WO1997019194A1 - METHODS FOR DETERMINING COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF INHIBITING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE Ha-ras ONCOGENE - Google Patents
METHODS FOR DETERMINING COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF INHIBITING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE Ha-ras ONCOGENE Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997019194A1 WO1997019194A1 PCT/US1996/018848 US9618848W WO9719194A1 WO 1997019194 A1 WO1997019194 A1 WO 1997019194A1 US 9618848 W US9618848 W US 9618848W WO 9719194 A1 WO9719194 A1 WO 9719194A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/82—Translation products from oncogenes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
- C07K14/4702—Regulators; Modulating activity
- C07K14/4703—Inhibitors; Suppressors
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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Definitions
- a model system allows an analysis of the molecular and biochemical changes associated w th expression and suppression of the oncogenic and metastatic phenotype of cloned rat embryo fibroblast (CREF) cells.
- Ha-ras- transformed CREF cells are morphologically transformed, anchorage-independent and both tumorigenic and metastatic m thymic nude mice and syngeneic Fischer rats. Coexpression of the Ha-ras oncogene and Krev-1 tumor suppressor gene m CREF cells results in suppression of ⁇ n vitro transformation.
- Ha-ras/Krev-1 transformed CREF cells retain, with greatly extended latency periods, both tumorigenic and metastatic capabilities in thymic nude mice
- the present study investigates changes in the Ha-ras suppressor gene, rrg (lysyl oxidase) , during expression and suppression of the oncogenic phenotype in CREF cells.
- Nontumorigenic CREF cells and CREF cells transformed by the Ha-ras and Krev-1 gene that express a suppression in irt vitro transformation contain elevated levels of lysyl oxidase mRNA and protein.
- Ha-ras and Ha-ras/Krev-1 nude mouse tumor- and nude mouse lung metastasis-derived CREF cells contain reduced levels of lysyl oxidase mRNA and protein.
- Nuclear run-on assays indicate that suppression of lysyl oxidase expression in transformed subclones of CREF cells correlates with a reduction in transcription of the lysyl oxidase gene.
- Cancer is a multistep process involving a complex interplay between genes that promote the cancer phenotype (oncogenes) and genes that normally function as inhibitors of oncogenesis (tumor suppressor genes) (1-4) .
- a genetic change seen in a high percentage of human cancers is the mutational activation of the cellular ras gene (5,6) .
- the ras gene encodes a 21,000 M r ( ras p21) GTP-binding protein with intrinsic GTPase activity (5-7) .
- ras p21 impinges on a number of signal transduction pathways resulting in growth stimulation, transformation and differentiation (5-9) .
- Prominent areas of similarity between Krev-1 p21 and ras p21 are in the functional domains of these proteins, including regions involved in GTP binding and GTPase activity, the isoprenylation signal sequence and the ras/GTPase-activating protein (GAP) effector binding domain (11) .
- GAP GTPase-activating protein
- Ha-ras oncogene into cloned rat embryo fibroblast (CREF) cells results in morphological transformation, anchorage-independence and acquisition of tumorigenic and metastatic potential (15,16) .
- Ha-ras- transformed CREF cells exhibit major changes in the transcription and steady-state levels of genes involved in suppression and induction of oncogenesis (15) .
- nm23 a putative metastasis suppressing gene
- TIMP-1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1
- Simultaneous overexpression of Krev-1 in Ha-ras-transformed CREF cells results in morphological reversion, suppression of agar growth capacity and a delay in in vivo oncogenesis (15,16) .
- Ha-ras/Krev-1- transformed CREF cells correlates with a reversion in the transcriptional and steady-state mRNA profile to that of nontransformed CREF cells (15) .
- Ha-ras/Krev-1 transformed CREF cells form both tumors and metastases in a thymic nude mice (15,16) .
- applicants have determined the level of expression of the ras recision gene (rrg, which is lysyl oxidase) (17-19) as a function of expression and suppression of the transformed and oncogenic phenotype.
- lysyl oxidase expression correlates with suppression of the oncogenic phenotype.
- both lysyl oxidase and TIMP-l expression are transcriptionally extinguished.
- metastases develop from Krev-l suppressed CREF cells, both lysyl oxidase and TIMP-l expression remain suppressed and transcription of the 92-kDa GEL and transin is initiated.
- This invention provides a method for determining whether a compound is capable of suppressing ras functions comprising:
- This invention also provides a method for determining whether a compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions comprising: (a) contacting an effective amount of the compound with Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells under conditions permitting the compound to suppress the ras functions in the cells; and (b) determining the expression of TIMP-l, the expression of TIMP-l indicating that the compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions.
- This invention also provides a method for determining whether a compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions comprising: (a) contacting an effective amount of the compound with Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells under conditions permitting the compound to suppress the ras functions in the cells,- and (b) determining the expression of 92-kDa gelatinase, the inhibition of the expression of 92-kDa gelatinase indicating that the compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions.
- This invention also provides a method for determining whether a compound is capable of suppressing ras functions comprising: (a) contacting an effective amount of the compound with Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells under conditions permitting the compound to suppress the ras functions in the cells; and (b) determining the expression of transin, the inhibition of the expression of transin indicating that the compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions.
- the tested compounds were not previously known.
- This invention also provides compounds which are determined to be capable of suppressing the ras functions by the above methods .
- This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound determined to be capable of suppressing ras functions by the above methods and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- This invention provides a method for generating transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) introducing a gene to the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells; and (b) determining the expression of lysyl oxidase in the introduced cells, the expression of lysyl oxidase indicating that the cells are transcriptional switched.
- This invention also provides a method for generating transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) introducing a gene to the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells; and (b) determining the expression of TIMP-l in the introduced cells, the expression of TIMP-l indicating that the cells are transcriptional switched.
- This invention provides a method for generating transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) introducing a gene to the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells; and (b) determining expression of the 92-kDa gelatinase in the introduced cells, the inhibition of the expression of the 92-kDa gelatinase indicating that the cells are transcriptional switched.
- This invention provides a method for generating transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) introducing a gene to the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells; (b) determining expression of the transin in the introduced cells, the inhibition of the expression of the transin indicating that the cells are transcriptional switched.
- the gene is a tumor suppressor gene.
- the invention also provides a method to isolated genes which are associated with transcriptional switching of the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising:
- CREF system used to study induction and suppression of the transformed and oncogenic phenotype.
- CREF cells are normal and immortal rat embryo fibroblast cells that do not form colonies in agar or induce tumors in nude mice .
- Transfection of CREF cells with the Ha-ras oncogene, Ha-ras cells results in morphological transformation, anchorage independence and acquisition of tumorigenic and metastatic properties.
- Coexpression of Krev-l in Ha-ras cells, HK A3, HK Bl and HK B2 clones induces morphological reversion to a CREF-like morphology, a reduction in anchorage independence and a suppression in oncogenicity.
- Ha-ras/Krev-1-transformed CREF cells into nude mice results after extended latency periods in tumors (HK A3-T, HK Bl-T and HK B2-T clones) and lung metastases (HK A3-M, HK Bl-M and HK B2-M clones) .
- Tumor- and metastasis-derived clones reacquire specific transformation related properties .
- FIG. 1 Northern blotting analysis of steady-state lysyl oxidase and GAPDH mRNAs in CREF and Ha-ras- and Ha-ras + Krev-1-transformed CREF clones.
- a 15- ⁇ g aliquot of total cellular RNA was run on a 1.0% agarose gel and transferred to a nylon membrane. Blots were hybridized with a multipnme [ 32 P] - labeled lysyl oxidase gene probe. Filters were stripped and rehybridized with a multipnme [ 3 P] - labeled GAPDH gene probe.
- FIG. 3 Western blotting analysis of lysyl oxidase and actin protein CREF and Ha-ras and Ha-ras + Krev-l-transformed CREF clones.
- a 100- ⁇ g aliquot of cell lysate prepared from logarithmically growing cells was separated by electrophoresis on a 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, incubated with lysyl oxidase antiserum or actin monoclonal antibody followed by incubation with peroxida ⁇ e-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG and color was developed with diaminobenzid e as a substrate.
- Figure 4 Analysis of cellular gene transcription rates m CREF and Ha-ras and Ha-ras + Krev-1-transformed CREF clones. Nuclei from 2 X 10 ⁇ cells were isolated from each of the cell lines shown and nuclear RNA was labeled m vitro and subsequently hybridized to denatured DNA probes on nitrocellulose filters. For each hybridization reaction, an equal number of total counts representing a similar number of cell nuclei was used, so that comparative rates of transcription could be obtained.
- CREF cloned rat embryo fibroblast cell line
- Ha-ras cloned rat embryo fibroblast cell line
- T24 (Ha-ras) -transformed CREF clone HK A3, HK Bl and HK B2, Ha-ras clones transfected with the Krev-l gene.
- T tumor derived
- M metastasis derived.
- the gene probes utilized are shown the order presented the box and they include- fibronectin (FIB) ; 92-kDa gelat ase/type IV collagenase (92-kDa GEL) ; transin (stromelysin) ; lysyl oxidase (rrg) ,- glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) ; - (no probe) ; pBR322; and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-l) .
- FIB fibronectin
- 92-kDa GEL 92-kDa gelat ase/type IV collagenase
- transin stromelysin
- rrg lysyl oxidase
- GPDH glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
- TIMP-l tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
- HK-T and HK-M cells include fibronectin (FIB*) and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPDH* Genes not transcribed in CREF, Ha-ras,
- HK, HK-T and HK-M cells include plasmid DNA
- Transcriptional switching involves the selective transcriptional silencing of genes normally expressed in CREF cells, such as lysyl oxidase and TIMP-l, and the transcriptional activation of genes normally not expressed in
- CREF cells such as 92-kDa GEL and transin
- Krev-l results in a transcriptional reversion of Ha-ras-transformed cells to a CREF-like transcriptional profile. Escape from transformation suppression following tumor formation in nude mice by Ha-ras plus Krev-l transformed CREF cells results in decrease transcription or the transcriptional silencing of the tumor suppressor genes lysyl oxidase and TIMP-l, respectively. Formation of metastases correlates with the continuous suppression of the tumor suppressor genes lysyl oxidase and TIMP-l and the concurrent transcriptional activation of progression promoting genes encoding 92-kDa GEL and transin (stromelysin) . The transcriptional profile of metastasis-derived HK cells is identical to that of the Ha-ras- ransformed parental cells. Detailed Description of the Invention
- This invention provides a method for determining whether a compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions comprising. (a) contacting an effective amount of the compound with Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells under conditions permitting the compound to suppress the ras functions the cells; and (b) determining the expression of lysyl oxidase, the expression of lysyl oxidase indicating that the compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions.
- This invention also provides a method for determining whether a compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions comprising: (a) contacting an effective amount of the compound with Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells under conditions permitting the compound to suppress the ras functions in the cells; and (b) determining the expression of TIMP-l, the expression of TIMP-l indicating that the compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions.
- This invention also provides a method for determining whether a compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions comprising: (a) contacting an effective amount of the compound with Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells under conditions permitting the compound to suppress the ras functions in the cells, and (b) determining the expression of 92-kDa gelatinase, the inhibition of the expression of 92-kDa gelatinase indicating that the compound is capable of suppressing the ras function
- This invention also provides a method for determining whether a compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions comprising: (a) contacting an effective amount of the compound with Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells under conditions permitting the compound to suppress the ras functions in the cells; and (b) determining the expression of transin, the inhibition of the expression of transin indicating that the compound is capable of suppressing the ras functions.
- the tested compounds were not previously known.
- This mvention also provides compounds which are determined to be capable of suppressing the ras functions by the above methods.
- This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound determined to be capable of suppressing ras functions by the above methods and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well-known to those skilled the art and include, but are not limited to, 0.01-O.lM and preferably 0.05M phosphate buffer or 0.8% sal e. Additionally, such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
- Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, saline and buffered media.
- Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils.
- Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such a ⁇ , for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents, inert gases and the like.
- This invention provides a method for generating transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) introducing a gene to the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells; and (b) determining the expression of lysyl oxidase in the introduced cells, the expression of lysyl oxidase indicating that the cells are transcriptional switched.
- This invention also provides a method for generating transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) introducing a gene to the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells; and (b) determining the expression of TIMP-l in the introduced cells, the expression of TIMP-l indicating that the cells are transcriptional switched.
- This invention provides a method for generating transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) introducing a gene to the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells; and (b) determining expression of the 92-kDa gelatinase the introduced cells, the inhibition of the expression of the 92-kDa gelatinase indicating that the cells are transcriptional switched.
- This invention provides a method for generating transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) introducing a gene to the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells,- and (b) determining expression of the transin in the introduced cells, the inhibition of the expression of the transin indicating that the cells are transcriptional switched.
- the gene is a tumor suppressor gene.
- Tumor suppressor gene are well-known in the art.
- the tumor suppressor gene is Krev-l.
- the gene may be dominant/negative ras mutant.
- This invention also provides cells generated by above methods .
- This invention also provides a method to isolated genes which are associated with transcriptional switching of the Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells comprising: (a) selecting genes which are either expressed or suppressed in the transcriptional switched Ha-ras transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells; and (b) isolating the selected gene.
- the genes are selected by subtractive hybridization.
- the technique of subtractive hybridization is well-known m the art (See for example Jiang and Fisher, 1993 and Schneider et al . 1988) .
- the genes are selected by differential display.
- the genes may also be selected by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) (See Velculescu, et al . 1995 for a protocol) .
- SAGE Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
- This invention further provides genes isolated by the above method.
- This invention also provides polypeptides encoded by the isolated gene.
- This mvention further provides molecules capable of either competitively inhibiting or mimicking the functions of the polypeptides.
- the CREF cell line is a clonal derivative of the F2408 Fischer rat embryo fibroblast cell line (20) .
- Ha-ras-transfor ed CREF cells (Ha-ras) were obtained following transfection of CREF cells with the Ha ⁇ ras (T24) oncogene and isolating a focus of cells displaying a transformed morphology (21) .
- Ha-ras/ Krev-l cells containing the Ha-ras and Krev-l gene, were obtained by cotransfecting Ha-ras cells with a hygromycin resistance gene (pRSVl.l) and selecting cells resistant to hygromycin and displaying a reversion in morphology to that of nontransformed CREF cells (15) .
- pRSVl.l hygromycin resistance gene
- three independent Ha-ras /Krev-l clonal isolates HK Bl, HK B2 and HK A3, were used (15) .
- nude-mouse tumor-derived clones HK Bl-T and HK B2-T
- lung metastasis-derived clones HK Bl-M, HK B2-M and HK A3-M
- All cell lines were grown in Dulbecco' s modified Eagle's medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum in a 5% C0 2 -95% air-humidified incubator.
- Nucleic acid analysis In vi tro transcription within isolated nuclei was performed as previously described (22) . Nuclei from approximately 2 X 10 fc cells were isolated and RNA previously initiated by RNA polymerase II were allowed to elongate the presence of [ 32 P]UTP. Nuclear RNA was isolated, purified by filtering through a G-50 Sephadex column. Nuclear RNA was extracted, purified by filtering onto Millipore (0.45-mm) filters followed by elution and denaturing by treatment with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide for 5 min on ice. Nylon membranes containing 2 ⁇ g of the appropriate denatured plasmid DNA gene insert were hybridized with [ 32 P] -labeled RNA from the different cell types as previously described (15,22) . Steady-state mRNA levels were determined by Northern blotting using appropriate multipnme [ 32 P] -labeled DNA probes as described by Su et al (15, 16) .
- Western blotting analysis Western blotting analysis was performed as described previously (23) .
- Cell lysates were prepared from logarithmical growing cells m 50 mM Tris (pH 8.0) , 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% NaN3 , 100 mg/ml PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) , 1 mg/ml aprotinin and 1% NP40 (24) , and protein concentrations were determined using the Bio-Rad protein assay (25) .
- One hundred ⁇ g of cell lysates were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions (26) and transferred to a 0.45 mm nitrocellulose membrane (27) .
- the membranes were blocked in TBS (10 mM NaCl, pH 7.5) containing 1% BSA for 1 hr at room temperature. The membrane was then incubated with lysyl oxidase antiserum made in rabbits (1:500 TBS-1% BSA) (28) or actin monoclonal antibody (Oncogene Sciences) for 2 hr at room temperature, washed 3 X with TBS and incubated with peroxidase labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) (GIBCO-BRL, NY) . Finally the membrane was washed 3 X with TBS and color was developed using diammobenzidme as the substrate (29) . Lysyl oxidase antibodies produced against the purified 32- kDa bovine aortic enzyme were kindly supplied by Dr. H. M. Kagan (28) .
- Ha-ras/Krev-1 cells injection of Ha-ras/Krev-1 cells mto the bloodstream of nude mice, i.e., experimental metastasis assay, does not result m lung metastases (15)
- a model system is now available to determine the gene expression changes associated with a normal cellular phenotype (CREF) , a tumorigenic and metastatic phenotype (Ha-ras) , a suppressed transformed phenotype (Ha-ras/Krev-1.
- CREF normal cellular phenotype
- Ha-ras tumorigenic and metastatic phenotype
- Ha-ras/Krev-1 suppressed transformed phenotype
- HK HK
- Ha-ras/Krev-1 T HK Bl-T and HK B2-T
- a metastatic phenotype Ha-ras/Krev-1 M: HK A3-M, HK Bl-M and HK B2-M
- rrg putative ras suppressor gene
- Northern blotting analysis was used to determine the relative levels of lysyl oxidase and GAPDH RNA CREF, Ha ⁇ ras, Ha-ras/Krev-1 (HK Bl, HK B2 and HK A3) , Ha-ras/Krev-1 nude mouse tumor (HK Bl-T and HK B2-T) and Ha-ras/Krev-1 nude mouse lung metastasis (HK Bl-M, HK B2-M and HK A3-M) clones (Fig. 2) .
- Elevated levels of lysyl oxidase RNA occur CREF and the three Ha-ras/Krev-1 clones relative to Ha ⁇ ras and tumor-derived and metastasis-derived Ha-ras/Krev-1 clones.
- the relative amount of lysyl oxidase RNA, corrected for GAPDH expression indicates that CREF, HK Bl, HK B2 and HK A3 > HK Bl-T and HK B2-T > HK Bl-M, HK B2-M and HK A3-M cells.
- Ha-ras cells display a different transcriptional profile, i.e., they express FIB, GAPDH, 92- kDa GEL and transin, but not lysyl oxidase or TIMP-l.
- Coexpression of Ha-ras and Krev-l in CREF cells results the same transcriptional profile as seen in CREF cells (Fig. 4) .
- RNA transcripts for both lysyl oxidase and TIMP-l are no longer apparent.
- a component of this transcriptional reprogramming is the ras suppressor gene rrg (lysyl oxidase) , an important enzyme in extracellular matrix formation (28) (Fig. 4) .
- Changes in lysyl oxidase transcription in the CREF system are also associated with corresponding modifications in the levels of lysyl oxidase mRNA and protein (Figs. 2 and 3) .
- a lysyl oxidase cDNA has been isolated based on its decreased expression in Ha-ras transformed cells (30) .
- the level of lysyl oxidase mRNA correlates with suppression in anchorage independence rather than presence of a flat morphology characteristic of the normal cellular phenotype (30)
- acquisition of tumorigenic and metastatic properties by Ha-ras/Krev-1 cells corresponds with down-regulation of lysyl oxidase and a more transformed morphology m comparison with CREF and Ha- ras/Krev-1 in vitro suppressed cell ⁇ .
- Tumor- and metastasis- derived Ha-ras/Krev-1 cells also grow with increased efficiency in agar comparison with Ha-ras/Krev-1 in vitro suppressed cells, but anchorage-independence never achieves that of parental Ha-ras transformants (15) .
- Transfection of a non-small-cell lung carcinoma cell lme, Calu-6, that contams an activated Ki-ras oncogene with Krev-l results transfectants that display a more differentiated squamous epithelial morphology and a reduction m tumo ⁇ genicity
- HT1080 that contains an N-ras oncogene, also results a suppression in the transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity
- Sato et al (32) have explored the relationship between forced expression of the Krev-l gene and the transformation and tumorigenic properties of several human tumor cells containing activated ras oncogenes .
- Krev-l may correlate with suppression specific transformation pathways, some of which may be cell type or even subclone specific Transcriptional switching is associated with the selective suppression of a number of putative tumor and metastasis suppressor genes, lysyl oxidase, TIMP-l and nm23, and the activation of several cancer promoting genes, osteopont , 92-kDa GEL, c ⁇ pto and transin.
- tumor suppressor such as the retinoblastoma gene and the p53 gene
- cancer related genes such as fibronectin, 72-kDa GEL and tenascm
- identification of the gene(s) that may mediate transcriptional switching could provide important insights into the mechanism by which ras functions signal transduction and as an oncogene.
- the process of transcriptional switching would also appear amenable for identifying compounds capable of inhibiting farnesyl transferase that is important for insertion of ras p21 into the inner surface of the plasma membrane and critical for ras-induced transformation (7-9) .
- Fisher PB Enhancement of viral transformation and expression of the transformed phenotype by tumor promoters. In Slaga TJ, ed. Tumor Promotion and Cocarcinogenesis In Vitro, Mechanisms of Tumor Promotion. Boca Raton FL, USA: CRC Press, Inc. pp. 57-123, 1984.
- Liotta LA, Steeg PG, Stetler-Stevenson WG Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation.
- Kenyon K, Modi WS, Contente S, Friedman RM A novel human cDNA with a predicted protein similar to lysyl oxidase maps to chromosome 15q24-q25. J. Biol Chem 268: 18435-18437, 1993.
- Fisher PB Babiss LE, Weinstein IB, Ginsberg HS : Analysis of type 5 adenovirus transformation with a cloned rat embryo cell line (CREF) . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 3527-3531, 1982.
- Boylon JF, Shih TY, Fisher PB, Zimmer SG Induction and progression of the transformed phenotype in cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells: studies employing type 5 adenovirus and wild-type and mutant Ha-ras oncogenes. Mol Carcinog 5: 118-128, 1992.
Abstract
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EP96942803A EP0868532A1 (en) | 1995-11-24 | 1996-11-22 | METHODS FOR DETERMINING COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF INHIBITING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE Ha-ras ONCOGENE |
JP9519954A JP2000500974A (en) | 1995-11-24 | 1996-11-22 | Methods for determining compounds capable of inhibiting the activity of the Ha-ras oncogene |
AU11630/97A AU1163097A (en) | 1995-11-24 | 1996-11-22 | Methods for determining compounds capable of inhibiting the activities of the ha-ras oncogene |
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Cited By (3)
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US6225456B1 (en) | 1998-05-07 | 2001-05-01 | University Technololy Corporation | Ras suppressor SUR-5 |
DE10004102A1 (en) * | 2000-01-31 | 2002-06-20 | Metagen Pharmaceuticals Gmbh | Nucleic acids differentially expressed between tumor and normal cells, useful for diagnosis or therapy of tumors and for screening active agents |
US6506889B1 (en) | 1998-05-19 | 2003-01-14 | University Technology Corporation | Ras suppressor SUR-8 and related compositions and methods |
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US20030180747A1 (en) * | 2001-10-11 | 2003-09-25 | Hruban Ralph H. | Pancreatic cancer diagnosis and therapies |
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- 1996-11-22 CA CA002238290A patent/CA2238290A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-11-22 EP EP96942803A patent/EP0868532A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2003
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CANCER RESEARCH, 01 July 1990, Volume 50, GINGRAS et al., "Genes During Metastatic Lung Colonization by H-Ras-Transformed 10T1/2 Fibroblasts", pages 4061-4066. * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6225456B1 (en) | 1998-05-07 | 2001-05-01 | University Technololy Corporation | Ras suppressor SUR-5 |
US6506889B1 (en) | 1998-05-19 | 2003-01-14 | University Technology Corporation | Ras suppressor SUR-8 and related compositions and methods |
DE10004102A1 (en) * | 2000-01-31 | 2002-06-20 | Metagen Pharmaceuticals Gmbh | Nucleic acids differentially expressed between tumor and normal cells, useful for diagnosis or therapy of tumors and for screening active agents |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20030207341A1 (en) | 2003-11-06 |
CA2238290A1 (en) | 1997-05-29 |
US6204001B1 (en) | 2001-03-20 |
AU1163097A (en) | 1997-06-11 |
EP0868532A1 (en) | 1998-10-07 |
JP2000500974A (en) | 2000-02-02 |
US20010012621A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
MX9804137A (en) | 1998-10-31 |
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