WO1997028484A1 - Dispositifs electrochromes - Google Patents

Dispositifs electrochromes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997028484A1
WO1997028484A1 PCT/GB1997/000199 GB9700199W WO9728484A1 WO 1997028484 A1 WO1997028484 A1 WO 1997028484A1 GB 9700199 W GB9700199 W GB 9700199W WO 9728484 A1 WO9728484 A1 WO 9728484A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
voltage
limit
current
electrochromic
charge
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1997/000199
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Richard Anders Batchelor
Original Assignee
Pilkington Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB9602169.6A external-priority patent/GB9602169D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9602187.8A external-priority patent/GB9602187D0/en
Application filed by Pilkington Plc filed Critical Pilkington Plc
Priority to EP97901169A priority Critical patent/EP0879440A1/fr
Priority to AU14513/97A priority patent/AU1451397A/en
Publication of WO1997028484A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997028484A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/163—Operation of electrochromic cells, e.g. electrodeposition cells; Circuit arrangements therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to electrochromic devices as used, for example, in so-called variable transmission windows or variable reflection mirrors, and in particular to a method of driving such devices.
  • Electrochromic devices are known to have successive layers of electrochromic, electrolyte and counter-electrode materials.
  • the device may have first and second laminar substrates each covered on one side with an electrically conducting film, the layers interposed between the two substrates with the film covered sides innermost Alternatively, the device may have one laminar substrate covered on one side with an electrically conducting film, the layers being carried on this film covered side with a further electrically conducting film applied over the exposed layer.
  • the most common substrate material is glass, but plastics materials, like acrylic, may also be used.
  • the electrically conductive films may be indium doped tin oxide
  • the electrochromic material may be tungsten trioxide
  • the counter-electrode material may be cerium titanium oxide
  • the electrolyte material may be a suitable polymer to which lithium perchlorate has been added.
  • a tungsten trioxide/cerium titanium oxide device can be changed between bleached and coloured states by altering the applied electrical potential, that is, the potential applied via the electrically conductive films (acting as electrodes) across the electrochromic, electrolyte and counter electrode layers.
  • the polarity of the potential dictates the direction of transfer of cations (provided by the lithium perchlorate) through the electrolyte material, between the electrochromic and the counter-electrode materials.
  • the cation transfer is reversible. When reduced, or in other words when cations are inserted, the electrochromic material is coloured, whereas, when oxidised (when cations are de- inserted), it is virtually colourless.
  • the counter-electrode material is chosen because it is virtually colourless when either reduced or oxidised, or at least any colouring on reduction is indiscernible.
  • a tungsten trioxide/cerium titanium oxide device can be varied from a blue coloured state to a pale yellow "colourless state".
  • the degree of colouration is related to the quantity of cations inserted into the electrochromic material, and hence the extent of reduction, which is dictated by the amount of charge passed through the device; the greater the charge passed, the deeper the colour.
  • electrochromic/counter-electrode material combinations may work in reverse, with the electrochromic layer colouring on oxidation, and different combinations can produce different colours and degrees of colour change.
  • electrochromic layer colouring on oxidation and different combinations can produce different colours and degrees of colour change.
  • devices wherein a single layer acts as both the counter-electrode and the electrically conducting film are also devices, such as those available from the Gentex company, which have a single material which functions as the electrochromic, counter-electrode and electrolyte layers.
  • variable transmission characteristics For instance, by colouring the window during the hottest part of a summer's day, the amount of solar radiation entering a building can be ⁇ nimised, and on dull winter days the window can be bleached so as to make best use of the available natural light
  • variable transmission windows are exposed to a wide variety of external conditions and have to be able to operate over a range of temperatures, ideally something like -20°C to 90°C.
  • electrochromic devices behave in a significantly temperature dependent manner.
  • the conductivity of the electrolyte layer and the kinetics (electrochemical reactions) at the electrochromic/electrolyte/counter- electrode layer interfaces both increase considerably with temperature. This in turn results in larger currents and faster transitions between states, which can lead to an increased likelihood of uneven colouration, especially in large area devices, and/or degradation, particularly due to irreversible oxidation on bleaching.
  • the unevenness of colouration in large area devices may be caused by significant voltage drops across the electrically conducting films as a result of large currents and high sheet resistance. Any such significant voltage drop will noticeably affect the uniformity of the potential difference to which the electrolyte layer is subjected.
  • the degree of unevenness can be decreased, for instance, by reducing the conductive film sheet resistance or by increasing the resistivity of the electrolyte layer.
  • reducing the conductive film sheet resistance can detrimentally affect light transmission characteristics and may increase cost
  • variable transmission windows and the wide ranging conditions to which they are exposed account has to be taken of the effect of the temperature dependency of the device on the performance of the window.
  • sensors to continually monitor how the device is behaving and to provide feedback on the basis of which steps can be taken to allow for temperature induced variations.
  • Such sensors cannot give a truly representational view of performance without being located all over the device, which is not ideal for a window where visibility may be impaired, and the sensors may increase the hardware complexity.
  • the invention provides a method of driving an electrochromic device having layers of electrochromic, electrolyte and counter-electrode materials interposed between electrically conducting films, characterised by:
  • the driving voltage is automatically adjusted for the temperature dependent characteristics, that is to say, the voltage is automatically adjusted with temperature induced changes in the device conductivity and kinetics. For instance, at higher temperatures a smaller driving voltage is all that is required to achieve the specified constant current and the device is automatically driven at the required voltage, whereas at lower temperatures a larger voltage is required to achieve the same specified current and the device is automatically driven at the larger voltage.
  • the automatic voltage adjustment maintains the constant current which in turn controls the rate of switch of the device.
  • the rate of switch has an effect upon the evenness of colouration and high rates lead to uneven colouration. Consequently, controlling the rate of switch controls the evenness of colouration.
  • the device can be switched to coloured from the bleached state by passing a predetermined amount of charge at constant current On reaching the predetermined charge, the voltage is then held at the value reached for a preset time, before the switching is completed.
  • a similar routine can be used for device bleaching.
  • devices have a tendency to lose a proportion of the charge stored when stood for long periods at high temperature. When charge is lost, full bleaching of the device will be completed before the predetermined quantity of charge has been passed, and continuing to drive the device at constant current can lead to excessive voltages and significant device degradation.
  • the bleaching routine automatically adjusts the final bleaching voltage to device temperature.
  • the bleaching routine tends to compensate for the effect of the electrically conductive layer sheet resistance on the current voltage response, in that the detection of the bleach completion is measured as a rate of change, independent of the sheet resistance, rather than an absolute value, upon which the sheet resistance will have an effect
  • the magnitude of the constant current may be determined according to the acceptable current per unit area and the area of the device.
  • the charge limit, the voltage limit and the time period may be determined using cyclic voltammetry and empirical measurements.
  • a limit on the rate of change of voltage may also be used as part of the colouring routine.
  • the invention provides a method of driving an elecuOchromic device having layers of electrochromic, electrolyte and counter-electrode materials interposed between electrically conducting films, characterised by:
  • the method according to the second embodiment ofthe invention is particularly suited to use with large area devices in low temperature environs. At higher temperatures (above room temperature), the electrolyte layer resistance will be much smaller than the electrically conducting film resistance, especially in large area devices, and the total window impedance may not be a good guide to temperature. It is therefore envisaged that the method according to the second embodiment of the invention may be used to control a device in combination with the method according to the first embodiment of the invention which is particularly suited to higher temperatures. It is thought that some form of control could be utilised which would switch from one method to the other according to device temperature.
  • the alternating current or voltage signal may be in the form of a square wave or a sinusoidal wave.
  • the temperature of the device may be estimated using a look-up table of values pre-calculated using instruments which measure the device impedance as the device is repeatedly cycled in varying temperatures.
  • the charge passed, the maximum driving voltage and the voltage pause time may be determined using cyclic voltammetry and empirical measurements.
  • applying an alternating current or voltage signal to the device and determining the magnitude of the device impedance from the current/voltage behaviour of the device includes using a stopped current method.
  • Either embodiment of the invention may be implemented using only the standard driving current supply wires to the device and requires no additional connections, and may be implemented with conventional device driving hardware such as a suitably programmed personal computer and an electrochemical interface or dedicated integrated circuitry.
  • a device driven according to an embodiment of the invention is not only useable in a variable transmission window wherein the electrically conducting films will be translucent but also in a variable reflection mirror (now used particularly for automobile rear view mirrors) wherein one of the electrically conducting films will be reflective.
  • Figure 1 is an exploded view of an electrochromic device which can be driven by a method according to the invention
  • Figure 2 is a partial transverse cross section of the device shown in figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a graph illustrating the behaviour of the device similar to that shown in figure 1, subjected to constant current cycling;
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram of hardware which may be used to drive the device shown in figure 1 by a method according to the invention;
  • Figure 5 is a generalised flow diagram of the steps involved in a method according to a first embodiment of the invention.
  • Figures 6 and 7 are graphs illustrating the behaviour of the device similar to that shown in figure 1 driven by a method according to a first embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 8 is a generalised flow diagram of the steps involved in a method according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 9 is a graph illustrating the variation in the impedance with temperature of the device shown in figure 1;
  • Figure 10 is a graph illustrating the behaviour of the device shown in figure 1, subjected to cyclic voltammetry
  • Figure 11 is a graph illustrating the behaviour of the device shown in figure 1, subject to the removal of driving current.
  • Figures 12 and 13 are graphs illustrating the behaviour of the device shown in figure 1 driven by a method according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • the device indicated generally at 1 has first and second sheets of glass 2,4 each 100mm x 100mm, separated by a 1mm thick translucent interlayer of polymer electrolyte 6, the composition of which is disclosed in PCT/EP95/01861.
  • Each of the sheets is sputter coated on its inner face 8,10 with an electrically conductive film 12,14 of indium doped tin oxide (ITO).
  • ITO indium doped tin oxide
  • Applied over the top of the ITO film 12, also by sputtering is an electrochromic layer 16 of tungsten trioxide, and applied over the top of the ITO film 14, again by sputtering, is a counter-electrode layer 18 of cerium titanium oxide.
  • the device 1 is put together as a cast-in-place laminate, using a conventional technique. First of all the two sputter coated sheets 2,4 are formed into a cell by bonding them together at their edges by double-sided adhesive tape, with the electrochromic and counter-electrode layers 16,18 innermost Liquid electrolyte, previously degassed by stirring under vacuum, is poured into the cell. The electrolyte interlayer 6 is then cured and the cell is sealed with an epoxy resin (not shown). The device 1 is preconditioned (initiation of cation transfer) by cyclically driving it between voltages of ⁇ 3V for gradually increasing periods of time.
  • the device 1 is driven by applying a current of 1.2mA (which equates to 20 ⁇ Acm "2 for a device active area of 64 cm 2 ) through the tungsten trioxide layer 16, the cerium titanium oxide layer 18 and the electrolyte layer 6, via the power supply wires 24,26 and the ITO films 12,14.
  • Applying a negative voltage to the tungsten trioxide layer 16, so as to generate a current flowing in a first direction causes lithium ions from the electrolyte layer 6 to be inserted into the tungsten trioxide layer 16, which produces a visible blue colouration.
  • Applying a positive voltage has the opposite effect generating a current flowing in a second, opposite, direction, and the device 1 is bleached.
  • any reference herein to a positive or negative voltage can be taken also to mean a "more positive” or “more negative” voltage as appropriate, for example a device may in some instances be "coloured” by driving it from a fully bleached to a less bleached state without actually applying a negative voltage.
  • Figure 3 is a graphical illustration of how the a device of the same construction as device 1, but of slightly smaller dimensions, behaves in response to constant current cycling.
  • the plot is of applied potential against time, with the device 1 varying alternately between a fully bleached state (+3V) and a fully coloured state (-3V), indicated by spikes B and C respectively. From observing the device 1 under such constant current cycling it is possible to determine the charge quantities required to achieve any particular state of either colour or bleach.
  • the bleaching cycle one of which is indicated as X and having a duration of about 200 seconds, the majority of charge passes within a small voltage window, and then the voltage rises very rapidly with time.
  • the device 1 is controlled by means of a personal computer 30 (figure 4) which, in combination with an electrochemical interface 32, such as those available from the Schlumberger company under the designation 1286, can both monitor the behaviour of the device and in response apply appropriate driving currents and voltages.
  • the personal computer 30 operates in accordance with a routine as depicted by the flow chart of figure 5, monitoring, from the output through wires 24,26, charge, voltage and rate of change of voltage, and adjusting the voltage applied to the device 1 accordingly.
  • the routine follows one of two different algorithms depending on whether the device 1 is to be coloured or bleached.
  • -3V is the safe applied voltage limit on colouring. Therefore, to fully colour the device 1 from a fully bleached state, a current of 1.2 mA is applied under the control of the personal computer 30 which then monitors when either 300 mC is passed or the voltage limit of -3V is attained, whichever comes first. On reaching the limit the voltage applied to the device 1 is held for a duration which is also predetermined and in this case is 20 seconds. The holding time period is calculated empirically.
  • the -3V voltage limit is intended to provide a fallback position particularly at lower temperatures.
  • the charge limit is reached for only a small voltage increase and so the charge limit predominates. It is only at lower temperatures that the voltage approaches the voltage limit before the required charge is passed. Subsequently holding the voltage has the effect of allowing the current to drop and enabling the remaining charge needed to complete the colouration to pass without driving the device 1 to higher voltages than necessary.
  • the time of the period is determined to be the time necessary for the device to complete the final part of its colouring cycle.
  • Figures 6 and 7 are graphical illustrations of the above colouring and bleaching routines, in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention, carried out on the device of the same construction as device 1, but of slightly smaller dimensions.
  • Figure 6 is a plot of the final applied voltage against cycle number for the device as it was continuously cycled at a constant current between the fully coloured and fully bleached states whilst at the same time the environment temperature was increased. This plot shows how the final voltage which the device reaches decreases with temperature because of the effects upon the device conductivity and kinetics.
  • the required charge passes at lower voltages as the temperature increases.
  • bleaching the end of the bleach is detected by monitoring when the rate of change of voltage, dV/dt exceeds 0.1 Vs "1 .
  • Figure 7 is a plot of charge passed for the device going through the same schedule of cycling as shown in figure 6, the temperature increasing as the cycles progress. The plot shows that a steady amount of charge is cycled despite the changes in temperature.
  • An intermediate state is achieved by knowing the quantity of charge required to take the device from say 80% fully coloured to 35% fully coloured, and a constant current of 1.2 mA is applied until the required quantity of charge is passed.
  • the device 1 is continually monitored to ensure that it is operating within safe limits, and that because of the device temperature, the applied voltage is not becoming detrimentally excessive.
  • the device 1 is controlled by means of the personal computer 30, in combination with an electrochemical interface 32, in accordance with a routine as depicted by the flow chart of figure 8, monitoring, from the output through wires 24,26, charge, voltage and current and adjusting the voltage applied to the device 1 accordingly as well as applying an alternating voltage signal.
  • the first step in the second method is the determination of the device impedance. This involves measuring the open circuit dc voltage of the device 1, and then applying a 25Hz square wave voltage signal superimposed upon a dc voltage equal to the open circuit voltage. The 25Hz current response is measured and used to determine the magnitude of the impedance of the device 1. If the initial measurement shows that the impedance is too large or small for the settings used, then the gain resistance is adjusted or the square wave amplitude changed. It has been found that changes in modulation amplitude cause no significant change in the measured impedance. The initial voltage amplitude is 50 mV, increased for lower temperatures to a maximum of 3V.
  • the next step in the routine is to estimate the device temperature from the determined impedance. This is done by reference to a look-up table of values calculated from previous cycling carried out on the device. Quantitative impedance measurements can be made with an impedance analyser and a potentiostat of the types available in the UK from the Schlumberger company under the designations 1255 and 1286 respectively, controlled by a personal computer (not shown).
  • the device 1 is continually cycled back and forth between bleached and coloured states whilst the ambient temperature is varied from - 20°C to 70°C and back to -20°C.
  • the impedance of the device 1 is continually measured and a plot is made of cycle number against device impedance showing the variation with temperature (figure 9). From this plot it is possible to infer the changes in device impedance with temperature, and to draw up a look-up table on which the routine can be based. Cyclic voltammetry is also used to calculate the device limiting voltages and the pause times are calculated empirically, by observing the device 1 under test conditions.
  • Figure 10 is a graphical illustration of the response of the device 1 when in an environment at 80°C, the voltage being swept at 20mV per second.
  • the sudden increase in current beyond an applied voltage of 2V (A) suggests the start of a breakdown of the electrolyte on the tungsten trioxide electrochromic material.
  • a similar current onset occurs beyond - 2V (B).
  • the parameters obtained from the cyclic voltammetry are then further refined by cycling tests to ensure that the device is being safely coloured and bleached under continuous cycling at the voltage limits and pause times selected.
  • the personal computer 30, once having estimated the temperature of the device 1, sets the appropriate applied voltage limit and pause time, and then controls the driving of the device 1 in accordance with these. It is predetermined, also using cyclic voltammetry and empirical measurements, that driving the device 1 from a fully bleached to a fully coloured state at room temperature requires 300mC of charge and that -3 V is the safe voltage limit on colouring. Therefore, to fully colour the device from fully bleached, a current of 1.2mA is applied until 300mC is passed, as monitored by the personal computer 30. However, at the same time, the personal computer 30 monitors the voltage applied to the device 1.
  • the applied voltage on reaching that limit is held at that value for the set voltage pause time, in this case 20 seconds at room temperature. Holding the voltage has the effect of allowing the current to drop and enabling the remaining charge needed to complete the colouration to pass without driving the device 1 to higher voltages than necessary.
  • a similar effect can be achieved by ramping the applied voltage from 0V to the predetermined voltage limit over a given time period, for example 1 minute.
  • An alternative way of determining electrolyte resistance is to use the so-called stopped current mediod.
  • the device 1 is coloured or bleached at constant current
  • the current source is then disconnected and the jump in voltage across the device 1, which corresponds only to the voltage across the device's ohmic resistances, is measured.
  • Figure 11 illustrates a stopped current measurement on the device 1 colouring at 40mA.
  • the 800mV jump in voltage on disconnecting the current source suggests that the window has an ohmic resistance of 20 ⁇ (compared with the more precise value of 18.5 ⁇ measured on the aforementioned impedance analyser).
  • Figures 12 and 13 are graphical illustrations of a test of the above driving routine carried out on the device 1.
  • the device 1 was moved from cycling under very cold conditions to progressively warmer conditions and then back to very cold conditions.
  • the plots show how the voltage maxima (figure 12) and the total driving times (figure 13) were automatically adjusted by the routine to fully colour and bleach the device at all temperatures, without harsher than necessary conditions being applied.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédés d'entraînement d'un dispositif électrochromique, du type illustré dans la figure 1. Ce dispositif comprend des couches de matériaux électrochromiques (16), électrolytiques (18) et de contre-électrodes (6) interposées entre les films électriquement conducteurs. Un premier procédé consiste à (a) colorer le dispositif (1), en faisant passer un courant constant dans une première direction à travers les couches (16, 18, 6) jusqu'à atteindre une première limite de charge ou de tension appliquée, la tension appliquée, une fois cette limite atteinte, étant maintenue pendant un certain laps de temps prédéterminé; ou (b) décolorer le dispositif, en faisant passer un courant constant dans une deuxième direction, opposée, à travers les couches (16, 18, 6) jusqu'à atteindre une première limite de taux de changement de tension, ou limite de tension appliquée ou de charge, la tension appliquée, une fois cette limite atteinte, étant maintenue pendant un certain laps de temps prédéterminé. Un deuxième procédé consiste: (a) à appliquer un signal de tension ou de courant alternatif au dispositif (1); (b) à déterminer l'amplitude de l'impédance du dispositif (1) à partir du comportement en courant/tension du dispositif (1); (c) à estimer la température du dispositif (1) à partir de l'impédance déterminée; (d) à régler une tension d'entraînement maximale du dispositif (1) et un temps de pause de tension en fonction de la température estimée; et (e) à colorer ou décolorer le dispositif (1), en faisant passer un courant constant, dans une direction, appropriée à travers les couches jusqu'à atteindre une première limite de la quantité de charge ou de la tension d'entraînement maximale la tension appliquée, une fois cette limite atteinte, étant maintenue pendant le temps de pause de la tension.
PCT/GB1997/000199 1996-02-02 1997-01-24 Dispositifs electrochromes WO1997028484A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97901169A EP0879440A1 (fr) 1996-02-02 1997-01-24 Dispositifs electrochromes
AU14513/97A AU1451397A (en) 1996-02-02 1997-01-24 Electrochromic devices

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9602169.6A GB9602169D0 (en) 1996-02-02 1996-02-02 Electrochromic devices
GBGB9602187.8A GB9602187D0 (en) 1996-02-02 1996-02-02 Electrochromic devices
GB9602169.6 1996-02-02
GB9602187.8 1996-02-02

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997028484A1 true WO1997028484A1 (fr) 1997-08-07

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PCT/GB1997/000199 WO1997028484A1 (fr) 1996-02-02 1997-01-24 Dispositifs electrochromes

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP0879440A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU1451397A (fr)
WO (1) WO1997028484A1 (fr)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998016870A1 (fr) * 1996-10-16 1998-04-23 Sustainable Technologies Australia Limited Commande de dispositifs electrochromiques
WO1998037453A1 (fr) * 1997-02-20 1998-08-27 Flachglas Aktiengesellschaft Procede de commande d'un element electrochrome
US5973819A (en) * 1998-09-21 1999-10-26 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Method and apparatus for controlling an electrochromic device
US5973818A (en) * 1998-09-21 1999-10-26 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Method and apparatus for controlling an electrochromic device
US5978126A (en) * 1998-09-21 1999-11-02 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Apparatus for controlling an electrochromic device
US6297900B1 (en) 1997-07-22 2001-10-02 Sustainable Technologies Australia Limited Electrophotochromic smart windows and methods
WO2002017008A2 (fr) * 2000-08-23 2002-02-28 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Procede et appareil permettant de commander un dispositif electrochimique
WO2003096115A1 (fr) * 2002-05-10 2003-11-20 Sage Electrochromics, Inc. Mesure de la temperature inferentielle d'un dispositif electrochrome
WO2008147322A1 (fr) 2007-06-01 2008-12-04 Chromogenics Sweden Ab Commande d'un dispositif électrochromique
US8902486B1 (en) 2013-11-20 2014-12-02 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Method and apparatus for control of electrochromic devices
US9207515B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2015-12-08 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Variable-emittance electrochromic devices and methods of preparing the same
US9274395B2 (en) 2011-11-15 2016-03-01 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Complimentary polymer electrochromic device
US9482880B1 (en) 2015-09-15 2016-11-01 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Electrochromic eyewear
US9632059B2 (en) 2015-09-03 2017-04-25 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Potentiostat/galvanostat with digital interface
CN107835958A (zh) * 2015-01-12 2018-03-23 基内斯托技术公司 用于电致变色玻璃单元的驱动器
US20190041714A1 (en) * 2017-08-01 2019-02-07 Continental Automotive Gmbh Method for determining a temperature of a variable-transparency, switchable pane and control apparatus for the pane and motor vehicle
WO2020160184A1 (fr) * 2019-01-29 2020-08-06 Walter Thomas Barnum Dispositif d'entraînement sensible à la surcharge pour dispositifs électrochromiques
EP3440409B1 (fr) * 2016-04-07 2021-06-09 Electrolux Home Products, Inc. Appareil de cuisson avec indicateurs formé par materiel électrochromique

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4535329A (en) * 1977-06-14 1985-08-13 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Constant current/constant voltage drive for an electrochromic display cell
EP0475847A1 (fr) * 1990-09-14 1992-03-18 Saint-Gobain Vitrage Vitrage électrochrome
EP0568457A1 (fr) * 1992-04-30 1993-11-03 Saint Gobain Vitrage International Procédé et dispositif d'alimentation d'un système électrochrome
EP0683419A1 (fr) * 1994-05-16 1995-11-22 Saint-Gobain Vitrage Système électrochrome et son procédé d'alimentation

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4535329A (en) * 1977-06-14 1985-08-13 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Constant current/constant voltage drive for an electrochromic display cell
EP0475847A1 (fr) * 1990-09-14 1992-03-18 Saint-Gobain Vitrage Vitrage électrochrome
EP0568457A1 (fr) * 1992-04-30 1993-11-03 Saint Gobain Vitrage International Procédé et dispositif d'alimentation d'un système électrochrome
EP0683419A1 (fr) * 1994-05-16 1995-11-22 Saint-Gobain Vitrage Système électrochrome et son procédé d'alimentation

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998016870A1 (fr) * 1996-10-16 1998-04-23 Sustainable Technologies Australia Limited Commande de dispositifs electrochromiques
US6362806B1 (en) 1997-02-20 2002-03-26 Pilkington Deutschland Ag Process for driving an electrochromic element
WO1998037453A1 (fr) * 1997-02-20 1998-08-27 Flachglas Aktiengesellschaft Procede de commande d'un element electrochrome
US6297900B1 (en) 1997-07-22 2001-10-02 Sustainable Technologies Australia Limited Electrophotochromic smart windows and methods
US5973819A (en) * 1998-09-21 1999-10-26 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Method and apparatus for controlling an electrochromic device
US5973818A (en) * 1998-09-21 1999-10-26 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Method and apparatus for controlling an electrochromic device
US5978126A (en) * 1998-09-21 1999-11-02 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Apparatus for controlling an electrochromic device
WO2002017008A2 (fr) * 2000-08-23 2002-02-28 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Procede et appareil permettant de commander un dispositif electrochimique
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EP0879440A1 (fr) 1998-11-25

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