WO1996008715A1 - Separation of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis in thermal gradients in viscous polymer solutions - Google Patents
Separation of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis in thermal gradients in viscous polymer solutions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996008715A1 WO1996008715A1 PCT/EP1995/003561 EP9503561W WO9608715A1 WO 1996008715 A1 WO1996008715 A1 WO 1996008715A1 EP 9503561 W EP9503561 W EP 9503561W WO 9608715 A1 WO9608715 A1 WO 9608715A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- separation
- capillary
- process according
- dna
- temperature
- Prior art date
Links
- 0 CC(C)CCC*C(*)C(C(*)*C*CN)N Chemical compound CC(C)CCC*C(*)C(C(*)*C*CN)N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/447—Systems using electrophoresis
- G01N27/44704—Details; Accessories
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/447—Systems using electrophoresis
- G01N27/44704—Details; Accessories
- G01N27/44717—Arrangements for investigating the separated zones, e.g. localising zones
- G01N27/44734—Arrangements for investigating the separated zones, e.g. localising zones by thermal means
Definitions
- the present invention refers to the use of thermal gradients (coupled, when needed, to chemical denaturants) in time (as opposed to thermal gradients in space), for the separation of PCR-amplified DNA fragments, both normal or containing point mutations, via capillary zone electrophoresis in presence of viscous polymer solutions (either linear or branched).
- the present invention comprises also means for controlling the temperature from within, via the use of dedicated software calculating the real temperature inside the capillary with a precision >1oC.
- the present invention comprises also the use of batteries of capillaries, with the possibility, when needed, of an individual control of voltage on each capillary, so as to be able to operate under different thermal gradients according to the type of DNA under separation.
- the present invention furthermore comprises DNA detection via laser induced fluorescence. It also includes the possibility of operating with a variety of polymer solutions, as typically used in DNA fractionations (including, but not limited to, polyacrylamides, agarose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, dextran, potulan, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, glucomannan), either alone or in mixtures, and/or with polyacrylamides made of hydrolysis-resistant monomers (typically N-substituted, such as N-methyl acrylamide and N-acryloyl amino ethoxy ethanol).
- polyacrylamides made of hydrolysis-resistant monomers
- the present invention describes the synthesis of short-chain polyacrylamides (optimized for DNA fragment separation) via two different processes: a) cavitation of long-chain polyacrylamides by sonication and b) polymerization in presence of inhibitors (e.g., isopropanol) and at high temperatures.
- inhibitors e.g., isopropanol
- CZE capillary zone electrophoresis
- No. 5274240 have patented a battery of capillaries, mounted on a moving platform, able to perform the simultaneous analysis of a minimum of 20 samples containing DNA fragments, bearing a fluorescent tag, via excitation with laser beams of appropriate wavelength.
- the separation occurs in polyacrylamide gels or in viscous solutions of polyacrylamides and the main application is for DNA sequencing.
- Lux, McManigill & Young (US Pat. No. 5180475) have proposed a novel method for controlling the electrosmotic flux (EEO) in capillaries, consisting in generating a second voltage gradient, perpendicular to the axial voltage gradient utilized for analyte separation, in the radial direction.
- EEO electrosmotic flux
- Jamkbara (US Pat. No. 5277780) proposed a battery of gel-filled capillaries for DNA separation and fluorescent detection.
- Chin (US Pat. 5110424) proposed a method for DNA fractionation consisting in filling the capillary with a 5000 Da polymer moving, by EEO flux, in an opposite direction to the DNA migration. Selectivity could thus be modulated by reducing the difference between the velocity of the EEO flux and the DNA fragment velocity.
- the final means for obtaining a given temperature is by recirculating air at the outside, at the desired temperature, so as to subtract or add temperature to the capillary.
- Such means for temperature control include additionally Peltier elements. It is moreover proposed to determine the inner capillary temperature via measurements of the electric resistance of the capillary chamber at predetermined voltage values.
- DGGE denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
- the mutated DNA chains are mixed with normal (wild-type) DNA chains and hetero-duplexes are formed by melting the mixture above the T m of the highest melting domain and subsequent reannealing by cooling.
- These hetero-duplexes have T m values in general lower than the T m of homo- duplexes, due to uncoupling of bases in the region of the mutation.
- T m values in general lower than the T m of homo- duplexes, due to uncoupling of bases in the region of the mutation.
- separation will ensue due to the different T m values.
- a classic variant of the Fischer & Lerman method in which only gradients of chemical denaturants are used (typically urea and formamide), is electrophoresis in thermal gradients.
- electrophoresis is conducted in a gel slab to which extremities a temperature gradient (e.g. from 30 to 90oC) is applied, perpendicular or parallel to the migration direction.
- a temperature gradient e.g. from 30 to 90oC
- IncluIed into the present invention is also the possibility of an individual control of the voltage gradient for modulating the temperature on each capillary, and the use of dedicated computer programs for determining the temperature inside a capillary. Included m the present invention is also the combined use of denaturing gradients, such as the simultaneous use of chemical denaturants (such us, but not exclusively, urea and formamide) with temperature denaturation. This combined use allows in fact reaching temperatures, inside the capillary, well below the boiling temperature of the solvent ( m general, but not limited to, water).
- the present invention differs from the temperature control of capillaries, as reported in the above patents by Weinberger & Gassmann and by Weinberger & Mills, in several fundamental points:
- the temperature control method is an "external method", consisting in measuring the temperature outside the capillary, and then in modulating its temperature by recycling cold or warm air.
- M.S. Bello, P. de Besi & P.G. Righetti, J. Chroma togr. 652, 1993, 329-336) that the steady-state temperature inside a capillary can be substantially different from the outside temperature, due to inertia in dissipating heat from the thick silica wall and the polyimide coating.
- This difference could be as high as 40-50oC, thus incompatible with a reproducible separation of point mutations of nucleic acids, where the temperature control during the electrophoretic run should be better than ⁇ 1oC.
- This temperature control comes from "within” the capillary, via dedicated computer programs which, by assuming a linear dependence of the current on the temperature of the viscous buffer solution, and known the buffer specific conductivity, its thermal coefficient ( ⁇ ), the applied voltage gradient, the coefficient of heat dissipation (Biot number) and the precise capillary diameter and length, can predict the precise temperature inside the capillary to better than ⁇ 1oC.
- ⁇ thermal coefficient
- Biot number coefficient of heat dissipation
- Biot number the precise capillary diameter and length
- polyacrylamides are polymerized in presence of "chain transfer” agents (e.g., isoprcpanol) and at high temperatures (e.g., 70oC), so as to produce "short-chain” polymers, endowed with low viscosity.
- chain transfer agents e.g., isoprcpanol
- 70oC high temperatures
- Comprised in the present invention is also the use of polyacrylamide matrices made of hydrolytically-stable monomers, such as the novel monomer N-acryloyl amino ethoxy ethanol (M. Chiari, C. Micheletti, M. Nesi, M. Fazio & P.G. Righetti, Electrophoresis 15, 1994, 177- 186).
- polyacrylamide matrices made of hydrolytically-stable monomers, such as the novel monomer N-acryloyl amino ethoxy ethanol (M. Chiari, C. Micheletti, M. Nesi, M. Fazio & P.G. Righetti, Electrophoresis 15, 1994, 177- 186).
- Fig. 1 shows the separation of an amplified DNA fragment (cystic fibrosis, CF, gene from a normal individual) in the absence (lower tracing) and presence (upper profile) of thermal denaturing gradients. In the lower tracing, separation occurs at constant temperature (45oC) and in presence of chemical denaturants (6 M urea). The peaks eluted between 27 and 35 min represent oligonucleotide primers. The normal amplified DNA is eluted as a single peak (labelled W t /W t ) between 58 and 60 min.
- the same separation is carried out still in presence of 6 M urea (a partial denaturant of DNA) but additionally in presence of a temperature gradient with a slope of 0.15oC/min, so as to reach a maximum of 49.5oC after 30 min of electrophoresis.
- the shape of the thermal gradient can be visualized from the base-line ramp, due most likely to a variation of refractive index induced by the temperature ramp. It can be appreciated that the amplified DNA fragment (W t /W t ) is eluted much earlier (in only 24 min) and remains as a single peak, since there are no mutations present in the oligonucleotide chain.
- the single peak ootamed m the constant temperature run is now resolved into four peaks, representing: 1: the mutated homo-polymer (M/M); 2: the normal homo-polymer (W t /W t ), 3: the hetero-polymer of the type normal/mutant (W t /M) and 4: the hetero-polymer of the type mutant/normal (W t ./M).
- the sum of the areas of the four peaks corresponds to the area of the single peak m the lower tracing.
- the present technique can not only resolve low melters (as m Figs. 1 & 2), starting at a temperature plateau of 45oC, but also intermediate and high melters.
- Fig. 3 shows the analysis of a set of intermediate melting fragments, amplified from CF patients heterozygous for different mutations in exon 11 of the CFTR gene: 1717-1G --> A (panel A); G542X (G --> T at 1756; panel C) and 1784delG (panel D) with their respective normal control (panel E). All mutants exhibit the characteristic four-peak profile, vs. a single band in the control. As shown in the temperature profile of panel B, these mutants are intermediate melters, with T m 's in the 56.5 to 57.8oC range.
- Fig. 4 shows the optimized condition set up for a higher melting fragment, amplified from a CF patient homozygous for the M1V mutation (A --> G transversion at position 133 in exon 1 of the CFTR gene).
- the panel shows the electropherogram of the sample injected at a constant temperature plateau (65oC), constant denaturant buffer, but in the absence of a temperature gradient.
- 65oC constant temperature plateau
- the group of peaks eluting from 35 to 48 min corresponds to unpurified primers with an without GC-clamps.
- the insert shows the optimized separation in a 65 to 67oC gradient with a slope of 0.1oC/min: the correct spectrum of four bands is now obtained.
- the temperature is the one truly existing inside the capillary and is precisely determined with the aid of computer programs developed by us (M.S. Bello, E.I. Levine & P.O. Righetti: Computer assisted determination of the inner temperature and peak correction for capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. 652, 1993, 329-336).
- the production of masticated polyacrylamides allows the synthesis of chains having drastically reduced viscosities due to the marked decrements of the average chain size of the polyacrylamide polymer, which decreases from >2 million Da to ca . 550000 Da.
- Fig. 5 shows the progressive decrements of viscosity and average molecular mass of polyacrylamides during the mastication process by sonication.
- the viscosity has been measured with a Bohlin VOR rheometer (Bohlin Rheology, Lund, Sweden), whereas M r has been determined by gel permeation (HPLC Waters' 590 Solvent Delivery System, equipped with two Waters Ultrahydrogel columns and with a differential refractometric detector R401 against polyethylene glycol standards.
- Fig. 5 shows viscosity measurements as a function of polymer concentration obtained by polymerization in presence of "chain transfer" agents at 35oC and at 70oC.
- the viscosity has been measured with a Bohlin VOR rheometer (Bohlin Rheology, Lund, Swden).
- Bohlin Rheology Lund, Swden
- the drastic viscosity reduction at high temperatures is due to formation of short chains (M r of only 180000 Da at 70oC, as opposed to M r cf 450000 Da when polymerizing at 35oC).
- the viscosities of polyacrylamides polymerized at 35 or at 70oC are markedly different.
- a strong decrement of viscosity is obtained (e.g., in an 8% polymer solution, the viscosity diminishes from 450 mPa.s to barely 120 mPa.s).
- This strong viscosity decrement is due to a marked reduction in average chain length, which diminishes from 430000 Da (when polymerizing at 35oC) to only 180000 Da at 70oC.
- Fig. 7A shows the separation of a multiplex of a series of amplified DNA fragments for the screening of different exons in the muscular distrophy gene Waters' Quanta 4000-E.
- Sample injection 10 s at 6 kV.
- Electrophoretic buffer 89 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA, pH 8.3. Detection at 254 nm.
- the upper tracing in B represents the separation of 14 exons of modified deleted Chamberlains' and Beggs' mixed multiplex.
- the lower electropherogram in B shows the separation of 18 exons of modified non deleted Chamberlains' and Beggs
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8509892A JP3015106B2 (en) | 1994-09-12 | 1995-09-11 | Separation of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis with temperature gradient in viscous polymer solution |
EP95932707A EP0781411A1 (en) | 1994-09-12 | 1995-09-11 | Separation of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis in thermal gradients in viscous polymer solutions |
AU35652/95A AU689648B2 (en) | 1994-09-12 | 1995-09-11 | Separation of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis in thermal gradients in viscous polymer solutions |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITMI941864A IT1271005B (en) | 1994-09-12 | 1994-09-12 | SEPARATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS FOR CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN THERMAL GRADIENTS AND VISCOUS SOLUTIONS OF POLYMERS |
ITMI94A001864 | 1994-09-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1996008715A1 true WO1996008715A1 (en) | 1996-03-21 |
Family
ID=11369544
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1995/003561 WO1996008715A1 (en) | 1994-09-12 | 1995-09-11 | Separation of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis in thermal gradients in viscous polymer solutions |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0781411A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3015106B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU689648B2 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1271005B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996008715A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2000075663A1 (en) * | 1999-06-02 | 2000-12-14 | Universite De Geneve | Method and kit for ligand assay |
WO2002061410A1 (en) * | 2000-09-01 | 2002-08-08 | Spectrumedix Corporation | System and method for temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis |
US6872530B2 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2005-03-29 | Spectrumedix, Llc | Method for determining the presence of DNA variants using peptide nucleic acid probes |
EP1760159A1 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2007-03-07 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | A method of electrophoresis of nucleic acid molecules |
US7303879B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2007-12-04 | Applera Corporation | Determination of SNP allelic frequencies using temperature gradient electrophoresis |
US7588671B2 (en) | 2003-11-21 | 2009-09-15 | Ebara Corporation | Microfluidic treatment method and device |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2003532073A (en) * | 2000-04-25 | 2003-10-28 | スペクトラメディックス コーポレイション | Denaturant-free electrophoresis of biomolecules under high temperature conditions |
JP6992385B2 (en) * | 2017-10-02 | 2022-01-13 | 株式会社島津製作所 | Separation medium for electrophoresis, reagent kit for electrophoresis, and electrophoresis method |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0329341A2 (en) * | 1988-02-16 | 1989-08-23 | Applied Biosystems, Inc. | Capillary electrophoresis |
WO1991002815A1 (en) * | 1989-08-19 | 1991-03-07 | Diagen Institut Für Molekularbiologische Diagnostik Gmbh | Process and device for separating and detecting constituents of a mixture of substances by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5066382A (en) * | 1990-01-25 | 1991-11-19 | Spectra-Physics, Inc. | Thermal control for capillary electrophoresis apparatus |
-
1994
- 1994-09-12 IT ITMI941864A patent/IT1271005B/en active IP Right Grant
-
1995
- 1995-09-11 JP JP8509892A patent/JP3015106B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-09-11 EP EP95932707A patent/EP0781411A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-09-11 WO PCT/EP1995/003561 patent/WO1996008715A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-09-11 AU AU35652/95A patent/AU689648B2/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0329341A2 (en) * | 1988-02-16 | 1989-08-23 | Applied Biosystems, Inc. | Capillary electrophoresis |
WO1991002815A1 (en) * | 1989-08-19 | 1991-03-07 | Diagen Institut Für Molekularbiologische Diagnostik Gmbh | Process and device for separating and detecting constituents of a mixture of substances by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
X. C. HUANG: "CAPILLARY ARRAY ELECTROPHORESIS USING LASER-EXCITED CONFOCAL FLUORESCENCE DETECTION", ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 64, no. 8, 15 April 1992 (1992-04-15), WASHINGTON, DC, US, pages 967 - 972, XP000271819 * |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2000075663A1 (en) * | 1999-06-02 | 2000-12-14 | Universite De Geneve | Method and kit for ligand assay |
WO2002061410A1 (en) * | 2000-09-01 | 2002-08-08 | Spectrumedix Corporation | System and method for temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis |
US7175750B2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2007-02-13 | Spectrumedix Llc | System and method for temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis |
US7282126B2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2007-10-16 | Spectrumedix Llc | System and method for determining known DNA variants with temperature gradient electrophoresis |
US6872530B2 (en) | 2002-04-24 | 2005-03-29 | Spectrumedix, Llc | Method for determining the presence of DNA variants using peptide nucleic acid probes |
US7303879B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2007-12-04 | Applera Corporation | Determination of SNP allelic frequencies using temperature gradient electrophoresis |
US7588671B2 (en) | 2003-11-21 | 2009-09-15 | Ebara Corporation | Microfluidic treatment method and device |
EP1760159A1 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2007-03-07 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | A method of electrophoresis of nucleic acid molecules |
WO2007025761A2 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2007-03-08 | MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | A method electrophoresis of nucleic acid molecules |
WO2007025761A3 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2007-04-19 | Max Planck Gesellschaft | A method electrophoresis of nucleic acid molecules |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ITMI941864A1 (en) | 1996-03-12 |
JP3015106B2 (en) | 2000-03-06 |
AU689648B2 (en) | 1998-04-02 |
JPH10502738A (en) | 1998-03-10 |
ITMI941864A0 (en) | 1994-09-12 |
IT1271005B (en) | 1997-05-26 |
AU3565295A (en) | 1996-03-29 |
EP0781411A1 (en) | 1997-07-02 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Heiger et al. | Separation of DNA restriction fragments by high performance capillary electrophoresis with low and zero crosslinked polyacrylamide using continuous and pulsed electric fields | |
JP3176373B2 (en) | Capillary electrophoresis molecular weight separation of biomolecules using polymer-containing solutions | |
Barron et al. | DNA separations by slab gel, and capillary electrophoresis: Theory and practice | |
Dolnı́k | DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis | |
Kasper et al. | Separation and detection of DNA by capillary electrophoresis | |
US5891313A (en) | Entrapment of nucleic acid sequencing template in sample mixtures by entangled polymer networks | |
Guttman et al. | Separation of DNA by capillary electrophoresis | |
Schmalzing et al. | Recent developments in DNA sequencing by capillary and microdevice electrophoresis | |
Heller | Influence of electric field strength and capillary dimensions on the separation of DNA | |
AU689648B2 (en) | Separation of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis in thermal gradients in viscous polymer solutions | |
Yan et al. | The limiting mobility of DNA sequencing fragments for both cross‐linked and noncross‐linked polymers in capillary electrophoresis: DNA sequencing at 1200 V cm− 1 | |
Righetti et al. | Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis of DNA fragments and PCR products in poly (N-substituted acrylamides) | |
US6887668B2 (en) | Nucleic acid separation and detection by electrophoresis with a counter-migrating high-affinity intercalating dye | |
Barron et al. | Capillary electrophoresis of DNA in uncrosslinked polymer solutions: Evidence for a new mechanism of DNA separation | |
Schwartz et al. | Separation of DNA by capillary electrophoresis | |
AU677764B2 (en) | Fluorescence-based electrophoresis system for polynucleotide analysis | |
Righetti et al. | Capillary electrophoresis of DNA in the 20–500 bp range: recent developments | |
JP3080995B2 (en) | Preparation and use of multiple gradients in gel slabs and capillaries electrophoresis | |
Righetti et al. | Non-isocratic capillary electrophoresis for detection of DNA point mutations | |
EP0680605B1 (en) | Entrapment of nucleic acid sequencing template in sample mixtures by entangled polymer networks | |
Chu et al. | DNA capillary electrophoresis using block copolymer as a new separation medium | |
Wehr et al. | Sieving matrix selection | |
Sunada | Capillary electrophoresis of DNA in dilute polymer solutions | |
Nakazumi et al. | Effect of sieving polymer concentration on separation of 100 bp DNA Ladder by capillary gel electrophoresis | |
Barron | Capillary electrophoresis of DNA in uncrosslinked polymer solutions: An experimental and theoretical study |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AM AT AU BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CZ DE DK EE ES FI GB GE HU IS JP KG KP KR KZ LK LR LT LU LV MD MG MK MN MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SE SG SI SK TJ TM TT UA US UZ VN |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): KE MW SD SZ UG AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1995932707 Country of ref document: EP |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: US Ref document number: 1997 793290 Date of ref document: 19970311 Kind code of ref document: A Format of ref document f/p: F |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1995932707 Country of ref document: EP |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: 8642 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: CA |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 1995932707 Country of ref document: EP |