WO1997002009A1 - Chicle para la higiene bucal y goma base para el mismo - Google Patents
Chicle para la higiene bucal y goma base para el mismo Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997002009A1 WO1997002009A1 PCT/ES1996/000143 ES9600143W WO9702009A1 WO 1997002009 A1 WO1997002009 A1 WO 1997002009A1 ES 9600143 W ES9600143 W ES 9600143W WO 9702009 A1 WO9702009 A1 WO 9702009A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- gum
- composition
- approximately
- chewing
- gum base
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/064—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/08—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds of the chewing gum base
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
- A61K8/25—Silicon; Compounds thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/41—Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
- A61K2800/412—Microsized, i.e. having sizes between 0.1 and 100 microns
Definitions
- the present invention relates to chewing gum, particularly chewing gum compositions with an improved dental plaque removal capacity, a lasting softness during chewing, an excellent aroma and a pleasant mouthfeel, as well as the compositions of rubber base appropriate for the manufacture thereof.
- dental plaque contributes to tooth decay and gum disease. It is formed when bacteria resident in the oral cavity adhere to the proteinaceous film that is on the surface of the teeth. These bacteria form a strongly adhered layer on the surface of the teeth, capable of metabolizing food carbohydrates and generating lactic acid and other organic acids.
- dental plaque generally consists of bacteria, products of bacterial metabolism such as polysaccharides, inorganic salts and salivary proteins. The organic acids generated by the bacterial plaque are capable of causing the demineralization of tooth enamel, leading to tooth decay. If the plaque remains stuck on the teeth it can become mineralized with calcium phosphate salts and lead to the formation of tartar or dental stones. As the stones age and harden, they tend to discolor forming unpleasant and striking spots on the teeth.
- the deposits of stones at the level of the gum birth contribute to the appearance of gingivitis and periodontal diseases.
- the antimicrobial action may affect the formation of plaque, either by reducing the number of bacteria present in the mouth, or by direct bactericidal action on the bacteria fixed in the plaque, which prevents their growth and metabolism.
- the efficacy of antimicrobial agents depends largely on their retention in the oral cavity, particularly on their retention on the surface of the teeth, in which plaque and stones are formed.
- Such antibacterial agents have also been criticized for disrupting the natural balance of bacterial flora in the mouth.
- the plaque can be removed by an abrasive action, of a physical type, especially when brushing the teeth.
- dentifrice preparations have an infrequent use: usually no more than once a day or, at most, twice a day.
- An additional disadvantage of dentifrice compositions is that the effect of their antiplaque agents only lasts for the relatively short time that is usually spent brushing the teeth or rinsing the mouth.
- chewing gum can be useful vehicles for antiplate agents.
- Chewing gum is very easy to carry, which means they can be used several times a day, particularly after meals or snacks; they usually chew for several minutes, giving time for the antiplaque agents to exert their effect; and the chewing action itself releases saliva that can be useful to fight plaque acids.
- Chewing gum usually comprises a chewable portion (the gum base), essentially tasteless and predominantly insoluble in water, and one or more additives, which can be soluble or removable in water, the purpose of which is To usually improve the organoleptic properties of the gum.
- organoleptic additives tend to be extracted from the gum, eventually leaving an insipid mass in the mouth.
- US-A-4170632 (Wagenknecht et al.), Assigned to General Mills Inc., describes a plaque inhibitor chewing gum comprising a base gum, a zinc compound and an aromatic plate inhibitor oil selected from those of cinnamon, mint and spearmint (or mixtures thereof).
- An additional component recommended by the invention is a dental abrasive, preferably dicalcium diphosphate dihydrate.
- Patent application FR-A-2662937 describes a chewing gum with abrasive particles.
- Said abrasive particles may be of the mineral type, for example silica, or organic.
- US-A-4828820 (Glass et al.), Assigned to Warner-Lambert Co., describes a chewing gum containing calcium carbonate as an abrasive capable of removing plaque.
- the particle size distribution of the calcium carbonate is such that approximately 44% by weight of said carbonate has a particle size greater than about 74 microns.
- the prior art compositions describe the use of antiplate agents in chewing gums, there is still a need to obtain chewing gum with better plaque cleaning properties.
- the abrasive should be selected taking into account that it provides an effective removal of the plate, without being unduly abrasive to damage the oral tissue.
- the abrasive should also be compatible with other mouth care agents that could be incorporated into the rubber.
- an object of the present invention is to provide gum base compositions useful for making chewing gum and other oral hygiene compositions that require a gummy base.
- a further object of the invention is to provide methods for manufacturing said gum base and gum compositions.
- a gum base composition for chewing gum comprising an intimate blend of elastomer and an abrasive silica in which the abrasive silica has an average particle size between about 1 and approximately 80 microns.
- a chewing gum composition is provided which understands
- a gum base gum comprising an intimate blend of elastomer and an abrasive silica in which the abrasive silica has an average particle size between about 1 and about 80 honeys Y
- the present invention provides a gum base composition for chewing gum and a chewing gum composition containing it.
- the gum composition generally comprises from about 15% to about 80%, preferably from about 20% to about 65%, and more preferably from about 25% to about 50%, of the gum base composition for chewing gums.
- an essential ingredient of the gum base gum composition is an abrasive silica.
- the abrasive silica has an average particle size between about 1 and about 80 microns.
- the particle size is between about 3 and about 30 microns, more preferably between about 5 and about 15 microns.
- abrasive silicas include precipitated silicas and silica gels, such as the silica xerogels described in US-A-3538230 (Pader et al.), Published March 2, 1970, and US-A-3862307 (Di Giulio), published on June 21, 1975, both incorporated into this description as a reference.
- Preferred gels are silica xerogels marketed under the SYLOID * brand by WR Grace & Company, Davison Chemical Division.
- amorphous precipitated silica materials such as those described in US-A-4340583 cited above.
- Preferred amorphous silica abrasives for use in the present invention satisfy at least one, and preferably all, of the following characteristics: a) a radioactive dentine abrasion value of at least 40; b) a packing density of between approximately 0.24 g / ml and approximately 0.55 g / ml; c) an oil absorption capacity of between approximately 70 ml / 100 g and approximately 95 ml / 100 g; d) a BET surface area between about 100 m 2 / g and about 250 m 2 / g; and e) a percentage of loss on ignition of between approximately 4% and approximately 6%.
- Suitable examples of such abrasives include those marketed by JM Huber Corporation under the ZEODENT * brand, particularly the silica called ZE
- elastomer Another essential ingredient of the gum base gum composition is an elastomer or a mixture of elastomers.
- Suitable elastomers for the present gum base composition include styrene gum- butadiene (SBR) and other elastomeric materials generally known in the art.
- Illustrative elastomers include SBRs, gums or synthetic elastomers such as polyisobutylene and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers; natural gums or elastomers such as chewing gum, natural rubber, jelutong, balata, gutta-percha, lechi caspi, sorva and mixtures thereof.
- the elastomer or mixture of elastomers is generally present in an amount of about 5% to about 30%, preferably from about 7.5% to about 25% by weight with respect to the base gum.
- the base composition loses elasticity, chewing texture and cohesiveness, while at amounts greater than 30% the formulation is hard, rubbery and sticky chewing.
- An optional but desirable ingredient of the gum base gum composition is a resin.
- the resin serves to plasticize the base gum.
- Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and terpenic resins, including polyterpene and alpha-pinene or beta-pinene polymers, and mixtures thereof, are suitable for use in the present invention.
- the resin may conveniently be used at a level of between about 5% and about 25%, preferably between about 8% and about 20% of the weight of the gum base composition.
- the gum base compositions of the present invention preferably comprise a plasticizer in an amount up to about 10%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight with respect to the composition of base rubber
- Suitable plasticizers include glyceryl triacetate, acetylated monoglyceride, glyceryl tribute, ethyl laurate, ethyl acetoacetate, diethyl tartrate, ethyl or butyl lactates, diethyl malate, ethyl oleate, castor oil, monoglycerides succinylates or mixtures thereof.
- Glyceryl triacetate and acetylated monoglyceride are preferred.
- fats may also be included in the base gum composition of the present invention.
- Preferred fats include hydrogenated vegetable oils, such as hydrogenated palm oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil and other hydrogenated vegetable oils and mixtures thereof. Fats can be used appropriately to a content of about 20%, preferably about 1% to about 10%, based on the weight of the gum base composition.
- the elastomer solvent favors the softening of the elastomer component.
- elastomer solvents include the esters of methyl, glycerin or pentaerythritol, rosins or modified rosins such as hydrogenated, dimerized or polymerized rosins or mixtures thereof.
- suitable elastomer solvents there may be mentioned the partially hydrogenated wood rosin pentaerythritol ester, wood rosin pentaerythritol ester, partially dimerized rosin glycerin ester, polymerized rosin glycerin ester, glycerin ester of "tall oil” resin, wood or mineral rosin, partially hydrogenated rosin glycerin ester, partially hydrogenated rosin methyl ester, and mixtures thereof.
- the elastomer solvent can be used in an amount between about 2% and about 50%, preferably between about 10% and about 35%, based on the weight of the gum base.
- the gum base compositions may also include one or more waxes.
- Appropriate waxes include paraffin wax; microcrystalline wax; Fischer-Tropsch paraffin; natural waxes like candelilla, carnauba, and beeswax; polyolefin waxes, such as polyethylene wax; and mixtures thereof.
- the waxes can be used in amounts of up to about 25%, preferably from about 5% to about 20%, based on the weight of the gum base composition.
- the base gum also preferably includes an emulsifier.
- Appropriate emulsifiers include: glycerin monostearate, lecithin, fatty acid monoglycerides, diglycerides, propylene glycol monostearate and mixtures thereof.
- the emulsifier is used in amounts of up to 10%, and preferably from about 2% to about 6%, based on the weight of the gum base.
- the base gum compositions of the present invention can also be used in the base gum compositions of the present invention.
- fatty materials such as lanolin, stearic acid, sodium stearate and potassium stearate may be mentioned; polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, sorbitol and the like; and mixtures thereof.
- Said softeners can be appropriately used up to an amount of approximately 30%, preferably from about 0.1% to 10%, based on the weight of the gum base.
- the base gum composition comprises a fatty softener selected from stearic acid, sodium stearate, potassium stearate and mixtures thereof in an amount between about 0.1% and about 10% by weight with respect to the base gum. .
- the gum base composition further comprises a polyhydric alcohol.
- the polyhydric alcohol is present in an amount comprised between about 0.5% and about 25%, more preferably between about 1% and about 10% based on the weight of the gum base.
- the polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group comprising: glycerin, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
- Bulking agents such as fillers
- Bulking and filling agents are generally non-abrasive, preferably have an average particle size of less than 5 microns, more preferably less than 3 microns and, especially, less than 1 micron.
- Illustrative examples of bulking agents include calcium carbonate or limestone powder, talc, aluminum hydroxide, alumina, 'aluminum silicates, dicalcium phosphate and mixtures thereof.
- the filler can be used in an amount of up to about 50%, preferably up to about 30%, more preferably up to about 10% of the weight of the gum base.
- the base gum is essentially free of filler, that is, the gum contains less than about 1% filler.
- the gum base composition also contains a high intensity sweetener.
- high intensity sweeteners include: dipeptide based sweeteners such as L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (Aspartame) and their equivalents described in US-A-3492131, L- ⁇ -aspartyl hydrate N- (2,2, 4, 4-tetramethyl-3-tiethanyl) D-alanylamide (Alitame) and the like; soluble salts of saccharin, for example sodium or calcium; salts of cyclamate, acesulfame-K and the like; saccharin in the form of free acid; chlorinated sucrose derivatives such as chlorodeoxysaccharide and the like; and protein-based sweeteners, such as thaumatine (talin).
- dipeptide based sweeteners such as L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (Aspartame) and their equivalents described in US-A-3492
- the high intensity sweeteners described can be added in amounts between about 0.01% and about 2.0%, more preferably between about 0.05% and about 0.5% of the weight of the gum base composition.
- the use in the base gum of a high intensity sweetener prolongs the flavor and aroma of chewing gum compositions during chewing.
- the gum base may also contain dyes and pigments, for example titanium dioxide.
- the gum base may contain up to about 2% pigment and / or dye.
- the gum base may also include antioxidants in an amount of up to about 0.5%. Appropriate antioxidants include butylhydroxyanisole, butylhydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, ascorbic acid and tocopherols.
- the base components can be mixed using standard techniques and equipment known to the person skilled in the art.
- the high viscosity ingredients are first mixed under conditions of strong shear.
- Silica is added during this first stage.
- the silica is previously combined with a portion of talc. If a fatty softener is used, it is also added, in whole or in part, during the first stage, which results in an improvement in the compatibility of the silica with the base components.
- the remaining components of the base can then be added progressively or in stages, while the resulting mixture is homogenized for an additional period of time.
- the incorporation of the ingredients can be improved using a premix of the gummy and filler substances.
- the temperature is maintained between approximately 90 ° C and approximately 130 ° C.
- the molten rubber is pumped through a stainless steel filter screen with a mesh light between approximately 180 microns and approximately 250 microns.
- the base gum is maintained at a temperature between about 90 ° C and about 110 ° C.
- appropriate systems such as pelletizing systems and cooling belts can be used.
- the gum base of the present invention can be formulated in a wide range of chewing gum or chewing gum products, using standard procedures and equipment.
- a chewing gum composition can be prepared by mixing a chewing gum additive composition containing one or more organoleptic compounds and the gum base composition.
- Organoleptic compounds means the ingredients that are added to the gum base prepared previously to form the consumer acceptable gum composition. These ingredients fulfill the main purpose of providing flavor, aroma and sweetness to the gum, and of modifying and improving the characteristics of the chewing gum or other properties of its use, such as absence of stickiness or initial hardness. Different types of organoleptic additives can be used, including normal and high intensity sweeteners, flavorings, softeners and fillers.
- Suitable normal sweeteners may include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, such as xylose, ribose, glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, dextrose, sucrose, sugar maltose, fructooligosaccharide syrups, partially hydrolyzed starch, or syrup solids.
- corn and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, maltitol and mixtures thereof. Because they are not cariogenic, sugar alcohols are preferably used.
- high intensity sweeteners are those already described above as optional ingredients for the gum base.
- the amount of sweetener will vary with the type of sweetener and the desired amount of sweetener selected for a particular gum. Said amount will usually vary from about 0.01%, if a high intensity sweetener is used, up to about 80% by weight with respect to the chewing gum composition, if an easily removable normal sweetener is used.
- the normal sweeteners described above are preferably used in amounts between about 30% and about 70% by weight, and more preferably between about 35% and about 60% by weight.
- the high intensity sweeteners described are used in amounts between about 0.01% and about 2.0%, and more preferably between about 0.05% and about 0.5% with respect to the final weight of the composition. rubber coating Such amounts are usually necessary to achieve a desirable level of sweetness, regardless of the level of aroma achieved by the flavoring agents.
- flavoring agents well known in the art of chewing gum and chewing gums.
- Said flavoring agents can be selected from synthetic liquid flavors and / or oils derived from the leaves, flowers, fruits and other parts of the plants and combinations thereof.
- Representative liquid flavors can be mentioned: spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, gualderia oil (methyl salicylate) and peppermint oils.
- Fruit, natural or synthetic aromas are also useful eos, such as citrus oils, including lemon, orange, banana, grape, lime, apricot and grapefruit and fruit essences including apple, strawberry, cherry, orange, pineapple and others; aromas derived from grains and nuts such as coffee, cocoa, cola, peanut, almond, etc.
- the amount of flavoring normally used is a matter of preference for factors such as the type of aroma, type of base and desired intensity. In general, amounts of up to about 4% by weight, preferably from about 0.05% to about 3.0% by weight, based on the final weight of the chewing gum composition may be used, amounts of about 0.8 being preferable. % to about 2.5%.
- softeners can be added to the chewing gum composition of the invention. The softeners will generally constitute from about 0.5% to about 15% of the weight of the gum composition and may include glycerin, lecithin, and mixtures thereof.
- the chewing gum composition of the invention may additionally contain other conventional additives, including coloring agents such as titanium dioxide; emulsifiers such as lecithin and glyceryl monostearate; and fillers such as those described above, for example, dicalcium phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
- coloring agents such as titanium dioxide
- emulsifiers such as lecithin and glyceryl monostearate
- fillers such as those described above, for example, dicalcium phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
- the total amount of fillers can generally reach up to about 10% of the final weight of the composition.
- the chewing gum compositions are prepared by conventional means.
- An illustrative process includes:
- Base gum formulations according to the invention are prepared as indicated below.
- the elastomer is added to a preheated container and mixed with a softener, under high shear, until the dough reaches a temperature of about 80 ° -100 ° C.
- Silica is added to the formed mass, approximately the half of the filler and the elastomer solvent.
- the initial quantity of the ingredients is calculated, to achieve an appropriate consistency, depending on the loading capacity of the mixing vessel.
- the rest of the ingredients are added sequentially, including fillers, plasticizers, waxes, etc., until a dough is obtained homogeneous molten. This process, depending on the formulation, takes approximately two to four hours.
- the final temperature is approximately between 95 ° C and 110 ° C.
- the final melt is discharged from the container onto trays provided with coating.
- the base gum is allowed to cool and harden before demolding.
- the ingredients are shown in table I.
- Table II describes some chewing gum compositions according to the invention, prepared using the gum base formulation of Example I.
- the chewing gum compositions are prepared as follows:
- the base gum is transferred to a container containing the powdered mannitol and mixed for approximately 5 minutes until a homogeneous mixture is obtained.
- compositions of the Examples exhibit good dental plaque removal properties, lasting chewing softness and excellent mouthfeel. Silica remains retained in the gum for the entire period of chewing.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU62254/96A AU6225496A (en) | 1995-07-05 | 1996-07-04 | Chewing-gum for the buccal hygiene and base gum for its preparation |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ES9513693 | 1995-07-05 | ||
GB9513690.9 | 1995-07-05 | ||
GB9513693.3 | 1995-07-05 | ||
ES9513690 | 1995-07-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997002009A1 true WO1997002009A1 (es) | 1997-01-23 |
Family
ID=26154934
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/ES1996/000143 WO1997002009A1 (es) | 1995-07-05 | 1996-07-04 | Chicle para la higiene bucal y goma base para el mismo |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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WO (1) | WO1997002009A1 (es) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2140332A1 (es) * | 1997-12-22 | 2000-02-16 | Compania Anonima De Importacio | Dentifrico en forma de chicle. |
US6558722B2 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2003-05-06 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Use of powdered gum in making a coating for a confection |
US7727565B2 (en) | 2004-08-25 | 2010-06-01 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | Liquid-filled chewing gum composition |
US9198448B2 (en) | 2005-02-07 | 2015-12-01 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Stable tooth whitening gum with reactive ingredients |
US9271904B2 (en) | 2003-11-21 | 2016-03-01 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Controlled release oral delivery systems |
US11278109B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2022-03-22 | Diego Chavez Garcia | Disposable device for oral hygiene |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4160054A (en) * | 1977-11-28 | 1979-07-03 | General Mills, Inc. | Plaque inhibiting composition and method |
US5288480A (en) * | 1987-01-30 | 1994-02-22 | Colgate-Palmolive Co. | Antiplaque antibacterial oral composition |
-
1996
- 1996-07-04 WO PCT/ES1996/000143 patent/WO1997002009A1/es active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4160054A (en) * | 1977-11-28 | 1979-07-03 | General Mills, Inc. | Plaque inhibiting composition and method |
US5288480A (en) * | 1987-01-30 | 1994-02-22 | Colgate-Palmolive Co. | Antiplaque antibacterial oral composition |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2140332A1 (es) * | 1997-12-22 | 2000-02-16 | Compania Anonima De Importacio | Dentifrico en forma de chicle. |
US6558722B2 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2003-05-06 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Use of powdered gum in making a coating for a confection |
US9271904B2 (en) | 2003-11-21 | 2016-03-01 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Controlled release oral delivery systems |
US7727565B2 (en) | 2004-08-25 | 2010-06-01 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | Liquid-filled chewing gum composition |
US9198448B2 (en) | 2005-02-07 | 2015-12-01 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Stable tooth whitening gum with reactive ingredients |
US11278109B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2022-03-22 | Diego Chavez Garcia | Disposable device for oral hygiene |
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