WO1996041469A1 - Systemes mettant en application la detection de mouvement, l'interpolation et le fondu-enchaine pour ameliorer la qualite de l'image - Google Patents

Systemes mettant en application la detection de mouvement, l'interpolation et le fondu-enchaine pour ameliorer la qualite de l'image Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996041469A1
WO1996041469A1 PCT/US1996/009813 US9609813W WO9641469A1 WO 1996041469 A1 WO1996041469 A1 WO 1996041469A1 US 9609813 W US9609813 W US 9609813W WO 9641469 A1 WO9641469 A1 WO 9641469A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
image
frame
data
motion
frames
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PCT/US1996/009813
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English (en)
Inventor
David M. Geshwind
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Geshwind David M
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Publication date
Application filed by Geshwind David M filed Critical Geshwind David M
Priority to AU61083/96A priority Critical patent/AU6108396A/en
Publication of WO1996041469A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996041469A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N7/00—Television systems
    • H04N7/01—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level
    • H04N7/0135—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level involving interpolation processes
    • H04N7/014—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level involving interpolation processes involving the use of motion vectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N7/00—Television systems
    • H04N7/01—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level
    • H04N7/0112—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level one of the standards corresponding to a cinematograph film standard
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N7/00—Television systems
    • H04N7/015—High-definition television systems

Definitions

  • the instant invention comprises a method, process or algorithm, and variations thereon, which method includes motion detection, cross-dissolving and shape interpolation; devices or systems for practicing that method; and, product (generally motion picture film, videotape or videodisc, analog or digitally stored motion sequences on magnetic or optical media, or a transmission, broadcast or other distribution of same) produced by the method and/or system.
  • the instant invention comprises a method, process or algorithm, and variations thereon, including motion detection, cross-dissolving and shape interpolation; devices or systems for practicing that method; and, product
  • the purpose to which the invention is applied is to process (generally by digital computer image processing) a motion picture sequence in order to produce a processed motion picmre sequence which exhibits: an increase in the perceived quality of that sequence when viewed; and/or a decrease of the requirements for information storage or transmission resources without significantly effecting image quality (i.e., data compression or bandwidth reduction).
  • the intended practitioner of the present invention is someone who is skilled in designing, implementing, integrating, building, creating, programming or utilizing processes, devices, systems and products, such as those that: encode a higher-definition television or video signal into a lower-definition television or video signal suitable for transmission, display or recording; record, transmit, decode or display such an encoded signal; transduce or transfer an image stream from an imaging element to a transmission or storage element, such as a television camera or film chain; transfer an image stream from a signal input to a recording medium, such as a videotape or videodisc recorder; transfer an image stream from a recording medium to a display element, such as a videotape or videodisc player; transfer data representing images from a computer memory element to a display element, such as a framestore or frame buffer; synthesize an image output stream from a mathematical model, such as a computer graphic rendering component; modify or combine image streams, such as image processing components, time-base correctors, signal processing components, or special effects components; products that result from the for
  • one skilled in the art required to practice the instant invention is capable of one or more of the following: design and/or construction of devices, systems, hardware and software (i.e., programming) for motion picture and television production, motion picture and television post production, signal processing, image processing, computer graphics, and the like. That is, motion picture and television engineers, computer graphic system designers and programmers, image processing system designers and programmers, digital software and hardware engineers, communication and information processing engineers, applied mathematicians, etc.
  • the programmable frame buffers (some with onboard special-purpose microprocessors for graphics and/or signal processing) suitable for use with personal computers, workstations or other digital computers, along with off-the-shelf assemblers, compilers, subroutine libraries, or utilities, routinely provide as standard features, capabilities which permit a user to (among other tasks): digitize a frame of a video signal in many different formats including higher-than-television resolutions, standard television resolutions, and lower-than-television resolutions, and at 8- 16- 24- and 32-bits per pixel; display a video signal in any of those same formats; change, under program control, the resolution and/or bit-depth of the digitized or displayed frame; transfer information between any of a) visible framestore memory, b) blind (non-displayed) framestore memory, and c) host computer memory, and d) mass storage (e.g., magnetic disk) memory, on a pixel-by-pixel, line-by-line, or rectangle-by
  • off-the-shelf devices provide the end user with the ability to: digitize high- or low-resolution video frames; access the individual pixels of those frames; manipulate the information from those pixels under generalized host computer control and processing, to create arbitrarily processed pixels; and, display processed frames, suitable for recording, comprising those processed pixels.
  • These off-the-shelf capabilities are sufficient to implement an image processing system embodying the information manipulation algorithms or system designs specified herein.
  • 2D to 3D image conversion comprised, in part, the creation of 3D images by: extracting texture maps and 3D shape and motion information from motion picmre sequences; and, re-applying those textures to other versions of the 3D shapes with which they were originally associated with.
  • STEREOSYNTHESIS A Process for Adapting Traditional Media for Stenographic Displays and Virtual Reality Environments, Proceedings of The Second Annual Conference on Virtual Reality, Artificial Reality, and Cyberspace, San Francisco, Meckler, 1991, provides further details on his STEREOSYNTHESISTM 2D to 3D image conversion technology.
  • Shape and Motion from Image Streams a Factorization Method— Part 3: Detection and Tracking of Point Features, Carlo Tomasi and Takeo Kanade, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 1991.
  • Recent developments in home televisions and VCRs include the introduction of digital technology, such as full-frame stores and comb filters.
  • the instant invention comprises a method, process or algorithm, and variations thereon, including motion detection, cross-dissolving and shape interpolation; devices or systems for practicing that method; and, product (generally motion picmre film, videotape or videodisc, analog or digitally stored motion sequences on magnetic or optical media, or a transmission, broadcast or other distribution of same) produced by the method and/or system.
  • product generally motion picmre film, videotape or videodisc, analog or digitally stored motion sequences on magnetic or optical media, or a transmission, broadcast or other distribution of same
  • the purpose to which the invention is applied is to process (generally by digital computer image processing) a motion picmre sequence in order to produce a processed motion picmre sequence which exhibits: an increase in the perceived quality of that sequence when viewed; and/or a decrease of the requirements for information storage or transmission resources without significantly effecting image quality (i.e., data compression or bandwidth reduction).
  • Film and video display systems each have their own characteristic "signature” scheme for presenting visual information to the viewer over time and space.
  • Each spatial/temporal signature (STS) is recognizable, even if subliminally, to the viewer and contributes to the identifiable look and "feel" of each medium.
  • Theatrical film presentations consist of 24 different pictures each second. Each picmre is shown twice to increase the "flicker rate" above the threshold of major annoyance.
  • strobing happens. The viewer is able to perceive that the motion sequence is actually made up of individual pictures and motion appears jerky. This happens because the STS of cinema cameras and projectors is to capture or display an entire picmre in an instant, and to miss all the information that happens between these instants.
  • Video works quite differently.
  • An electron beam travels across the camera or picmre tube, tracing out a raster pattern of lines, left-to-right, top-to-bottom, 60 times each second.
  • the beam is turned off, or blanked, after each line, and after each picmre, to allow it to be repositioned without being seen.
  • each 1/30 second video frame is broken into two 1/60 second video fields. All the even lines of a picmre are sent in the first field, all the odd lines in the second. This is similar to showing each film frame twice to avoid flickering but here it is used to prevent the perception of each video picmre being wiped on from top to bottom. However, since each video field (in fact each line or even each dot) is scanned at a different time, there is no sense of doubling.
  • the muddiness or opacity of film presentations when compared to video, is related to the repeated presentation of identical information to the human visual system. This can be demonstrated by watching material transferred from film to video using newer equipment. As explained above, each film frame is repeated for either
  • the instant invention can employ motion detection and/or interpolative techniques to create an STS scheme which will reduce both types of perceivable anomalies and which can be used to reduce the bandwidth required to transmit image motion sequence signals.
  • the basis of the instant invention is that the human visual system responds better to information display systems that present unique information at each frame.
  • Standard theatrical motion picmre films provide only 24 unique images of 48 presented each second.
  • standard broadcast television (not originated on film) provides 60 unique field images each second, but at lower resolution; and, Showscan provides both high temporal and high geometric resolution.
  • the instant invention will employ high-level algorithms and system designs to process motion picmre sequences (originating in film, video or otherwise) to produce film, video or digital presentations that meet the uniqueness requirement. This will be done by synthesizing information frames for times intermediate to those available.
  • the lower-level algorithms involved include motion detection and specification, image segmentation, shape interpolation and cross-dissolving. The last two, in combination, are sometimes referred to as "transition image morphing". 8
  • this processing will be applied to a source image stream to create a processed image stream by the application of much computation and, optionally, some human intervention and assistance. The results can be recorded (perhaps, in an off-line manner) and then distributed via any standard information delivery method, or as any standard information product.
  • the processing of images derived from standard theatrical motion picmre film at 24 FPS to produce video (or film) at 60 FPS is envisioned as an improved film chain device.
  • a higher-frame rate image stream can be created, from a lower-frame rate image stream, some embodiments will permit a reduced-frame rate image stream to be transmitted (or stored), generally with additional motion specification information, and a higher-frame rate image stream constructed at the reception (or access) and display site.
  • a data compression or bandwidth reduction will result with this embodiment which may be used to reduce storage or transmission requirements, or can be used to make way for information additional to the image stream which can comprise: additional resolution or definition; additional image area (e.g..).
  • 3D information in the form of a second image, or from which two images can be created by combination with the first interactive or game data; hyper- or multimedia data; image segmentation data showing areas of motion or where different algorithms are to be applied; or, the interleaving of several program channels.
  • so-called "500 channel” cable (or via satellite broadcast, fiber or phone line) television; digital image streams to be displayed from computer disk or CD-ROM; image streams via communication lines for on-line multimedia or video conferencing; storage of video signals on analog or digital tape (or other magnetic or optical media); the transmission of HDTV, stereographic television, or new "digital" television signals.
  • film frame 0 exactly corresponds in time with an even video field 0; film frame 1 falls between even video field 2 and odd video field 3; film frame 2 exactly corresponds in time with an odd video field 5; film frame 3 falls between odd video field 7 and even video field 8; and, film frame 4 exactly corresponds in time with an even video field 10, starting the repeat of the l/6th second temporal cycle.
  • the basic embodiment of the invention will be to use shape interpolation and cross- dissolving (i.e., a process akin to image morphing) to derive, from pairs of film images, intermediate images, for the purpose of presenting unique and temporally appropriate images at each video field.
  • shape interpolation and cross- dissolving i.e., a process akin to image morphing
  • Table II shows the setting of the morph parameter (0% to 100%) and which film images are used to create each video field. Note that a morph parameter of 100% corresponds to using the first of the two film frames alone and unprocessed. Similarly a morph parameter of 0% would correspond (if used) to using the second of the two film frames alone and unprocessed. The number in parenthesis is the complementary percentage from the perspective of the second frame.
  • the image data is derived from the film frames.
  • shape data is also required.
  • This may be provided by a computer/human collaborative system such as that disclosed by Inventor for film colorization or 2D to 3D image conversion (or as used by PDI). Please refer to Figures from Inventor's earlier patents and applications for system diagrams; only the particular software and algorithms being run will change. As subsequently disclosed by Inventor, such systems can also be made to work in a more or less automatic fashion by the incorporation into the system of additional software capabilities to extract image boundary (segmentation) information and/or motion data. Similarly, those capabilities may be applied here to generate boundary information that may be used to implement the morphing functions.
  • Such automatic operation was considered less than optimal for Inventor's earlier systems because it was necessary to identify and separate actual objects from within the frame. At least for some morphing algorithms, it is only necessary to identify the areas of the image that move (irrespective of whether those areas correspond to real- world coherent objects) or which need be associated from key frame to key frame. Further, the difference between one film frame and the next (within a scene) are generally quite small. In contrast, Inventor's film colorization system employed key frames many film frames apart. Therefore, the use of automatic boundary extraction (particularly based on motion) and motion analysis algorithms will provide change information appropriate to the close in time "micro-morphing" task at hand.
  • optical flow data can be used in lieu of the interpolated boundaries to provide the warping aspect of a morphing like function, with an interpolated field function applied to the pixels of the entire frame, pixel-by-pixel.
  • optical flow or other motion data may be provided over the entire image or only at selected points (e.g. on a regular grid). See Figure 3. The data can then be interpolated between those points given, to arrive at appropriate values for each pixel in the image. For embodiments where this data will have to be transmitted (see below) data may be sent only for certain of the points in each frame. Those points with the most significant data may be sent, or a more regular parsing may be employed.
  • the motion/change/shape data calculations will be performed but, rather than producing the new frames, the old frames and the motion data will be recorded or transmitted.
  • the low-frame rate image data and motion data wiU be combined, in real time, to create a full-frame rate image stream.
  • very-high-performance consumer electronics e.g., interactive game settop boxes and the like
  • Pipelined architecture and variable geometry frame stores (as disclosed in Inventor's other applications) will be useful to implement such devices. Further, for such real-time applications, computationally simpler embodiments will be preferred.
  • image data frames may be alternated with shape or motion data. And that shape or motion data may be associated with the previous image data, the later image data or "inbetween the two".
  • the shapes are interpolated between shape data frames.
  • the motion offsets may be applied in several ways. If a motion offset data frame is supplied, it can represent a l/120th second change. Thus, for a video field at or after the time of the film image: for a 100% morph parameter the offset is not applied since the image is used unchanged; for an 80% parameter it is applied once; for a 60% parameter it is applied twice (in succession or twice as strongly); for a 40% parameter it is applied three times; for a 20% parameter it is applied four times; for a 0% parameter it is not applied since the image is not used.
  • the shape or motion frame may be considered to be "between" the image frames. Then the same shape/motion data frame will be applied to the image frames on either side, but in opposite directions. If an image frame is the first of the pair the shape/motion frame to the right is applied with positive sign; if an image frame is the second of a pair, the shape/motion frame to the left is applied with negative sign. See Figure 6.
  • film may be stored as, or sent via, video with some additional information space left avaUable.
  • two fields may be applied to each film frame, with the two shape/motion data frames contained in the fifth field.
  • the shape/motion data can, instead, be put in the blanking intervals of those frames (or, as disclosed for side strip information in Inventor's co-pending appUcation, in a previous frame) leaving one field free.
  • Additional fields may be used for: additional resolution or definition (in both directions or in bit-depth); additional image area (e.g., HDTV, wide-screen or "letterbox" side- strips); 3D information in the form of a second image, or from which two images can be created by combination with the first; interactive or game data; hyper- or multimedia data; image segmentation data showing areas of motion or where different algorithms are to be applied; or, the interleaving of several program channels.
  • Image analysis algorithms are first applied to the image sequence to extract 3D shape and motion data.
  • bitmaps representing the surfaces of these objects are extracted from the image and the inverse of the projection transform is used to "unwrap" the surface images from the 3D shapes derived in step 1 to create texture maps for each 3D object. These may be pieced together from several images either up- or down ⁇ stream of the frame in question. 3. Based on the 3D motion data extracted in step 1, intermediate 3D frame scenes are created repositioning or reshaping each 3D object.
  • texture maps from source images, on either side of the intermediate frame to be created, are cross-dissolved (or the closest texture map may be used).
  • the texture maps are then reapplied to the distorted and or repositioned 3D objects and 2D projections (or stereoscopic pairs of 2D projections) are created as intermediate frames.
  • data may be sent/stored, in addition to image frames and shape/motion frames, so that various areas of frames in a sequence may be assembled from several methods. For example (see Figure 11):
  • part of the data sent can include (or be deduced from the motion data sent) a map of area that move so little that then need not be updated for at least the current frame.
  • Typical examples include:
  • Multi-Dimensional Sub-Band Coding Some Theory and Algorithms, Martin Vetterli, Signal Processing 6 (1984) 97-112, Elvsevier Science Publishers B.V. North-Holland, p. 97-112.
  • PIP-512, PIP-1024 and PIP-EZ (software); PG-640 & PG-1280; MVP-AT & Imager-AT (software), all for the IBM-PC/ AT, from Matrox Electronic Systems, Ltd. Que., Canada.
  • TARGA severe models with software utilities
  • AT- VISTA with software available from the manufacturer and Texas Instruments, manufacturer of the TMS34010 onboard Graphics System Processor chip), for the IBM-PC/AT, from AT&T EPICenter/Truevision, Inc., Indiana.
  • the low-end Pepper Series and high-end Pepper Pro Series of boards (with NNIOS software, and including the Texas Instruments TMS34010 onboard Graphics System Processor chip) from Number Nine Computer Co ⁇ oration, Massachusetts.
  • FGS-4000 and FGS-4500 high-resolution imaging systems from Broadcast Television Systems, Utah.
  • 911 Graphics Engine and 911 Software Library that runs on an IBM-PC/AT connected by an interface cord) from Megatek, Co ⁇ oration, California.
  • One/80 and One/380 frame buffers (with software from manufacmrer and third parties) from Raster Technologies, Inc., Massachusetts.
  • Advanced Graphics Chip Set (including the RBG, BPU, VCG and VSR) from National Semiconductor Co ⁇ oration, California.
  • TMS34010 Graphics System Processor (with available Software Development Board, Assembly Language Tools, "C” Cross-Compiler and other software) from Texas Instruments, Texas.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Processing Or Creating Images (AREA)

Abstract

Des séquences d'images sont analysées et, éventuellement à l'aide d'une intervention humaine, des données de mouvements ou de formes (bi- ou tridimensionnelles) calculées par informatique sont extraites (1001). Ces données sont appliquées à des paires déformées de trames source (1002) et, avec un fondu-enchaîné entre les paires déformées, des trames intermédiaires d'images sont produites (1003). Le signal obtenu de vitesse de trame supérieure est constitué par des trames originales et intermédiaires, chacune étant composée et positionnée de façon appropriée dans le temps et chacune contenant une information visuelle unique. Ceci permet d'obtenir une amélioration de la qualité visuelle ou bien une réduction de données. Dans ce dernier cas, la largeur de bande inoccupée peut être utilisée pour: une résolution ou définition supplémentaires (dans les deux sens ou en profondeur de bits); une zone d'image supplémentaire (par exemple, haute définition HDTV, écran large ou bandes latérales 'boîte à lettres'); une information tridimensionnelle sous forme d'une deuxième image ou à partir de laquelle deux images peuvent être créées par combinaison avec la première; des données interactives ou des données de jeu; des données hyper- ou multimédia; des données de segmentation d'image présentant des zones de mouvement et où différents algorithmes doivent être appliqués; ou l'imbrication de plusieurs chaînes de programmes.
PCT/US1996/009813 1995-06-07 1996-06-07 Systemes mettant en application la detection de mouvement, l'interpolation et le fondu-enchaine pour ameliorer la qualite de l'image WO1996041469A1 (fr)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1213917A2 (fr) * 2000-11-30 2002-06-12 Monolith Co., Ltd. Méthode et dispositif d'effet d'image utilisant des points critiques
EP1229500A2 (fr) * 2001-02-06 2002-08-07 Monolith Co., Ltd. Méthode, appareil et système de génération d'image utilisant des points critiques
US7176035B2 (en) 1999-05-14 2007-02-13 Elias Georges Protein-protein interactions and methods for identifying interacting proteins and the amino acid sequence at the site of interaction
US8437579B2 (en) 2002-11-20 2013-05-07 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Image processing system for automatic adaptation of a 3-D mesh model onto a 3-D surface of an object

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5410358A (en) * 1991-07-23 1995-04-25 British Telecommunications Public Limited Company Method and device for frame interpolation of a moving image

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5410358A (en) * 1991-07-23 1995-04-25 British Telecommunications Public Limited Company Method and device for frame interpolation of a moving image

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7176035B2 (en) 1999-05-14 2007-02-13 Elias Georges Protein-protein interactions and methods for identifying interacting proteins and the amino acid sequence at the site of interaction
EP1213917A2 (fr) * 2000-11-30 2002-06-12 Monolith Co., Ltd. Méthode et dispositif d'effet d'image utilisant des points critiques
EP1213917A3 (fr) * 2000-11-30 2002-07-17 Monolith Co., Ltd. Méthode et dispositif d'effet d'image utilisant des points critiques
US7215872B2 (en) 2000-11-30 2007-05-08 Monolith Co., Ltd. Image-effect method and apparatus using critical points
EP1229500A2 (fr) * 2001-02-06 2002-08-07 Monolith Co., Ltd. Méthode, appareil et système de génération d'image utilisant des points critiques
EP1229500A3 (fr) * 2001-02-06 2003-10-22 Monolith Co., Ltd. Méthode, appareil et système de génération d'image utilisant des points critiques
US8437579B2 (en) 2002-11-20 2013-05-07 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Image processing system for automatic adaptation of a 3-D mesh model onto a 3-D surface of an object

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