NIH3T3/TKA-l transfectants In order to determine possible changes in the itogenic response of NIH3T3/TKA-l transfectants to PDGF, eight randomly selected clones were pooled and compared with nontransfected NIH3T3 cells. [ 3 H] thymidine incorporation into DNA was determined as described herein. Equal amounts of NIH3T3 cells and a pool of 8 randomly selected TKA-l-expressing NIH3T3 cells were incubated for 18 hours in the presence of increasing concentrations of PDGF. [ 3 H] thymidine was added for 4 hours and trichloroacetic acid-precipitable radioactivity was determined. The average of two independent experiments was used for analysis.
  • TKA-l-expressing NIH3T3 cells displayed enhanced sensitivity to PDGF in a 3 H-thymidine incorporation assay.
  • the basal level of DNA synthesis in serum-starved cells was about 3 times higher than in cells expressing TKA-l. This level was reached in NIH3T3 cells only with 2 ng/ml PDGF, indicating that TKA-l activated the endogenous PDGF-R in a ligand-independent fashion.
  • Example 7 TKA-l promotes reorganization of actin cables
  • TKA-l-expressing NIH3T3 cells were fixed with either no addition, stimulation with 5 ng/ml PDGF for 10 min, 30 min (E and F) , or 60 min, and stained with TRITC-labeled phalloidin to show actin filaments.
  • Serum-starved NIH3T3 cells exhibited diffuse actin circles and actin stress fibers which, upon PDGF stimulation for 10 minutes, disappeared and reorganized in edge ruffles. Prolonged incubation with PDGF resulted in partial reappearance of stress fibers, indicating that this was a transient effect.
  • NIH3T3 cells stably expressing TKA-l displayed no actin stress fibers after serum starvation.
  • Actin is diffusely organized in small circles within the cytoplasma and in minor edge ruffles, which upon PDGF stimulation became reorganized in pronounced ruffles and microspikes. Prolonged incubation with PDGF resulted in the disappearance of microspikes and the reappearance of small actin circles around the nucleus, but prevented the regeneration of stress fibers.
  • PDGF-R expressing cells such as 293 cells engineered to express PDGF-R and TKA-l.
  • Formulation 100 mM Citric Acid (anhydrous) , 250 M Na2HP04 pH 4.0 , 0.5 mg/ml ABTS (2 , 2 • -azzino-bis (3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) , (Sigma Catalog # A-1888) Keep solution in dark at 4 C until ready to use .
  • Formulation 15 mis ABTS solution, add 2 ul H202 Prepare 5 minutes before use and leave at room temperature .
  • wash plate as described in step 2. 5.
  • test substances 200 to 0.1 uM in 1% DMSO in 100 ul TBST and add concurrently with purified TKA-l protein. Pre-incubated test substance and TKA-l protein to wells containing the ELISA plate immobilized PDGF-R. Shake for 30 minutes.
  • a similar assay can be used to identify substances that interfere with the binding between PDGF- R and TKA-l.
  • Assay plates are prepared as described in the previous protocol. Cells that express both proteins, such as the genetically engineered 293 cells described herein, are grown to 80-90% confluency then collected by trypsinization (0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Gibco) ) . The reaction is stopped with the addition of medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The cells are suspended in fresh medium, and centrifuged once at 1500 rpm, rt, for 5 minutes. The cells are resuspended in fresh medium and transferred to 96 well tissue culture plates (10,000-5,000 cells per well) in about 100 ⁇ l per will. The plates are then incubated at 37 degrees in 5% C02 overnight .
  • test substance stocks (10 mg/ml) are diluted 1:10 into growth media and 10 ⁇ l added per well for a final concentration range of 100 ⁇ M to 1 nM.
  • Control wells receive DMSO and medium only. The cells are incubated from 30 minutes to 2 hours at 37 degrees C, 5% C02.
  • the cells After incubation, the cells are washed twice with PBS and lysed as previously described. The cells are scraped from the microtiter wells and homogenized using a pipette tip and repeated aspirating and dispensing. The lysate is transferred to the previously prepared assay plate wells and allowed to bind for 1 hour at room temperature, shaking. The lysate is removed and the plate washed 4 time with TBST.
  • the ability of the test substance to interfere with binding can be measured directly using and anti TKA-l antibody as previously described.
  • TKA-l binding has ben shown to cause autophosphorylation of the PDGF-receptor
  • This can be done by the addition of anti-PY (rabbit polyclonal antiphosphotyrosine antibody prepared according the Fendly, et al . , 1990, Cancer Research 50: 1550-1558) at 100 ⁇ l per well, diluted with TBST, then incubated, shaking, at room temperature for 30 minutes. The anti-PY solution is removed, and the plate washed 4 time with TBST. The amount of antibody bound is detected in the same manner as previously described.
  • anti-PY rabbit polyclonal antiphosphotyrosine antibody prepared according the Fendly, et al . , 1990, Cancer Research 50: 1550-1558

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des polypeptides TKA-1, des acides nucléiques codant pour lesdits polypeptides, des cellules, des tissus et des animaux contenant lesdits acides nucléiques, des anticorps contre lesdits polypeptides, des analyses utilisant lesdits polypeptides, ainsi que des méthodes en rapport avec tous les éléments énumérés ci-dessus. Elle concerne également des méthodes de traitement, de diagnostic et de détection pouvant être utilisées pour les maladies associées à la TKA-1 ou les états caractérisés par une interaction anormale entre un polypeptide TKA-1 et un partenaire de liaison dudit TKA-1.
PCT/US1996/016510 1995-10-13 1996-10-16 Proteine associee a la tyrosine kinase 1 (tka-1), sequences de nucleotides et d'acides amines, et leur utilisation pour le diagnostic et le traitement des troubles lies a la tka-1 WO1998001551A1 (fr)

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Citations (1)

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WO1995006735A2 (fr) * 1993-09-01 1995-03-09 The Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research Sequences nucleotidiques servant a coder de nouvelles tyrosine-phosphatases proteiques

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995006735A2 (fr) * 1993-09-01 1995-03-09 The Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research Sequences nucleotidiques servant a coder de nouvelles tyrosine-phosphatases proteiques

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CASTELLANOS R M P ET AL: "IDENTIFICATION OF PHOSPHOTYROSINE IN YEAST PROTEINS AND OF A PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.", J BIOL CHEM 260 (14). 1985. 8240-8242. CODEN: JBCHA3 ISSN: 0021-9258, XP002023873 *
E.J. WEINMAN ET AL.: "Characterization of a protein cofactor that mediates protein kinase A regulation of the renal brush border membrane Na+-H+ exchanger.", THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, vol. 95, no. 5, May 1995 (1995-05-01), pages 2143 - 2149, XP000614886 *
MANESS, PATRICIA F.: "Nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases associated with neuronal development", DEV. NEUROSCI. (BASEL) (1993), 14(4), 257-70 CODEN: DENED7;ISSN: 0378-5866, 1993, XP000614586 *
SEEDORF ET AL.: "TKA-1, a novel type of cellular tyrosine kinase binding protein, selectively activates the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling potential.", EMBL DATABASE ENTRY HSTKA1MR, 1 April 1996 (1996-04-01), ACCESSION NUMBER Z50150, XP002023872 *

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