WO1997019349A1 - Gas analysis - Google Patents
Gas analysis Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997019349A1 WO1997019349A1 PCT/GB1995/003030 GB9503030W WO9719349A1 WO 1997019349 A1 WO1997019349 A1 WO 1997019349A1 GB 9503030 W GB9503030 W GB 9503030W WO 9719349 A1 WO9719349 A1 WO 9719349A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sensor
- gas
- sensors
- ofthe
- frequency
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
- G01N33/14—Beverages
- G01N33/146—Beverages containing alcohol
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0031—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector comprising two or more sensors, e.g. a sensor array
- G01N33/0034—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector comprising two or more sensors, e.g. a sensor array comprising neural networks or related mathematical techniques
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid
- G01N27/125—Composition of the body, e.g. the composition of its sensitive layer
- G01N27/126—Composition of the body, e.g. the composition of its sensitive layer comprising organic polymers
Definitions
- This invention concerns a method for analysising the composition, concentration and relative abundances of gases and mixtures of gases, with particular reference to the use of alternating electric signals to interrogate a gas sensor.
- SOPs semiconducting organic polymers
- a sensor comprises a pair of electrodes bridged by at least one layer of SOP; transduction is usually accomplished by measuring changes in the dc resistance of the sensors, these changes being induced by adso ⁇ tion of gaseous species onto the polymer (see, for example, Persaud KC, Bartlett JG and Pelosi P, in "Robots and Biological Systems: Towards a new bionics?”, Eds. Darios P, Sandini G and Aebisher P, NATO ASI Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences 102 (1993) 579).
- SOP's are not selective: a given SOP is sensitive to a range of species, perhaps a series of homologues possessing a functional group to which the polymer is responsive.
- arrays of sensors (often 20 or more) are employed, wherein each sensor utilises a different SOP and the SOPs employed possess differing but broadly overlapping sensitivities towards a range of molecules. Selective recognition of a given species is thus possible, since the pattern of sensor response across the array represents a characteristic molecular "fingerprint".
- British Patent GB 2 203 553 discloses an improved method of sensor transduction wherein an ac electric signal is applied to a single sensor, and variations in an impedance characteristic are detected as a function ofthe applied ac frequency.
- the spectrum of impedance characteristic variation against ac frequency provides the species specific "fingerprint", with the promise that a single sensor may be employed in the place of a sensor array.
- the detection of mixtures of gases is not disclosed in GB 2 203 553.
- gas encompasses any gas phase species, such as vapours.
- a method of analysing a gas sample comprising the steps of: exposing at least one gas sensor to said sample; applying an alternating electric signal to the sensor or sensors; varying the frequency ofthe alternating signal; detecting or calculating an impedance characteristic ofthe sensor or sensors as a function of frequency; and comparing the impedance characteristic, or characteristics, to impedance characteristics obtained in like manner by exposing the sensor or sensors to gases or gas mixtures of known composition.
- a primary motivation is to determine the composition of a mixture of gases, although the method may also be used to determine the identity of a pure but unknown gas sample, or to determine if the gas sample is pure, or to differentiate between samples of different, but unknown, composition.
- the comparison may be made by employing a neural network.
- the sensor or sensors may comprise at least one semiconducting organic polymer.
- the resistance, reactance or dissipation factor ofthe sensor or sensors may be measured or calculated as a function of frequency, since these impedance characteristics are particularly sensitive indications of mixture composition.
- the mixture may be a tertiary mixture or greater.
- the method may be used to determine the relative proportions of each gas in a mixture of known chemical composition.
- apparatus for gas sample analysis comprising : at least one gas sensor; means for applying an alternating electric signal to the gas sensor or sensors in the presence of said gas sample; means for detecting or calculating an impedance characteristic ofthe sensor or sensors as a function of frequency; and comparison means for comparing the impedance characteristic, or characteristics, to impedance characteristics obtained in like manner by exposing the sensor or sensors to gases or gas mixtures of known composition.
- the comparison means may comprise a neural network.
- the sensor or sensors may comprise at least one semiconducting organic polymer.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of apparatus according to the invention.
- Figure 2 shows dissipation factor vs frequency for five beer vapours
- Figure 3 shows resistance and reactance vs frequency for five beer vapours
- Figure 4 shows dissipation factor vs frequency for acetone, methanol, and combinations thereof
- Figures 5-8 show network responses to various methanol/acetone mixtures
- Figure 9 shows dissipation factor vs frequency for acetone, methanol, ethyl acetate and combinations thereof;
- Figures 10-14 shows the network response to acetone, methanol, ethyl acetate and combinations thereof;
- Figure 15 shows the network response to an unknown combination of acetone, methanol and ethyl acetate
- Figure 16 is a plot of dissipation factors against frequency for various quaternary mixtures.
- Figures 17-21 show the network response to acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, acetonitrile and mixtures thereof.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an apparatus for analysing volatile liquids by detection of the vapours associated therewith.
- the vapour from a volatile liquid or mixture of liquids 10 contained in a glass container is entrained in a stream of dry air 12, and the gas sensor 14 is exposed thereto. Measurements are made using an impedance analyser 16 (Hewlett-Packard model 4192A).
- the impedance analyser 16 and data acquisition system are controlled by computer 18.
- Vapour was entrained in dry air at a flow rate of 0.25 lmin "1 and passed over the gas sensor 14, which was fabricated from N-decyl pyrrole (although it is understood that this in no way limits the scope of the invention thereto).
- the impedance quantity detected - or, strictly speaking, calculated - for the present purposes is the dissipation factor DF, which is related to the real (resistive) and imaginary (reactive) parts ofthe measured impedance by the following:-
- R is the resistance and X the reactance.
- R and X were measured in the frequency range 800-1000 KHz in steps of 0.2KHz, measurements being repeated six times for each sample of beer.
- Figure 2(a) shows the response of the gas sensor to the five types of beer in the applied frequency range 800-1000 KHz.
- Two clusters of dissipation factor peaks occur in the ranges 840-880 KHz and 930-960 KHz, as shown in Figures 2(b) and 2(c) respectively.
- the fact that two peaks are observed in each measurement reflects the fact that the reactance goes from negative to positive to negative (with increasing frequency) in this frequency range (see Figure 3(b)).
- the second set of peaks (from 880-930KHz) is mainly due to a combination of capacitive and conductive effects.
- the sensor displays a distinct dissipation peak for each type of beer, indicating that identification of beer type via analysis of its vapour is possible. Such identification could be performed, for example, by direct comparison with standard dissipation factor patterns, or by the use of a neutral network. It should be noted that measurements are extremely reproducible.
- the dissipation factor would appear to be the detected impedance characteristic of choice, since - i) the frequency and amplitude of both peaks vary from beer to beer, and - ii) the peaks are characteristic, distinctive, resonant features which occur on a near zero background.
- the latter feature is in direct contrast to the dc transduction technique, wherein relatively small changes in dc resistance occur on a large background.
- This feature is also in direct contrast to British Patent GB 2 203 533, wherein ac techniques were employed to measure variations in impedance characteristics caused by exposure of a gas sensor to a gas, these variations being measured with respect to some reference spectrum.
- Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the resistive and reactive parts ofthe impedance respectively, in the presence of the five types of beer in the frequency range 800- lOOOKHz.
- these data are less distinctive than the dissipation factor, it is perfectly feasible that either of these impedance characteristics may be used for the purposes ofthe present invention, i.e. that the impedance characteristic itself, rather than a difference spectrum, is used for identification of a gas sample.
- the resonant frequencies in other words, the frequencies at which the reactance becomes zero - to identify a gas or gas mixture.
- the resonant frequencies are, of course, the frequencies at which peaks are observed in the dissipation factor spectrum.
- Other impedance quantities may prove amenable to use in the present invention.
- N-decyl pyrrole gas sensor 14 was exposed to a vapour mixture containing air stream 12 for three minutes - allowing sensor response to stabilise before measurements were made.
- Dissipation factor was calculated from values of R and X measured between 800 and 1 100 KHz in steps of 1.2 KHz although for the purpose of Figure 4, which shows the dissipation factor ofthe sensor in the presence of pure acetone, pure methanol, and various mixtures thereof, data are presented in the range 800 to 930 KHz.
- the analysis of dissipation factor data was performed on the computer 18 using a neural network software package (NeuralDesk) employing both Standard Back propagation and Stochastic Backpropagation algorithms.
- a training data file was constructed which included equal numbers ofthe five compositions displayed in Figure 4. Data below 967 KHz only were used for training ofthe network since no peaks were detected at higher frequencies, and this more limited frequency range permitted the use of only 139 inputs, reducing the task of network training.
- T e data were normalised to the range zero to one prior to network training.
- the network consisted of 139 inputs, 40 hidden nodes and two output nodes.
- Training was terminated when the maximum error of the training set reached values between 0.1 and 0.05, typically requiring between 132 and 1519 interactions (depending upon the convergence criteria and the algorithm used).
- the networks were then tested with previously unseen sets of patterns derived from exposure ofthe sensor to acetone and methanol present in different ratios to the training ratios. The responses of the networks are recorded in Figures 5 to 8.
- Composition analysis of tertiary vapour mixtures was performed using mixtures of ethyl acetate, methanol and acetone in various fractional abundances.
- a network training pattern was constructed which consisted of 139 inputs (representing the frequency range 800 to 967 KHz), 40 hidden nodes and three output nodes each of which represented the fractional abundance of a different component.
- the highly complex nature ofthe training data is revealed in Figure 9, which shows dissipation factor against frequency for various tertiary vapour mixtures. Rather large dissipation factors are recorded for some mixtures, and thus for the purposes of analysis a ceiling of 400 was imposed upon the data. In other words, any values above 400 were assigned the value 400, an operation which retained some data patterns which would otherwise have been lost on scaling.
- Training ofthe network was conducted with the NeuralDesk software package and utilised the Stochastic Backpropagation routine. Training ofthe network required 405 iterations to reach a convergence criterion of 0.1 maximum error in the training data set. Upon convergence the network was presented with a series of test patterns; the resulting network classifications of mixture composition are shown in Figures 10 to 14.
- Figure 15 shows the response ofthe trained network to a previously unseen mixture composed of 20% ethyl acetate, 50% methanol and 30% acetone. The prediction ofthe network is within the 5% network training error, a level of accuracy which could be improved upon further by utilising more training data relating to further compositions.
- Figures 16 to 21 show the response ofthe network to samples comprising 100% acetone, 100% ethyl acetate and 100% methanol, and quaternary mixtures of these compounds with acetonitrile in various relative abundancies. Clearly, mixtures with even more components could be analysed.
- the real (R) and imaginary (X) parts ofthe impedance ofthe gas sensor are measured between 850 KHz and 950 KHz by steps of 0.4 KHz (convenient for the Network format i.e. requiring up to 250 readings for each set of measurement) using the Hewlett-Packard model 4192A impedance analyser.
- the dissipation factor was automatically computed from the real and imaginary part of the impedance measured, using as before, the relationship:
- a training data file was constructed which included equal numbers of 28 compositions used in the experiment. Examples of each training pattern are illustrated in Figure 16 which shows a plot of dissipation factor against frequency for the various mixture compositions.
- a network training pattern was constructed consisting of 250 inputs (reperesenting the frequency range 850 KHz to 950 KHz by steps of 0.4 KHz) 40 hidden nodes and four outputs which represented the fraction of each component. The complex nature ofthe training data is illustrated in Figure 16. Due to the high dissipation factor values reported for some ofthe mixtures a ceiling of 700 was placed on the data any values above this were simply reported as 700.
- Training of the network was again conducted using the NeuralDesk software package and utilised the Stochastic Back Propagation routine. Training ofthe network took 1214 iterations to reach a convergence criterion of 0.05 maximum error in the training data set. This took approximately 15 hours on a P90 based PC. Once this network had converged it was presented with a series of test patterns and the network predictions of compositions are illustrated in Figures 17-21. It should be noted that the interpolation between training data sets required to predict the composition of a new mixture is a non-trivial task.
- neural network algorithms are particularly well suited to such predictive inte ⁇ olation, other methods, such as fuzzy logic, may be applied for this pu ⁇ ose.
- An unsophisticated variation would be to compare the detected impedance characteristic ofthe unknown mixture with a series of standards measured with known compositions.
- the complicated relationship between dissipation factor and mixture composition dictates that a large number of standards would be required by such a "brute-force" approach.
- the use of a plurality of sensors, each utilising a different SOP and multiplexed to the impedance analyser, is within the scope ofthe invention.
- the extra information derived from such an approach would permit more accurate determination of mixture composition.
- the neutral network would be trained with various combinations of gases (e.g. binary and tertiary) at different mixing ratios, the gases being selected from a group of chemicals. In this manner, the system could detect the identities of components in addition to the fractional abundances thereof.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Fluid Adsorption Or Reactions (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP95941800A EP0861437A1 (en) | 1995-11-17 | 1995-12-22 | Gas analysis |
AU43103/96A AU4310396A (en) | 1995-11-17 | 1995-12-22 | Gas analysis |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB9523580.0A GB9523580D0 (en) | 1995-11-17 | 1995-11-17 | Gas analysis |
GB9523580.0 | 1995-11-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997019349A1 true WO1997019349A1 (en) | 1997-05-29 |
Family
ID=10784070
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1995/003030 WO1997019349A1 (en) | 1995-11-17 | 1995-12-22 | Gas analysis |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0861437A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU4310396A (en) |
GB (1) | GB9523580D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997019349A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL1013012C2 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-03-12 | Tno | Sensor for detecting the presence of moisture. |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2203553A (en) * | 1987-04-06 | 1988-10-19 | Cogent Ltd | Gas sensor |
EP0293255A2 (en) * | 1987-05-27 | 1988-11-30 | American Intell-Sensors Corporation | Gas sensing instrument |
EP0431910A1 (en) * | 1989-12-06 | 1991-06-12 | THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, p.l.c. | Detection of chemicals |
-
1995
- 1995-11-17 GB GBGB9523580.0A patent/GB9523580D0/en active Pending
- 1995-12-22 WO PCT/GB1995/003030 patent/WO1997019349A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-12-22 EP EP95941800A patent/EP0861437A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-12-22 AU AU43103/96A patent/AU4310396A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2203553A (en) * | 1987-04-06 | 1988-10-19 | Cogent Ltd | Gas sensor |
EP0293255A2 (en) * | 1987-05-27 | 1988-11-30 | American Intell-Sensors Corporation | Gas sensing instrument |
EP0431910A1 (en) * | 1989-12-06 | 1991-06-12 | THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, p.l.c. | Detection of chemicals |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
BYEONGDEOK YEA: "THE DISCRIMINATION OF MANY KINDS OF ODOR SPECIES USING FUZZY REASONING AND NEURAL NETWORKS", SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A - PHYSICAL, vol. A45, no. 2, 1994, LAUSANNE, CH, pages 159 - 165, XP000482622 * |
K. C. PERSAUD: "ELECTRONIC GAS AND ODOUR DETECTORS THAT MIMIC CHEMORECEPTION IN ANIMALS", TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 11, no. 2, February 1992 (1992-02-01), AMSTERDAM, NL, pages 61 - 67, XP000247333 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL1013012C2 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-03-12 | Tno | Sensor for detecting the presence of moisture. |
WO2001018535A2 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-03-15 | Telesensing Holding B.V. | Sensor for detecting the presence of moisture |
WO2001018535A3 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-05-10 | Telesensing Holding B V | Sensor for detecting the presence of moisture |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9523580D0 (en) | 1996-01-17 |
EP0861437A1 (en) | 1998-09-02 |
AU4310396A (en) | 1997-06-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US5239483A (en) | Detection of chemicals | |
Zellers et al. | Optimal coating selection for the analysis of organic vapor mixtures with polymer-coated surface acoustic wave sensor arrays | |
EP1650545B1 (en) | Multiple sensing system, device and method | |
Penza et al. | Application of principal component analysis and artificial neural networks to recognize the individual VOCs of methanol/2-propanol in a binary mixture by SAW multi-sensor array | |
Strike et al. | Electronic noses–A mini-review | |
US5076094A (en) | Dual output acoustic wave sensor for molecular identification | |
US20020152037A1 (en) | Multiple sensing system and device | |
US6236951B1 (en) | Sensor interrogation | |
US5789659A (en) | Monitoring of multiple-electrode gas sensors | |
CA2379176A1 (en) | Methods for characterizing, classifying, and identifying unknowns in samples | |
CA1142228A (en) | Identification of materials using their complex dielectric response | |
Amati et al. | Sensitivity and selectivity of surface acoustic wave sensors for organic solvent vapour detection | |
Ge et al. | Identification of gas mixtures by a distributed support vector machine network and wavelet decomposition from temperature modulated semiconductor gas sensor | |
Gwiżdż et al. | Hydrogen detection with a gas sensor array–processing and recognition of dynamic responses using neural networks | |
Zubritsky | Product review: E-noses keep an eye on the future | |
JP3390928B2 (en) | How to identify analytes | |
CA2109619C (en) | A gas sensor | |
WO1997019349A1 (en) | Gas analysis | |
Nakata et al. | Discrimination and quantification of flammable gases with a SnO2 sniffing sensor | |
US5858739A (en) | Gas sensor | |
JP2000500864A (en) | Gas analysis | |
WO2004005907A1 (en) | Improved method of chemical sensing | |
JP3919405B2 (en) | Combustible gas identification device and flammable gas identification method | |
WO1997014958A1 (en) | Cluster analysis | |
Wilson et al. | Optimization of gas-sensitive polymer arrays using combinations of heterogeneous and homogeneous subarrays |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AM AT AU BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CZ DE DK EE ES FI GB GE HU IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LK LR LT LU LV MD MG MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK TJ TM TT UA UG US UZ VN |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): KE LS MW SD SZ UG AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: JP Ref document number: 1997 519462 Kind code of ref document: A Format of ref document f/p: F |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1995941800 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1995941800 Country of ref document: EP |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: 8642 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: CA |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 1995941800 Country of ref document: EP |