WO1997012496A1

WO1997012496A1 - Method of transferring electrical energy to heat energy and generator to be employed in said energy transformation

Info

Publication number: WO1997012496A1
Application number: PCT/NO1996/000219
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gustav Bahus
Original assignee: Gustav Bahus
Priority date: 1995-09-26
Filing date: 1996-09-11
Publication date: 1997-04-03
Also published as: NO953803D0; AU7149496A

Abstract

A process for tapping heat energy from electric energy is based on the transfer of the electric energy of alternating current in an induction arrangement (10) and simultaneously tapping heat energy with a flow of cooling water in a short-circuited pipe-shaped current conductor (14). Out from gravitational force heat energy is tapped via the cooling water at a magnitude greater than, and preferably at least double as large as the electric energy supplied to the induction arrangement (10). A heat generator in the form of an induction arrangement forming an accelerator (10) for the acceleration of an electric current of free electrons, the gravitational force, which is developed in the pipe-shaped current conductor (14) forming the basis for said tapping of heat energy.

Description

METHOD OF TRANSFERRING ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO HEAT ENERGY AND GENERATOR TO BE EMPLOYED IN SAID ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

The present invention relates to a process for tapping heat energy from electric energy, by transferring alternating current (AC) electric energy via a primary circuit to a secondary circuit in an induction arrangement and simultaneously tapping heat energy via a flow of cooling medium, which is transported in a short-circuited pipe-shaped electric conductor in the secondary circuit.

The present invention also relates to a heat generator in the form of an electrical induction arrangement for use in the process according to the invention.

By the term electrical induction arrangement is meant herein to indicate in general a heat generator, which produces practically utilisable heat energy by means of an electrical AC, which is supplied on the primary side of the induction arrangement and thereby produces an induced electrical AC on the secondary side of the induction arrangement.

An inductor (forerunner for the transformer) was in its original form a transformer with an open iron core. It was provided with a primary coil with few windings and a secondary coil with many windings. In the primary winding of the inductor interrupted direct current (DC) was supplied, while in the secondary winding a higher potential was induced, each time the current in the primary winding was put on or broken. The current in the primary circuit grew relatively slowly when the current was closed, but decreased suddenly on breakage. The induced potential was largest on breakage, at the expense of the induced current strength, which was then correspondingly smaller. The main application of an inductor is inducing electrical currents with instantaneous high potentials, something which is particularly employed for applications with spark ignition.

In induction heating on the other hand, there is a need for the largest possible current strength at a relatively low potential, that is to say the opposite condition to that which is intended in an inductor.

An induction arrangement can for example, as is described in a first, following embodiment, be in the form of a single transformer, and in a second, following embodiment in the form of two (or more) transformers mutually coupled in parallel. However the term induction arrangement is also meant to cover herein other types of electrically driven heat generators than what is understood by transformer, without detailed examples of such heat generators being given.

Induction heating is effected by heating metallic material in an electric conductor by means of induced electric current. The use of AC current is preferred, especially three phase AC current. By supplying AC current to the primary side of a transformer the equivalent electric AC current is produced on the secondary side of the transformer.

By employing on the secondary side a short-circuited, pipe-shaped electric conductor, through which can be flowed a cooling medium, the induced heat energy can be utilised effectively by being received directly in the heat-receiving cooling medium, which flows through the short-circuited electric conductor and which is tapped off on the secondary side. In other words an instantaneous energy transformation can be achieved according to the invention directly between a high speed system. represented by the electrical secondary current circuits and a low speed system represented by the cooling medium itself. The energy transmission is based in the alternating effects which occur between the heat energy-yielding high speed system and the heat energy-receiving low speed system.

By using a cooling medium in the form of melted metal the melted metal in addition to its function as a heat-receiving medium, also utilises the current conducting properties of the melted metal for transporting the induced electric current or at any rate portions of this. In such a case it is a question of obtaining relatively high temperatures, which are produced by way of the high resistance of the pipe-shaped electric conductor and the high resistance of the melted metal. In other words, heat energy is extracted at high temperatures mainly by using the high resistance in the current conducting part(s). Also by the application of other cooling mediums, that is to say heat-receiving mediums, such as gas or liquid it has hitherto been a question in known solutions of employing resistance to produce heat energy and it has been a question ofproducing heat energy at high temperatures.

According to the invention the objective is to go the opposite route to that which has hitherto been usual.

Firstly the aim is to employ processes which also operate at moderate temperatures. According to the invention it is not the object to limit the temperature regions of interest to apply only to moderate temperatures, but the aim is, as an example, to show particularly the possible application at lower temperatures than hitherto customary.

Secondly, as a main object according to the invention, the aim is to go the opposite way to the usual by keeping the resistance at a low level in the heat transmission process. More specifically the aim is to avoid any use of extra resistance in the electric circuit(s) on the secondary side. The result of this is that the largest possible current strength is obtained on expending the least possible resistance. By such a solution one can according to the invention, in a surprising manner, lay the foundation for effectively being able to tap large quantities of heat energy from an electric circuit with induced electric AC current. In other words the aim is to produce heat energy partly or to a moderate degree by means of the resistance in the electric conductor and partly or to a significant degree by tapping energy from a previously unobserved source of energy in connection with the molecular structure of the current conductor.

As embodiments there is employed herein as an induction arrangement an accelerator, especially a so-called "low temperature accelerator", that is to say, an arrangement which effects a heat energy transfer at relatively low or moderate temperatures, that is to say in a temperature region from 0°C to about 100°C, and at moderate pressures, that is to say at atmospheric pressure. The present invention includes however in further aspects of the invention the application of the "accelerator" also at temperatures of above 100°C and at pressures of above atmospheric pressure, but for practical reasons without utilising extremely high temperatures.

There is employed herein, as an embodiment, an induction arrangement, which works with water as a combined cooling medium and heat-receiving medium. In this connection in a first embodiment there is employed as a cooling medium conventional salt water, that is to say sea water, and in a second and third embodiment conventional fresh water, that is to say spring water, which is delivered at usual spring water pressures and usual delivery temperatures, that is to say temperatures which are dependent upon the natural temperatures of the water reservoir. These spring water temperatures generally lie somewhat below normal room temperature (below 15 - 20°C). A basis for the afore-mentioned starting point is that the present invention can be utilised in a surprisingly simple manner without substantial extra steps in relation to the conventional delivery of electrical energy via a usual network or the conventional delivery of sea water from a suitable source of sea water or spring water from a usual public water works.

There is effected herein as embodiments the heating of cooling water from a temperature of somewhat below normal room temperature to a temperature of above room temperature, but nevertheless of below 100°C in the embodiments illustrated.

However heat energy transfer can also be effected with special apparatus (not shown herein) at substantially different pressures, that is to say higher, or if necessary lower pressures, than atmospheric pressure. Such higher pressures than atmospheric pressure are particularly of interest in the transfer of heat energy at temperature regions which considerably exceed 100°C, where the vapour pressure of the cooling water requires special apparatus and special working conditions.

The transfer of heat energy is transferred as an example directly from the induction arrangement to the heat energy-receiving cooling water, after which the cooling water, that is to say the heated water, is utilised further for different heating purposes.

According to a simplest object of use, which will be described in further detail in a first embodiment in the following general description, there can be used tapped off, heated cooling water directly as a source of hot water. As a practical example the cooling water can be employed for heating for example the pool water of a fish breeding pool (tank). In this connection it can be of interest to heat the water in the fish breeding pool continuously within a temperature range of some few °C by adding the cooling water as diluent water for the pool water.

As a more special, industrial object of use the heated water can be worked up into and used as steam for operating machines, such as electric generators producing electric current. In the last-mentioned case it can be of interest to use high tension power, instead of the customary line voltage.

In practice the temperature of the heated water can be regulated in a ready manner by regulating the quantity of cooling water, which passes through the pipe-shaped electric conductor of the induction arrangement at any time. Alternatively the supplied electrical effect can be regulated, that is to say to increase the temperature of the cooling water by increasing the supplied electrical effect.

An electrical induction is, as known, based on that round an electric circuit of an electrical current conductor on the primary side of the induction arrangement there is produced an equivalent magnetic field having an associated magnetic flux, as a counter to the electric current. Correspondingly, by placing the current conductor of the secondary side within the magnetic field of the primary side, an equivalent electric current is induced in the current conductor of the secondary side, as a counter to the magnetic flux. An induction arrangement in the form of a transformer transfers electrical energy from the primary side to the secondary side by way of the magnetic flux, that is to say by way of magnetic flux via the said magnetic field.

By effecting induction heating in a short-circuited, pipe-shaped secondary circuit of a transformer, the general aim according to the invention is to maintain an electrical equilibrium in the secondary circuit of the induction arrangement, by transferring some of the induced electrical energy for practically utilisable heat energy, while the remaining portions of the induced electrical energy is employed to maintain the general electrodynamic equilibrium in the electrical circuit of the secondary side. In practice an equilibrium is obtained in different energy levels by utilising occurring gravitational forces. This is exhibited for example according to the invention by accelerating electrons in the secondary circuit, so that gravitational forces are developed. The gravitational forces for their part control the electric current relationships and provide for an electrodynamic equilibrium being established at different energy levels in the electric circuit.

In practice such electrodynamic equilibrium shows in that heat energy is developed in the secondary winding at a specific level which balances the electric energy level, which is supplied to the induction arrangement and which is required in order to create an equilibrium in the electrical current relationships in the induction arrangement.

By increasing the supply of electric energy to the induction arrangement an increasing temperature is obtained in the secondary winding, that is to say an increasing influx of heat energy. Correspondingly with a reduced supply of electric energy, there is obtained correspondingly a reduced temperature in the secondary winding and correspondingly a reduced influx of heat energy in the secondary winding. Each energy level has an equivalent temperature level which is adjusted so that equilibrium occurs in the induction process. Such equilibrium is experimentally demonstrated in the performed tests which are to be described in the following description.

According to the present invention it is at the starting point, as an illustrating example, not of interest to effect regulation of the energy supply to a substantial degree during the operation. Instead the objective is to supply energy at a constant energy level in order thereby to be able to drive the induction arrangement under controlled, optimum conditions over a specific time period, precisely in order to demonstrate the effect of the energy transfer during such constant conditions with an easily documentable equilibrium relationship and minimal changes in the system during operation.

An induction arrangement with equal potential on the primary side, and the secondary side can obviously also be used for the object according to the present invention, but for practical reasons it is desirable to employ a reduced potential and increased current strength on the secondary side of the induction arrangement, just in order to have available the largest possible current strength in a ready, that is to say easily accessible manner. In this connection a relatively large number of windings are employed on the primary side and a relatively small number of windings on the secondary side. In connection with the induction of current on the secondary side the current strength can thereby be increased at the same time as the potential is reduced.

In the embodiments which will be described in the following description three phase electrical AC current is employed having a line voltage of 230 volts on the primary side of the induction arrangement. Correspondingly on the secondary side of the induction arrangement AC current is induced with a relatively low potential, for example having an order of magnitude of 1 volt. The result is that an increased current strength is obtained to an equivalent degree on the secondary side of the induction arrangement.

On step-down transforming of potential from the primary side to the secondary side, this involves being able to correspondingly increase (230 times) the current strength on the secondary side. This entails in turn that the resistance of the current conductor on the secondary side is correspondingly increased, this as a consequence of the increasing resistance produced by increasing overheating with increasing current strength. The induced heat energy is thereby increased.

As mentioned above, according to the invention the aim is to go the opposite way to the traditional installation, by deliberately reducing on the secondary side the temperature of the current conductor in order to reduce thereby the resistance of the current conductor. Traditionally one is then able to imagine that one gets thereby a correspondingly smaller heat energy induced for the tapped off cooling water. Practical results demonstrate however the opposite, namely that surprisingly enough there is obtained a substantially greater heat energy transfer to the cooling water by the reduced temperature of the current conductor and a correspondingly reduced resistance of the current conductor. In other words there is a deviation from traditional heat energy transfers, which are based on obtaining heat energy with high temperatures during employment of high resistances, by according to the invention artificially keeping the resistance as low as possible. According to the invention there is created by the artificially low resistance of the current conductor a non- balance in the electric circuit on artificially reducing the temperature of the current conductor on the secondary side.

It is a known fact that the resistance of the current conductor increases proportionally by increasing the temperature of the current conductor and correspondingly declines proportionally by reducing the temperature of current conductors on the secondary side of the induction arrangement. Instead of tapping heat energy, which is produced by means of high resistance, extra heat energy is tapped according to the invention at lower resistances. This will be gone into more thoroughly below.

Firstly reference will be made to the known art in the professional field.

State of the art

According to EP 0387 125 an induction arrangement is known in the form of a transformer, in which there is induced heat energy, which is transferred to a fluid current in the form of melted metal in a pipe-shaped current conductor. The current conductor forms a closed, short-circuited electric circuit on the secondary side of the transformer. The pipe material of the pipe-shaped current conductor is flowed through by electric current, which is generated by induction. By this heat energy is developed in the electrical current conductor, as a consequence of resistance heating. In addition the induced current flows through the fluid, that is to say the melted metal, which flows through the pipe-shaped current conductor. By this there is also developed heat energy in the melted metal, the current passage through the melted metal in itself developing induced heat energy. In other words the induced electrical current flows parallel through the pipe-shaped current conductor and through the melted metal and develops separately heat energy produced by resistance heating. For practical reasons it is found generally advantageous to employ three phase AC current.

The transformer, as shown in EP 0387 125, exhibits a relatively small difference in the potential on the secondary side relative to the potential on the primary side and a correspondingly small difference in the strength of the current on the primary side or on the secondary side. In other words a current strength has been employed on the secondary side which is essentially equal to the current strength on the primary side. Correspondingly high operating temperatures are employed with respect to the temperature necessary for respectively bringing and keeping the flowing medium in the melted condition. In this connection a relatively high resistance is employed in the current conductors and in the melted metal respectively.

A transformer, as shown in EP 0387 125, has the same number of windings on the primary side as on the secondary side, and induces electric current on the secondary side at the same constant potential as on the primary side, while the current strength on the primary side balances the induced current strength on the secondary side.

With the present invention the aim on the present basis is to tap heat energy from the induction arrangement according to the invention with particularly great efficiency relative to that which is obtained by conventional known modes for tapping heat energy.

Characterising features of the invention

The process according to the invention is characterised in that a high speed system, comprising the electric current circuits of the induction arrangement, and a low speed system, comprising the cooling water system of the induction arrangement, are adjusted in equilibrium by the supply of a specific electric energy to the high speed system and tapping off a specific quantity of heat energy from the low speed system, the heat energy developed in the induction arrangement being tapped from the low speed system via the cooling medium in an order of magnitude greater than the electric energy supplied to the high speed system.

By the process according to the invention the electric energy supplied in the high speed system is kept at a specific level in the primary circuit of the induction arrangement, with an equivalent electric energy induced in the secondary circuit of the induction arrangement. According the invention the current strength in the secondary circuit of the induction arrangement is brought at the starting point artificially out of equilibrium by tapping off heat energy from the low speed system via the cooling medium. By adjusting the quantity of electric energy supplied and the quantity of cooling medium supplied relative to each other the high speed system and the low speed system are brought into equilibrium, with the result that a completely different yield of heat energy is obtained than that which can be obtained by developing conventional resistance heat.

According to the invention the flow of cooling medium is supplied continuously to the pipe-shaped current conductor in sufficient quantity to cool the pipe-shaped current conductor from a theoretical temperature (without cooling) to an actual temperature (with cooling). Consequently one ensures that the actual temperature of the current conductor is balanced in an operative condition with an intentionally reduced resistance. It is ensured that the system operates in equilibrium at a specific temperature level determined by the prevailing conditions, that is to say mainly controlled by the speed of flow and the quantity of flow of the cooling medium, and by this adjusted according to the amount of electric energy supplied.

Under such operating conditions intentionally easily controllable there is achieved according to the invention an instantaneous acceleration in the current conductor of the free electrons of the material of the current conductor and thereby an equivalent instantaneous gravitational force is established around the current conductor with instantaneous, separately developed gravitational energy following from this. At the same time this gravitational energy is transferred instantaneously in the form of equivalent quantities of heat energy from the current conductor to the cooling medium.

In a practical embodiment there is employed on the primary side at the starting point a three phase AC current with a conventional line voltage of 230 volts and on the secondary side is employed a low potential of an order of magnitude of 1 volt. At the same time the consequent aim is to employ a high current strength. There is employed as mentioned in particular a relatively low resistance in combination with a high current strength.

The process according to the invention is carried out by reducing the resistance of the current conductor of the secondary circuit to an artificially low value by cooling down the secondary circuit with a flow of cooling medium, which has a high specific heat, for example water, the cooling medium being flowed through the current conductor in a specific quantity with a specific cooling effect, and heat energy being developed by way of gravitational force, which is developed in the pipe-shaped current conductor on the secondary side of the induction arrangement in addition to the heat energy which is developed by resistance heating, the combined heat energy developed being tapped from the secondary circuits via the cooling medium at an order of magnitude greater than the electric energy supplied to the primary circuit. According to the embodiments, which are particularly referred to herein, a current conductor material in the form of copper is used.

According to the invention provision is made as mentioned for the current conductor to have the least possible resistance, something which involves the least possible molecular vibrations in the material of the current conductor. Simultaneously as heat energy produced by resistance heating can be tapped, this provides the basis in addition for heat energy to be able to be tapped again and in a surprising manner from the current conductors directly to the cooling water from a disregarded energy source. According to the invention an energy source is in fact available in the form of a specially developed gravitational field, which is specially developed as a consequence of the deliberate reduction of the temperature of the current conductor and thereby the reduction of the resistance of the current conductor at such lower temperatures.

In practice it has been found that it is possible to produce surprisingly large quantities of heat energy, that is to say quantities of heat energy, which are considerably larger than that which should correspond to the amount of electrical energy supplied. According to the present invention quantities of heat energy have been tapped in practice, by very simple measures, which exceed the energy which is supplied to the low temperature accelerator. In a special case as described in the following description the quantities of heat energy specially measured which are tapped from the low temperature accelerator constitute about double that electric energy supplied to the low temperature accelerator.

Surprisingly it has been found according to the present invention that tapping of a revolutionary high heat energy is obtained by going the opposite route to that which is indicated by conventional induction heating, where significant resistance is utilised to produce induced heat energy. In practice the process is carried out in that by way of introduction the current conductors of the secondary circuit have applied the flow of cold water. Thereafter the current conductor has applied induced three phase AC current at a constant, relatively low potential and high current strength. Artificially provision is made for the resistance to be relatively low in order especially to reduce heat motion in the current conductor, in order thereby to increase the current strength at the expense of lower resistance.

The generator according to the invention is characterised in that the induction arrangement is provided with regulating means for regulating the supply of electric energy to a high speed system, comprising electric current circuits and/or regulating means of the induction arrangement for regulating the quantity of cooling medium supplied to a low speed system, comprising the cooling water system of the induction arrangement, the high speed system and the low speed system being adapted to be adjusted into equilibrium by the supply of a specific electric energy to the high speed system and tapping heat energy from the low speed system, and the heat energy developed in the induction arrangement, which is adapted to be tapped from the low speed system via the cooling medium being able to be tapped from the cooling medium by an order of magnitude greater than the electric energy supplied to the high speed system.

The generator according to the invention constitutes a low temperature accelerator for accelerating the induced, accelerated current strength, a cooling medium (water), which flows through the pipe-shaped current conductors forming a temperature-regulating arrangement for balancing a relatively low actual pipe temperature of the current conductor for correspondingly balancing a low resistance of the current conductor and a corresponding accelerating current strength of the current conductor. According to the invention relatively large current strengths can be handled easily and without problems on the secondary side of the induction arrangement at low potentials. In practice special extra heat energy is tapped according to the invention directly from energy which is connected to molecular vibrations in the material of the current conductor. A direct consequence of this is that the free electrons in the material of the current conductor are correspondingly accelerated and a correspondingly increased gravitational force is established around the current conductor. In practice surprisingly large quantities of heat energy can be tapped from the current conductor via the cooling medium, by choosing a quantity of through flowing cooling medium suitable for this.

The process and the induction arrangement according to the invention show surprising effects with the possibility to tap large quantities of energy, such as mentioned above from an energy source which hitherto has not been recognised, that is to say from a field of relativism.

This situation is so revolutionary that there is a need to go in detail through different features of the solution and consider these features from different aspects . Reference is made to the results of the tests the inventor has conducted and the conclusions the inventor has brought forward in this matter.

In the following description it will first be elucidated what is imposed on different special terms as used herein. In order to understand the result of that which is achieved according to the invention it is important by way of introduction to point out the following concerning the term energy, generally:

Energy

The German physicist Helmholtz stated that:

" all energy conversion occurs without loss or profit". In this connection the so-called energy principle can be formulated more specifically in the following manner: "The energy which is found in a space, can be converted, but the sum of the different energy forms is constant."

The energy principle indicated applies by experience on the physical plane, but on the other hand does not necessarily apply in relation to the microcosmos or macrocosmos and not on the plane of relativism. The forms of energy, which prevail in our low temperature surroundings, are controlled by gravitational conditions in the universe in a cooperation with amounts of energy, which fall in towards the earth from outside and the amounts of energy which are drawn away from the earth. These amounts of energy are controlled partly by energy in sunlight and partly by energy in other cosmic sources of radiation. There occur at any time constant interference effects directly between the energy in our low temperature conditions and the energy in our close surroundings (down to the microcosmos) and in our distant surroundings (up to the macrocosmos).

Energy is reckoned in mechanics to have two main forms of energy, namely kinetic energy or the energy of movement, that is to say the energy, which a body has by virtue of its move- ment, and potential energy or the energy of position, which is the energy a body has because outer forces act on it and try to set it in motion. The hypothesis or law about the invariability or preservation of energy in mechanical processes is also called the law of energy. The first main theorem of thermology says that

"Energy can never come into being or be lost, but only shifts from one form to another form."

This is a theorem of experience, which cannot be proved, but which until now one has not found any departure from.

Gravitational energy is due to attraction between bodies by virtue of gravitational forces. Electrical energy is due to forces which act on electrical charges (electrons) and set these in movement. The forces come into being either by induction or by chemical processes, where chemical energy is transformed to electrical. Chemical energy is due to electrical forces between the electrons and the atomic nuclei of molecules.

Internal energy is that energy, which is stored in a body or a system by virtue of the heat movement of the molecules (kinetic energy) and the forces which act between them (potential energy). The internal energy is designated sometimes as heat energy. Broadly speaking all energy of the atoms is also internal energy.

According to the theory of relativity energy and mass are equivalent terms, something which is expressed by Einstein's equation: E = m.c², which says that for a mass m corresponds an energy E which is equal to the product of the mass m and the square of the speed of light c. The law about the invariability of energy can therefore as well be called the law about the invariability of mass. Previously it was assumed that the mass m of a limited amount of material was unchangeable, but according to Einstein's equation a change of the energy E will involve a change of the mass m. Such a change in mechanical and chemical processes is so small that it is difficult to prove in practice, but in processes of nuclear physics it becomes of measurable magnitude. The energy which is released in a conventional combustion process will thus correspond to a mass change of less than one gram per 1000 tons of combustion material. In the processes of nuclear physics on the other hand one can have a mass change of several grams per kg.

Energy is generated in our low temperature surroundings inter alia by interactions between free electrons and molecular constellations in different ways and is regulated to a significant degree by the transfer of heat to and from the surroundings. The gravitational energy, which is created for example by the acceleration of the electrons in a current conductor, increases until the retroaction of the molecular vibration brings the system into symmetry at that potential, which applies over the current circuit. If the potential of a current conductor is increased the speed of the free electrons is correspondingly accelerated until symmetry is achieved anew. Correspondingly one can continue increasing the potential and correspondingly achieve symmetry at a higher energy level. The material of the current conductor is dependent upon the energy level which can be loaded in the current conductors. At especially high potentials this results in the symmetry not being able to be maintained longer and a collapse of the current circuits occurs in that the current conductors melt.

If one takes the starting point in the microcosmos one finds that the interaction, which emerges between the electrons of the atoms/molecules and the free electrons, involves the gravitational forces changing in relation to the rate of increase of the free electrons and the speed of the free electrons is determined by the molecular interference and the gravitational retroaction depending upon the potential which at any time applies over the current circuit. From this one can draw the conclusion that, that which takes place on the microcosmic level on the elementary particle level, that is to say on the level of free electrons, can also be transferred to the macrocosmic level, since one can imagine that all is constructed from one and the same type of elementary particle and is subjected to one and the same universal law of fields. The universal law of fields is the law about the eternal and universal properties of magnetism in connection with elementary particles. Energy is intimately connected to elementary particles and their universal law of fields.

All matter increases its energy for example on the transition from potential energy to the energy of movement, that is to say when the matter is supplied with an outer force, that is to say an unbalance must be created in order to create such a transition from potential energy to movement energy. It is the surroundings which to a substantial degree regulate such an unbalance, that is to say the unbalance is regulated by the occurring power influence, and the surroundings aim to achieve equilibrium in the system. In other words relatively stable conditions are ensured under the prevailing power influence for any time. This happens in that the interference effect from the surroundings balances such stable conditions. The equilibrium can for example be achieved by acceleration and by retardation of the speed of the free electrons in a current conductor. The free electrons have a lowest energy level on low temperatures occurring in the material of the current conductor with associated low energy wave movements (molecular vibrations), that is to say at an energy level, where the system is in equilibrium at the prevailing temperature and pressure conditions and where the energy is found essentially in the form of potential energy. The free electrons have an increasing energy level when the free electrons are applied an increasing

(accelerating) movement, something which involves electron flow, electron wave movement, and the like, that is to say movement up towards an increased energy level, which is in equilibrium at a movement of the free electrons adapted for this. Correspondingly the free electrons have a highest energy level by an optimal movement of the free electrons, that is to say by rates of movement which approximate the speed of light. At such a high energy level excess energy is given off for example in the form of radiation of light waves from the material of the current conductor. Consequently at this highest energy level the molecules in the current conductor material are no longer able to balance the energy level in connection with the current conductor material and in order to create equilibrium give off energy in the form of heat rays and light rays. This occurs usually simultaneously with a permanent unbalance in the material of the current conductor in that this is heated to temperatures at or above the melting point, something which involves the current conductor material being brought into unbalance and being gradually broken down (melted) at such high temperatures. Energy is present in many different forms and in many different connections, which can in practice be utilised in different ways.

Energy is primarily stored in and incorporated in the electronic structure of molecules and atoms in various energy forms and in various connections. Energy is defined in connection with molecular forces of different types having deviating interference effects. There is the question of forces which are bound to the network structure of the individual molecule/atom and forces which are bonded to different linkages mutually between molecules/atoms. Molecular energy can be released from molecules and atoms by fission and fusion processes by equivalent conversion of the relevant substance, that is to say conversion of the atoms/molecules, there then being formed new substances and then also with new linkages between the new substances and unaltered substances. These processes generally result in large environmental-damaging effects based on instantaneous, almost uncontrollable unbalance relative to the surroundings, that is to say lack of symmetry and lack of equilibrium in all connections relative to the surroundings.

Such lack of symmetry or lack of equilibrium is not observed in connection with the energy tapping according to the present invention. This is especially not the case at the said low or moderate temperatures, which are considered especially herein. On the contrary tapping of energy is achieved from the molecular (relativistic) plane without detectable negative effects and as previously alleged in a deliberately controlled manner without set operating conditions, where equilibrium/symmetry is intended at different energy levels.

Energy can for example be stored in and incorporated in various substances in mutual chemical linkages between like and different molecules and atoms, for example in metals and metal compounds. Energy can in this connection be incorporated in various chemical compounds, which involves the bonding of or release of for example heat by different chemical reactions or under different temperature and/or pressure conditions.

Furthermore the substances can themselves be converted to other structural forms (solid/liquid/gas) by the influence of pressure and heat, for example in that heat is intermittently stored at different levels for example in water (ice/liquid/steam). The energy can be supplied to and withdrawn from the substances under various pressure/temperature conditions without significant environmental damaging effects. The substances change form, as a link in creating equilibrium and symmetry at various relevant energy levels. The question here is different types of bonding energy at a molecular level. In practice one can observe that metals are expanded volume-trically at increasing temperatures and similarly are drawn together volumetrically at falling temperatures.

Furthermore energy can be stored in different physical forms, such as electric energy, heat energy, wave energy, noiseenergy, and the like, and can be transformed from the one form to the other by interference between different substances for example via free electrons and via electrons bound to the atomic structure of atoms/molecules. Furthermore the energy can be stored is substances for example as potential energy (latent power), energy of movement (release power), and the like. In each connection the question is energy levels and energy conditions in internal equilibrium and in equilibrium relative to surrounding energy levels.

Generally there is a continuous interplay that is to say interfering balance or equilibrium between different energy forms and energy levels. More specifically there is a state of equilibrium and a state of symmetry between the different forms of energy determined by different prevailing circumstances in practice. Energy can be readily transformed from energy form to energy form by interference from the surroundings based on gravitation, pressure, temperature, and the like. The form for conversion of energy, which is the easiest to comprehend, is in the form of potential energy and movement energy, friction energy, wave energy, noise energy, and the like in connection with for example movement of a physical object in a specific path. One of the simplest examples in this connection can be a ball, which can be set in movement in a path of movement in a rounded well under the influence of the gravitational field of the earth. If the ball is released, that is to say is dropped from the top of one of the sides of the well, it will roll to the bottom and upwards on the other side, where it will finally stop and thereafter roll back towards the bottom and upwards to the first side of the well. This will repeat itself periodically over a longer period depending upon the friction between the ball and the sides of the well and depending upon wave energy and noise energy developed, and the like, until the ball lies at rest at the bottom of the well in that all the potential energy and all the kinetic energy is transformed to other more static energy forms (that is to say under conditions of full equilibrium, that is to say without potential energy and without kinetic energy). The energy is thereby not lost in the proper sense of the word, but has only gone over to other general energy forms, which are difficult to measure or to determine in practice. The whole time there is the question of symmetry and equilibrium between the different energy forms. In the example mentioned the energy forms have shifted periodically according to a fixed pattern and according to a specific principle of equilibrium. From the starting position there occurs in practice a certain energy loss to various other forms of energy, where for example potential energy is converted to heat energy, wave energy, noise energy, etc.. The energy changes of the ball stand in relationship to the work carried out, that is to say there is present an equilibrium and a balance relationship between the various forms of energy in each connection. This is balances by various internal and external forces. The ball increases its kinetic energy when it rolls downwards through the earth's gravitational field and loses its kinetic energy when it rolls upwards through the earth's gravitational field. The work which the ball performs against gravitation is defined as the force which acts on the ball multiplied by the distance it covers (between he top and the bottom of the well). The energy form in connection with movement is controlled by the earth's gravitational field, but clearly also by other forms of gravitation from the surroundings. The influence from the surroundings plays an important role, something which however is difficult to measure in practice. One must also have regard to the energy supply from solar radiation, cosmic radiation, and the like, without this being able to be measured in any connection.

In the afore-mentioned commentary there is a question concerning movements at a low movement level with relatively low rates of movement. In the present invention the rate of movement is for the cooling water example on matter which has a relatively low rate of movement. The free electrons and associated field of force exhibit on the other hand a completely different movement relationship and a completely different level of speed, which cannot be compared with the level of the speed of movement of the cooling water. In fact the differences in speed are so large that in practice one must consider the conditions in the two different systems separately. The one system (low speed system) with flowing cooling medium can (from a relativistic point of view) almost be considered to be at rest, relative to the other system (high speed system) with the free electrons, which move with a speed up towards the speed of light.

In all processes the question in practice will concern energy loss (energy tapping) in a first medium by the transfer of energy from the first medium to a second medium. Energy which is stored for example in the form of heat energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, and the like, can during the transfer of energy in a more or less unspecified manner be converted to another type of energy. The important thing is not that the matter is tapped of energy, but that it is tapped of energy, which is transferred to other matter in the surroundings.

The principle of energy preservation is however a fundamental law of physics, which applies to all forms of energy and which is based on equilibrium or balance prevailing in the system. There is the question of total equilibrium by adding all energy forms involved. There is no question of increasing energy in any connection, without this happening by loss of energy from a first energy source to a second energy source. The energy is however defined at different levels and in different forms in different connections on the physical plane and on the relativistic plane. An important condition according to the invention is that energy is transferred under working conditions which are self-regulating in the sense that the system under the controlled conditions is in itself brought into equilibrium by interference with the surroundings and byinternal control mechanisms.

According to the present invention there is no question about creating increased energy "from nothing", but on the other hand tapping energy in a novel manner from an unexpected, but nevertheless practically available energy source having a high energy level.

As a practical example of energy tapping a starting point according to the invention is being based on electric energy, where as the starting point of tapping heat energy in an energy tapping process is being based on the movement of free electrons in the current conductor. A key has hereby been found for tapping energy from the relativistic plane. This tapping will be considered herein on the relativistic plane, since the tapping is not immediately apparent on the physical plane. This energy tapping takes place relative to the fundamental physical law which applies the equilibrium principle between different energy forms. Furthermore the energy tapping takes place according to the equivalent equilibrium principle between the conditions which apply to energy transfer based on electric energy.

According to the invention the aim is to establish electric equilibrium in the secondary circuits of an induction arrangement, by accelerating the movement of free electrons in the secondary circuits by equivalent simultaneous tapping of heat energy from the secondary circuits. The result is that one obtains an instantaneous acceleration of the free electrons in the current conductors. After effecting acceleration equilibrium is created at a new energy level, which is determined by the equilibrium condition in and outside the system.

As known the thermal energy P is indicated by the formula 1:

P = I. U (watt)

In practice the energy P supplied at a specific potential U will result in a balancing current strength I suited for this.

If a constant potential U is maintained, and on such a basis brings unbalance in said symmetry with respect to energy levels, by reducing the temperature of the current conductor, one can tap extra heat energy in a surprising manner. This takes place in that the current strength I is automatically increased correspondingly as a consequence of artificially reducing the temperature of the current conductor and thereby correspondingly reducing the resistance R of the current conductor. This is evident from formula 2:

U = I.R

that is to say I = U/R

It is found that the current strength I is proportional to the potential U and inversely proportional to the resistance R. For example at a constant potential U one will on reducing the resistance R to half increase the current strength to double. The speed of the free electrons in the current conductors is accelerated correspondingly as a consequence of the reduced resistance of the current conductor. The acceleration is continued so long as the cooling medium assumes the energy base of the gravitational force, which is produced by the acceleration of the free electrons. Immediately equilibrium is achieved the acceleration of the free electrons is stopped, so that the speed of the free electrons is balanced at a specific higher level, which is determined by resistance occurring in the current conductor at lower temperatures adapted for this.

The gravitational force is similarly generated on the relativistic plane in order to maintain symmetry. Here there is a question of balancing amounts of energy under extreme conditions, that is to say during movement of the free electrons having extremely high (accelerating) speeds on the relativistic plane, that is to say up towards the speed of light. Even small changes in the speed of the electrons involves the integration of large amounts of energy. According to the invention weight is placed on transferring large current strengths (large amounts of energy) and there is then similarly the question of extended movement of electric energy by means of free electronshaving accelerated, that is to say specially increased rates of movement.

The tapped off heat energy, which is removed via the cooling medium, will by consideration on the relativistic plane, be brought forward and tapped in the form of energy, which is stored on the relativistic plane via the gravitational force, without going the route of fission or fusion. In other words one has according to the invention been able to tap energy, which is stored on the microcosmic plane, and bring this energy forward in the form of heat energy on the physical plane. The heat energy is continuously transferred to the flow of cooling medium in the current conductor of the secondary side of the induction arrangement in a stable, easily regulatable condition.

In practice it has been shown according to the invention that surprisingly large quantities of energy can be tapped in a manner which can be undertaken surprisingly simply and easy practically, without the effects of damage being detected, that is to say without any form of damaging effect on the environment and without other detectable negative effects.

The term heat energy is generally measurable on the physical plane. On the relativistic plane heat energy can be defined in general as an expression of molecular vibrations for example in the molecular structure of metal molecules in a current conductor.

Heat energy can however be developed in many different ways. In the present instance heat energy is developed partly by electric resistance (ohmic resistance) and partly by electric heat induction in the current conductor of the induction arrangement as a consequence of gravitational force.

Heat energy can be stored in an advantageous manner in various contexts in different materials. In the present case the aim is to store the heat energy developed in the cooling medium, that is to say in the heated water which is tapped from the induction arrangement. As known, water has a large heat capacity, that is to say the ability to receive and store heat, but on the other hand water is no conductor of current. When pure water is discussed the conduction of current is out of the question and even with contaminated water the discussion is about a very poor conductor of current.

Gravitational Force

An important recognition is that gravitation is present everywhere in the "matter" around us, that is to say both in specific materials (molecules and atomic structures) and in the material surroundings. Gravitation contributes to maintain the equilibrium or the symmetry in our surroundings.

The gravitational force, that is to say the activated gravitational field, as established around a current-carrying current conductor of an induction arrangement, correspondingly provides for maintaining the molecular structure at varying temperatures in the current conductor.

In all "matter", both in metals and in any other kind of substance, the molecular atomic structure determines certain equilibrium-producing retroactions. Such a retroaction arises on the occurrence of molecular vibrations, which are required for maintaining equilibrium or symmetry in the "matter", that is to say for balancing various occurring energy levels. Similarly a molecular interference, which is based on temperature and electromagnetic forces, will give an electromagnetic retroaction, which is designated generally as gravitation.

In the present case the concern is to produce an electronic speed increase in a low temperature accelerator according to the invention. This electronic speed increase corresponds to the electric current, which is required to maintain an electromagnetic equilibrium in the system, as a consequence of the cooling down of the current conductors and the reduction of the resistance of the current conductors following from this. The electronic speed increase also requires the setting up of a gravitational field having an energy level, which is sufficiently large to maintain the symmetry of the system, that is to say to establish an energy level which is equivalent to the energy need which the cooling water taps from the system.

When the cooling water of the low temperature accelerator reduces the temperature of the current conductor, the current strength increases , that is to say the speed of the free electrons, and thereby also the electronically established magnetic field increases. This involves the molecular vibration of the current conductor material changing relative to the cooling down. Thereby the energy of gravitation is spontaneously transferred to the cooling medium in order to maintain the equilibrium or the symmetry of the system (that is to say the simultaneous principle according to Albert Einstein).

The energy yield rises with increasing temperatures of the current conductor, while the energy yield declines when the cooling water reaches vaporisation temperature. This has connection with the stabilisation of the energy level by being bonded to the molecular state, that is to say that the energy is bound to the molecular structure in the form of vaporisation energy.

The basis for being able to understand that gravitational force (relativistic term, according to the definition of Albert

Einstein) can be tapped from an electric current circuit, as is indicated in the present invention, will be explored further below.

In this connection it must be pointed out that a first magnetic field force, which prevails on the primary side of a transformer, initiates a significant second oppositely directed magnetic field force in the core of the transformer. The second magnetic field force induces for its part a third field force on the secondary side of the transformer, which is representative of the amount of current, which at the same time is induced on the secondary side of the transformer.

In a transformer the energy transfer takes place from electric energy on the primary side to electric energy on the secondary side via an intermediate transformer core by means of the said second magnetic field force, which has an oppositely directed and oppositely acting field force to the field forces on the primary side and secondary side of the transformer. In other words the energy transfer between the primary side and the secondary side is controlled by said second magnetic field force with equivalent step-down transforming of potential and an increase of current strength. There occurs in the usual way a certain energy loss (development of heat energy) in the core between the primary side and the secondary side. In other words the system is brought into equilibrium in that certain portions of the energy are converted by interference from electric energy to other energy forms (for example heat energy).

It is known that the said second magnetic field force sets the material of the core of the transformer in vibration and that the magnetic field force around the circuit of the primary side and around the circuit of the secondary side similarly sets the molecules of the material of the associated electric current conductor correspondingly in vibration. The said molecular vibrations correspond to what we understand as physical heat in the respective materials of the core and current conductor. The molecular vibrations in the current conductor material are balanced by the equivalent field force. Consequently there is developed a significant amount of utilisable heat energy by vibrations of the core material, and usually this heat energy is tapped to the surroundings, in the one or another energy form (heat energy, noise energy, and the like). Consequently there is initiated an energy loss (energy transmission) via the transformer's transformation of electric energy between different potential levels and between different current strength levels depending upon the operating conditions.

Current Strength

As regard the term current strength, one should be clear that this concerns the flow of free electrons (the term on the relativistic plane). The electron is defined as

"elementary particle which exists in all substances and is a carrier of the negative electricity in the substance." The size of the charge(s) in the electron is called the elementary charge because all charges which occur in nature - positive and negative - are equal to e multiplied by a completely positive or negative number. The theory about a smallest electric charge can be traced back to Faraday. J.J. Thomsen succeeded in 1897 in determining the relationship, where m designates mass. A difference in the e/m relationship for particles having different energy, received its natural explanation in Einstein's theory of relativity, where it is shown that the mass m of a particle increases with increasing energy E.

Electron emission is the designation for transmitting free electrons from a metal or oxide surface. At usual temperatures the electrons in a metal do not have a large enough kinetic energy to tear themselves free from the metal . In radio valves electron emission is produced by heating the cathode (thermal electron emission). Electrons can also be released by a strong electric field outside the metal surface (field emission), or by collision from invading ions or electrons having great speed (secondary emission). In photocells and camera tubes for television photoemission occurs, that is to say electrons are released by means of the energy of the invading light.

Electron avalanche is called the amount of electrons, which are released by discharge through a dielectric in a strongly electric field. An electron, which is released, will be powerfully accelerated in the field, and before it impacts against a new atom, has got sufficient energy to strike free one or more new electrons, which in turn are so accelerated in the same manner. The electron avalanche is formed by sparking (spark jump) and is always followed by light emission and strong local heating which causes sound waves. In detectors for ionising radiation, for example Geiger counters and spark chambers, charged particles are detected in that they, when they go through the detector, release electrons, which start an electron avalanche. The current which the avalanche leads to, gives a measurable electric pulse.

Electron beams consist of free electrons, which move with great speed, as a rule in a high vacuum or rarefied air. Ph.Lenard and J.J. Thomsen, and others, showed that cathode rays consist of like negatively charged particles (electrons). The energy of the particles in electron beams is measured in electron volts (eV), kilo electron volts (keV) or million electron volts (MeV). At large energies one can not as in conventional mechanics reckon that the energy E = 1/2 m.v², where v is the speed of the electron and m is its mass. One must take into account to the relativistic mass increase

(Einstein's relativity theory) and to the speed approaching the speed of light as an upper limit. At an energy of 0.5 MeV the speed is 86% of the speed of light (considered as the maximum speed) and the mass is increased to double the static mass (the mass when the particle is at rest). At an energy of 500 MeV the difference between the speed of the electron and light is 0.00005%, and the mass is 1000 times the static mass.

By the influence of a potential difference, that is say the electromotive force over an electric circuit, the electrons move through the circuit at rates of movement or at wave rates close to the speed of light (the relativistic speed). The flow of the electrons is controlled in practice by electromagnetic forces (physical forces) and by gravitational forces (relativistic forces). In practice the current strength is controlled at a constant potential by the natural resistance, which is different under different practical conditions determined by the usual physical laws and also by the relationship inter alia on the relativistic plane.

On their route through the current circuit molecules of the current conductor material are influenced by the electro- magnetic field, which the free electrons set up, something which leads to an increase of the molecular vibrations, that is to say vibrations in the atomic or molecular structure of the material of the current conductor, whereby the temperature in the current circuit increases correspondingly as a consequence of this.

However if the potential is increased over the current circuit, the speed of the free electrons increases and correspondingly the magnetic field of the free electrons increases, something which in turn increases the molecular vibration. But there is also increased thereby the temperature of the current conductor, as a consequence of the equivalent increase of the resistance of the current circuit. The aim herein is to keep the potential constant at a specific level during the operation in order thereby to create controlled working conditions. The resistance sets the limit for current passage at a constant potential, that is to say equilibrium is achieved between the set up electromagnetic field and the molecular set up, interference field.

The term "current density" must herein, that is to say in the case according to the present invention, be considered as constant, since the increase in current must be regarded essentially as an increase in the speed of the free electrons, while the increase of field variation must correspondingly be regarded as a mass increase.

Resistance

The resistance in an electric conductor is determined by the magnetic interactions between molecular constellations in the material of the current conductor and the free electrons in the material of the current conductor, and not, such as hitherto been accepted, that resistance is due to collisions between free electrons and molecule/atom or electrons bounded to molecule/atom.

The electromagnetic interaction, which arises between electrons in molecules/atoms of the material of the current conductor and the free electrons, when the free electrons flow through the current conductor and the free electrons are accelerated at a specific (constant) electrical potential, creates an equivalent gravitational field (the term on the relativistic plane). The term gravitational field must however not be confused with resistance (the term on the physical plane), since resistance is based on different electromagnetic interactions caused by said gravitational field.

Equilibrium

The flow speed of the free electrons is in practice constant immediately symmetry or equilibrium is established in the interactions in the molecular set up, interference field. That is to say so long as there is unbalance in the system this is compensated for by various interference effects. Immediately the electrons in the atoms or the molecules have assumed the vibration level (energy level), which is prevailing at a specific temperature in the concrete current conductor at a specific potential there is established symmetry or equilibrium in the system.

An equilibrium principle or a symmetrical principle applies both on the physical plane and on the relativistic plane, but must be considered under different conditions. The equilibrium principle applies both for balancing of different energy forms relative to each other and for balancing of electrodynamic conditions, such as electric potential, current strength, resistance, etc. relative to each other. According to the present invention the recognition has been reached that also in the relativistic plane various relativistic effects can be defined relative to each other based on the equilibrium principle and a uniform understanding of the connection between essential effects.

In the following embodiment 1 it is found that one can achieve equilibrium between supplied effect and temperature of heated cooling water proportionally with a ratio number a equal to 5. Further factors in said ratio numbers will be evident from the following description. The said ratio number is mainly set by the amount of cooling medium (cooling water) per unit of time, but the ratio number also depends on the type of cooling medium (cooling water). In the first embodiment a quantity of cooling water is employed of 50 1/min and as cooling water conventional salt water (sea water) is employed. In the following embodiments 2 and 3 it is found that equilibrium can be obtained between supplied effect and temperature of heated cooling water with a ratio number a equal to 2.55. There is employed in embodiments 2 and 3 a quantity of cooling medium of 5.6 1/min and as cooling medium conventional fresh water (spring water) is employed.

Physical plane and relativistic plane

In order to explain the effect of the present invention it is relevant to distinguish between effects on the physical plane, that is to say effects which are clarified by conventional physical laws, and effects on the relativistic plane, that is to say what one has hitherto tried to understand and define with terms on the relativistic plane. All connections between the laws, which are used on the physical plane, and the laws, which one has attempted to define on the relativistic plane, have hitherto not been completely clear. The laws are not coincident in all contexts and certainly not under all conditions. One moves in a region, where under specific practical conditions surprising results can be achieved. Such a surprising result is found according to the present invention and one means to be able to explain this situation with terms and effects on the relativistic plane.

Practical results have shown that in practice unexpected, surprising results are obtained in a simple manner, something which hitherto has not been observed.

The terms molecules and atoms are defined herein as physical terms, while the term electrons or free electrons are defined herein as relativistic terms.

According to the present invention it is relevant to consider these two different systems in a mutual context. A first system, that is to say a high speed system (S1), which relates to the relativistic plane, operates with particles

(free electrons) which are subjected to large speeds close to the speed of light, while the other system, that is to say a low speed system (S2), which relates to the physical plane, operates with particles (cooling water) having substantially lower speeds, which as a way of comparison (on the relativistic plane) and for the sake of simplicity can be considered as being relatively at rest, while nevertheless there is the question of flow with significant speed of the cooling water through the pipe-shaped current conductor.

The heat transfer can take place in a practically advantageous manner, for example by interference, that is to say by convection from metal to cooling water (which has high specific heat). The heat energy can consequently be stored in the cooling water and from there is successively employed in various industrial or other practical connections of interest.

The invention has been tested in practice for the time of one year in connection with the continuous heating of sea water for fish breeding plants, where the cooling water of the energy tapping process is supplied as heat energy directly to the surrounding sea water environment in a basin (tank) for breeding fish fry. The fish fry used place great demands on the sea water environment, but in practice no form of environmental damaging effect has been shown on the fish fry of the fish breeding plant. One has not been able to trace foreign substances in the fish breeding plant, as a consequence of the particular heat supply process, where the cooling water has flowed directly out into the fish breeding plant. In other words one has not been able to ascertain even the least trace of copper material in the cooling medium used, even if there has been employed current conductor material of the usual commercial copper quality and cooling medium in the form of sea water.

It has been found that in previously set out proposals considerable weight is placed on extracting or utilising heat energy, which is developed by means of the high resistance of the secondary winding's current conductor. In the previous proposals presented in each case weight has been placed on producing a relatively high resistance, either in the current conductor itself or by coupling in of extra resistance elements in the short-circuited current conductors. According to the present invention such extra resistance element(s) is (are) avoided and the aim is to make the resistance the least possible active in the secondary circuit during the induction operation. In fact one has in an artificial manner, that is to say by a special cooling effect, aimed to keep the temperature low and thereby the resistance correspondingly low, even at relatively high current strengths especially used. In this connection there is nevertheless the question of equilibrium in the electric current circuits and this equilibrium has been obtained precisely by regulating the cooling effect in a practically advantageous manner.

Generally it is known that the specific electrical resistance is different in different materials, which are employed in electrical current conductors. In this connection it is usual to use such materials, which are acceptable as to price and practically employable and which at the same time have relatively low specific electrical resistance. Consequently one can develop a heat-developing resistance according to the conditions and thereby generally avoid significant losses of electric energy via overheating of the current conductors, which is due to high resistance of the current conductors. The best possible free flow of free electrons has consequently been ensured in the electric current conductors at moderate temperatures.

It is known that the combined electrical resistance, thatis to say the combined electrical loss, increases in the electrical conductors at increasing current strengths. These conditions place the present invention in a special relief. In practice the amount of current transported (the quantity of free electrons and the electric energy stored therein) is limited by the level of potential used and also the resistance dependent from this.

According to the present invention the aim is in a surprising manner to employ a constant low potential, but simultaneously a high current strength and obtain nevertheless optimal conditions for tapping heat energy from current conductor material of the secondary side by the provision of low, artificially adapted resistance.

The present invention will be described in the succeeding having regard to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 shows a schematic principle sketch of the transmission principle in a low temperature accelerator according to the invention. Fig. 2 shows schematically a sketch of the low temperature accelerator according to the invention, shown in the form of an AC transformer.

Fig. 3 shows schematically and graphically represented the connection between two systems S1 and S2, which form a part of considerations of the low temperature accelerator according to the invention.

Fig. 4 shows a graphic representation of the efficiency as a function of produced effect in the low temperature accelerator according to the invention.

Fig. 5 shows schematically a coupling diagram of a test installation for the low temperature accelerator according to the invention.

Fig. 6 shows in a perspective view a pipe member for use in the test installation according to Fig. 5, for use as the combined electrical current conductor component and cooling water conductor component.

Fig. 7 shows in a perspective view three pipe members coupled mutually in parallel as shown according to Fig. 5, illustrated coupled to the secondary current circuit of the test installation and coupled to the associated cooling water system respectively.

Fig. 8 shows a section of a modified test installation for the low temperature accelerator according to the invention.

In Fig. 1 the principle is schematically indicated for a low temperature accelerator 10 according to the invention. In

Fig. 1 there is shown a primary side 11, which is supplied with three phase AC, as is schematically indicated by three current circuits 11a, 11b, 11c. There is further shown in Fig. 1 a secondary side 12, which is schematically indicated by three current circuits 12a, 12b and 12c. The primary circuits 11a-11c are for the sake of simplicity illustrated herein by a common ring 11d, which schematically represents a number n of windings, for example 230 windings. Similarly the secondary circuits 12a-12c are illustrated herein for the sake of simplicity by a common ring 12d, which schematically represents a single, short-circuited winding.

In Fig. 1 there is schematically referred to for the sake of clarity two different systems S1 and S2. The one system S1, which represents the electrical current circuits on the primary side 11 and secondary side 12, works at the relativistic speed and is designated herein the high speed system S1. The second system S2, which is designated herein the low speed system, represents the cooling water circuit 13 on the primary side and works at such relatively low speeds that the system S2 by the estimates taken can be considered as practically at rest (by consideration on the relativistic plane).

System S1 comprises consequently the electrical system both on the primary side 11 and on the secondary side 12, while the system S2 comprises only the secondary side 12 and only the cooling water system per se. The present invention is based on an energy transfer from system S1 to system S2.

Electric energy is transferred between the current circuits 11a-11c and 12a-12c by induction, three phase AC being supplied to the primary circuits 11a-11c and equivalent three phase AC being induced to the secondary circuits 12a-12c.

The primary circuits 11a-11c are made with windings lid of commercially available copper wire.

The secondary circuits 12a-12c comprises separately, in addition to the electric current circuit also a cooling medium circuit 13 for cooling down respective current circuits 12a-12c of the secondary side, that is to say for cooling down the electric current conductor in the single, short-circuited winding 12d. The secondary circuits 12a-12c are made separately of separate copper pipe 14. Each copper pipe 14 forms a combined electric current conductor and cooling medium conductor. The pipe materials form the current conductor and each secondary current circuit is defined for the annular, endways coupled together copper pipe 14. The inner pipe cross- section of the copper pipe 14 is flowed through by cooling medium and constitutes the cooling medium conductor and communicates with the associated cooling medium circuit 13.

According to the invention salt water is used in a first embodiment as cooling medium, that is conventional sea water. A typical salt content is as follows:-

By the use of salt water as cooling medium according to Example 1 , as shown and described with reference to Fig. 2, there are employed according to the invention pumps for fetching sea water from deep water and for pumping cooling medium further through the cooling system of the low temperature accelerator according to the invention.

Instead of salt water there can be used for example fresh water, which is admixed with different salts or chemical substances in a water reservoir or directly in a pump conduit from a water reservoir. Alternatively the salts or the chemical substances can be added directly to the supply conduit for conventional spring water.

According to the invention conventional spring water can be used as shown in embodiments 2 and 3, as illustrated in Fig. 5 and Fig. 8 respectively. The spring water is supplied from a public water works under normal supply pressure at an appropriate use location. In the two embodiments, as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 8, there is employed as cooling medium spring water without additive means, especially as a consequence of easy accessibility of the use location. In fresh water there is usually a low content of salt and compared with salt water as used in Example 1 spring water as used in Examples 2 and 3 can be regarded as "pure" water.

Water (salt water/fresh water) is especially chosen as cooling medium particularly as a consequence of the particularly high heat capacity and favourable use possibilities in practice.

Other liquid-formed cooling mediums can however also be appropriate but are not further tested out or discussed herein. For example it will also be possible to use gas-formed or vapour-formed cooling mediums, but for practical reasons liquid-formed cooling mediums are preferred, especially on operating the apparatus under simple conditions, where minimal practical supervision and controlled operating conditions can be ensured.

The cooling water circuit 13 is shown in Fig. 1 having thethree pipe members 14 coupled mutually in parallel between a common inlet conduit 15 and a common discharge conduit 16. In the illustrated embodiment there is employed direct through-flow through the cooling water circuit 13 from a cold water source via the conduit 15 to a warm water source via the conduit 16.

In an alternative case, not shown further herein, the cooling water circuit 13 comprises equipment for recirculation of warm water as supply water to the low temperature accelerator.

A recirculation system for used cooling water can for example be arranged in an installation having two separate transformers (see Fig. 8). In the illustrated embodiment there is shown a system having a common current supply system having current circuits coupled in parallel in a common control system. Alternatively the transformers can each have their separate current supply system, which can be coupled in parallel to the electric current network, but which can each have their separate control system.

The cooling water circuit 13 of the one transformer is coupled in the illustrated embodiment of Fig. 8 in series with the equivalent cooling water circuit of the remaining transformer, so that a stepwise heating of the cooling water is achieved from a first temperature level to a second temperature level having a higher temperature.

After being used for heating purposes, where the warm water is for example used for indirect heating of a separate supply of warm water, warm water can as a further alternative be recirculated back to the transformer for repeated cooling of the secondary windings of the low temperature accelerator and equivalent repeated heating of the cooling water. Instead of supplying fresh cooling water one can in such a case recirculate used cooling water.

The low temperature accelerator is generally designated herein as an induction arrangement and is according to the embodiment of Fig. 2 shown in the form of a transformer 10.

When "low temperature accelerator" is discussed herein the concern is with apparatus which can be used at relatively low, that is to say at moderate temperatures. In the following embodiments operation is at temperatures between some few °C and up to 100°C.

In a first embodiment according to Fig. 2, operation is at temperatures somewhat above and somewhat below normal room temperature, that is to say somewhat above and somewhat below 15-20°C. In other embodiments, which refer to Fig. 5 and Fig. 8, operation is at temperatures which span over a somewhat larger temperature range of 5-90°C.

As will be evident from the following description the temperature ranges indicated are indicated by way of example. The indicated temperature ranges are employed in order to demonstrate that the present invention can give unexpectedly large effects, even at moderate working temperatures. At higher temperature ranges distinctly higher effects are theoretically expected, something which will be able to be demonstrated generally by increasing energy yield at rising temperatures.

With apparatus, which is placed in a space at normal room temperature, there can also be used according to the invention considerably higher temperatures than shown herein, but for practical reasons there are only shown herein measured results within the temperature range of from 2-5°C to 100°C.

In the embodiments shown herein two different pipe temperatures are under discussion, that is to say a first actual, directly measured pipe temperature T₃ and a second estimated, theoretical pipe temperature T₄. The actual pipe temperature T₃ is based on pipe temperature in the copper tube 14 with cooling water flowing therein, while the theoretical pipe temperature T₄ is the pipe temperature expected if the copper tube 14 was employed without cooling water flowing therein. The actual pipe temperature T₃ is aimed to be kept below 100°C especially in order to avoid uncontrollable or slightly uncontrollable operating conditions, especially conditions which are due to the development of vapour in the cooling water which flows into the cooling medium circuit 13. In other words the aim is to keep the pipe temperature T₃ below 100°C in order to prevent the cooling water being subjected to instantaneous vapourisation by contact with the copper tube. The theoretical pipe temperature T₄ can however lie at a level of several hundred °C. Under specific conditions not shown further the theoretical pipe temperatures can be estimated to a thousand or some thousand °C. Under such conditions one will correspondingly have actual pipe temperatures T₃ considerably above 100°C and then also larger or smaller development of vapour, something which requires extra equipment for balancing the pressure of the inlet water in the supply conduit 15 and the outlet water in the discharge conduit 16 together with the operating pressure in the copper pipe 14. By the use of copper as pipe material it is preferable to talk about actual pipe temperatures T₃ of below for example 700°C. For pipe material for example of iron there can be discussion about actual pipe temperatures T₃ of below for example 1100°C, while for other pipe material additional higher (or lower) actual pipe temperatures T₃ can be discussed.

The amount of water which can be transported through the pipe-shaped current conductors is in the illustrated, practical embodiment of Fig. 2 set at 50 1/min based on constant, continuous operative conditions in order to balance a specific temperature level in current conductors 14 of the secondary side. The amount of water of 50 1/min is chosen as a practically usable quantity of water for a specific test program in connection with the supply of heated diluted water to a breeding tank or container.

Alternatively larger amounts of cooling water can be employed than the indicated 50 1/min. (not further shown herein). In the following embodiments, as shown in Fig. 5 and 8, there is described the use of considerably smaller amounts of cooling water, more specifically 5.6 1/min. as an embodiment.

A concrete, practical construction is shown schematically in Fig. 2. There is shown therein a transformer 10, which is constructed after a corresponding principle as sketched with reference to Fig. 1. The construction illustrated in Fig. 2 is adapted to induce three phase AC in three secondary circuits respectively by means of equivalent three phase AC, which is supplied to three primary circuits respectively, correspondingly as explained with reference to Fig. 1.

The transformer 10 is fed with AC having a potential of 230 volts from a current source 17, which schematically represents a conventional electrical network. AC is supplied via three mutually parallel primary circuits 11a-11c to three respective sets of windings lid. On each of its legs 19a, 19b, 19c of a common iron core 19 there are wound a number n of windings 11d in each primary circuit. In the drawing there is shown for the sake of simplicity only three windings lid, while in the practical example there are employed 230 windings lid, where each winding represents one volts potential difference.

The transformer 10 is shown with a secondary side 12, which comprises three separate, individually short-circuited and individually separate electrical secondary circuits 12a, 12b, 12c. In the illustrated embodiment there is employed, as current conductor on the secondary side, a copper pipe 14 joined into ring form, which forms a single, separate winding. The current circuit in each copper pipe is closed by means of a metallic joint connection 18 between opposite ring ends of the copper pipe 14. The metallic joint connection 18 can be made for example in the form of a welded joint or other suitable mechanical coupling or joint connection. In Fig. 2 the joint connection is schematically shown as a lead connection, but constitutes in practice an arbitrary current conducting short-circuiting connection 18.

The copper pipe 14 consequently serves two different objectives. Firstly, the copper pipe 14 serves as a respective secondary current circuit 12a, 12b, 12c on the secondary side 12 of the induction arrangement 10, that is to say as a separate component which is besides physically segregated from the transformer. Secondly, the copper pipe 14 serves as a component which is directly integrated in the cooling water system 13.

The transformer includes three separate copper pipes 14 which are coupled in parallel between the common inlet conduit 15 and the common discharge conduit 16. The conduits 15 and 16 can in practice form heat insulated conduits, for example plastic conduits or plastic conduits with surrounding extra insulation material.

The electrical primary current circuits 11a, 11b, 11c, are as shown by branch conduits 11a' , 11b', 11c' mutually connected in a Y-coupling (star coupling) at a common coupling point 20. Alternatively the branch conduits can be coupled in a triangular coupling.

In the illustrated embodiment according to the invention the transformer is wound with compact copper windings in the usual manner on the primary side 11, while current conductors are used in the form of copper pipes 14 on the secondary side

12. Copper is a conventionally used material for current conductors for example in transformers and has in practice good current conducting properties with moderate resistance. The choice of the metal copper is however not limiting according to the invention, but is only shown for illustration purposes.

The specific resistance p of copper is set herein for: a) at an actual pipe temperature (with cooling water) of 20°C: pa = 0.0175 ohm/mm²,

b) at an actual pipe temperature of 75 °C: pb = 0.2135, and c) at a theoretical pipe temperature (without cooling water) of

375°C: pc = 0.4235 ohm/mm².

According to the invention three phase AC is supplied in the illustrated practical embodiment to the primary side 11 of the transformer 10 at a constant potential of 230 volts with an effect of 9560.92 W. Reference is made to the test results measured in practice, as shown in the accompanying Table 1.

The number of windings n on the primary side 11 is as mentioned 230, while there is employed a single winding on the secondary side, that is to say the number of windings is adapted so that on the secondary side there is a constant induced potential of 1 volt. The induced current strength on the secondary side will on step-down transforming of the potential from 230 to 1 volt equivalently increase to 230 times the current strength on the primary side in a conventional electrodynamic equilibrium state. On taking the starting point in a secondary circuit, which is in electrodynamic equilibrium or symmetry with the associated primary current circuit, there can be established by inducing three phase AC in the secondary circuit, an expected, that is to say a theoretical pipe temperature of 375°C, if the energy transfer takes place without the use of cooling water in the pipe-shaped current conductor 14 on the secondary side. The symmetry is based on a set resistance R and an equivalently set current strength I, at a constant potential U, defined by formula 2.

Formula 2: U = I.R

According to the invention there is achieved in practice an equivalent electrodynamic symmetry on cooling down the copper tube from the theoretical temperature 375°C to the actual temperature 75°C. This involves that the resistance R of the of the copper pipe at the theoretical temperature 375°C is reduced to half at the actual pipe temperature of 75°C, that is to say by the use of circulating cooling water in the copper pipes 14. As a consequence of the reduction of the resistance R to half the set current strength I, according to formula 1 above, will increase correspondingly to double. In practice the current strength can thereby be theoretically increased 460 times relative to the current strength which is delivered on the primary side of the transformer.

By cooling the pipe-shaped current conductor 14 on the secondary side 12 with cooling water with for example an inlet temperature of 10.5°C and a discharge temperature of 15°C a heat yield is obtained corresponding to a temperature increase of the cooling water of 4.5°C. At the same time the temperature is balanced in the copper pipe from a theoretical pipe temperature of 375°C (without cooling) to an actual pipe temperature of 75°C (with cooling). In other words, by effecting a continuous tapping of heat energy from the current conductors 14 of the secondary circuit 12, one is able to maintain the electrodynamic symmetry in the secondary circuit 12 of the transformer 10. This symmetry is maintained at the same time as the current strength is theoretically increased to double, as a consequence of the artificial reduction of the resistance by cooling by means of the cooling water. This effect is special according to the present invention and must accorded decisive significance.

From the afore-mentioned it is evident that a quantity of energy is transferred continuously in the current conductor 14 on the secondary side corresponding the amount of heat energy, which is required in order to reduce the temperature of the current conductor 14 from 375°C to 75°C. With such a reduction of the temperature of the current conductor 14, the resistance R is , as mentioned, correspondingly reduced in the secondary winding by half. The heat energy which the cooling water receives continuously from the current conductors 14, is tapped directly from the current conductors 14 based partly on resistance heating of the current conductors and partly on the building up of gravitational energy in the current circuits of the current conductors 14 during particularly favourable electrostatic flow conditions.

In order to maintain equilibrium of the state of electrostatic current in the current conductors 14 only the supply of electric energy is needed. The continuously supplied electric energy is sufficient to maintain the temperature of the current conductors 14 at 75°C in a state of equilibrium. Correspondingly the cooling water will continuously receive that part of the energy which is required to maintain the actual pipe temperature at 75°C and thereby similarly maintain the symmetry between the systems S1 and S2 as shown in Fig.l.

The supplied effect P_suppi is measured at 9560.92 W and can be calculated according to formula 3.

Formula 3: P_suppl = √3 . I . U . cosɸ

that is to say P_suppl = 1.732 . 30 . 230 . 0.8 = 9560.92W

The emitted effect (P_em) is estimated according to formula 4.

Formula 4: p_em = cp . m . ΔT/t . η_trans

where cp = specific heat capacity for water = 4187 J/kg°C, m = water amount/min = 50 1/min, ΔT = (T₂ - T₁)ºC, that is to say

(15-10.5)°C = 4.5°C, t = 60 seconds, η_trans = 0.8294, calculated one finds P_em = 4187 . 50 . 4.5/60 . 0.8294 = 18930.85, that is to say P_em =18930.85 W. Thereafter the efficiency is calculated according to formula 5.

Formula 5: η_tot = P_em/P_suppl

Calculated one finds η_cot = 18930.85/9560.92 = 1.98. On the basis of the temperature rise of 4.5°C of the cooling water during the course of induction the efficiency η_tot is calculated as about 2.

With reference to the coordinate system, as shown in Fig. 3, various (calculated) emitted effects of system S2 are shown graphically by various (calculated) supplied effects shown stepwise at the points 1 and 3-10 based on the first practical example, as shown in Fig. 2 and as referred to in Table 1, and such as marked off in system 1 in Fig. 3.

The supplied effects are shown in Table 1, while the corresponding emitted effects are shown partly in Table 1 and partly in Fig. 4. Only one of the illustrated steps represents, as mentioned above, actually measured results. The remaining steps represent theoretically set results based on calculations of proportionalities between the potentials, current strengths and resistances involved.

In this connection reference is made to the following embodiment, as shown in Fig. 5 and 8, where the discussion is exclusively about practical tests having measured test results.

The last-mentioned tests confirm the theoretically calculated effects as shown in Table 1 and in Fig. 3-4.

In a current conductor, that is to say a copper pipe 14, which is subjected to a constant, low potential U and a relatively high current strength I, the actual temperature of the current conductor 14 would, if the current conductor 14 was not specially cooled down, stabilise itself at an operating temperature T₄ of 375°C under operating conditions similarly as mentioned above, according to the illustrated embodiment of Table 1. In other words there would prevail in such a construction equilibrium/symmetry/balance at such an operating temperature. In such a case the efficiency η , under especially favourable conditions, would be on the low side of 1.

When the current conductors 14 of the secondary side 12 are on the other hand flowed through by cooling water, as is shown according to the present invention, the actual temperature T₃ (with cooling) of the current conductors will in the present case be controlled so that it is stabilised at 75°C, and efficiency η, is then as estimated according to formula 3 and as shown in Table 1 of 1.98. This result according to the invention is highly surprising.

In practice the temperature of the cooling water is increased from an entrance temperature T₁ of about 10°C to an exit temperature T₂ of about 14.5°C, that is to say a temperature increase ΔT is obtained of 4.5°C.

In Table 1 a series of calculated and interdependent values for system S1 and S2 are set out. In Table 1 are indicated the measured values from the previously mentioned practical tests, as a example, based on the following conditions :

- The amount of water Q (m) which flows through copper pipe 14 of the secondary side is 50 1/min.

- The potential U is constant equal to 230 volts.

- The specific resistance of the copper at 20°C is defined for ρ_cu(_20ºo = 0.0175 ohm.mm²/m.

T₁ : Inlet temperature of the cooling water equal to 10.5°C.

T₂ : Discharge temperature (expressed in °C) of the cooling water.

ΔT : the temperature difference T₂ - T_1; (expressed in °C). m: Mass, expressed in kg (equivalent to 50 1/m)

c_p: Specific heat capacity for water (4187 in J/kg°C).

P_suppl.: Supplied effect (system S1) (expressed in watts).

P_em.: Emitted effect (system S2) (expressed in watts).

η_trans: Transformer efficiency equal to 0.8294.

η: efficiency of the induction arrangement.

ɸ: Phase displacement angle cosɸ = 0.8°.

I: Current strength (expressed in amps).

U: Potential (expressed in volts).

R: Resistance (expressed in ohms).

ρ: Specific resistance of the copper (expressed in ohm.mm²/mm).

T₃: Actual (measured) temperature (°C) of the copper pipe.

ΔT₃ : Temperature (°C) of the copper pipe deducted 20°C.

T₄: Theoretical (calculated) temperature of the copper pipe without cooling (expressed in °C).

ΔT₄: Theoretical (calculated) temperature of the copper pipe without cooling (expressed in °C) deducted 20°C.

The specific resistance of the copper is calculated at dissimilar temperatures, that is to say in system 1: ΔT₄ = (375- 20)°C = 355°C and in system 2: ΔT₃ = (75-20)°C =55°C.

The specific resistance of the copper is calculated at the inlet temperature T₁ of the cooling water according to formula

6: Formula 6: ρ₁ = ρ_Cu(20oc) . (1 + αΔT₄)

and the specific resistance ρ₂ is calculated at the discharge temperature T₂ of the cooling water according to formula 7:

Formula 7: ρ₂ = p_Cu(20oc) . (1+ αΔT₃).

The efficiency of the transformer η_trans is estimated according to formula 8.

Formula 8: η_trans = P_em/√3 . I . U . cosɸ . ρ₁/ρ₂ that is to say η_trβns = 0.8294. The emitted effect P._m is calculated according to formula 4.

Formula 4: P_em =c_P.m.ΔT/t .η_trans.

that is to say P_em = 18930.85 W. The efficiency η_tot is estimated according to formula 5.

Formula 5: η_tot = P_em/P_suppl

that is to say η_tot = 1.98.

In Fig. 3 is shown how the specific resistance of the copper varies with the temperature in the two systems S1 and S2.

Fig. 3 also shows how the transition coordinate system can be set up in this manner for the two systems S1 and S2, so as to be able to show readily the efficiency η of the low temperature accelerator 10 according to the invention, at the appropriate cooling water temperatures.

Fig. 4 shows the efficiency η, as a function of the effect emitted from the low temperature accelerator 10 according to the invention.

It is apparent that the combined heat development in a transformer is in part transferred to the cooling water and in part transferred to the surroundings. This latter is especially the case in the energy loss (heat loss), which arises in the core of the transformer and in the primary windings of the transformer. In practice said energy loss (heat loss) can be utilised with extra equipment as a valuable extra source of heat energy, but in the illustrated embodiment this total heat development is not included in the tapped off heat energy according to the invention. The heat yield can in practice be considerably increased by said separate utilisation of the heat loss of the core of the transformer and primary windings with extra equipment.

In addition to the usual amount of heat which can be produced by means of the resistance of the secondary winding, additional energy is utilised according to the present invention from current conductors 14 of the transformer for useable heat energy. This will be reasoned in more detail below.

In order to regulate the appropriate dosing of the heating sequence it is proposed according to FR-B-527 697 to employ a rheostat coupled to the secondary winding, while in EP-A-0193 843 it is proposed to equip the secondary winding with a cascade of thyristors. In DE-A1-3811546 there is employed, similarly as proposed in GB-A-2 105 159, controlling by means of a thyristor in the primary winding. However according to the invention it is not necessary to have such extra control means, one deliberately aiming on the other hand to avoid any extra measures which can produce extra resistance, especially with the thought of keeping the combined resistance at a lowest possible, practical level. Consequently a significant effect can be achieved according to the invention by simple means in an unexpectedly simple manner.

It must be pointed out that a considerable proportion of the heat development which is produced in the present low temperature accelerator is of a considerably different kind from that which has hitherto been observed by conventionally induced resistance heat.

In a practically measured case by supplied effect of 9506.64 watts there is extracted a heat energy of 18701.25 watts by heating 50 litres of water from 10.5°C to 15°C, something which corresponds to the amount of heat which is necessary in order to cool down the current conductors 14 from a first, naturally occurring theoretical pipe temperature T₄ (without flowing cooling medium) of 375°C to a second, cooled down, actual pipe temperature T₃ of 75°C.

Consequently, by tapping heat energy in a specific manner, as indicated herein, one has managed to establish equilibrium in the secondary current circuit 12, at the same time as one is able to tap surprisingly large quantities of energy from the system S2, as is evident from Fig. 1.

By the present invention the molecular vibrations, which are normally produced in the current conductors 14 on the secondary side 12 of the transformer, are reduced at constant potential so that the flow in the current conductors 14 of the secondary side 12 is to a small or preferably minimal degree limited by overheating of the current conductors 14. In other words by means of the cooling water one has managed to keep the temperature T₃ of the current conductors 14 on the secondary side 12 at a specific, relatively low level, so that the free electrons can be transported in a relatively unhindered manner and in an accelerating manner in the circuits 12a-12c on the secondary side 12.

In the afore-mentioned connection there will be considered the gravitational field, which is formed as a consequence of the interaction between the molecules in the material of the current conductor and the mass increase of the accelerating free electrons, and the energy increased thereby. The gravitational field is formed as a result of the interaction between the electrons of molecule/atom and the free electrons. The said energy increase is in direct consequence of the cooling down effected of the material of the current conductor. The cooling down is caused by the cooling water, with the result that the energy, which is based on the occurring gravitational field and which is caused by the mass increase of the free electrons, in transferred in its totality to the cooling medium. The cooling down involves on its side that the symmetry is maintained in the secondary current circuits 12a-12c.

The molecular vibrations are increased as a result of the acceleration of the free electrons and the result is the increase of the temperature of the molecules, that is to say the increase of the molecular vibrations, and with that an increase of the interactions, which are instantaneously transferred to the cooling water, whereby the symmetry of the systems S1 and S2 are maintained. In other words regulated heat energy tapping is achieved by means of the low temperature accelerator according to the invention. There is consequently discussion about the use of a solution, in which the inherent energy of the elementary particles can be utilised in an efficient manner by acceleration of the elementary particles, that is to say by acceleration of the free electrons.

If one had increased the potential over the circuit, one would also have increased the speed of the free electrons and at the same time increased their associated magnetic field, something which in turn would have increased the molecular vibration and thereby increased the temperature of the current conductor together with the resistance of the current conductor. According to the invention however in the illustrated embodiment one has chosen to employ a relatively low, constant potential in the secondary circuit 12, while the speed of the free electrons increases by reduction of the temperature, that is to say by the tapping off of heat energy from the current conductors 14.

According to the invention one has been able to develop in practice surprisingly high amounts of heat energy from the current conductors 14 relative to the amounts of electric energy supplied on the primary side 11. The most important effect is achieved by means of temperature regulation with the tapped off heat energy, which is transferred to the cooling water. According to the invention electric energy can as a result be transferred into heat energy so to speak instantaneously and then at the same time uncollected electric energy which is stored on the relativistic plane.

Furthermore the effective transfer of heat energy from the current conductor to the cooling medium is achieved in that the cooling water used, which has a high specific heat, can balance in an effective manner the temperature of the electric current conductors 14 on the secondary side 12 to a relatively low level. By this the practical conditions are adjusted, so that the free electrons especially can be accelerated to increased, relativistic speeds. The result is that electric energy can be transported and electric energy converted to heat energy, without this involving negative effects. On the contrary the occurring molecular vibrations can be reduced to a practical minimum. It has not been observed that the associated magnetic field forces have any negative effect, since it is anticipated that the energy of the field forces transform heat energy directly to the cooling water. In other words there can be ensured the transport of large quantities of electric current through secondary circuits 12a-12c of the transformer 10 having a relatively low resistance, even when conventional wiring materials are employed for the electric current conductors 14. A decisive factor is however that by adjusting the operating conditions with such a reduced electric resistance (reduced to half) the current strength can be correspondingly increased (to double), and that in other words the rate of flow of the free electrons can thereby be increased to a significant degree.

It can be concluded that an optimal acceleration of the speed of the free electrons is achieved and an optimal, relatively unhindered transformation of electric energy to heat energy is achieved by tapping heat energy from the relativistic plane, based on controlled cooling of the current conductors 12a-12c on the secondary side 12.

There is achieved according to the invention that the whole electric energy, which is supplied to the primary side 11, can be transferred in a temperature-controlled manner with a balanced distribution of tapped heat energy and the maintenance of electrostatic equilibrium between the primary side 11 and the secondary side 12. In other words partial tapping of heat energy from the secondary side 12 and partial stabilisation of the electrostatic conditions on the secondary side 12 can be obtained. According to the invention extra heat energy can be tapped from the current conductor 14 in order to maintain electrodynamic equilibrium on the secondary side 12. In this connection it has been demonstrated in a surprising manner that according to the invention, simultaneously with effecting conventional energy transfer by induction from electric energy to heat energy, additional heat energy can be tapped which is brought from the relativistic plane, that is to say from the rate increase of the free electrons, something which in turn, as is mentioned above, leads to an increase of mass and which in turn means generating increased energy for tapping via the cooling water.

Considering a physically supplied current of heat and the electric current directed in opposite directions, this involves (according to Lenz's law) that the electric current must alter the potential energy of the free electrons, that is to say alter the field direction of the free electrons 180°, something which results in a drop in potential which is called Thomson potential and which in turn results in an energy loss which has received the name the Thomson effect. On the other hand if the conductor is supplied with an electric current in the same direction as a physically supplied heat current, the heating becomes theoretically the sum of the two different forms of heat. The effect is small and has significant theoretical interest. It is the molecules which react on the physical heat supply, while the resulting molecular heat reaction is transmitted by the free electrons. The result is that the electrons are adjusted to a speed, which is adapted for maintaining symmetry of the current conductors. In the current instance heat, that is to say vibrations of the molecules of the current conductor, becomes physically reduced in a continuous manner by the through flowing cooling water, that is to say the temperature of the current conductor is kept down, while the resistance is reduced and the free electrons are accelerated at a constant potential. This implies that the heat energy, which is tapped via the cooling water corresponds to the energy which is represented by the acceleration of the free electrons.

In the drawing Fig. 5 there is shown a test installation, in which there is employed a low temperature accelerator according to the invention. The low temperature accelerator comprises a single three phase 15 kVA transformer 100 having a primary side 101 and a secondary side 102.

On the primary side 101 of the transformer 100 there is shown a coupling to a network 103 having three AC with a conventional potential of 230 volts. Three associated current conductors 104,105,106 are shown, one for each phase, connected to an off-on breaker 107. From the breaker 107 three current conductors 104a, 105a, 106a branch off to a common regulator 108 of potential of the "Variac 3-phase 50 amperes, enclosed " type.

By means of the potential regulator 108 electric energy can be supplied during the tests at set, especially adjusted potentials, which are determined independently of the potential which is delivered from the network at a potential of 230 volts.

In association with outgoing current conductors 104b, 105b, 106b from the potential regulator 108 there are connected lead connections in a manner not shown further to a measuring box 108a for control measuring of potential, current strength and effect parallel with the remaining measuring instruments, which will be described further below.

In each of the outgoing current conductors 104b, 105b, 106b there is inserted an ammeter 109,110,111 of the "EC3V 0-60A Direct" type. Thereafter there is inserted via branch leads 104c, 105c, 106c a power metre 112 of the "WC 3VII 0-20kW" type. A first voltmeter 113 is inserted in a first branch lead connection 114 between the current conductors 104b, 106b, a second voltmeter 115 in a second branch lead connection 116 between the current conductors 104b, 105b and a third voltmeter 117 in a third branch lead connection 118 between the current conductors 105b and 106b. The voltmeters are of the "EC3V 0-300V" type.

The primary side 101 of the transformer 100 shows three phase lead connections 104b, 105b, 106b coupled in a Y-coupling via a common coupling point 121 with associated windings 122,123,124, which are illustrated schematically and shown incorporated in lead connections 104d, 105d, 106d.

A number of 230 windings are employed in each phase on the primary side 101 and a number of 1 short-circuited winding 125,126,128 in a respective one of the three phases on the secondary side 102 of the transformer. The windings are arranged each on its respective pole 128a, 128b, 128c.

In the illustrated embodiment each winding 125,126,127 is designed in the form of a pipe conduit made of copper.

A pipe conduit system 130 is shown with an intake 131a from a communal pressure water conduit 131 from a public water works. In connection with the intake 131a there is inserted a tap 133 for manually regulating the amount Q of water from the intake 131 to a pipe conduit 132. Downstream of the tap 133 there is inserted in the pipe conduit 132 a water quantity measurer 134 comprising a magnet valve of the "EVSI20 3/4 inch" type with associated coil of the "11876701 220 VAC F/MAG.V" type. Furthermore there is inserted in the pipe conduit 132 a pilot valve with signal lead connection, as shown with broken lines 135, to the on/off breaker 107.

From the pipe conduit 132 there extends a first branch conduit 136 via the pipe conduit of the winding 125 and a second branch conduit 137 to a return conduit 138 and corre spondingly a branch conduit 139 from the pipe conduit 132 to the pipe conduit of the winding 126 and therefrom a branch conduit 140 to the return conduit 138 and a branch conduit 141 from the pipe conduit 132 to the pipe conduit of the winding 127 and therefrom a branch conduit 142 to the return conduit 138.

In each of the branch conduits 137,140,142 there is inserted an associated sensor pocket 143 of the "831600110K 110/08" type for receiving an associated thermometer 144 of the "DIG, MTIITIE 230 VAC" type for measuring the water temperature

T₁ of the unheated cooling water in each of the branch conduits

137,140,142. Signal leads 145 are shown in broken lines to associated digital temperature indicators 146 of the "TUC 350 -

PTC/2" type.

On the pipe conduit 132 there is fastened a temperature meter 147 of the "DTM 365" type for measuring external pipe temperature T₃. There is shown in broken lines a signal lead 148 to a temperature indicator 149 of the "DTM 365" type.

Similarly there is fastened on the return conduit 138 a temperature meter 150 of the "TUC 350 -PTC/2" type with a lead connection to a display for indicating the water temperature T₂ of the heated cooling water.

In Fig. 6 there is shown a separate pipe insert member 14', which is made so that it can be readily mounted in place on the transformer, in the form of a separate component and so that it can be readily dismounted from the transformer. The pipe insert member 14' is constructed of two pipe stumps 30 and 31 each of which has its one end 30a and 31a axially coupled together with a first intermediate, muff-forming pipe sleeve 32 and each of which has its remaining end 30b and 31b coupled together with a second intermediate, muff-forming pipe sleeve 33. The pipe sleeves 32 and 33 are provided with a respective pipe stump 34 and 35 which are coupled to the pipe sleeves in a locality centrally between ends of the pipe sleeves. The pipe stumps 34,35 are, as indicated by arrows, designed to be connected to their respective conduits 15 and 16.

From the water supply conduit 15 the cooling water is distributed in two distinct, mutually parallel runs in each pipe stump 30 and 31, while the pipe stumps 30,31 at the opposite end correspondingly communicate with a water discharge conduit 16. Each pipe stump 30,31 forms consequently individually a separate cooling water circuit in a common cooling water system. Similarly the pipe stumps 30 and 31 form together a common secondary circuit with two associated windings. In this connection it is of decisive significance that there is established an effective short circuit connection via associated connecting sleeves 32,33.

The pipe insert member 14' consequently constitutes a separate electric circuit, which can be arranged freely surrounding on an associated transformer pole on the core 19 of the transformer, as is shown in Fig. 7 by broken lines. Provision is made in practice for electric insulation and also heat insulation between the core 19 of the transformer and the pipe insert member 14 by means of an insulating layer consisting of an insulation sleeve 19', as indicated by chain lines.

In Fig. 7 a set of three such pipe insert members 14' is shown, which each represent a corresponding individual secondary current circuit 125,126,127 and each represent an associated secondary water through-flow arrangement of an associated transformer.

EXAMPLE 2.

There was begun a series of tests at a test installation according to a first set-up A according to Fig. 5, in which there was employed a single 15 kVA transformer. At the starting point the installation showed a room temperature of 14°C. The pipe conduit system 130 was coupled to a communal pressure water conduit 131 via the pipe conduit 132 by means of a tap 133. A current of water was supplied with an amount of water of 401/min. The supplied water had a starting temperature of 5°C. Said amount of water flowed through the pipe conduit system in

5 mins. A temperature of 5°C was read in each of the associated temperature indicators 146 of the respective thermometer 144 in each of the branch conduits 137,140,142. The water temperature was controlled to be held constant at 5°C during the whole test sequence.

Thereafter the supplied amount of water was adjusted to 5.61/min, that is to say an amount of water which was able to be held stable over time independently of the water consumption of the public water conduit. The amount of water was controlled to be held stable at 5.61/min. during the whole test sequence.

Thereafter the transformer was coupled to the network 103 via the breaker 107 with the potential regulator 108 in the 0- position (0 potential).

First Test (1A):

The potential was gradually increased from 0 volt to 171 volt, which was read in each of the voltmeters 113,115,117, something which corresponds to a supplied output (P_suppl) of 6kW, which was read directly in the power meter 112. The measured results were read off one after the other in each of the measuring instruments and the measured results were registered in associated forms, as shown below in Table 2.

A current strength of 22 amperes was read in each of ammeters 109,110,111. The temperature 22°C was read in each of the thermometers 144 in each of the branch conduits 137,140,142 via associated indicators 146. The temperature of the temperature reader 147 of the pipe conduit 132 was measured at 56.61°C.

Finally the values were calculated as indicated below in Table 3. The ratio a = T_3/T₂ was estimated at a = 2.55. The specific resistance of the copper pipe of secondary windings 125,126,127 of the transformer is calculated according to formula 6. Formula 6 : ρ₁ = ρ_Cu(20o) .1+ α ΔT1

where ρ_Cu(20oC) = 0.0175 Ωmm2/m,

α = resistance increase for copper, that is to say Ω/ΩΔT ΔT = [ (T₃.a) -20]°C,

a = T₃/T₂ = 2.55.

The estimate finds ρ₁ = 0.0175 Ωmm²/m+0.00175 Ωmm²/m.

0.004.(144.36-20) = 0.02622 Ωmm²/m. Similarly ρ₂ has been calculated according to the formula 7.

Formula 7: ρ₂ = p_Cu(20ºC). 1+α . ΔT₂ where Δ_T2 = (T₃ - 20 )°C. Calculated one finds ρ₂ = 0.0175 Ωmm²/m+0.00175 Ωmm²/m.0.004. (56.6-20) = 0.020062 Ωmm²/m.

One estimates the emitted output (P_em) according to formula 4.

Formula 4 : P_em = cp . m . ΔT/t . η_trans

where cp = specific heat capacity of water = 4187 J/kg°C,

m = amount of water/min. = 5.6 1/min.

ΔT = (T₂ - T₁) °C, that is to say (56.6 - 22.2)°C = 34.4°C. Calculated one finds that P_em = 6.7215 kW.

The total efficiency η_t0t was calculated according to formula 9.

Formula 9: η_tot = p₁/ρ₂

that is to say η_tot = 0.02621/0.020062 = 1.31

One estimates cosφ according to formula 10.

Formula 10: cosφ = P_suppl/√3 . (U₁ + U₂ + U₃) /3 .

(I₁ + I₂ + I₃) /3

Calculated one finds cosφ = 6000/√3 . 171.3 . 22 = 0.919, that is to say φ = 0.92.

The efficiency η_trans of the transformer was calculated according to formula 8.

Formula 8: η_trans = P_em/ √3 . I . U . cosφ . ρ₁/ρ₂ that is to say η_trans = 6721.5/1.732 . 22 . 171.3 . 0.92 . 0.02622/0.02006 = 0.86.

Second Test (2A)

The second test was performed by increasing the supplied power (P_suppl) from 6kW to 7kW by means of the potential regulator 108. The measurements were effected one after the other in a corresponding manner as in the first test and the measured results were introduced into Table 2 and the corresponding values in Table 3 were calculated in a corresponding manner as in the first test. In Table 3 there was read the ratio number 2.55 and the efficiency η' of the low temperature accelerator was estimated at η' = 1.116, that is to say somewhat lower than in the first test based on 6 kW supplied power. The total efficiency η_cot was estimated at η_cot = 1.34, that is to say somewhat higher than in the first test.

Third Test (3A):

The third test was performed by increasing the supplied power (P_suppl) from 7 kW to 8kW by means of the potential regulator 108. The measurements were effected one after the other in a corresponding manner as in the first test and the measured results were introduced into Table 2 and the corresponding values in Table 3 were calculated in a corresponding manner as in the first test. In Table 3 there was read the ratio number 2.55 and the efficiency η' of the low temperature accelerator was estimated at η' = 1.075, that is to say somewhat lower than in the first test based on 6kW supplied power and furthermore lower than in the second test based on 7kW supplied power, the total efficiency η_tot was estimated at η_tot = 1.36, that is to say somewhat higher than in the second test and still higher than in the first test.

Fourth Test (4A):

The fourth test was performed by increasing the supplied power (P_suppl) from 8kW to 9kW by means of the potential regulator 108. The measurements were effected one after the other in a corresponding manner as the first test and the measured results were introduced into Table 2 and the corresponding values in Table 3 were calculated in a corresponding manner as in the first test. In Table 3 there was read the ratio number 2.55 and the efficiency η' of the low temperature accelerator was estimated at η' = 1.06, that is to say somewhat lower than in the first test based on 6kW supplied power and furthermore lower than both the second test and third test. The total efficiency η_tot was estimated at η_tot = 1.38, that is to say somewhat higher than in the third test and still higher than in the first and second tests respectively.

It is found that the efficiency η_trans of the transformer gradually decreased from the first to the second test and correspondingly from the second test to the third test and from the third test to the fourth test, that is to say the greater the power supplied to the transformer the greater the heat loss which occurs in the core of the transformer and in the primary winding of the transformer. This heat loss is transmitted to the surroundings in a manner not measurable. It must be emphasised that the quantities of heat which are transferred from the secondary winding of the transformer via the cooling medium (the flow of water in the water pipes) are not expected to be the supplied heat from the core of the transformer or from the primary winding of the transformer, since the water pipe of the secondary winding is thermally insulated from the transformer.

However it is thought to be possible to take care separately of this heat loss from the core of the transformer and from the primary winding of the transformer, without practical examples of this being given herein.

Example 3:

Instead of the arrangement, as described in Example 2, there was employed a set up B having two pieces 15 kVA transformers 100 and 100', which were coupled in parallel via leads 104b, 105b, 106b to common supply leads 104a, 105a, 106a and 104' , 105' , 106', as is shown in Fig. 8. The cooling systems of the two transformers 100,100' were coupled in series. More specifically the supply conduits 136,139,141 of the transformer 100 were joined at the one end to a common supply pipe 132 and joined at the other end to their respective current conductors 125,126,127 of the transformer 100. The current conductors 125,126,127 were joined via their respective discharge conduits 137,139,141 directly to current conductors 125', 126', 127' of the transformer 100'. The current conductors 125', 126', 127' were joined via discharge conduits 137', 139', 141' to a common discharge pipe 138, which communicates with the source of discharge water as shown by the arrow 16. The metering deviceis not shown in Fig. 8 but is correspondingly as shown in Fig.

5.

In Fig. 8 there is shown an arrangement as employed in Example 3. One after the other four tests 1B,2B,3B,4B were effected with a combined supplied power (P_suppl) of 6,7,8, and 9 kW respectively. Reference is made to Tables 4 and 5 below. The measured potentials (U₁,U₂,U₃) were stepwise lower (97 volts, 106.3 volts, 113.83 volts, 120.83 volts) in each of the transformers 100,100' in Example 3 than in the one transformer of Example 2 and the measured current strengths (l₁,I₂,I₃) were equivalently stepwise higher (37.2 amperes, 40.2 amperes, 42.63 amperes, 44.67 amperes) in each of the transformers 100,100' in Example 3 than in the one transformer 100 in Example 2.

Somewhat surprisingly it was found that the ratio number a of both transformers in Example 3 had the same value a = 2.55, as in Example 2. This is shown in all the said four tests

(1B,2B, 3B, 4B) in Table 5. The conclusion must be that the tests are conducted in a test state where equilibrium prevails between the supplied power and the emitted power at the respective power levels in each test. Surprisingly enough the efficiency η for the low temperature accelerator according to Example 3 is correspondingly as shown for the low temperature accelerator according to Example 2, and the same applies to the total efficiency η_tot and the efficiency η_trans of the transformer.

Thereafter an additional two tests (5B and 6B) were undertaken in a corresponding manner as described above.

Fifth test (5B)

The fifth test was conducted by increasing the supplied power (P_suppl) from 9kw to 10kW by means of the potential regulator 108. The measurements were effected one after the other in a corresponding manner to the first test, and the measured results were introduced into Table 4 and corresponding values in Table 5 were calculated in a corresponding manner as in the first test (Example 2). In Table 5 there was read the ratio number 2.55 and the efficiency η' of the low temperature accelerator was estimated at η' = 1.06, that is to say somewhat lower than in the fourth test based on 9kW supplied power. The total efficiency η_tot was estimated at η_tot = 1.41, that is to say somewhat higher than in the fourth test of Example 2 and of Example 3. The efficiency η_trans of the transformer was estimated at 0.76, that is to say lower than in the fourth test.

Sixth test (6B)

The sixth test was conducted by increasing the supplied power (P_suppl) from 10kW to llkW by means of the potential regulator 108. The measurements were effected one after the other in a corresponding manner as in the first test and the measured results were introduced in Table 4 and corresponding values in Table 5 were estimated in a corresponding manner as in the first test (Example 2). In Table 5 there was read the ratio number 2.55 and the efficiency η' of the low temperature accelerator was estimated at η' = 1.06, that is to say largely corresponding to the fifth test based on 10kW supplied power, The efficiency η_trans of the transformer was estimated at 0.74,

Practical Example of a Low Temperature Accelerator according to the Invention

With the starting point in a practical try out, over a month, there will be shown as follows estimates and conclusions in connection with a specific construction of the low temperature accelerator according to the invention.

The inducing arrangement according to the present invention has for an objective to produce an accelerating flow of the induced AC by providing for a balancing, relatively low temperature in the short-circuited current conductor by means of the through-flowing cooling water. The object is to produce an amount of heat energy, which is significantly larger than that which otherwise would be developed by inducing without the through-flow of cooling water.

The basis for the operation of a so-called low temperature accelerator is generally based on the recognition that universal symmetry at a low temperature level, without the production of damaging radiation or damaging waste, but at the same time with the possibility for practical utilisation of all the gravitational energy we could desire. By the term "gravitational" energy shall be generally understood the energy which is connected to gravitational forces, which in turn are connected to the free electrons together with atoms/molecules of the current conductor. The said atoms/molecules and free electrons consequently form a part of the specific material, that is to say a material in which the atoms/molecules and the free electrons can be set in vibration.

Generally all matter increases its energy at the transition from potential energy to energy of movement. This is an important circumstance in understanding the effect according to the present invention. This applies especially in connection with developing utilisable heat energy based on available electric energy. The conversion of electric energy from potential energy to movement energy is effected in that free electrons are applied potential via the primary circuit of the transformer. The movement of the free electrons becomes relative in relation to the surroundings and the practical conditions which lie at the basis of the movement. This applies especially to the relativistic plane. When the speed of movement for example approaches the speed of light, the rate of the increase declines (according to Einstein), while the energy increases towards the infinite. The aim according to invention is a practical utilisation of inter alia this principle by utilising the acceleration of the free electrons and the source of energy which this represents.

In the low temperature accelerator the symmetry is maintained exactly, in that cooling medium (which has a large mass and heat capacity) is transported internally through the pipe-shaped current conductor, something which causes spontaneous cooling down of the current conductor. Thereby there can be released/tapped to the cooling medium that energy which at any time is required to maintain symmetry in the system on the relativistic plane.

On the basis of the measured results it is found from Tables 3 and 5 that the ratio number 2.55 (for the Examples 2 and 3, which are based on an amount of water Ω of 5.6 1/min.) is constant and this must be taken as an expression of the establishment of equilibrium conditions at the various temperature levels, all dependent upon which power is supplied.

On the basis of the measured result it is found from Table 1 according to Example 1, with reference to Fig. 2, that the ratio number is estimated at 5 (where Example 1 is based on an amount of water of 50 1/min.). On the basis of the test results of Examples 2 and 3, it is assumed in Table 1 that the ratio number a = 5 for the remaining estimated results, as shown in step 1 and also the steps 3-10 of Table 1, is constant for a constant amount of water (50 1/min.).

It can be recognised that in all kinds of matter a gravitation prevails in order to maintain symmetry in a system in a low temperature condition. The gravitational field established, which is produced as a result of the acceleration of the free electrons, provides consequently for maintaining symmetry in the molecular structure at varying temperatures and other varying conditions.

When the cooling medium in the low temperature accelerator reduces the temperature of the current conductor, the speed of the free electrons increases and thereby also the set-up magnetic field of the free electrons. Consequently the molecular vibration changes relative to the cooling down. Thereby the energy of the gravitation becomes spontaneously transferred to the cooling medium for maintaining the symmetry in the system.

According to the present invention it is found that in the afore-mentioned process there is uncovered a very revolutionary energy transfer, which provides a heat effect which far exceeds the heat effect which can be expected by the laws which are employed on the physical plane. In practical tests in connection with the afore-mentioned process it is surprisingly found that heat energy can be developed, which is larger than the electric energy supplied. According to the first Example with the supply of an electric power of about 9.5 kW tapping of approximately double the amount of heat energy about 18.7 kW was obtained relative to the electric energy supplied. As indicated in Table 1 one can with a supplied power P_suppl of about 83 kW theoretically or by way of estimate obtain an emitted power P_em of about 312 kW. The efficiency η' can according to formula 10 be estimated at 3.76. In other words it is estimated that approximately four times the amount of heat energy can be tapped relative to the electric energy supplied by increasing the supplied power nine fold.

The present inventor shall as follows advance his reasons for the said revolutionary energy transfer, which are obtained by experiment and practical use.

By way of introduction it is pointed out that according to the Lorentz transformation many of the laws, which are applic able on the physical plane, do not have validity on the relativistic plane. In the present instance it shall be pointed out that on the physical plane one has thermodynamics with associated physical terms, such as the term "substance", while on the relativistic plane one has quantum electrodynamics with associated relativistic terms, such as the term "matter". A common term for the said terms "substance" and "matter" is stated as "mass". The physical plane is however constructed and based on the laws of the relativistic plane. The laws of the relativistic plane are governed through a mutual relationship between the physical and the relativistic planes. This relationship is at the foundation of electromagnetic nature, that is to say of gravitational nature. This can give a deepening explanation of a unitary field law and a universal energy law.

In the present case the interactions will be stressed between the free electrons and the electrons in the molecules of the electric current conductor, that is to say the molecularelectrons. The interactions produce a continuous gravitational energy. Herein lies the recognition that the electron represents an electromagnetic minimum charge and constitutes a foundation stone for atoms of any type.

The molecular vibration, according to our understanding, involves matter being associated as solid, liquid and gas respectively. In certain connections the term heat is understood as an expression of the molecular vibration of the material in various physical states of the substance and associated molecular collisions in such physical states

(especially in connection with gases). The present inventor believes that heat can also be explained as a result of gravitational energy.

When we talk about electric current, we have to be clear that it is free electrons which constitute what we ordinarily call electric current. By the influence of a potential difference over an electric circuit, the electrons move through the circuit with a speed approaching the speed of light. In their way through the circuit the electrons in the molecules of the conductor are influenced by the electromagnetic field, which the free electrons establish, and the result is that the molecular vibration is increased and thereby the temperature and the interactions increase together with the gravitation in addition.

If we increase the potential over the circuit, the speed of the free electrons correspondingly increases and thereby the electromagnetic field of the free electrons increases, some-thing which in turn involves an increase of the molecular vibration. Similarly the temperature is increased and also the resistance of the current conductor of the current circuit. The resistance for its part sets the limit for the practical flow- through at a constant potential. The conclusion is that equilibrium is achieved between the electromagnetic field, which is established by the free electrons, and the molecularly set up, interfering field. Reference is made to the ratio number a = 5 in Example 1 and the ratio number a = 2.55 in

Examples 2 and 3 above.

The electronic acceleration, which is required in order to obtain/ maintain the symmetry of the current conductor, is determined by the applied potential and the resistance, which is obtained by the prevailing load over the resistance. At a specific temperature the said symmetry occurs, that is to say the interaction which takes place between the interfering field of the molecules and the established field of the free electrons. In other words the symmetry or the interaction arises by virtue of the acceleration of the free electrons and the field established by the free electrons, which constitutes the current strength.

If the current conductor is cooled, the interfering field of the molecules is reduced and consequently also the resistance. When under such conditions the potential is kept constant over the current circuit, the field of the free electrons is accelerated. This involves the current being increased in step with the reduction of the resistance. One can hereby lay the foundation for the acceleration of the free electrons and thereby for an increase of the energy which is transferred to the cooling medium. Said in another way the energy, which is necessarily required to keep the temperature down, that is to say keep the molecular vibration down, will be able to be transferred to the cooling medium.

The conclusion is again that use is made of a continuous gravitational energy in the form of heat energy on the basis of a continuously proceeding process. The said tappable off heat energy can be explained, as the energy which is supplied for maintaining the continuously proceeding electrodynamic process.

It is a fact that the free electrons, due to their flow through an electric current conductor with its established field, set the material of the current conductor in molecular vibration.

From this it follows that when the temperature of the material of the current conductor is kept low, this entails that the gravitational energy can be transferred to the cooling medium, which has large and slow mass and high heat capacity, the molecular vibration of the current conductor being decreased in step with the lowering of the temperature, while the current in the current conductor increases at a constant potential in step with the increase of temperature.

Lorentz has developed transformation equations, which indicate how time and place coordinates are altered when one goes over from a static coordinate system to a coordinate system in movement. In the present instance the afore-mentioned system S1 (the electrical current circuits) can be regarded as a coordinate system in movement, while the afore-mentioned system S2 (the runs of the cooling water circuit) can be regarded as a static coordinate system.

Einstein showed in his special theory of relativity that these equations follow the principle of the constancy of the speed of light. Especially in Einstein's theory of relativity the starting point is taken when it is established that the speed of light represents the limit for optimal speed.

According to classical mechanics it is said that "a body will increase its speed uniformly as long as a constant force acts on it.". This is not the case at extremely high speeds, that is to say what are designated as relativistic speeds, that is to say speeds close to the speed c of light. On the other hand it is established according to the theory of relativity that at relativistic speeds v the increase in speed will gradually become less, and instead the mass m of the body will increase. The mass m consequently cannot be reckoned as constant. It can be derived from Einstein's relativity equation that when the speed v goes towards the speed c of light γ goes, and thereby the mass m, towards infinity. There is drawn from this the conclusion that the speed of light c represents a limit which can not be exceeded.

Also Einstein showed that the mass m represents energy E, that is to say that the mass m is ascribed quantum characteristics.

Dirac's theory, together with Maxwell's description of the magnetic field, form the basis for the theory of quantum electrodynamics.

According to later theory (about 1948), presented by R. Feyman, Y. Schwinger and 0. Tomonaga, the theory is introduced of field quantifying, where the electromagnetic field is also ascribed quantum characteristics.

By this a uniform description of electromagnetic phenomena and gravitational phenomena is obtained.

By transition from a first coordinate system S1, where movements take place at relativistic speeds, to a second coordinate system S2, where there is discussion about heavy and slow masses, the movement occurs at relatively low speeds. For the sake of comparison the mass m can, as mentioned, at such relatively low speeds be considered practically speaking as being relatively static on a consideration of relativistic conditions. In that the system S2 is considered to be static (according to relativistic considerations) a constant gravitation acts in system S2. In system S1, which has relativistic speeds, the gravitation will on the other hand always be equivalent to a field of acceleration (according to Einstein).

As is known different metals have different relative resistances, that is to say some metals have low relative resistances, while others have relatively high relative resistances. Certain metals have relative resistances, which increase with increasing temperature, while other metals have more constant relative resistances at different temperatures. These molecular properties of current conducting metals are utilised for various purposes within the art. In each case there occurs in practice equilibrium between the electromagnetic field established by the free electrons and the molecularly established interfering field.

If the current conductor is cooled by cooling water, heat energy is transferred from the current conductor to the cooling water, and one gets an equivalent temperature drop of the current conductor. If a current conductor is used of a material, which has decreasing resistance at decreasing temperatures, there is obtained by such a temperature drop a reduced resistance, which provides the basis for increased current strength at constant potential. An important circumstance in this connection is that

"That energy, which is created by the increase in speed of the free electrons of an electric current conductor, increases the magnetic field of the electrons, and thereby the molecular gravitational field is also increased equivalently.".

The most surprising in the result, which is obtained according to the invention, is that a gravitational energy is generated by the acceleration of the free electrons, which is spontaneously transferred to the flow of cooling water internally in the current conductor of the secondary side and which can change to a size several times larger than the energy which is required to maintain the induction process of the transformer.

Furthermore in order to go more thoroughly into the foundation of the present invention there is reported the following statement from the present inventor:

Theoretical Deductions and Reasoning for understanding how the Energy of Elementary Particles can be utilised

a) Lorentz's transformation equations indicate how space and time coordinates are altered when passing from a static coordinate system to a coordinate system in movement.

b) Einstein showed in his specific relativity theory that these equations follow from the principle of the constancy of the speed of light.

In the specific relativity theory Einstein connected together the Lorentz transformation with the movement equations of mechanics and developed this into a uniform theory. From the theory if follows that "coexistence is not absolute". With the clarification of the coexistence principle, followed a more thorough understanding of what the Lorentz transformation involves, as for example the understanding of the terms length contraction and time dilation. A consequence of the specific relativity theory is that the speed can not be added in the same way as in classical physics, where it is said that "when a carriage moves with a speed v₁ and a person moves forward in the carriage with a speed v₂, his speed is given by the equation v = v₁ + v₂". According to the theory of relativity the speed is a little less.

At small speeds the difference is small, between the two ways of reckoning, for example with a rifle bullet, which is shot out from a supersonic plane, the difference will first be shown in the tenth figure. However with speeds approaching the speed of light, that is to say with so-called relativistic speeds, the effect is noticeable. It is assumed however that the speed of light cannot be exceeded. This violates our understanding of classical mechanics. According to classical mechanics (the physical plane) it is said that "a body will increase its speed uniformly so long as a constant force acts on it".

At great speeds according to the theory of relativity it is understood that

"if increases in speed become less, the mass of the body will increase instead"

The mass m can consequently not be reckoned as constant.

On the basis of the present invention it is believed to be shown or made obvious, that those of the considerations theoretically presented are now factually documented in practice in the practical experiments undertaken. A uniform description of the effect of charged particles and their interactions should for example be made clear. The above conclusion follows from being able to establish certain significant, surprising effects by making estimates based on practical tests.

The final result emerges from the transition from a first coordinate system S1 to a second coordinate system S2, as described above. In the one coordination system S1 movements take place with a relativistic speed and in the second coordinate system S2 movements occur on the physical plane with heavy and slow masses, that is to say with a mass which can be considered as practically speaking at rest on the relativistic plane. This must take place in agreement with the Lorentz transformation and Einstein's equivalent principles. From this it follows that

"in a space which is static and wherein a constant gravitation acts, is equal to a gravitational free space, which moves with a constant acceleration"

This means that a gravitational field is always equivalent to a field of acceleration which accelerates free electrons.

In other words it can be established that that energy which is created by the increase in speed of free electrons, as a result of the reduction of the resistance of the current circuit, increases the magnetic field of the electrons and thereby increases the molecular vibrations. According to the present invention there is tapped from the system that energy which is transferred to the cooling medium for maintaining the low temperature of the current circuit and thereby the symmetry of the system is maintained.

The consequence of this recognition is that we in practice on the physical plane can acquire all the "atomic energy", which is desired, that is to say tap energy which is stored in molecules on the relativistic plane, without going the route of fission or fusion, something which are the known deadlines for all physical life and its existence.

Conclusions from the deductions and reasonings of the aforementioned paragraph

On the basis of the above it can be questioned how the energy of elementary particles can be utilised in practice. The answer lies in the understanding of the effect which is produced by the free electrons when these flow through an electrical conductor. When the free electrons flow through an electrical conductor, there is established an associated magnetic field around the current conductor and this causes equivalent molecular vibration in the current conductor. On the physical plane such increasing molecular vibration is expressed as increasing temperature, that is to say as increasing heating of the current conductor.

By tapping of such an increasing heat supply to the current conductor via the cooling water, the developed heat energy can be utilised in an effective manner in practice by means of the cooling water.

The conclusion is that the physical temperature is a measure of the physical energy on the physical plane, this involves in turn that if the temperature is kept down, by allowing the gravitational energy to be transferred to a cooling medium having large and slow mass and high heat capacity, the molecular vibration in the conductor is reduced in step with the lowering of the temperature. This involves the current increasing in step with the temperature lowering at constant potential.

Firstly the above can be advanced in its totality as evidence of Weber's thoughts that

"the gravitational field is of the same nature as electromagnetism".

Secondly it can be put forward that Einstein's desire about a uniform law, where electric power and other forces are treated on the same line as gravitation, is believed to be documented in practice, as is evident from the test results, as shown according to the present invention.

Thirdly it must be pointed out that the theoreticians would like to include gravitation in a uniform theory for all circumstances. In such a theory combined forces will be symmetrical aspects of the term an "underlying force".

The understanding is that only at the extreme temperatures which must have prevailed during the so-called "Big Bang", at the beginning of the universe, can the energy have been high enough so that the forces should occur on such a uniform basis. Furthermore it is comprehended that gradually as the universe expanded and cooled, each of the forces displayed themselves separately. The forces probably manifested first in the form of gravitational force and thereafter in the form of the so-called "underlying force" and finally the original forces distributed themselves in the form of relatively weak electromagnetic forces.

The theoreticians conclusion has become that the original symmetry of the universe will be concealed in the variety one finds for example in the low temperature, low energy state we have to-day in our close surroundings.

According to the invention it leaves itself to be detected by means of the low temperature accelerator according to the invention, which produces universal symmetry at the low temperature level, that there can be utilised all the "atomic energy" we may need, in a simple manner. This is revolutionary.

All matter increases its energy by the transition from potential energy to the energy of movement. But when the speed of movement approaches the speed of light the speed increase declines however, while the energy increases towards infinity

(according to Albert Einstein). This comes to light in a simple and practical manner in the low temperature accelerator according to the invention by taking for one's basis Weber's thoughts and Lenz's law.

According to the invention one receives full recognition of the nature of gravitation and full appreciation of the term Lorentz's transformation. In the low temperature accelerator according to the invention the symmetry is kept equal in that the cooling water, which has great slowness and great mass and also high heat capacity, causes spontaneous cooling of the current conductor. Thus the cooling medium according to system2 taps from system 1 the energy which is required for maintaining the intended symmetry which prevails in the associated system S1. The increase of speed achieved with the free electrons is equivalent to the electric current, which is required for maintaining the electromagnetic equilibrium and the electric current, which is required for establishing a gravitational field, which has a precisely corresponding energy level for covering the energy tapping of the cooling medium from the system.

From the afore-mentioned it is evident that gravitation exists everywhere in matter in the form of a component which provides for maintaining symmetry in our low temperature state. the gravitational field established in our low temperature state provides for maintaining a specific molecular structure at each temperature level at varying temperatures.

When the cooling water of the low temperature accelerator reduces the temperature of the current conductor, the magnetic field which is established by the accelerating free electrons increases, and the molecular vibration in the current conductor changes in step with the cooling down. Thereby the inherent energy of the gravitation becomes spontaneously transferred to the cooling water for maintaining the symmetry of the system (according to Einstein's equivalence principle).

When the loading increases up towards the vaporisation temperature of the cooling water, the sum of the gravitational forces increases and leads as a consequence of this to the disintegration of the cohesive forces and thereby a molecular scattering of the cooling water. This is clearly evident by the fact that the energy yield declines at rising temperatures of the current conductor and in that the energy yield further declines when the cooling water reaches the vaporisation temperature. Consequently, in order have the important conditions illustrated in the process according to the invention, the process according to the invention is carried out in the practical experiments shown herein at temperatures below the vaporisation temperature of the cooling medium and at atmospheric pressure.

Alternatively however tapping of heat energy can be effected in practice in the form of steam at significantly higher temperatures, for example up towards 500°C. In other words the vaporisation temperature of the cooling water can be controlled in a manner known per se by correspondingly handling the cooling water at a pressure substantially over atmospheric pressure.

This opens the possibility of being able to utilise the tapped heat energy in an efficient manner industrially in the use of steam-driven motors or steam-driven, electrical current aggregates.

From the above it can be concluded that for all matter, that is to say metals, as well as any other kind of substance, the molecular atomic structure is determined on the basis of the retroaction from the molecular vibration, which is required in order to ensure the existing symmetry in the substance. A temperature and electromagnetically dependent molecular interference, which provides an electromagnetic retroaction, is generally expressed by the term gravitation.

Claims

Patent Claims

1. Process for tapping heat energy from electric energy, by transferring the electric energy of alternating current

(AC) via a primary circuit (11,101) to a secondary circuit

(12,102) of an induction arrangement (10; 100; 100, 100') and simultaneously tapping heat energy via a flow of cooling medium, which is transported in a short-circuited pipe-shaped current conductor (14,14') of the secondary circuit (12,102), characterised in that a high speed system (S1), comprising electric current circuits of the induction arrangement and a low speed system (S2) comprising the cooling medium system of the induction arrangement, are adjusted in equilibrium by the supply of a specific electric energy to the high speed system (S1) and tapping heat energy from the low speed system

(S2), the heat energy developed in the induction arrangementbeing tapped from the low speed system (S2) via the cooling medium at a magnitude greater than the electric energy supplied to the high speed system (S1).

2. Process in accordance with claim 1, characterised in that the resistance (R) of the current conductors (14,14') of the secondary circuit (12,102) is reduced to an artificially low level by cooling down the secondary circuit (12,102) with a flow of cooling medium, which has a high specific heat, for example water, the cooling medium being flowed through the current conductors (14,14') in a specific amount (Q) with a specific cooling effect to produce an equilibrium between the electric energy supply of the high speed system (S1) and the temperature of the heated cooling medium of the low speed system (S2).

3. Process in accordance with claim 1 or 2, characterised in that by means of gravitational force, which is developed in the pipe-shaped current conductor (14,14') on the secondary side of the induction arrangement, heat energy is developed in addition to the heat energy which is developed by resistance heating, whereas the collectedly generated heat energy is being tapped from the secondary circuits (12,102) by means of the cooling medium in an order greater than the electric energy supplied in the primary circuit (11,101).

4. Process in accordance with one of the claims 1-3, characterised in that by way of introduction the secondary circuit (12) is applied with the cooling medium flow (Q) and thereafter induced AC is applied at a constant, relatively low potential (U) and high current strength (I) together with a relatively low resistance (R).

5. Process in accordance with one of the claims 1-4, characterised in that the induced AC (I), which is applied at a constant potential (U), in a manner known per se constitutes a small fraction of the potential which is applied on the primary side (11,101) of the induction arrangement (10; 100; 100,100').

6. Process in accordance with one of the claims 1-5, characterised in that the cooling medium flow is supplied continuously to the pipe-shaped current conductor (14,14') in an amount sufficient to cool the pipe-shaped current conductor (14,14') to an established temperature at a specific pressure, that is to say at atmospheric pressure or at a suitable pressure, which deviates from atmospheric pressure, preferably with the cooling medium in a liquid condition, the free electrons being accelerated in the material of the current conductor and establishing an equivalent gravitational force around the current conductors

(14,14'), while equivalent amounts of heat energy are transferred to the cooling medium, and there being created thereby the least possible resistance in the current conductors (14), that is to say the least possible molecular vibrations in the material of the current conductor, after which heat energy is tapped from the cooling medium from an amount of cooling medium adapted for this.

7. Process in accordance with claim 6, characterised in that cooling medium is used, preferably in the form of water or water-based liquid, in liquid form, since cooling medium in vapour form is sought to be avoided in the cooling operation.

8. Heat generator in the form of an induction arrangement (10; 100; 100, 100') for tapping heat energy from electric energy, where the induction arrangement (10;100;100, 100') is adapted to transfer the electric energy of AC from a primary circuit (11,101) to a secondary circuit (12,102) and simultaneously to tap heat energy from a short-circuited pipe-shaped current conductor (14,14') of the secondary circuit (12,102) by means of a flow of cooling medium, which is transported in the pipe-shaped current conductor (14,14'), characterised in that the induction arrangement (10; 100; 100, 100') is equipped with regulating means for regulating the supply of electric energy to a high speed system (S1), comprising electric current circuits of the induction arrangement and/or regulating means for regulating a supplied amount (Q) of cooling medium to a low speed system (S2), comprising the cooling water system of the induction arrangement, the high speed system (S1) and the low speed system (S2) being adapted to be adjusted in equilibrium by the supply of a specific electric energy to the high speed system (S1) and tapping of a heat energy from the low speed system (S2), and the heat energy developed in the induction arrangement, which is adapted to be tapped from the low speed system (S2) via the cooling medium is tappable from the cooling medium at an order of magnitude greater than the electric energy supplied to the high speed system (S1).

9. Induction arrangement in accordance with claim 8, characterised in that it constitutes a low temperature accelerator (10; 100; 100, 100') for accelerating the induced, accelerated current strength (I), a cooling medium (water), which flows through the pipe-shaped current conductors

(14,14') forming a temperature regulating arrangement for balancing of a relatively low actual pipe temperature (T₃) of the current conductor for equivalent balancing of a low resistance (R) of the current conductor (14,14') and an equivalent accelerating current strength (I) in the current conductor (14,14').

10. Induction arrangement in accordance with claim 8 or 9, characterised in that the pipe-shaped current conductors (14,14') of the induction arrangement (10;100;100,100') on the secondary side (12,102) have an internal cross-sectional area, which is sufficient to transport cooling medium in an amount (Q), which is required for tapping a chosen amount of heat energy from the material of the current conductor.

11. Induction arrangement in accordance with one of the claims 8-10, characterised in that the pipe-shaped current conductors (14) of the induction arrangement (10;100;100, 100') on the secondary side (12,102) are made of copper.