WO1995033745A9 - Novel compounds useful in modulating gene expression of retinoid responsive genes and/or having anti-ap-1 activity - Google Patents
Novel compounds useful in modulating gene expression of retinoid responsive genes and/or having anti-ap-1 activityInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995033745A9 WO1995033745A9 PCT/US1995/007390 US9507390W WO9533745A9 WO 1995033745 A9 WO1995033745 A9 WO 1995033745A9 US 9507390 W US9507390 W US 9507390W WO 9533745 A9 WO9533745 A9 WO 9533745A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lower alkyl
- substituted
- compound
- group
- amino
- Prior art date
Links
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Definitions
- This invention relates generally to the regulation of gene expression by retinoids. More particularly, the invention relates to novel compounds that are useful in modulating gene expression by retinoids, as well as other effects of these retinoids. The compounds are thus also useful for regulating cell differentiation processes and other processes controlled or regulated by retinoids. The invention additionally relates to certain novel compounds useful for selectively inhibiting AP-1 or an AP-1 component. Finally, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating mammalian individuals with the novel compounds.
- Retinoids which regulate cell differentiation by modulating gene expression and are able to reverse the preneoplastic transformation of cells, have excellent potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of cancer. See, e.g.: A. B. Roberts et al. , “Cellular Biology and Biochemistry of Retinoids,” in The Retinoids, vol. 2, eds. M. B. Sporn et al., Orlando:
- Retinoids particularly retinoic acid (RA) analogs
- RA retinoic acid
- the systemic side effects of the compounds and their teratogenicity limit their utility. Side effects include, for example, bone remodeling, palmoplantar peeling, dermatitis, alopecia, hepatotoxicity, and systemic toxicity as documented by H.
- retinoids have also been shown to activate several viruses including HIV-1 (Turpin, J., et al., J. Immunol. 148:2539-2546 (1992); Poli, G., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2689-2693 (1992); Huan, B., et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9059-9063 (1992); Ghazal, P., et al. ,
- RARs Retinoic Acid Receptors
- RXRs Retinoid X Receptors
- the present invention provides in part a new class of compounds useful for modulating gene expression by receptors in the retinoic acid family, e.g., RARs, RXRs and the like.
- the invention also provides methods for using these compounds novel compounds for a number of purposes related to regulating and/or eliciting selective gene expression of a receptor in the retinoic acid family.
- the invention additionally provides compounds useful for selectively inhibiting AP-1 or an AP-1 component.
- Differences in the two major mechanisms of retinoid receptor action which have now been identified make it possible to define conformationally restricted retinoids that differ in their receptor transcriptional activation and receptor anti-AP-1 activities.
- Such retinoids in particular compounds that have low transcriptional activation activity but strong anti-AP-1 activity, can serve as anti-proliferative agents that do not induce the full retinoid response and could thus be expected to have fewer side effects.
- the invention relates to novel compounds having the structural formula (I)
- R 1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl- 1-cyclohexyl, and adamantyl
- R 2 is -O-R 6 or -S-R 6 where R 6 is lower alkyl, and when R 1 is ortho to R 2 , R 1 and R 2 can be linked together to form a 5- or
- 6-membered cycloalkylene ring either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO 2 and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
- R 3 is selected from the group consisting of
- R 7 is hydrogen or methyl
- k is 0 or 1
- * represents the point of attachment of the R 3 substituent to the remainder of the molecule.
- R 4 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; hydroxy; lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted amino, and
- R 5 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; hydroxy; lower alkyl or lower alkoxy substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- and di-substituted amino, and combinations thereof; amino; lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted amino; cyano; carboxyl; -(CO)-R 1 1 where R 1 1 is hydroxyl, lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted amino, and combinations thereof, or wherein R 11 may be amino, lower alkyl and/or cycloalkyl mono- or di-substituted amino, or -OR 14 where R 14 is lower alkyl; -(CH 2 ) q -
- R 1 and R 2 are as defined above with respect to the compounds of Formula (I), and R 20 through R 23 may be defined as follows.
- R 20 and R 21 are the same and are selected from O and S;
- R 22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen; and R 22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen; and
- R 23 is selected from the group consisting of
- R 24 is lower alkyl and ** represents the point of attachment of R 23 to the remainder of the molecule.
- the invention relates to novel compounds having the structural formula (III)
- R 25 is -O- R 26 or -S-R 26 wherein R 26 is lower alkyl or lower alkyl carbonyl.
- R 29 is S, NH or O and * represents the point of attachment of the R 28 substituent to the remainder of the molecule.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 23 are as defined above, R 30 is O, S or lower alkylene, and R 31 and R 32 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, lower alkoxy, halogen, amino, and amino substituted with one or two lower alkyl moieties.
- novel compounds having the structural formula (VI) are provided
- R 1 , R 2 , R 31 and R 32 are as defined above.
- novel compounds are provided having the structural formula (VII)
- R 1 , R 2 , R 22 , R 23 , R 31 and R 32 are as defined above.
- the invention further encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable esters, amides and salts of the aforementioned compounds, as well as
- compositions containing one or more of the inventive compounds in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier containing one or more of the inventive compounds in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the invention further provides a method for modulating gene expression in a mammalian individual comprising administering to the individual an effective modulating amount of an inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- the invention also provides a method for treating an individual afflicted with a disease caused by malfunction of cell differentiation processes, or other diseases, regulated by retinoids, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of an inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- the invention further provides a method of treating an individual infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of an inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- the invention provides a method of inhibiting the replication of HIV in a subject with a receptor or protein antagonist which binds the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV corresponding to an RARE of HIV. Methods are also provided for screening the capability of candidate compounds to inhibit HIV replication.
- an isolated nucleic acid comprising the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 and a non-HIV reporter gene, wherein the region includes two half-sites and a spacer region, wherein one or more nucleotides of the spacer region can be substituted by another nucleotide.
- the invention also provides a method of selectively inhibiting, in a subject, transcription of a first gene which is activated by AP-1 or an AP-1 component over transcription of a second gene which is activated by a first nuclear receptor comprising administering to the subject an inventive compound.
- methods are provided for screening candidate compounds for the ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation.
- Fig. 1 shows a retinoid receptor binding site in the HTV-1 LTR.
- a Sequence comparison of a putative HIV- 1 -RARE (SEQ ID NO:1) with other RAREs (SEQ ID NOS: 11-16). Sequences that are closely related to the
- AGG/TTCA (SEQ ID NOS:4 and 5) motif are indicated by thick arrows, while a less related sequence is shown by a thin arrow.
- TREpal is the synthetic RA response element (Windom et al, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3380-3389 (1992)); the other RAREs are naturally occurring sequences (see, e.g., Tini, M., et al., Genes & Dev. 7:295-307 (1993)).
- HIV- 1 -RARE An oligonucleotide corresponding to the HIV-1-RARE shown in a was synthesized with a BglII adapter sequences at both ends and used in the gel retardation assay with in vitro-synthesized receptor proteins. 2 ⁇ l of RXR ⁇ was used for the experiment shown in the left panel while 4 ⁇ l of RXR ⁇ was used for the assay shown in the right panel, c. Receptor binding to mutated
- HIV-1-RAREs Oligonucleotides containing point mutations (indicated by solid triangles) in the first (Ml) (SEQ ID NO: 17) and second (M2) (SEQ ID NO: 18) half site of HIV-1-RARE as shown were synthesized with Bg/II adapter sequences at both ends and used in the gel retardation assay. Binding of receptors to the wild-type HIV-1-RARE was used for comparison (first two lanes). Open triangles indicate non-specific binding of the reticulocyte lysate.
- Fig. 2 shows the activation of HTV-1-RAREs by all-tm/u-RA and 9-Cis-RA.
- HIV-1-RARE Transient transfection assays were carried out as described (Zhang, X-k. , et al , Nature 358:587-591 (1992); Pfahl, M., et al, Methods Enzymol. 153:256-270 (1990)).
- CV-1 cells were cotransfected with 100 ng
- HIV- 1 -RARE reporter plasmid and 25 ng empty pECE expression vector or pECE-RXR ⁇ , pECE-RAR ⁇ , pECE-RAR ⁇ , pECE-RAR ⁇ , or a combination of the receptor expression vectors as indicated.
- the HTV-1 -RARE reporter construct was obtained by inserting two copies of the oligonucleotides shown in Fig. 1a with additional 5'-GATC (SEQ ID NO:6) overhangs into the Bglll site of pBL-CAT2 as previously described (Pfahl, M. et al. (1990), supra), b.
- HIV-1 LTR-CAT reporter specific oligonucleotide primers complementary to sequences in the HIV-1 LTR (variant A) (5'-AAAGGGGGGACTGGAAG (SEQ ID NO:7); 5'- TGAAGCACTCAAGGCAAG (SEQ ID NO:8)) were used to amplify HTV-1 LTR from HXB2 genomic DNA (Ratner, L., et al., Aids Res. Hum. Retroviruses 3:57-69 (1987)). The resulting fragment (-464 to +97) was purified and cloned into pBS-CAT (Hoffmann, B., et al., Mol. Endocrinol.
- HIV-1 LTR-CAT reporter construct (left panel) (100 ng) was cotransfected with 50 ng pECE-RAR ⁇ and/or pECE-RXR ⁇ into CV-1 cells.
- pBL-CAT2 a reporter that carried a single HTV-1 -RARE is also shown (right panel).
- Transfected cells were treated with no hormone (open bars), 10 - 7 M all-rra/u-RA (striped bars) or 10 -7 M 9-cis-RA (filled bars) and 24 hr later assayed for CAT activity. Results of a representative experiment with duplicate measurements are shown. In four independent experiments, induction profiles did not vary significantly, c. Activation of HIV-1-RARE by retinoids is
- HIV-1-RARE variant A
- Fig. 3 shows the repression of retinoid-induced activation of the HIV-1-RARE by COUP-TF.
- the HIV-1-RARE (variant A) a. or the HIV-1 LTR-CAT b. reporter plasmid (100 ng) were cotransfected together with pECE-RAR ⁇ and/or pECE-RXR ⁇ (25 ng for a and 50 ng for b) into CV-1 cells in the presence or absence of COUP-TF ⁇ expression vector as indicated.
- Transfected cells were treated with no hormone (open bars), 10 - 7 M
- Fig. 4 shows the activity of a retinoid antagonist, a. Repression of all-trans-RA and b. 9-cis-RA activation of the HIV-1 -RARE by a retinoid antagonist.
- CV-1 cells were cotransfected with 100 ng HTV-1 -RARE (variant
- Transfected cells were treated with 10 -7 M, 10 -8 M or 10 -9 M all-trans-RA or 9-cis-RA in the presence or absence of the indicated concentration of the retinoid antagonist, AR-1.
- the activation obtained with retinoic acid treatment only was considered as 100%.
- the data points represent the mean ⁇ S.E. of three independent experiments.
- Fig. 5 shows transcriptional activation and anti-AP-1 activities of retinoids.
- CV-1 cells were transfected with 50 ng of expression plasmids for the receptors RAR ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ and RXR ⁇ , 100 ng of the reporter gene (TRE) 2 -tk-CAT and 150 ng of ⁇ -galactosidase expression plasmid pCH1000. Cells were treated subsequently for 24 h with 10% charcoal-treated DME medium containing various concentrations of the retinoids to be analyzed.
- TRE reporter gene
- HeLa cells were transiently transfected with 100 ng of -73ColCAT (containing an AP-1 site) reporter gene and 50 ng of expression plasmids for RAR ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and RXR ⁇ . After transfection, cells were grown in 0.5% charcoal-treated fetal calf serum in the presence or absence of retinoids with or without TPA (100 ng/ml) for 24 h before harvesting.
- the ⁇ -galactosidase expression vector (pCH1000, Pharmacia) was cotransfected to normalize the CAT activity.
- the assays were carried out in general as described by Yang- Yen, H.F., et al, New Biol. 3:1206-1219 (1991) and Salbert, G., et al., Mol. Endocrinol. 7: 1347-1356 (1993).
- Fig. 6 shows that anti-AP-1 selective retinoids show antagonist activity.
- Transient transfections into CV-1 cells as described in Fig. 5 were used to measure antagonist activity of anti-AP-1 selective retinoids. After transfection cells were grown in medium containing 10 -9 M t-RA alone or t-RA and the indicated amounts of the synthetic retinoids. 100% CAT activity represent the activity measured in the presence of t-RA only.
- Fig. 7 shows biological activities of anti-AP-1 selective retinoids.
- F9 cell proliferation F9 cells were seeded in plastic wells (Costar, 24-well plates) coated with 0.1 % gelatin at different densities as indicated. After adhesion (day 0), cells were treated (day 1) with 10 - 7 M or 10 -6 M retinoid. Solvent controls received an identical dilution of ethanol only (0.01 % or 0.001 % final concentration of ethanol). Treatment was repeated 48 hr after the initial treatment (day 3). Cells were analyzed on day 6 with a commercial cell proliferation kit (Promega) based on formation and extraction of a tetrazolium salt. After addition of 150 ⁇ l of substrate to 1 ml of medium for 4 h at 37°C, cells were lysed overnight at 37°C by addition of 1 ml of lysis solution.
- a commercial cell proliferation kit Promega
- A all trans-retinoic acid
- B 9-cis-retinoic acid
- C solvent control
- D SR11220
- E SR11327
- Methods Cell proliferation was analyzed with a commercial cell proliferation kit (Promega) based on formation and extraction of a tetrazolium salt following the manufacturer's instructions.
- Fig. 8 shows growth inhibition of cancer cells by retinoids.
- a-b Calu-6 and H661 human lung cancer cells and T-47D human breast cancer cells were seeded at a concentration of 3000 cells per well in 96-well plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA). After 24 h, the cells were treated with various concentrations of the indicated retinoids for 4 days and assayed for their capability to reduce MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] dye to a colored formazan product as an index of cell survival and proliferation. The results are expressed as a percentage of absorbency at 550 nm of MTT-derived formazan developed by cells treated with control solvent.
- Fig. 9 shows Differential Display of RNAs from human breast carcinoma T-47 D cells treated with 100 nm t-RA, SR11302 or R10. A 1 ⁇ g total RNA was reversed transcribed individually by four sets of primers
- T12MN(N G,A,T,C).
- the final cDNA fragments were resolved on 6% DNA sequencing gel.
- the solid arrows mark bands which are enhanced or reduced in the presence of the various retinoids.
- Methods PCR and Differential Display. T-47D cells were treated with 100nM t-RA or SR11302 or R10 for 72 h. Total RNA was purified by the guanidinium method.
- RNAs were reverse transcripted using four sets of 3' primer symbolized as T12MG, T12MA, T12MC, and T12MT (T12 stands for poly(dT)12, M id degenerate nucleotide for G, A, and C. Each primer was anchored by G, A, T, C respectively.
- the cDNAs were then amplified by PCR using same sets of 3' primers and a 5' random primer ABR1 with the sequence 5'-GCGGACACAC-3'.
- the condition for reverse transcription and PCR were identical to those published by Liang, P., et al, Science 257:967-971 (1992). The products were resolved on a 6% DNA sequence gel.
- alkyl refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl and the like.
- Preferred alkyl groups herein contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the term "lower alkyl” intends an alkyl group of from one to six carbon atoms, preferably from one to four carbon atoms.
- cycloalkyl intends a cyclic alkyl group of from three to eight, preferably five or six carbon atoms.
- alkoxy intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group may be defined as -OR where R is alkyl as defined above.
- a "lower alkoxy” group intends an alkoxy group containing from one to six, more preferably from one to four, carbon atoms.
- alkylene refers to a difunctional saturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chain containing from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, and includes, for example, methylene (-CH 2 -), ethylene
- “Lower alkylene” refers to an alkylene group of from 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms.
- the term "cycloalkylene” as used herein refers to a cyclic alkylene group, typically a 5- or 6-membered ring.
- Me is an abbreviation for methyl.
- Ac is an abbreviation for acetyl.
- an effective amount of a compound as provided herein is meant a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the compound to provide the desired effect, e.g., regulation of gene expression.
- the exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease that is being treated, the particular compound used, its mode of administration, and the like. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact “effective amount.” However, an appropriate effective amount may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.
- pharmaceutically acceptable is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual along with the selected bicyclic compound without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.
- Eliciting,” “modulating” or “regulating” selective gene expression is intended to mean that a compound is capable of acting as an activator or an antagonist of gene expression by a particular receptor, i.e., a receptor in the retinoic acid family.
- AP-1 is composed of dun homodimers and cJun/cFos heterodimers; the term “AP-1 component” refers to a Jun protein or a Fos protein or portions thereof which either individually or in combination with other components activate transcription through AP-1 responsive nucleotide sequences.
- AP-1 means any compound having the structure necessary for the binding of AP-1 or AP-1 components to its responsive element.
- Nuclear receptor means a receptor, such as a retinoid receptor, a glucocorticoid receptor, a vitamin D3 receptor, a thyroid receptor, a
- the Retinoic Acid Receptor includes RAR ⁇ , RAR ⁇ , RAR ⁇ , RAR ⁇ and the related RXR proteins.
- the thyroid receptor includes erbA- T, TR ⁇ -2 and TR ⁇ -2 variants.
- the nuclear receptor binds to its ligand, e.g. Retinoic Acid Receptor to retinoic acid, prior to binding to AP-1 or an AP-1 component.
- ligand/receptor binding is required.
- the present discovery also provides a novel composition of matter comprising AP- 1 or an AP- 1 component bound to a nuclear receptor.
- the binding of the complex to AP- 1 can result in an increased anti-cancer or anti-arthritis effect compared to a ligand known to bind a nuclear receptor.
- ligands can be made by standard organic synthesis and screened using the methods of the invention.
- the present invention provides compounds of structural formulae (I), (TI), (III), (TV), (V), (VI) and (VII) shown above.
- Preferred compounds within the generic structure of Formula (I) include
- R 33 is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(CH 3 ) 2 , and CH 2 , with the proviso that R 33 is other than (C ⁇ C for formula (lc), and R 34 is hydrogen or methyl.
- Particularly preferred compounds within this group are as shown in structural formula (lb).
- R 4 is preferably selected from the group consisting of
- R 10 is defined above.
- R 5 is preferably selected from the group consisting of
- Examples of specific and particularly preferred compounds within the class of compounds defined by formula (lb) include: With respect to compounds of formulae (II) through (VII), also included are compounds wherein R 1 and R 2 are linked together to form the structures VIII, IX, X, XI or XII
- R 35 is O, S, SO, SO 2 , C(CH 3 ) 2 , or CH 2 , but is other than C(CH 3 ) 2 for structure X, and R 36 is hydrogen or methyl.
- preferred compounds within generic formulae (II) through (VII), wherein R 1 and R 2 form structure Vm include:
- R 25 is OAc
- R 22 is hydrogen, methyl, or halogen
- R is hydrogen or lower alkyl
- the invention also encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic ester, amide, and salt derivatives of those compounds of formulae (I) through (VII) containing a carboxylic acid moiety.
- compositions are prepared by treating the free acid with an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable base.
- Representative pharmaceutically acceptable bases are ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, copper hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine,
- the reaction is conducted in water, alone or in combination with an inert, water-miscible organic solvent, at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 100°C, preferably at room temperature.
- the molar ratio of compounds of structural formulae (I) through (VII) to base used are chosen to provide the ratio desired for any particular salts.
- the ammonium salts of the free acid starting material-a particular preferred embodiment-the starting material can be treated with approximately one equivalent of pharmaceutically acceptable base to yield a neutral salt.
- approximately one-half a molar equivalent of base is used to yield a neutral salt
- aluminum salts approximately one-third a molar equivalent of base will be used.
- Ester derivatives are typically prepared as precursors to the acid form of the compounds ⁇ as illustrated in the examples below— and accordingly may serve as prodrugs. Generally, these derivatives will be lower alkyl esters such as methyl, ethyl, and the like.
- Amide derivatives -(CO)NH 2 , -(CO)NHR and -(CO)NR 2 , where R is lower alkyl, may be prepared by reaction of the carboxylic acid-containing compound with ammonia or a substituted amine.
- the present invention further provides a method for modulating gene expression in a mammalian individual comprising administering to the individual an effective modulating amount of the inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Typically, the gene expression is inhibited by this method.
- the invention also provides a method for treating an individual afflicted with a disease caused by malfunction of cell differentiation processes, or other diseases, regulated by retinoids, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of the inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- diseases include a neoplastic condition such as cancer.
- the present invention also provides a method of treating an individual infected with a viral infection where the virus has a RARE that corresponds to a RARE which is bound by an RAR/RXR heterodimer or a RXR homodimer.
- a virus is the Human
- the method comprises administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of the inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the replication of HIV in a subject, comprising contacting HIV with a receptor or protein antagonist which binds the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV corresponding to an RARE of HIV. As described in the
- COUP-TF ⁇ and ⁇ can be used to bind this region and competitively prevent the binding of the retinoid receptor to this region. This binding can inhibit the viral replication.
- Other receptors or proteins that bind this region can be screened utilizing the methods set forth in the examples.
- hematopoietic cells or hematopoietic stem cells can be isolated and transfected with a viral vector containing the COUP-TF gene such that the cell expresses COUP-TF.
- This cell can be reintroduced into the patient and such transfected cells would produce COUP-TF and inhibit HIV that infects these cells or the progeny of these cells.
- homologous recombination can be utilized to introduce the COUP-TF gene into the cell.
- a method of screening for a candidate compound for the inhibition of the replication of HIV comprising administering the compound to a suitable host having a promoter region comprising a retinoic acid response element (RARE) found in positions -348 to -328 of the long terminal repeat from an HTV which is operably linked to a reporter gene and a gene functionally expressing an RXR either alone or with a gene functionally expressing an RAR and determining whether the activation of transcription of the reporter gene is inhibited by the compound, the inhibition of transcription indicating a candidate compound for inhibiting the replication of HIV.
- the RARE may be selected from the group consisting of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1 , SEQ ID NO. 2 and SEQ ID NO. 3.
- the candidate compound may be an analog or derivative of retinoic acid.
- the present invention further provides a method of screening for a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV, comprising administering the compound to a suitable host having the promoter region of either COUP-TF ⁇ or COUP-TF ⁇ orphan receptor which is operably linked to a reporter gene or to the COUP-TF ⁇ or COUP-TF ⁇ protein and detecting the increased expression of the reporter gene, the COUP-TF ⁇ or COUP-TF ⁇ , the presence of increased expression indicating the presence of a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV (Tran et al , Mol. Cell Biol , 12:4666-4676).
- the regulatory region of the COUP-TF orphan receptor can be cloned using standard techniques (Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning, 2d Ed. (1982)).
- nucleic acid comprising the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 and a non-HIV reporter gene, wherein the region includes two half-sites and a spacer region, wherein one or more nucleotides of the spacer region can be substituted by another nucleotide.
- the reporter gene may be CAT2.
- the nucleic acid can be synthesized using standard synthesis techniques. This nucleic acid can be placed into a vector and the vector can be placed into a host. Such molecular biology techniques and suitable vectors and hosts are well known (see, e.g., Sambrook et al, supra).
- the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 , SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:3.
- the present invention provides a method of screening for a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV comprising contacting a nucleic acid comprising an RARE found in positions -348 to -328 of the long terminal repeat from HIV with either a Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), either alone or with a Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR), with the candidate compound and determining the absence of a complex between the nucleic acid and a receptor, the absence of a complex indicating a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV.
- RXR Retinoid X Receptor
- RAR Retinoic Acid Receptor
- One example of such a method is a Gel Retardation Assay as described in the Examples.
- the invention also provides a method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor.
- a method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor it is meant that compounds, including retinoid derivatives, can be screened, as in the Examples, for relative differences in promoting transcriptional activation between AP-1 activated genes and other nuclear receptor activated genes.
- the method allows for the selection of those compounds which minimize AP-1 transcriptional activation by assisting a nuclear receptor to bind and inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 components dun and cFos. This selective binding to AP-1 minimizes transcriptional activation mediated by other nuclear receptors.
- such a compound would have the selective effect of inhibiting AP-1 activated genes while minimizing
- the method provides for the screening of compounds which effect any change in anti-AP-1, or AP-1 component transcriptional activation relative to transcriptional activation of other nuclear receptor controlled genes.
- This method of screening involves the steps of: (a.) combining the compound within a first cell containing AP-1 or an AP-1 component, a first nuclear receptor and an AP-1 responsive element linked to a first reporter gene;
- the invention also provides a method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or an AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor involving the steps of: (a.) combining the compound within a cell containing AP- 1 or an AP-1 component, a nuclear receptor, and AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element linked to a first reporter gene and a receptor specific responsive element linked to a second reporter gene; (b.) detecting
- this method represents a single cell approach to screening for ligands.
- the AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element is a collagenase promoter.
- the compound is a retinoid or retinoid derivative.
- the first and second nuclear receptors are the same receptors, such as retinoid receptors.
- the retinoid receptors are Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs) and Retinoid X
- the receptor contained in the first cell is non-endogenous.
- the receptor contained in the second cell is non-endogenous.
- the AP-1 component is dun or cFos.
- the first and second reporter genes are the same genes.
- the resultant anti- AP-1 activity is at least 50% at 10 -6 M and the transcription activation activity is less than 20% to 10 -5 M.
- the resultant anti-AP-1 activity is at least 70% at 10 -6 M and the transcription activation activity is less than 15% at 10 -5 M.
- the present invention also provides a method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively promote transcription activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor over the ability to inhibit AP-1 or an AP-1 component transcriptional activation. Therefore, this method permits the selection of compounds which do not promote nuclear receptor binding to AP-1 or AP-1 component and thus do not inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component-mediated transcriptional activation, and which do promote transcription mediated by other nuclear receptors.
- This method involves the steps of: a. combining the compound within a cell containing AP-1 or an AP-1 component, a nuclear receptor, an AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element linked to a first reporter gene and a receptor-specific responsive element linked to a second reporter gene; b.
- the AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element is a collagenase promoter.
- the compound is a retinoid.
- the first and second nuclear receptors are the same receptors.
- the first and second nuclear receptors are retinoid receptors, such as Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs) and Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs).
- the AP-1 component is dun or cFos.
- the resultant anti-AP-1 activity is less than 20% at 10 -6 M and the transcription activation activity is at least 75% at 10 -5 M.
- the compounds of the invention defined by structural formula (I), including the pharmacologically acceptable esters, amides or salts thereof, are useful to elicit and/or regulate selective gene expression through receptors of the retinoic acid family and to control cell differentiation processes regulated by retinoids.
- the compounds can also be specifically used to antagonize
- HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- diseases and cell processes which are regulated by retinoic acid can be treated using the compounds of the invention, as well as viral infections and diseases that are mediated by genes having RAREs to which these receptors bind.
- the compounds of formulae (II) through (VII), including the pharmacologically acceptable esters, amides or salts thereof, are useful for many contemplated uses, including the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
- the compounds permit the identification of therapeutic compounds which can be administered to inhibit AP-1 mediated transcription, while minimizing the side effects of transcription mediated by other nuclear receptors.
- AP-1 is a transcriptional activator of the gene encoding collagenase, and collagenase is one of the enzymes known to break down collagen, a component of most connective tissues including bone
- the control of AP-1 mediated transcription can be utilized to treat arthritis, for example.
- AP-1 is comprised of the proto- oncogene encoded products Jun and Fos, the control of AP-1 mediated
- transcription can be utilized to treat those cancers associated with AP-1, a Jun or Fos component or another oncogene that regulates AP-1 activity.
- Examples of control of AP- 1 mediated cancer include the over expression of AP- 1 , the expression of mutated forms of AP-1 and the increased AP-1 activity caused by expression of oncogenes such as H-ras.
- Other disease states associated with AP-1 stimulation which could be treated by the present invention include tumor formation, asthma, allergies, and skin rashes.
- a variety of cancers may be treated with the compounds of formulae (II) through (VII), including those cancers represented by the isolated tumor cell lines found in the "American Type Culture Collection,” Catalogue of Cell Lines and Hybridomas, 7th Ed. (1992).
- Compounds (II) through (VII) and methods of the present invention are also useful as tools to study the molecular biology of genetic regulation.
- AP- 1 responsive promoter regions and other nuclear receptor responsive promoters can be operably linked to respective reporter genes to monitor the transcriptional effects of various ligands.
- These tools permit the discernment of specific ligand, nuclear receptor, AP-1 and DNA interactions which result in negative and positive inducible or repressible transcription. This in turn permits the design and use of particularly desirable ligands.
- the selective regulatory mechanisms revealed by the invention permit the creation and use of a genetic system for selectively controlling the expression of any desirable gene products.
- the compounds of the invention may be conveniently formulated into pharmaceutical compositions composed of one or more of the compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See, e.g., Remington's
- the compounds may be administered orally, parenterally (e.g., intravenously), by intramuscular injection, by intraperitoneal injection, topically, transdermally, or the like, although oral administration is preferred.
- parenterally e.g., intravenously
- intramuscular injection e.g., intraperitoneal injection
- topically e.g., transdermally
- transdermally e.g., transdermally
- oral administration e.g., transdermally, or the like
- the amount of active compound administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, the subject's weight, the manner of administration and the judgement of the prescribing physician. Generally, however, dosage will approximate that which is typical for the administration of retinoic acid, and will preferably be in the range of about 2 ⁇ g/kg/day to 2 mg/kg/day.
- the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage forms, such as, for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, capsules, powders, liquids, suspensions, lotions, creams, gels, or the like, preferably in unit dosage form suitable for single administration of a precise dosage.
- the compositions will include, as noted above, an effective amount of the selected drug in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, in addition, may include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, diluents, etc.
- conventional nontoxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talc, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
- Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., an active compound as described herein and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in an excipient, such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.
- the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary compounds such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
- auxiliary compounds such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
- fine powders or granules may contain diluting, dispersing, and/or surface active agents, and may be presented in water or in a syrup, in capsules or sachets in the dry state, or in a nonaqueous solution or suspension wherein suspending agents may be included, in tablets wherein binders and lubricants may be included, or in a suspension in water or a syrup.
- flavoring, preserving, suspending, thickening, or emulsifying agents may be included.
- Tablets and granules are preferred oral administration forms, and these may be coated.
- Parental administration if used, is generally characterized by injection.
- Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
- a more recently revised approach for parental administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system, such that a constant level of dosage is maintained. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 3,710,795.
- liquids, suspension, lotions, creams, gels or the like may be used as long as the active compound can be delivered to the surface of the skin.
- the yellow gum was chromatographed on a silica gel column (20 to 25% CH 2 Cl 2 /hexanes) to yield 2.10 g (95%) of the ester 5 as a pale-yellow gum.
- a sample was crystallized from hexane to give white needles, m.p. 113° to 113.5°C; R f 0.76 (35% CH 2 Cl 2 /hexanes); IR (CHCl 3 ) 1705, 1575, 1220, 1160, 1090, 1040, 1010, 885 cm -1 .
- the mixture was chromatographed on a silica gel column (gradient elution, 2% ethyl acetate/10% CH 2 CI 2 /hexanes to 10% ethyl acetate/10% CH 2 CI 2 /hexanes) to yield 2.73 g of an orange gum containing unreacted 11 and aryl trifluoromethyl ketones: R f 0.28 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) 0.35, 0.41, 0.50, 0.58, 0.65.
- the mixture was dissolved in 40 mL of ethanol at 40°C, cooled to room temperature, and treated with NaBH 4 (0.35 g, 10 mmol) over a 15-min period.
- the yellow gum was chromatographed on a silica gel column (gradient elution, 2% ethyl acetate/ 10% CH 2 Cl 2 /hexanes to 10% ethyl acetate/10% CH 2 CI 2 /hexanes) to yield successively unreacted aldehyde 14 (0.306 g, 81 %) as a pale-yellow solid; R f 0.45 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes); and crude trifluoromethylcarbinol 12 (0.076 g, 17%) as a yellow gum, R f 0.22 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes).
- 1,2-dimethoxyethane (2 mL) was added under argon a solution of phenylboronic acid (0.050 g, 0.41 mmol) in ethanol (0.25 mL), followed by saturated aq.
- the crude dicarboxylic acid was treated with ethanol (6 mL) and 0.2 g of decolorizing charcoal (Bamebey-Cheney, Inc., Columbus, OH) and stirred at 80°C for 2h, filtered while hot, and concentrated.
- the product was recrystallized from ethanol (5 mL) to give 27 (0.075 g, 34%) as white crystals, m.p. > 280°C;
- the pale-yellow gum was chromatographed on a silica gel column (12% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield amine 34 (0.208 g, 51 %) as a pale yellow gum; R f 0.66 (20% ethyl acetate/hexane); IR (film) 2970, 2930, 2780, 1585, 1485, 1460, 1385, 1365, 1345, 1220, 1185, 1110, 990, 885, 780 cm -1 ; CI-HRMS (i-C 4 H 9 ) calcd. for C 23 H 30 BrN: 399.1562; found: 399.1571.
- the pale-brown solution was concentrated and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 5% aq. NaHCO 3 .
- the organic extract was twice washed with dilute brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated to give a dark semisolid, then dissolved in 4 mL of ethanol and treated under argon with 0.75 g (about 1.1 mmol) of 10% aq. KOH.
- the dark solution was stirred for 1.5 h, then concentrated in an argon stream and acidified at 0°C with 1 N HCl to give a pale-brown precipitate.
- the suspension was filtered, washed repeatedly with water and dried, then dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 , and the solution was filtered and concentrated.
- the crude product was chromatographed on a silica-gel column
- N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.53 g, 22.0 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.12 g, 0.98 mmol) in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added over 10 min at 0°C 5.3 g (25.6 mmol) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
- the mixture was stirred at ice-bath temperature for 30 min.
- To the white suspension was added a solution of n-pentylamine (1.74 g, 20.0 mmol) in 3 mL of tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h and filtered.
- Radiopharm. , 28:89-98 (1990) (42) (0.024 g, 0.060 mmol) in 0.3 mL of tetrahydrofuran containing triethylamine (10 ⁇ l, 0.07 mmol) and then allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 2.5-h period.
- the suspension was partitioned between CHCl 3 and water, and the CHCl 3 extract was washed twice with 0.2 N NaOH, then twice with water, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and concentrated to give a pink semisolid.
- Two silica gel column chromatographies (25% ethyl acetate/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave 43 (0.023 g, 60%) as white needles, m.p. 146° to 147°C
- triphenylphosphine 0.52 g, 1.98 mmol
- 28 mL of tetrahydrofuran with 2.5 mL (2.5 mmol) of 1 M diisobutylaluminum hydride in cyclohexane.
- the dark-brown suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h, and then poured into 1 N HCl and twice extracted with Et 2 O. The organic extract was washed twice with brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and concentrated.
- 6-cyano-1-naphthoic acid (62) (0.221 g, 1.12 mmol) (Dewar, M. J. S., et al , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84:3541-3546 (1962)) in thionyl chloride (10 mL) under argon at room temperature was added one drop of DMF, and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 14 h. After cooling, the excess thionyl chloride was removed at reduced pressure, and the residue azeotroped twice with dry toluene (10 mL) to give the acid chloride (63) as a pale-yellow solid (0.244 g, 99%): 1 ⁇ NMR
- the orange-red solution was cooled in a -50°C bath, and a solution of (78) (2.60 g, 8.83 mmol) in 8 mL of THF was introduced over a 15-min period. The mixture was then allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 20-h period. The orange solution was poured into dilute brine and extracted twice with Et 2 O. The yellow extract was washed twice with brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and concentrated. The viscous yellow oil was twice
- N-bromosuccinimide 0.080 g, 0.45 mmol
- dibenzoyl peroxide 0.002 g
- 1.5 mL of CCl 4 was heated at reflux for 2 h while being irradiated with a 100-W tungsten lamp from about 10 cm, then cooled.
- the pale-yellow suspension was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give a yellow gum, which was chromatographed on a silica gel (1: 1 CH 2 CI 2 /hexanes) to give 0.165 g of a colorless gum.
- Retinoids All-trans -RA was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. 9-cis-RA was prepared by the method of Sakashita et al. (Sakashita, A., et al., Blood 81:1009-1016 (1993)). 4-[1-(1-Methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoic acid was prepared by the procedures given in Examples 2 and 5. All compounds gave satisfactory elemental analyses (C, H, F). Retinoid stock solutions (10 mM) were made in a dimethylsulfoxide: ethanol (1: 1) mixture and were maintained at -20°C. Further dilutions were made in cell culture medium before use.
- Plasmids The receptor expression plasmids pECE-RAR ⁇ ,
- HIV-1-RARE reporter constructs (HIV-1 -RARE- tk-CAT) were obtained by inserting either one or two copies of the corresponding oligonucleotide sequences shown in Fig.
- S'-TGAAGCACTCAAGGCAAG SEQ ID NO:8
- SEQ ID NO:8 S'-TGAAGCACTCAAGGCAAG
- Reporter plasmids of HTV-1 -RARE variants B and C were obtained by inserting copies of the oligonucleotides shown in Fig. lc with BgHl adapter sequences into pBL-CAT2. Transfection Assays:
- CV-1 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum.
- a modified calcium phosphate precipitation procedure was used for transient transfection as previously described (Zhang, X-k., et al, Nature 358:587-591 (1992), supra; Lehmann, J.M., et al, Science 258:1944-1946 (1992), supra; Pfahl, M., et al, Methods Enzymol.
- reporter plasmid 100 ng of reporter plasmid, 200 ng of ⁇ -galactosidase expression vector (pCH110, Pharmacia), and variable amounts of receptor expression vector were mixed with carrier DNA (pBluscript, Stratagene) to 1000 ng of total DNA per well. After the precipitate was removed, retinoids were applied for 24 hours.
- CAT and ⁇ -galactosidase activity were assayed as described (Pfahl, M., et al. (1990), supra). CAT activity was normalized for transfection efficiency by the corresponding ⁇ -galactosidase activity.
- cDNAs of RAR ⁇ , RXR ⁇ , TRs and COUP-TFs cloned in pBluscript were transcribed by using T7 or T3 RNA polymerase, and the transcripts were translated in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (Promega) as previously described (Zhang, X-k., et al. (1992), supra; Lehmann, J.M., et al. (1992), supra; Pfahl, M., et al (1990), supra).
- the efficiency of translation was determined by separating the 35 S-methionine labeled proteins on a
- SDS-polyacrylamide gel quantitating the amount of incorporated radioactivity, and normalizing it relative to the content of methionine residues in each protein.
- BgHl adapter sequences at both ends 32 P-labeled, and used as probes.
- the LTR was analyzed for possible RAREs.
- a region spanning nucleotides -348 to -328 of the HIV-1 LTR was found to contain two consensus (A/GGGTCA (SEQ ID NO:9 and 10)) RARE half sites.
- A/GGGTCA SEQ ID NO:9 and 10
- Fig. la this sequence is compared to one synthetic (TREpal) and several natural RAREs. While natural RAREs have so far been found to consist of mostly direct repeats separated by a 1, 2 or 5 bp spacer (Hoffmann, G., et ⁇ l., Mol. Endocrin.
- RAREs interact either with RAR/RXR receptor heterodimers or RXR receptor homodimers (Zhang, X-k., et al (1992), supra; Yu, V.C., et al., Cell 67: 1251-1266 (1991); Kliewer, S.A., et al, Nature 355:446-449 (1992); Leid, M., et al, Cell 68:377-395 (1992); Zhang, X-k., et al, Nature 358:587-
- COUP-TF ⁇ known to function as negative regulators of some RAREs (Tran, P., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol 12:4666-4676 (1992); Kliewer, S.A., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1448-1452 (1992); Cooney, A.J., et al , Mol. Cell. Biol 12:4153-4163 (1992); Windom, R.L., et al, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3380-3389 (1992)), also bound very strongly to this sequence (Fig. lb).
- the putative RARE sequence allowed a strong induction of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) activity in response to retinoids in CV-1 cells in the presence of expression vectors for the RARs and/or RXR. Very high induction was observed by 9-cis-RA and RXR ⁇ alone
- heterodimers could also be activated by all-trans -RA. Comparing the transactivation activities of various heterodimers, weak induction with RAR ⁇ /RXR ⁇ by all-trans-RA and high induction by 9-cis-RA was noted. For RAR ⁇ /RXR ⁇ or RAR ⁇ /RXR ⁇ heterodimers all-trans-RA was a strong activator. In both cases, however, the higher response was seen with 9-cw-RA (Fig. 2a) when all-trans-RA and 9-cis-RA were compared at concentrations of 10 -7 M. At lower concentrations, all-trans -RA gave a comparable or higher response with the heterodimer (Fig.
- retinoid antagonists provide a way of repressing HIV-1 activation by retinoids in vivo.
- Structure-activity analyses of retinoids showing low transcriptional activation activity was conducted to establish skeletal features that could be modified to enhance receptor antagonism.
- 4-[1-(1-methoxy-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoic acid (SR11335) (AR-1) proved to be the most effective at inhibiting the ability of all-trans -RA to induce HIV-1-RARE (Fig. 4a).
- the transcriptional activation activity of approximately 50 synthetic retinoids was compared with their anti-AP-1 activity using RAR ⁇ , ⁇ and y and RXR ⁇ .
- a standard analysis system was used (Fig. 5a). Briefly, expression vectors for different RAR subtypes or RXR ⁇ were cotransfected into CV-1 cells with the reporter gene (TRE) 2 -tk-CAT.
- TRE reporter gene
- a collagenase promoter-CAT construct (Col-CAT) was cotransfected with receptor expression vectors into HeLa cells. As previously shown, the Col-CAT receptor was strongly activated by TPA, but dramatically inhibited by t-RA (Fig. 5a). Inhibition of Col-CAT activity by RARs in the presence of synthetic retinoids was compared to that of t- RA, whereas 9-cisRA was used as the standard for inhibition by RXR ⁇ -specific retinoids.
- t-RA Fig. 5a
- R20 (6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2- naphthalenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid) is an effective transactivator for RAR ⁇ and RAR ⁇ while it is less effective in inhibiting AP-1 and also shows a preference for RAR ⁇ in this assay
- R5 ((E)-4-[2-(5,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-
- 3-naphthalenyl)propenyl]benzoic acid is RAR ⁇ , ⁇ -selective in transactivation but RAR ⁇ , ⁇ -selective in the anti-AP-1 assay;
- SR11217 (4-[2-methyl-1-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)propenyl]benzoic acid) is a strong RXR ⁇ -selective compound in transactivation but is RAR ⁇ -selective in the anti- AP-1 assay (Figs. 5b and 5c).
- retinoids can display distinct receptor selectivities in the two different receptor mediated responses. This is in concert with the different mechanisms by which the receptors function in these two pathways. It has been shown that t-RA as well as retinoid antagonists induce conformational changes when interacting with RARs. This invention indicates that different receptor conformations are required for transcriptional activation or anti-AP-1 activity and that conformationally restricted retinoids can induce distinct conformational changes in the receptor.
- SR11324 4-[3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl]benzoic acid, hydrochloride salt; SR11235, 2-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3- oxathiolane.
- SR11217 4-[2-methyl-1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2- naphthalenyl)propenyl]benzoic acid; SR3919 (R10), 4-[2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4,4- dimethyl(benzo[b]thien-2-yl)propenyl]benzoic acid; and SR3957 (R20), 6- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid were evaluated.
- retinoids show anti-AP-1 activity with more than one of the receptors, a certain degree of receptor selectivity was usually observed (Figs. 1d and 1e, Table 1). Also analyzed were several of these retinoids with the different receptors in 10 T 1/2 cells, in which TPA also allows induction of the Col-CAT gene. The results obtained in this cell line were essentially the same as the results obtained with HeLa cells (data not shown). Whether retinoids with no anti-AP-1 activity, but potent as transcriptional activators could be found was investigated. On evaluating retinoids that had been shown previously to be transcriptional activators in the anti-AP-1 assay, SR11235 was identified, which induced essentially no (less than 20%) receptor anti-AP-1 activity. Also, as previously shown, SR11235 is an
- retinoids selective either for anti-AP-1 activity or transcriptional activation, can be defined using the screening assays employed here.
- Anti-AP-1 Selective Retinoids Show Antagonist Activity Retinoids that activate the anti-AP-1 activity of a particular receptor are likely to interact with the ligand-binding pocket of that receptor. If such retinoids are not transcriptional activators, they could be expected to function as antagonists in the transcriptional activation assay. This was indeed the case for several of the anti-AP-1 selective retinoids tested (Fig. 6). For instance SR11302 inhibited effectively t-RA induced transcriptional activation by RAR ⁇ . SR11302 also inhibited t-RA induced transcriptional activation by RAR ⁇ but not by RAR/S, consistent with the observation that this retinoid showed strong anti-AP-1 activity with RAR ⁇ and RAR ⁇ but not with RAR ⁇ .
- AP-1-selective retinoids SR11220, SR11238, and SR11302 failed to inhibit the proliferation of F9 cells (Fig. 7a) or to induce their differentiation (Fig. 7b, panels D-G) as observed with t-RA and 9-cis-RA (Fig. 7b, panels A, B).
- these same retinoids were potent inhibitors of the growth of the lung cancer cell lines Calu-6 and H661 and the breast cancer cell line T-47D (Figs. 4a and 4b), as well as several other cancer cell lines (not shown).
- SR11235 the transcriptional activation selective compound, did not inhibit either one of these cell lines.
- the anti-AP-1 selective compounds were in general more potent inhibitors of the cancer cell lines than t-RA, especially at lower concentrations.
- the activity of the individual compounds varied somewhat from cell line to cell line which could reflect their different receptor selectivities.
- the anti-AP-1 activity of SR11220, SR11238 and SR11302 can be correlated with their anti-proliferative activity in lung and breast cancer cell lines as well as several other cancer cell lines (not shown). The observation that these same retinoids do not induce differentiation in F9 cells is consistent with the observation that differentiation is associated with the induction of several t-RA responsive genes via response elements.
- retinoids can induce complex changes at the level of gene expression.
- Retinoids with selective anti-AP-1 activity should be expected to alter gene expression in a manner distinct from t-RA but not necessarily completely different.
- the highly sensitive method of differential display was used to compare the effect of t-RA, SR11302, one of the anti-AP-1 selective compounds, and R10 an RAR ⁇ , ⁇ -selective retinoid on the human breast cancer cell line T-47D that is growth inhibited by t-RA as well as SR11302. All three retinoids induced changes in gene expression that showed some overlap but were also clearly distinct (Fig. 9).
- retinoids The broad range of biological responses to retinoids are mediated by six subtypes of nuclear receptors that are expressed in a developmentally and cell type specific manner. These receptors are all activated by the natural retinoids t-RA and/or 9-cis-RA.
- synthetic retinoids with selective receptor activity can be designed. This invention has found that retinoids which can induce selectively only one of the two major receptor activities-transcriptional activation or anti-AP-1 activity—can also be defined. This is consistent with the notion that distinct mechanisms mediate the two different receptor activities.
- the receptors bind as hetero or homodimers to specific DNA sequences, RAREs, usually found in the promoter regions of RA responsive genes.
- retinoid receptors are not required to interact with specific DNA sequences but appear to inhibit AP-1 via direct protein-protein interaction, as also observed with other nuclear receptors.
- the two distinct mechanisms could thus be expected to require different receptor configurations induced or stabilized by the ligand.
- Retinoic acid and with its flexible polyene side chain is apparently able to accommodate both receptor configurations, while the conformationally restricted retinoids identified here favor either the anti-AP-1 configuration of the receptor (SR11238, SR11302 etc.) or the transcriptional activation configuration (of RXR ⁇ ) (SR11235). That retinoids can stabilize particular receptor conformations has been well documented using limited proteolytic digestions. This invention indicates that indeed different receptor configurations are induced for transcriptional activation and receptor anti-AP-1 activity.
- Anti-AP-1 selective retinoids have a reduced range of biological activity in that they for instance no longer induce differentiation in F-9 cells.
- these retinoids have maintained the ability to inhibit efficiently proliferation of cancer cell lines and are in fact more potent inhibitors of cell proliferation in these cell lines than t-RA. That the observed inhibition is specific and not due to some "general toxicity" is demonstrated by the specific changes in gene expression.
- the instant data show that retinoid anti- proliferative activity can be separated from retinoid differentiation inducing activity, and that retinoids having these separate activities can be identified by using molecular assays.
- the anti-AP-1 selective retinoids are likely to induce only a limited retinoid response, the instant differential display data indicate still a complex pattern of changes in gene expression.
- the selective retinoids will thus be valuable agents for deciphering the complex mechanisms by which retinoids exert their pleiotropic biological roles.
- the anti-AP-1 selective compounds are in addition of particular interest because of their anti-proliferative activity and their inability to induce transcriptional activation from RAREs. These retinoids are therefore likely to have fewer side effects and could be starting points for a new generation of retinoid therapeutics.
Abstract
Novel compounds are provided which are useful for the regulation of gene expression by retinoids; these compounds are represented by structural formula (I), wherein the substituents R1 through R5 are as defined herein. Additional compounds are provided which are useful for selectively inhibiting AP-1 or an AP-1 component; one group of such compounds is exemplified by structural formula (II), wherein the substituents R?1, R2, R20, R21, R22 and R23¿ are defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions are provided as well, as are methods of using the compounds in a variety of contexts.
Description
NOVEL COMPOUNDS USEFUL IN MODULATING GENE
EXPRESSION OF RETINOID RESPONSIVE GENES
AND/OR HAVING ANTI-AP-1 ACTIVITY
Acknowledgement of Government Support
This invention was made with government support under Grants P01 CA 51993, CA 50676, CA 55681 and CA 60988 awarded by the National Cancer Institute and 2RT0109 awarded by the University of California. The U.S. government has certain rights in the invention.
Technical Field
This invention relates generally to the regulation of gene expression by retinoids. More particularly, the invention relates to novel compounds that are useful in modulating gene expression by retinoids, as well as other effects of these retinoids. The compounds are thus also useful for regulating cell differentiation processes and other processes controlled or regulated by retinoids. The invention additionally relates to certain novel compounds useful for selectively inhibiting AP-1 or an AP-1 component. Finally, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating mammalian individuals with the novel compounds.
Background
Retinoids, which regulate cell differentiation by modulating gene expression and are able to reverse the preneoplastic transformation of cells, have excellent potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of cancer. See, e.g.: A. B. Roberts et al. , "Cellular Biology and Biochemistry of
Retinoids," in The Retinoids, vol. 2, eds. M. B. Sporn et al., Orlando:
Academic Press, Inc., 1984, at pp. 209-286 (1984); and M. B. Sporn et al., "Biological Methods for Analysis and Assay of Retinoids," also in The Retinoids, vol. 2 (1984). Retinoids, particularly retinoic acid (RA) analogs, have been used in the treatment of leukemia, mycosis fungoides, basal cell carcinoma, and psoriasis and other hyperproliferative diseases of the skin (see R. C. Moon et al., "Retinoids and Cancer" in The Retinoids, Vol. 2 (1984), supra). However, the systemic side effects of the compounds and their teratogenicity limit their utility. Side effects include, for example, bone remodeling, palmoplantar peeling, dermatitis, alopecia, hepatotoxicity, and systemic toxicity as documented by H.
Mayer et al., .Experientia 34: 1105 (1978) and by R. A. Pittsley et al, New Eng. J. Med. 308: 1012 (1983). Recently, retinoids have also been shown to activate several viruses including HIV-1 (Turpin, J., et al., J. Immunol. 148:2539-2546 (1992); Poli, G., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2689-2693 (1992); Huan, B., et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9059-9063 (1992); Ghazal, P., et al. ,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7630-7634 (1992)).
The physiological activities of retinoids are mediated by two types of nuclear receptors, the Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs), and the Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs). These receptors interact as dimers with specific DNA sequences known as the retinoic acid response elements (RAREs).
The synthesis of particular retinoids has been disclosed. For example, 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic acid was reported by M. I. Dawson et al. in J. Med Chem. 32: 1504-1517 (1989), and by B. Shroot et al. in European Patent Publication 210929 A3 (1987), which also discloses analogs. Other analogs were reported by M. I. Dawson et al. in J.
Label. Comp. Radiopharm. 31:865-869 (1992), and by M. I. Dawson et al. in J. Label. Comp. Radiopharm. 33:633-637 (1993). The synthesis of heterocyclic analogs was reported by J. Eustache et al. in Tetrahedron Lett. 29:4409-4410 (1988), L. Eyrolles et al. in Med. Chem. Res. 2:361-367 (1992), H. Kagechika et al. in J. Med. Chem. 32: 1098-1108 (1989), J. M. Lehmann et al. in Cancer Res.
51:4804-4809 (1991), and B. Shroot et al. in European Patent Publication 292348 A1 (1988). The biological activities of these compounds were reported by M. I. Dawson et al. in J. Med Chem. 32: 1504-1517 (1989), M. I. Dawson et al. in Retinoids: Progress in Research and Clinical Applications, M. A. Livrea and L. Packer, eds., New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1993, pp. 205-221, H. Kagechika et al. in J. Med. Chem. 32:1098-1108 (1989), and J. M. Lehmann et al. in Cancer Res. 51:4804-4809 (1991). L. Eyrolles et al. in Med. Chem. Res. 2: 361-367 (1992) describe receptor antagonists. G. Graupner et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179(3): 1554-1561 (1991), describe analogs of
6'-substituted naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid that elicit activation of the RARγ receptor but not of the RARα receptor.
The present invention provides in part a new class of compounds useful for modulating gene expression by receptors in the retinoic acid family, e.g., RARs, RXRs and the like. The invention also provides methods for using these compounds novel compounds for a number of purposes related to regulating and/or eliciting selective gene expression of a receptor in the retinoic acid family.
The invention additionally provides compounds useful for selectively inhibiting AP-1 or an AP-1 component. Differences in the two major mechanisms of retinoid receptor action which have now been identified make it possible to define conformationally restricted retinoids that differ in their receptor transcriptional activation and receptor anti-AP-1 activities. Such retinoids, in particular compounds that have low transcriptional activation activity but strong anti-AP-1 activity, can serve as anti-proliferative agents that do not induce the full retinoid response and could thus be expected to have fewer side effects.
Disclosure of the Invention
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the invention to provide novel compounds useful in a variety of contexts, including modulation of gene expression by a receptor in the retinoic acid family of receptors, and inhibition of AP-1 induced transcription.
It is another object of the invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the novel compounds.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of using the novel compounds to modulate gene expression in a mammalian individual.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide other methods related to the use of the compounds in the modulation of gene expression by a receptor in the retinoic acid family of receptors.
It is yet a further object of the invention to provide methods related to the use of certain novel compounds to inhibit AP-1 induced transcription.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
In one aspect, the invention relates to novel compounds having the structural formula (I)
R1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl- 1-cyclohexyl, and adamantyl, and R2 is -O-R6 or -S-R6 where R6 is lower alkyl, and when R1 is ortho to R2 , R1 and R2 can be linked together to form a 5- or
6-membered cycloalkylene ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2 and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
in which R7 is hydrogen or methyl, k is 0 or 1, and * represents the point of attachment of the R3 substituent to the remainder of the molecule.
R4 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; hydroxy; lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted amino, and
combinations thereof; amino; lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted amino; cyano; carboxyl; -(CO)-R8 wherein R8 is hydroxyl, amino, lower alkyl mono- or di- substituted amino, -OR9 where R9 is lower alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- and di- substituted amino, and combinations thereof; and -(CH2)m -C6H(5-p)-(R10)p where m is an integer of from 0 to 6, more preferably 0 or 1, p is an integer of from 1 to 5, and R10 is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted amino.
R5 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; hydroxy; lower alkyl or lower alkoxy substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- and di-substituted amino, and combinations thereof; amino; lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted amino; cyano; carboxyl; -(CO)-R1 1 where R1 1 is hydroxyl, lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted
amino, and combinations thereof, or wherein R11 may be amino, lower alkyl and/or cycloalkyl mono- or di-substituted amino, or -OR14 where R14 is lower alkyl; -(CH2)q-C6H(5-r)-(R14a)r, where q is an integer of from 0 to 6, more preferably 0 or 1, r is an integer of from 1 to 5, and R14a is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, or mono- or di-substituted lower alkyl amino; or lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- and di-substituted amino, and S(O)tCH3, where t is 0, 1, or 2; -NHCO(CH2)v-R15 where v is an integer of from 1 to 6 and R15 is lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6 fluorine substituents;
-NHCO(CH2)x-CONH-(CH2)y-R16 where x is an integer of from 1 to 10, y is an integer of from 1 to 6, and R16 is lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6 fluorine substituents; -CH2S(O)2R17 where z is 0, 1, or 2 and R17 is lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6 fluorine substituents; and -C(R18)=N-OR 19 , where R18 is lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6 fluorine substituents and R19 is lower alkyl, with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen, R5 is other than hydrogen or -NH2.
In another aspect, then, the invention relates to novel compounds having the structural formula (II)
wherein the substituents R1 and R2 are as defined above with respect to the compounds of Formula (I), and R20 through R23 may be defined as follows.
R20 and R21 are the same and are selected from O and S;
R22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen; and
R22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen; and
R23 is selected from the group consisting of
in which R24 is lower alkyl and ** represents the point of attachment of R23 to the remainder of the molecule.
In still another aspect, the invention relates to novel compounds having the structural formula (III)
wherein the substituents R1, R2, R22, and R23 are as defined above and R25 is -O- R26 or -S-R26 wherein R26 is lower alkyl or lower alkyl carbonyl.
wherein the substituents R1, R2 and R22 are as defined above, R27 is hydroxyl, ==O, =CH2, lower alkyl, or a six-membered cycloheteroalkylene ring
-O(CH2)3O- or -S(CH2)3S-, and wherein R28 is a moiety of the structure
in which R29 is S, NH or O and * represents the point of attachment of the R28 substituent to the remainder of the molecule.
In a further aspect of the invention, novel compounds having the formula (V) are provided
in which R1, R2 and R23 are as defined above, R30 is O, S or lower alkylene, and R31 and R 32 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, lower alkoxy, halogen, amino, and amino substituted with one or two lower alkyl moieties.
In still a further aspect of the invention, novel compounds having the structural formula (VI) are provided
or the 6-cis or 11-cis isomers thereof, and in which R1 , R2, R31 and R32 are as defined above.
In yet a further aspect of the invention, novel compounds are provided having the structural formula (VII)
The compounds of formulae (I) through (VII)
are sometimes referred to herein as the "inventive" compounds.
The invention further encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable esters, amides and salts of the aforementioned compounds, as well as
pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the inventive compounds in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The invention further provides a method for modulating gene expression in a mammalian individual comprising administering to the individual
an effective modulating amount of an inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
The invention also provides a method for treating an individual afflicted with a disease caused by malfunction of cell differentiation processes, or other diseases, regulated by retinoids, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of an inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
The invention further provides a method of treating an individual infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of an inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In a related aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting the replication of HIV in a subject with a receptor or protein antagonist which binds the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV corresponding to an RARE of HIV. Methods are also provided for screening the capability of candidate compounds to inhibit HIV replication.
Related to these aspects of the invention, an isolated nucleic acid is provided comprising the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 and a non-HIV reporter gene, wherein the region includes two half-sites and a spacer region, wherein one or more nucleotides of the spacer region can be substituted by another nucleotide.
The invention also provides a method of selectively inhibiting, in a subject, transcription of a first gene which is activated by AP-1 or an AP-1 component over transcription of a second gene which is activated by a first nuclear receptor comprising administering to the subject an inventive compound. In related aspects, methods are provided for screening candidate compounds for the ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Fig. 1 shows a retinoid receptor binding site in the HTV-1 LTR. a. Sequence comparison of a putative HIV- 1 -RARE (SEQ ID NO:1) with other RAREs (SEQ ID NOS: 11-16). Sequences that are closely related to the
AGG/TTCA (SEQ ID NOS:4 and 5) motif are indicated by thick arrows, while a less related sequence is shown by a thin arrow. TREpal is the synthetic RA response element (Windom et al, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3380-3389 (1992)); the other RAREs are naturally occurring sequences (see, e.g., Tini, M., et al., Genes & Dev. 7:295-307 (1993)). b. Binding of the retinoid receptors to the
HIV- 1 -RARE. An oligonucleotide corresponding to the HIV-1-RARE shown in a was synthesized with a BglII adapter sequences at both ends and used in the gel retardation assay with in vitro-synthesized receptor proteins. 2 μl of RXRα was used for the experiment shown in the left panel while 4 μl of RXRα was used for the assay shown in the right panel, c. Receptor binding to mutated
HIV-1-RAREs. Oligonucleotides containing point mutations (indicated by solid triangles) in the first (Ml) (SEQ ID NO: 17) and second (M2) (SEQ ID NO: 18) half site of HIV-1-RARE as shown were synthesized with Bg/II adapter sequences at both ends and used in the gel retardation assay. Binding of receptors to the wild-type HIV-1-RARE was used for comparison (first two lanes). Open triangles indicate non-specific binding of the reticulocyte lysate.
Fig. 2 shows the activation of HTV-1-RAREs by all-tm/u-RA and 9-Cis-RA. a. Transcriptional activation of RARs and RXRα on the
HIV-1-RARE. Transient transfection assays were carried out as described (Zhang, X-k. , et al , Nature 358:587-591 (1992); Pfahl, M., et al, Methods Enzymol. 153:256-270 (1990)). CV-1 cells were cotransfected with 100 ng
HIV- 1 -RARE reporter plasmid and 25 ng empty pECE expression vector or pECE-RXRα, pECE-RARα, pECE-RARβ, pECE-RARγ, or a combination of the receptor expression vectors as indicated. The HTV-1 -RARE reporter construct was obtained by inserting two copies of the oligonucleotides shown in Fig. 1a with additional 5'-GATC (SEQ ID NO:6) overhangs into the Bglll site of
pBL-CAT2 as previously described (Pfahl, M. et al. (1990), supra), b.
Activation of a HTV-1 LTR by all-trans-RA and 9-cis-RA. To construct the HIV-1 LTR-CAT reporter, specific oligonucleotide primers complementary to sequences in the HIV-1 LTR (variant A) (5'-AAAGGGGGGACTGGAAG (SEQ ID NO:7); 5'- TGAAGCACTCAAGGCAAG (SEQ ID NO:8)) were used to amplify HTV-1 LTR from HXB2 genomic DNA (Ratner, L., et al., Aids Res. Hum. Retroviruses 3:57-69 (1987)). The resulting fragment (-464 to +97) was purified and cloned into pBS-CAT (Hoffmann, B., et al., Mol. Endocrinol.
4: 1727-1736 (1990)). The HIV-1 LTR-CAT reporter construct (left panel) (100 ng) was cotransfected with 50 ng pECE-RARα and/or pECE-RXRα into CV-1 cells. For comparison an experiment where HIV-1 LTR CAT was replaced by pBL-CAT2, a reporter that carried a single HTV-1 -RARE is also shown (right panel). Transfected cells were treated with no hormone (open bars), 10- 7 M all-rra/u-RA (striped bars) or 10-7 M 9-cis-RA (filled bars) and 24 hr later assayed for CAT activity. Results of a representative experiment with duplicate measurements are shown. In four independent experiments, induction profiles did not vary significantly, c. Activation of HIV-1-RARE by retinoids is
concentration-dependent. The HIV-1-RARE (variant A) plasmid was
cotransfected into CV-1 cells with 10 ng pECE-RXRα alone (left panel) or together with 10 ng pECE-RARα (right panel). Cells were grown in the presence of the indicated amount of 9-cis-RA (black columns) or all-trans-RA (striped columns), d. Activation of HIV-RAREs present in different HIV-1 variants. RARE sequences present in different HIV-1 variants are shown on top (SEQ ID NOS: 1-3). Triangles indicate differences in the sequences. Reporter plasmids of variants B and C were obtained by inserting two copies of the oligonucleotides corresponding to the sequences shown, with BglH adapter sequences, into pBL-CAT2. CV-1 cells were cotransfected with the reporter construct and the receptor expression vectors as described in a.
Fig. 3 shows the repression of retinoid-induced activation of the HIV-1-RARE by COUP-TF. The HIV-1-RARE (variant A) a. or the HIV-1
LTR-CAT b. reporter plasmid (100 ng) were cotransfected together with pECE-RARα and/or pECE-RXRα (25 ng for a and 50 ng for b) into CV-1 cells in the presence or absence of COUP-TFα expression vector as indicated.
Transfected cells were treated with no hormone (open bars), 10- 7 M
all-trans-RA (striped bars) or 10-7 M 9-cis-RA (filled bars) and 24 hr later assayed for CAT activity. The data shown represent the means of duplicate experiments.
Fig. 4 shows the activity of a retinoid antagonist, a. Repression of all-trans-RA and b. 9-cis-RA activation of the HIV-1 -RARE by a retinoid antagonist. CV-1 cells were cotransfected with 100 ng HTV-1 -RARE (variant
A) reporter plasmid and pECE-RARα and pECE-RXRα expression vector.
Transfected cells were treated with 10-7 M, 10-8 M or 10-9 M all-trans-RA or 9-cis-RA in the presence or absence of the indicated concentration of the retinoid antagonist, AR-1. The activation obtained with retinoic acid treatment only was considered as 100%. The data points represent the mean ±S.E. of three independent experiments.
Fig. 5 shows transcriptional activation and anti-AP-1 activities of retinoids. a-f. Transient transfection assays were used to determine
transcriptional activation and anti-AP-1 activities of various retinoids. Methods: To measure receptor activation, CV-1 cells were transfected with 50 ng of expression plasmids for the receptors RARα, β, and γ and RXRα, 100 ng of the reporter gene (TRE)2 -tk-CAT and 150 ng of β-galactosidase expression plasmid pCH1000. Cells were treated subsequently for 24 h with 10% charcoal-treated DME medium containing various concentrations of the retinoids to be analyzed. To determine anti-AO-1 activity of retinoids, HeLa cells were transiently transfected with 100 ng of -73ColCAT (containing an AP-1 site) reporter gene and 50 ng of expression plasmids for RARα, β, γ and RXRα. After transfection, cells were grown in 0.5% charcoal-treated fetal calf serum in the presence or absence of retinoids with or without TPA (100 ng/ml) for 24 h before harvesting. The β-galactosidase expression vector (pCH1000, Pharmacia) was cotransfected
to normalize the CAT activity. The assays were carried out in general as described by Yang- Yen, H.F., et al, New Biol. 3:1206-1219 (1991) and Salbert, G., et al., Mol. Endocrinol. 7: 1347-1356 (1993).
Fig. 6 shows that anti-AP-1 selective retinoids show antagonist activity. Transient transfections into CV-1 cells as described in Fig. 5 were used to measure antagonist activity of anti-AP-1 selective retinoids. After transfection cells were grown in medium containing 10-9 M t-RA alone or t-RA and the indicated amounts of the synthetic retinoids. 100% CAT activity represent the activity measured in the presence of t-RA only.
Fig. 7 shows biological activities of anti-AP-1 selective retinoids. a. F9 cell proliferation. F9 cells were seeded in plastic wells (Costar, 24-well plates) coated with 0.1 % gelatin at different densities as indicated. After adhesion (day 0), cells were treated (day 1) with 10- 7 M or 10-6 M retinoid. Solvent controls received an identical dilution of ethanol only (0.01 % or 0.001 % final concentration of ethanol). Treatment was repeated 48 hr after the initial treatment (day 3). Cells were analyzed on day 6 with a commercial cell proliferation kit (Promega) based on formation and extraction of a tetrazolium salt. After addition of 150 μl of substrate to 1 ml of medium for 4 h at 37°C, cells were lysed overnight at 37°C by addition of 1 ml of lysis solution.
Absorption at 550 nm was determined and plotted against retinoid concentration at the respective cell densities, b. Morphological changes in F9 cells. Cells were seeded at densities of 5,000, 7,500, or 10,000 cells pere well on
microscopic coverslips coated with 0.1 % gelatin and treated with retinoids as under (a). On day 6, cells were fixed in acetone at -20°C for 5 min, stained with 0.1 % trypan blue (Sigma) in 10% acetic acid/methanol at room temperature for 2 h, and mounted. Photomicrographs were taken through a 25x objective (total magnification 62.5x) at tungsten lamp illumination and recorded on Kodak B&W 400 ASA film. Shown are data (A to G) from treatment with 10-6 M retinoid. A: all trans-retinoic acid, B: 9-cis-retinoic acid, C: solvent control, D: SR11220, E: SR11327, F: SR11238, G: SR11302. Essentially identical results were seen
after treatment with 10-7 M retinoid. Methods: Cell proliferation was analyzed with a commercial cell proliferation kit (Promega) based on formation and extraction of a tetrazolium salt following the manufacturer's instructions.
Fig. 8 shows growth inhibition of cancer cells by retinoids. a-b: Calu-6 and H661 human lung cancer cells and T-47D human breast cancer cells were seeded at a concentration of 3000 cells per well in 96-well plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA). After 24 h, the cells were treated with various concentrations of the indicated retinoids for 4 days and assayed for their capability to reduce MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] dye to a colored formazan product as an index of cell survival and proliferation. The results are expressed as a percentage of absorbency at 550 nm of MTT-derived formazan developed by cells treated with control solvent.
Fig. 9 shows Differential Display of RNAs from human breast carcinoma T-47 D cells treated with 100 nm t-RA, SR11302 or R10. A 1 μg total RNA was reversed transcribed individually by four sets of primers
T12MN(N=G,A,T,C). One tenth of each sample was amplified by PCR using identical 3'-primer and a random 5'-primer in presence of 35S-dATP. The final cDNA fragments were resolved on 6% DNA sequencing gel. The solid arrows mark bands which are enhanced or reduced in the presence of the various retinoids. Methods: PCR and Differential Display. T-47D cells were treated with 100nM t-RA or SR11302 or R10 for 72 h. Total RNA was purified by the guanidinium method. RNAs were reverse transcripted using four sets of 3' primer symbolized as T12MG, T12MA, T12MC, and T12MT (T12 stands for poly(dT)12, M id degenerate nucleotide for G, A, and C. Each primer was anchored by G, A, T, C respectively. The cDNAs were then amplified by PCR using same sets of 3' primers and a 5' random primer ABR1 with the sequence 5'-GCGGACACAC-3'. The condition for reverse transcription and PCR were identical to those published by Liang, P., et al, Science 257:967-971 (1992). The products were resolved on a 6% DNA sequence gel.
Modes for Carrying Out the Invention
The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention and the Examples included therein and to the Figures and their previous and following description.
Before the present compounds, compositions and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific pharmaceutical carriers, or to particular pharmaceutical formulations or administration regimens, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a novel compound" includes mixtures of compounds, reference to "a pharmaceutical carrier" includes mixtures of two or more carriers, and the like.
In this specification and in the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings:
The term "alkyl" as used herein refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, π-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl and the like. Preferred alkyl groups herein contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. The term "lower alkyl" intends an alkyl group of from one to six carbon atoms, preferably from one to four carbon atoms. The term
"cycloalkyl" intends a cyclic alkyl group of from three to eight, preferably five or six carbon atoms.
The term "alkoxy" as used herein intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an "alkoxy" group may be defined as -OR where R is alkyl as defined above. A "lower alkoxy" group
intends an alkoxy group containing from one to six, more preferably from one to four, carbon atoms.
The term "alkylene" as used herein refers to a difunctional saturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chain containing from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, and includes, for example, methylene (-CH2-), ethylene
(-CH2-CH2-), propylene (-CH2-CH2-CH2-), 2-methylpropylene
[-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-], hexylene [-(CH2)6-] and the like. "Lower alkylene" refers to an alkylene group of from 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms. The term "cycloalkylene" as used herein refers to a cyclic alkylene group, typically a 5- or 6-membered ring.
The term "alkene" as used herein intends a mono-unsaturated or di-unsaturated hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms. Preferred groups within this class contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. Asymmetric structures such as (AB)C=C(CD) are intended to include both the E and Z isomers. This may be presumed in structural formulae herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present, or it may be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol— .
The term "Me" is an abbreviation for methyl. "Ac" is an abbreviation for acetyl.
"Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase "optionally substituted lower alkyl" means that the lower alkyl group may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both unsubstituted lower alkyl and lower alkyl where there is substitution.
By the term "effective amount" of a compound as provided herein is meant a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the compound to provide the desired effect, e.g., regulation of gene expression. As will be pointed out below, the exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease that is being treated, the particular compound used, its mode of administration, and the like. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact "effective amount."
However, an appropriate effective amount may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.
By "pharmaceutically acceptable" is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual along with the selected bicyclic compound without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.
"Eliciting," "modulating" or "regulating" selective gene expression is intended to mean that a compound is capable of acting as an activator or an antagonist of gene expression by a particular receptor, i.e., a receptor in the retinoic acid family.
"AP-1" is composed of dun homodimers and cJun/cFos heterodimers; the term "AP-1 component" refers to a Jun protein or a Fos protein or portions thereof which either individually or in combination with other components activate transcription through AP-1 responsive nucleotide sequences.
Thus, "AP-1" means any compound having the structure necessary for the binding of AP-1 or AP-1 components to its responsive element.
"Nuclear receptor" means a receptor, such as a retinoid receptor, a glucocorticoid receptor, a vitamin D3 receptor, a thyroid receptor, a
mineralocorticoid receptor, an androgen receptor, a progesterone receptor, an arylhydrocarbon receptor and an estrogen receptor, or portions of these receptors, which retain the function of binding AP-1 or transcriptionally activating fragments of AP-1. The Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) includes RARα, RARβ, RARγ, RARε and the related RXR proteins. The thyroid receptor includes erbA- T, TRα-2 and TRα -2 variants. Typically, the nuclear receptor binds to its ligand, e.g. Retinoic Acid Receptor to retinoic acid, prior to binding to AP-1 or an AP-1 component. Thus, the invention provides methods in which
ligand/receptor binding is required. However, circumstances can exist where the receptor directly binds to AP-1 or an AP-1 component. The present discovery also provides a novel composition of matter comprising AP- 1 or an AP- 1 component bound to a nuclear receptor. The binding of the complex to AP- 1
can result in an increased anti-cancer or anti-arthritis effect compared to a ligand known to bind a nuclear receptor. Thus, one can screen for ligands with increased specificity or affinity of the receptor/ligand complex for AP- 1 or AP- 1 components. These ligands can be made by standard organic synthesis and screened using the methods of the invention.
The present invention provides compounds of structural formulae (I), (TI), (III), (TV), (V), (VI) and (VII) shown above.
Preferred compounds within the generic structure of Formula (I) include
where R33 is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(CH3)2, and CH2, with the proviso that R33 is other than (C^^C for formula (lc), and R34 is hydrogen or methyl. Particularly preferred compounds within this group are as shown in structural formula (lb).
When R5 is hydrogen or alkyl, R4 is preferably selected from the group consisting of
When R4 is hydrogen or alkyl, R5 is preferably selected from the group consisting of
where R14 is defined above.
Examples of preferred structures encompassed by formula (lb) thus include
Examples of specific and particularly preferred compounds within the class of compounds defined by formula (lb) include:
With respect to compounds of formulae (II) through (VII), also included are compounds wherein R1 and R2 are linked together to form the structures VIII, IX, X, XI or XII
wherein R35 is O, S, SO, SO2, C(CH3)2, or CH2, but is other than C(CH3)2 for structure X, and R36 is hydrogen or methyl.
In yet a further embodiment, preferred compounds within generic formulae (II) through (VII), wherein R1 and R2 form structure Vm, include:
the structure (II), wherein R16 is H, R22 is hydrogen, methyl, or halogen, and R20 and R21 are both S;
the structure (III), wherein R25 is OAc, R22 is hydrogen, methyl, or halogen, and R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
the structure (IV), wherein R27 is =O, and R22 is hydrogen, methyl, or halogen;
the structure (V), wherein R16 is H, R30 is CH2, O, or S, R31 is meta or para to the ring carbon attached to R , and R32 is hydrogen or is ortho or meta to R31 , but is only meta to R31 when R31 is amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, or lower alkyl (a further preferred embodiment for ssttrruuccttuurree ((\V) is where R30 is CH2, R31 is para -N(CH3)2HCl, and R32 is hydrogen);
the structure (VI), wherein R31 is meta or para to the ring carbon attached to the carbon at position 6 of the alkene chain; and R3 is hydrogen or is ortho or meta to R31 , but is only meta to R31 when R31 is amino,
monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, or lower alkyl (a further preferred embodiment for structure (VI) is where R31 is para- methyl and R32 is hydrogen); and
the structure (VII), wherein R16 is H, R31 is meta or para to the ring carbon attached to the methylene group, R32 is hydrogen or is ortho or meta to R31 , but is only meta to R31 when R31 is amino, monosubstituted amino,
disubstituted amino, or lower alkyl, and R22 is hydrogen, methyl, or halogen (a further preferred embodiment for structure (VII) is where R31, R32, and R22 are all hydrogen).
Specific and preferred compounds within generic formulae (II) through (VII) include:
The invention also encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic ester, amide, and salt derivatives of those compounds of formulae (I) through (VII) containing a carboxylic acid moiety.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are prepared by treating the free acid with an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable base.
Representative pharmaceutically acceptable bases are ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, copper hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine,
2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, lysine, arginine, histidine, and the like. The reaction is conducted in water, alone or in combination with an inert, water-miscible organic solvent, at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 100°C, preferably at room temperature. The molar ratio of compounds of structural formulae (I) through (VII) to base used are chosen to provide the ratio desired for any particular salts. For preparing, for example, the ammonium salts of the free acid starting material-a particular preferred embodiment-the starting material can be treated with approximately one equivalent of pharmaceutically acceptable base to yield a neutral salt. When calcium salts are prepared, approximately one-half a molar equivalent of base is used to yield a neutral salt,
while for aluminum salts, approximately one-third a molar equivalent of base will be used.
Ester derivatives are typically prepared as precursors to the acid form of the compounds~as illustrated in the examples below— and accordingly may serve as prodrugs. Generally, these derivatives will be lower alkyl esters such as methyl, ethyl, and the like. Amide derivatives -(CO)NH2, -(CO)NHR and -(CO)NR2, where R is lower alkyl, may be prepared by reaction of the carboxylic acid-containing compound with ammonia or a substituted amine.
The present invention further provides a method for modulating gene expression in a mammalian individual comprising administering to the individual an effective modulating amount of the inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Typically, the gene expression is inhibited by this method.
The invention also provides a method for treating an individual afflicted with a disease caused by malfunction of cell differentiation processes, or other diseases, regulated by retinoids, comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of the inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Examples of such diseases include a neoplastic condition such as cancer.
The present invention also provides a method of treating an individual infected with a viral infection where the virus has a RARE that corresponds to a RARE which is bound by an RAR/RXR heterodimer or a RXR homodimer. As described in the Examples, one such virus is the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The method comprises administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of the inventive compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the replication of HIV in a subject, comprising contacting HIV with a receptor or protein antagonist which binds the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV corresponding to an RARE of HIV. As described in the
Examples, COUP-TFα and β can be used to bind this region and competitively
prevent the binding of the retinoid receptor to this region. This binding can inhibit the viral replication. Other receptors or proteins that bind this region can be screened utilizing the methods set forth in the examples.
In one embodiment, hematopoietic cells or hematopoietic stem cells can be isolated and transfected with a viral vector containing the COUP-TF gene such that the cell expresses COUP-TF. This cell can be reintroduced into the patient and such transfected cells would produce COUP-TF and inhibit HIV that infects these cells or the progeny of these cells. Alternatively, homologous recombination can be utilized to introduce the COUP-TF gene into the cell.
Methods of isolating hematopoietic stem cells have been described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,061,620.
Also provided is a method of screening for a candidate compound for the inhibition of the replication of HIV, comprising administering the compound to a suitable host having a promoter region comprising a retinoic acid response element (RARE) found in positions -348 to -328 of the long terminal repeat from an HTV which is operably linked to a reporter gene and a gene functionally expressing an RXR either alone or with a gene functionally expressing an RAR and determining whether the activation of transcription of the reporter gene is inhibited by the compound, the inhibition of transcription indicating a candidate compound for inhibiting the replication of HIV. In this method, the RARE may be selected from the group consisting of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1 , SEQ ID NO. 2 and SEQ ID NO. 3. In addition, the candidate compound may be an analog or derivative of retinoic acid.
The present invention further provides a method of screening for a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV, comprising administering the compound to a suitable host having the promoter region of either COUP-TFα or COUP-TFβ orphan receptor which is operably linked to a reporter gene or to the COUP-TFα or COUP-TF β protein and detecting the increased expression of the reporter gene, the COUP-TFα or COUP-TFβ, the presence of increased expression indicating the presence of a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV (Tran et al , Mol. Cell Biol , 12:4666-4676). The regulatory
region of the COUP-TF orphan receptor can be cloned using standard techniques (Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning, 2d Ed. (1982)).
Also provided is an isolated nucleic acid comprising the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 and a non-HIV reporter gene, wherein the region includes two half-sites and a spacer region, wherein one or more nucleotides of the spacer region can be substituted by another nucleotide. The reporter gene may be CAT2. The nucleic acid can be synthesized using standard synthesis techniques. This nucleic acid can be placed into a vector and the vector can be placed into a host. Such molecular biology techniques and suitable vectors and hosts are well known (see, e.g., Sambrook et al, supra).
Furthermore, in more preferable embodiments, the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 , SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:3.
In addition, the present invention provides a method of screening for a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV comprising contacting a nucleic acid comprising an RARE found in positions -348 to -328 of the long terminal repeat from HIV with either a Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), either alone or with a Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR), with the candidate compound and determining the absence of a complex between the nucleic acid and a receptor, the absence of a complex indicating a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV. One example of such a method is a Gel Retardation Assay as described in the Examples.
The above methods primarily relate to compounds having the structural formula (I), while compounds of formulae (II) through (VII) are primarily useful for inhibiting AP-1 induced transcription.
The invention, then, also provides a method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor. By this method, it is meant that compounds, including retinoid derivatives, can be screened, as in the Examples, for relative differences in
promoting transcriptional activation between AP-1 activated genes and other nuclear receptor activated genes. For example, the method allows for the selection of those compounds which minimize AP-1 transcriptional activation by assisting a nuclear receptor to bind and inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 components dun and cFos. This selective binding to AP-1 minimizes transcriptional activation mediated by other nuclear receptors. Thus, such a compound would have the selective effect of inhibiting AP-1 activated genes while minimizing
transcriptional activation of other nuclear receptor controlled genes. However, it should be understood that the method provides for the screening of compounds which effect any change in anti-AP-1, or AP-1 component transcriptional activation relative to transcriptional activation of other nuclear receptor controlled genes.
This method of screening involves the steps of: (a.) combining the compound within a first cell containing AP-1 or an AP-1 component, a first nuclear receptor and an AP-1 responsive element linked to a first reporter gene;
(b.) combining the compound within a second cell containing a second nuclear receptor and a receptor specific responsive element linked to a second reporter gene; (c.) detecting the transcriptional activation of the first and second reporter genes; and (d.) selecting the compound which selectively inhibits transcriptional activation of the first gene over transcriptional activation of the second reporter gene, thereby screening the compound for the ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of the gene regulated by the nuclear receptor.
The invention also provides a method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or an AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor involving the steps of: (a.) combining the compound within a cell containing AP- 1 or an AP-1 component, a nuclear receptor, and AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element linked to a first reporter gene and a receptor specific responsive element linked to a second reporter gene; (b.) detecting
transcriptional activation of the first and second reporter genes; and (c.) selecting
the compound which selectively inhibits transcriptional activation of the first reporter gene over transcriptional activation of the second reporter gene, thereby screening the compound for the ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of the gene regulated by the nuclear receptor. Therefore, this method represents a single cell approach to screening for ligands.
In one embodiment of these methods, the AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element is a collagenase promoter. In another embodiment of these methods, the compound is a retinoid or retinoid derivative. In another
embodiment of these methods, the first and second nuclear receptors are the same receptors, such as retinoid receptors. In another embodiment of these methods, the retinoid receptors are Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs) and Retinoid X
Receptors (RXRs). In another embodiment of these methods, the receptor contained in the first cell is non-endogenous. In another embodiment of these methods, the receptor contained in the second cell is non-endogenous. In still another embodiment of these methods, the AP-1 component is dun or cFos. In still another embodiment of these methods, the first and second reporter genes are the same genes. In yet another embodiment of these methods, the resultant anti- AP-1 activity is at least 50% at 10-6 M and the transcription activation activity is less than 20% to 10-5 M. In another embodiment of these methods, the resultant anti-AP-1 activity is at least 70% at 10-6 M and the transcription activation activity is less than 15% at 10-5 M.
The present invention also provides a method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively promote transcription activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor over the ability to inhibit AP-1 or an AP-1 component transcriptional activation. Therefore, this method permits the selection of compounds which do not promote nuclear receptor binding to AP-1 or AP-1 component and thus do not inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component-mediated transcriptional activation, and which do promote transcription mediated by other nuclear receptors. This method involves the steps of: a. combining the compound within a cell containing AP-1 or an AP-1 component, a nuclear
receptor, an AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element linked to a first reporter gene and a receptor-specific responsive element linked to a second reporter gene; b. detecting transcriptional activation of the first and second reporter genes; and, c. selecting the compound which selectively promotes transcriptional activation of the second reporter gene over the ability to inhibit transcriptional activation of the first reporter gene, thereby screening the compound for the selective ability promote transcriptional activation of the gene regulated by the nuclear receptor over the ability to inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation.
In one embodiment of this invention, the AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element is a collagenase promoter. In another embodiment of this method, the compound is a retinoid. In another embodiment of this method, the first and second nuclear receptors are the same receptors. In another embodiment of this method, the first and second nuclear receptors are retinoid receptors, such as Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs) and Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs). In another embodiment of this method, the AP-1 component is dun or cFos. In another embodiment of this method, the resultant anti-AP-1 activity is less than 20% at 10-6 M and the transcription activation activity is at least 75% at 10-5 M. Synthetic Methods:
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of synthetic organic chemistry, biological testing, and the like, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. The compounds of the invention may be prepared in high yield using relatively simple, straightforward methods as exemplified in the experimental section herein. All starting materials and reagents used are commercially available or may be readily synthesized using conventional techniques.
Utility and Administration:
The compounds of the invention defined by structural formula (I), including the pharmacologically acceptable esters, amides or salts thereof, are useful to elicit and/or regulate selective gene expression through receptors of the retinoic acid family and to control cell differentiation processes regulated by retinoids. The compounds can also be specifically used to antagonize
transcriptional activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other viruses. Thus, diseases and cell processes which are regulated by retinoic acid, can be treated using the compounds of the invention, as well as viral infections and diseases that are mediated by genes having RAREs to which these receptors bind.
The compounds of formulae (II) through (VII), including the pharmacologically acceptable esters, amides or salts thereof, are useful for many contemplated uses, including the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The compounds permit the identification of therapeutic compounds which can be administered to inhibit AP-1 mediated transcription, while minimizing the side effects of transcription mediated by other nuclear receptors. Since AP-1 is a transcriptional activator of the gene encoding collagenase, and collagenase is one of the enzymes known to break down collagen, a component of most connective tissues including bone, the control of AP-1 mediated transcription can be utilized to treat arthritis, for example. Likewise, since AP-1 is comprised of the proto- oncogene encoded products Jun and Fos, the control of AP-1 mediated
transcription can be utilized to treat those cancers associated with AP-1, a Jun or Fos component or another oncogene that regulates AP-1 activity. Examples of control of AP- 1 mediated cancer include the over expression of AP- 1 , the expression of mutated forms of AP-1 and the increased AP-1 activity caused by expression of oncogenes such as H-ras. Other disease states associated with AP-1 stimulation which could be treated by the present invention include tumor formation, asthma, allergies, and skin rashes.
A variety of cancers may be treated with the compounds of formulae (II) through (VII), including those cancers represented by the isolated
tumor cell lines found in the "American Type Culture Collection," Catalogue of Cell Lines and Hybridomas, 7th Ed. (1992).
Compounds (II) through (VII) and methods of the present invention are also useful as tools to study the molecular biology of genetic regulation. AP- 1 responsive promoter regions and other nuclear receptor responsive promoters can be operably linked to respective reporter genes to monitor the transcriptional effects of various ligands. These tools permit the discernment of specific ligand, nuclear receptor, AP-1 and DNA interactions which result in negative and positive inducible or repressible transcription. This in turn permits the design and use of particularly desirable ligands. The selective regulatory mechanisms revealed by the invention permit the creation and use of a genetic system for selectively controlling the expression of any desirable gene products.
The compounds of the invention may be conveniently formulated into pharmaceutical compositions composed of one or more of the compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See, e.g., Remington's
Pharmaceuήcal Sciences, latest edition, by E.W. Martin Mack Pub. Co., Easton, PA, which discloses typical carriers and conventional methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions that may be used in conjunction with the preparation of formulations of the inventive compounds.
The compounds may be administered orally, parenterally (e.g., intravenously), by intramuscular injection, by intraperitoneal injection, topically, transdermally, or the like, although oral administration is preferred. The amount of active compound administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, the subject's weight, the manner of administration and the judgement of the prescribing physician. Generally, however, dosage will approximate that which is typical for the administration of retinoic acid, and will preferably be in the range of about 2 μg/kg/day to 2 mg/kg/day.
Depending on the intended mode of administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage forms, such as, for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, capsules,
powders, liquids, suspensions, lotions, creams, gels, or the like, preferably in unit dosage form suitable for single administration of a precise dosage. The compositions will include, as noted above, an effective amount of the selected drug in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, in addition, may include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, diluents, etc.
For solid compositions, conventional nontoxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talc, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., an active compound as described herein and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in an excipient, such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary compounds such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example see Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, referenced above.
For oral administration, fine powders or granules may contain diluting, dispersing, and/or surface active agents, and may be presented in water or in a syrup, in capsules or sachets in the dry state, or in a nonaqueous solution or suspension wherein suspending agents may be included, in tablets wherein binders and lubricants may be included, or in a suspension in water or a syrup.
Where desirable or necessary, flavoring, preserving, suspending, thickening, or emulsifying agents may be included. Tablets and granules are preferred oral administration forms, and these may be coated.
Parental administration, if used, is generally characterized by injection. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid
prior to injection, or as emulsions. A more recently revised approach for parental administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system, such that a constant level of dosage is maintained. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 3,710,795.
For topical administration, liquids, suspension, lotions, creams, gels or the like may be used as long as the active compound can be delivered to the surface of the skin.
Experimental
The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in °C and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
(a.) 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1, 1,4,4-tetramethylanthracene (2): To a solution of 2-bromonaphthalene (18.2 g, 87.7 mmol) and 2,5-dichloro-2,5- dimethylhexane (Kagechika et al , J. Med. Chem. , 31:2182-2192 (1988)) (16.6 g, 90.7 mmol) in 120 mL of CH2Cl2 at -5°C was added 2.0 g (15 mmol) of AICI3 over a 15-min period. The red-brown suspension was allowed to warm to 0° to 5°C, then stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed twice with water, then dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated to give a pale-yellow semisolid, which was extracted into 150 mL of hexanes and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give 26.1 g of a yellow gum. To the crude 6-bromo-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1, 1,4,4-tetramethylanthracene was added 200
mL of ethyl acetate, 25.3 g (0.25 mol) of triethylamine, and 1.5 g of 5% Pd/C. The mixture was hydrogenated at 20°C at atmospheric pressure for 22 h and then filtered. The precipitate was washed with ethyl acetate. The yellow filtrates were washed twice with water, then dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The resultant oil was extracted into 100 mL of hexane, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethylanthracene (2) as a pale-yellow solid (19.9 g, 95%): m.p. 81.5° to 82.5°C (from toluene); Rf 0.55 (hexane); IR (CHCl3) 1590, 1290, 1275, 1130, 1100, 1010, 940 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C18H22: C, 90.69; H, 9.31; found: C, 90.67; H, 9.60.
(b.) 1-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-1- anthracenyl)-1-ethanone (3): To a suspension of AICI3 (12.0 g, 90.0 mmol) in 60 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane at 0°C was added a solution of acetyl chloride (7.4 g, 94 mmol) in 25 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane, followed by a solution of
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethylanthracene (2) (19.5 g, 81.8 mmol) in 50 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane over a 25-min period. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 22 h. The dark-brown suspension was poured onto ice-2 N HCl (200 mL) and extracted with CH2CI2. The organic phase was washed with water, aq. NaHCO3, and dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The yellow solid was crystallized from CH2 Cl2 -hexane to give white crystals (12.33 g, 54%) of the ketone (3): m.p. 154° to 156°C; Rf 0.47
(50% CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 2950, 1660, 1560, 1240 cm- 1. Anal, calcd. for C20H24O: C, 85.67; H, 8.63; found: C, 86.02; H, 8.53. Silica gel column chromatography (gradient elution, 30% C H2 Cl2 /hexanes to 100% CH2Cl2) of the crystallized mother liquor yielded additional 2 (7.16 g; total yield 19.49 g, 85%) and then the isomeric ketone 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- anthracen-2-yl)-1-ethanone (2.53 g, 11 %): m.p. 133-133.5°C (hexanes); Rf 0.34 (50% CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 2967, 2932, 2862, 1676, 1627, 1595, 1461, 1361, 1309, 1292, 1257, 1212, 1192, 1138, 1109, 1021, 914, 898, 822, 638 cm-1; Anal, calcd. for C20H24O: C, 85.67; H, 8.63; found: C, 85.75; H, 8.67.
(c.) 1-(3-Bromo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 1-anthracenyl)-1-ethanone (4): To a solution of TiCl4 (21 mL, 0.19 mol) in 50 mL of CH2CI2 at 0°C was added over a 15-min period a solution of l-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-anthracen-1-yl)-1-ethanone (3) (18.06 g, 64.4 mmol) in 65 mL of CH2CI2, and then a solution of Br2 (13.0 g, 81.4 mmol) in
35 mL of CH2CI2. The red-purple solution was stirred at 0°C for 15 min, and then at room temperature for 18 h. The mixture was poured onto ice-1. N HCl and extracted with CH2CI2. The organic extract was washed with water, aq. NaHCO3, and water, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated to give a dark semisolid. Silica gel column chromatography (20 to 30% CH2 Cl2 /hexanes) eluted the ketone
4 (11.25 g, 52%) as pale-yellow crystals, m.p. 123° to 124°C; Rf 0.39 (25% CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 2950, 1660, 1560, 1460, cm-1. Anal, calcd. for
C20H23BrO: C, 66 85; H, 6 40; Br, 22 28; found: C, 66 96; H, 6-64; Br, 22.10.
(d.) Ethyl 3-Bromo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-anthracene-1-carboxylate (5): To a solution of methyl ketone 4 (2.08 g, 5.79 mmol) in 40 mL of ethanol was added at room temperature 40 mL (about 28 mmol) of 5.25% aq. NaOCl. The suspension was heated at reflux for 1.25 h, then treated with an additional 15 mL (about 10 mmol) of 5.25% NaOCl solution and heated at reflux a further 1 h. The pale-yellow solution was decanted, then concentrated to approximately 40 mL, and poured into aq. NaHSO 3. The solution was diluted to 150 mL with water and acidified to pH 3 with 1 N HCl at 0°C. The suspension was filtered and the precipitate was washed repeatedly with water, dried at reduced pressure, and extracted into ether. The extract was filtered, concentrated, refiltered, and again concentrated to give crude 3-bromo-
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethylanthracene-1-carboxylic acid (2.0 g, 98%) as a pale-yellow glass, Rf 0.0 (10% ethyl acetate/hexane). To the product was added potassium carbonate (1.2 g, 8.7 mmol), dimethylformamide (10 mL), and ethyl iodide (2 mL, 25 mmol). This suspension was stirred at room temperature for 48 h. The mixture was diluted with 100 mL of water and extracted with 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes. The organic phase was washed three times with water,
dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The yellow gum was chromatographed on a silica gel column (20 to 25% CH2Cl2/hexanes) to yield 2.10 g (95%) of the ester 5 as a pale-yellow gum. A sample was crystallized from hexane to give white needles, m.p. 113° to 113.5°C; Rf 0.76 (35% CH2Cl2/hexanes); IR (CHCl3) 1705, 1575, 1220, 1160, 1090, 1040, 1010, 885 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for
C21H25BrO2: C' 64.79: H, 6.47: Br, 20-52: found: C, 64-91: H, 6-50: Br, 20.44.
(e.) 3-Bromo-1-hydroxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-
5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-anthracene (6): To 13 mL (13 mmol) of 1 M LiA1H4 in tetrahydrofuran was added at 0°C over a 15-min period a solution of ester 5
(4.18 g, 10.74 mmol) in 15 mL of tetrahydrofuran. The clear solution was stirred for 1 h with warming to room temperature, then cooled to 0°C. The excess reagent was quenched by the dropwise addition of a solution of ethyl acetate in tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was poured into 100 mL of 15% aq. NaOH and extracted three times with Et2O. The combined organic phases were washed twice with brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated to yield a colorless oil. Silica gel column chromatography (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) gave 6 (3.37 g, 90%) as a colorless, viscous oil. A sample was crystallized (CH2 Cl2 /hexanes) to give white crystals, m.p. 82.5 to 83°C; Rf 0.52 (20% ethyl acetate/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 3620, 1605, 1110, 1075, 1000, 890, 880, 860 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C19H23BrO: C, 65.71; H, 6.68; Br, 23.01; found: C, 65.78; H, 6.70; Br, 22.99.
(f.) 4-Carbethoxyphenylboronic Acid (8):
To a suspension of activated MnO2 (152 g, 1.75 mol) in 400 mL of ethanol containing 4-formylphenylboronic acid (Snyder et al. , J. Am. Chem.
Soc. , 80:835-838 (1958)) (6.00 g, 44.8 mmol) and NaCN (12.0 g, 249 mmol) at 5° to 10°C under argon, was added acetic acid (4.0 mL, 70 mmol). The suspension was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred for 90 h, and filtered. The precipitate was washed with hot ethanol (4 times 150 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated, and the semisolid residue was extracted
with 40 mL of water and filtered. The filtrate was cooled to 0°C and acidified with 1 N HCl to pH 2 to 3 to give a semisolid yellow precipitate, which solidified on standing at 4°C for 2 h. The solid was filtered, washed repeatedly with water, and dried to give 8 g of crude product, which was extracted with hot ethanol (6 times 20 mL). The combined extracts were filtered and concentrated to 30 mL, before dilution with 60 mL of water, concentration to about 50 mL, and cooling to 4°C for 18 h. The yellow-brown crystals were filtered, washed with water (2 times 20 mL), and dried for 30 min under reduced pressure to yield 4-carboethoxyphenylboronic acid (S) (4.96 g, 57%): m.p. 136° to 138°C; IR (KBr) 3330, 1690, 1560, 1275, 1155, 1225, 1095, 1010, 845 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C9H11 BO4: C, 55.72; H, 5.72; B, 5.57; found: C, 55.54; H, 5.90; B, 5.66. CI-HRMS (t-C4H9) calcd. for C9H12BO4(MH+): 195.0828; found: 195.0832.
(g.) Ethyl 4-(1-Hydroxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl)benzoate (9): To a stirred solution of
3-bromo-1-hydroxy-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethylanthracene (6)
(3.15 g, 9.07 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (0.030 g, 0.026 mmol) in 45 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane under argon was added at room temperature a solution of 4-carboethoxyphenylboronic acid (1.80 g, 9.28 mmol) in 14 mL of ethanol, followed by 28.5 mL of saturated aq. NaHCO3. The pale-yellow suspension was heated at reflux for 1 h. The yellow solution was poured into dilute brine and extracted three times with Et2O. The organic phase was twice washed with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4) , and concentrated. The mixture was chromatographed on a silica gel column (15 to 20% ethyl
acetate/hexanes) to yield 9 (2.93 g, 78%) as white crystals: m.p. 136° to
137.5°C (CH2Cl2/hexanes); Rf 0.24 (20% ethyl acetate/hexanes); IR (CHCl3)
3620, 1710, 1280, 1105, 1015, 845 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C28H32O3: 416.2351; found: 416.2344.
(h.) 4-(1-Hydroxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (10):
A mixture of the ester 9 (0.100 g, 0.24 mmol), 1.5 mL of ethanol, and 0.5 mL of 40% aq. KOH (about 3 mmol) was heated at reflux for 1 h to give a colorless solution, which was then concentrated in an argon stream, and acidified with 1 N H2SO4 at 0°C. The white suspension was stirred at room temperature for 20 min, filtered, washed repeatedly with water, dried at reduced pressure, and crystallized from ethanol to give 0.073 g (78%) of 10 as white crystals: m.p. 249° to 250°C; IR (KBr) 3500-2300, 1690, 1607, 1272, 1184, 1112, 1015, 903, 850, 776, 694 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C26H28O3: C, 80.38;
H, 7.26; found: C, 80.16; H, 7.31.
(a.) Ethyl 4-[1-(1-Hydroxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoate (12) :
To CF3COCI (6.0 g, 45 mmol) at -35°C was added 30 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane. To this solution was added at -40°C a solution of ethyl 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethylanthracen-2-yl)benzoate (Dawson et al, J. Med. Chem. , 32: 1504-1517 (1989) (11) (2.50 g, 6.47 mmol) in 12 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane, followed by AICI3 (1.35 g, 10.0 mmol). The red-brown
suspension was warmed to 10°C over a 3-h period, and then to room temperature over 68 h. The dark red-brown suspension was poured into ice-1 N H2SO4 and extracted twice with CH2CI2. The organic extracts were washed three times with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated to give a dark gum. The mixture was chromatographed on a silica gel column (gradient elution, 2% ethyl acetate/10% CH2CI2/hexanes to 10% ethyl acetate/10% CH2CI2/hexanes) to yield 2.73 g of an orange gum containing unreacted 11 and aryl trifluoromethyl ketones: Rf 0.28 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) 0.35, 0.41, 0.50, 0.58, 0.65. The mixture was dissolved in 40 mL of ethanol at 40°C, cooled to room temperature, and treated with NaBH4 (0.35 g, 10 mmol) over a 15-min period. After stirring for 15 min more, the mixture was treated with 20% aq. acetic acid until gas evolution ceased, concentrated, and partitioned between CH2CI2 and dilute brine. The organic phase was washed twice with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (gradient elution 2% ethyl acetate/10% CH2CI2 /hexanes to 10% ethyl acetate/10%
CH2 Cl2/hexanes) to yield 1.25 g of crude aryl trifluoromethyl carbinol 12 as an orange gum. The crude product was crystallized (ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield 0.640 g (20%) of 12 as white needles: m.p. 174.5° to 176.5°C; Rf 0.40 (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes); IR (KBr) 3408, 1692, 1608, 1291 , 1164, 1123, 1020, 774, 704 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C29H31F3O3: C, 71.88; H, 6.45; F, 11.76; found: C, 71.76; H, 6.81; F, 12.04. Further silica gel column chromatography (2% ethyl acetate/10% CH2CI2/hexanes) of the crystallization residues gave an additional 0.182 g (6%) of 12 after two crystallizations (ethyl acetate/hexanes) for a total yield of 0.822 g (26%).
(b.) 4-[1-(Hydroxy-2,2,2-trifluoromethyl)- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-
5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoic Acid (13): A suspension of ester 12 (0.670 g, 1.38 mmol) in ethanol (6 mL) and 40% aq. KOH (2 mL, about 11 mmol) was heated at 80 °C for 1 h, then concentrated under an argon stream, and cooled. The mixture was acidified with 1 N H2SO4 at 0°C, and filtered. The white precipitate was washed repeatedly with water, then dried. The crude product was extracted with ethanol and the extract was filtered and concentrated
to give 0.63 g of white powder. Crude 13 was crystallized (ethyl acetate/ethanol) to give white needles, m.p. 170°C, then dried at 100°C/0.1 mm for 16 h to yield 0.549 g (87%) of white powder. The powder was extracted into CHCl3 at reflux and the solution concentrated and cooled to yield 0.465 g (74%) of 13 as a white powder, m.p. 262° to 265 °C; IR (KBr) 3500-2300, 3448, 1688, 1609, 1297, 1171, 1126 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C27H27F3O3: C, 71.04; H, 5.96; F, 12.48; found: C, 70.67; H, 6.19; F, 12.26.
To a solution of alcohol 2 (0.420 g, 1.01 mmol) in 5 mL of CH2CI2 was added pyridinium chlorochromate (0.43 g, 2.00 mmol). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The black suspension was diluted with 30 mL of Et2O, filtered through a Celite pad, and washed with 20% ethyl acetate/Et2O. The combined yellow filtrates were concentrated to give a yellow-brown solid, which was chromatographed on a silica gel column (3% ethyl acetate/40% CH2Cl2/hexanes) to yield 14 as a white solid (0.398 g, 95%): m.p. 148.5° to 149.5°C (CH2Cl2/hexanes); Rf 0.50 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes); IR (KBr) 2765, 1704, 1686, 1607, 1275, 1214, 1108 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for
C28H30O3: C, 8113: H, 7.29: found: C, 80-97: H, 7.35.
(b.) Ethyl 4-[1-(1-Hydroxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoate (12): To a suspension of aldehyde 14 (0.380 g, 0.917 mmol) in 1.5 mL of dimethylformamide containing Zn dust (0.130 g, 2.0 mmol) under argon was added at room temperature a solution of F3CI (0.7 g, 3.6 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2 mL). The suspension was ultrasonicated (Kitazume and Ishikawa, Chem. .Lett. , pp. 1679- 1680 (1981)) at room temperature in a 175 W ultrasonication bath (Branson, Shelton, CT) for 1.75 h. The yellow suspension was decanted from unreacted Zn onto ice-1 N H2SO4. This mixture was twice extracted with ethyl acetate. The pale-yellow extract was washed twice with water, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The yellow gum was chromatographed on a silica gel column (gradient elution, 2% ethyl acetate/ 10% CH2 Cl2 /hexanes to 10% ethyl acetate/10% CH2CI2/hexanes) to yield successively unreacted aldehyde 14 (0.306 g, 81 %) as a pale-yellow solid; Rf 0.45 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes); and crude trifluoromethylcarbinol 12 (0.076 g, 17%) as a yellow gum, Rf 0.22 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes). To the recovered aldehyde 14 and Zn dust (0.50 g, 7.7 mmol) was added under argon a solution of F3CI (0.8 g, 4.1 mmol) in 5.5 mL of dimethylformamide. The mixture was ultrasonicated at room temperature for 14 h, then worked up and chromatographed as before to yield 0.20 g (53%) of unreacted aldehyde 14, and an additional 0.085 g (19%) of 12 as a pale-yellow solid. The combined product fractions of 12 were crystallized (ethyl
acetate/hexanes) to give 0.120 g (27%) of 12 as white crystals, m.p. 174° to 176°C, identical with the product 12 described in Example 2. Silica gel chromatography of the crystallization residues of 12, and two further
crystallizations (ethyl acetate/hexanes) yielded a further 0.014 g of 12, for a total yield of 0.134 g (30%).
4-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-1-trifluoroacetyl- 3-anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (15):
To a stirred solution of the trifluoromethylcarbinol 13 (6.0 mg, 0.013 mmol) in 2 mL of acetone was added dropwise over a 3-h period at room temperature 0.21 g (0.25 mmol) of a solution of CrO3 in aq. H2SO4 [Jones reagent prepared from CrO3 (2.65 g) in water (8.0 g) and concentrated H2SO4 (4.2 g)]. The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, diluted with 10 mL of water, and centrifuged to give a yellow solid. The solid was washed with water (3 times 1 mL) by centrifugation, dried at reduced pressure, and crystallized (MeCN, to -15 °C) to yield 4.0 mg (65%) of the aryl trifluoromethyl ketone 15 as yellow crystals: m.p. 258° to 262°C; IR (KBr) 3500-2300, 1690, 1609, 1295, 1207, 1138, 1094, 1006, 924, 774, 720 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C27H26F3O3 (MH+): 455.1834; found: 455.1824.
(a.) Ethyl 4-[1-(1-Methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoate (16):
To a solution of the trifluoromethylcarbinol 12 (0.075 g, 0.155 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dimethylformamide was added anhydrous K2CO3 (0.050 g, 0.36 mmol) and Mel (1 mL, 16 mmol). The suspension was stirred under reflux in a 65° C bath for 76 h. Mel was added periodically to maintain the original volume. The suspension was diluted with 20 mL of water and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The pale-yellow extract was washed twice with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The mixture was chromatographed on a silica gel column (4% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 16 (0.048 g, 62%) as white crystals: m.p. 163° to 164°C; Rf 0.55 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes); IR (KBr) 1710, 1606, 1275, 1175, 1136, 1112, 1024, 852, 774, 706 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C30H33F3O3: C, 72.27; H, 6.67; F, 11.43; found, C, 72.40; H, 7.02; F,
11.10.
(b.) 4-[1-(1-Methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoic Acid (17): A mixture of ester 16 (0.028 g, 0.056 mmol), ethanol (1 mL), and 40% aq. KOH (0.25 mL, about 1.5 mmol) was heated at 80°C for 1 h, and then concentrated under an argon stream. The residue was cooled to 0°C, acidified with aq. citric acid to pH 2, and stirred at room temperature for 15 min. The white suspension
was filtered, and the precipitate washed with water (6 times 1 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to give 0.026 g (100%) of 17 as white crystals, m.p. 286° to 288°C (ethyl acetate); IR (KBr) 3500-2350, 1688, 1608, 1426, 1296, 1170, 1140, 909, 851, 773, 702, 668 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C28H29F3O3: C, 71.47; H, 6.21; F, 12.11; found: C, 71.25; H, 6.26; F, 12.07. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C28H30F3O3 (MH+): 471.2147; found: 471.2149.
To CBr4 (0.66 g, 1.99 mmol) and Et2O (2 mL) was added at 0°C a solution of (C6H5)3 P (0.52 g, 1.98 mmol) in 6 mL of Et2θ. The mixture was stirred for 15 min before alcohol 9 (0.42 g, 1.01 mmol) in benzene (4 mL) was introduced. The reaction mixture was stirred with warming to room temperature for 18 h. The thick white suspension was diluted with hexane (30 mL) and filtered. The white precipitate was washed three times with 25% Et2O/hexanes. The combined filtrates were concentrated and the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (40% CH2CI2/hexanes) to yield benzylic bromide 18
(0.479 g, 99%) as white crystals: m.p. 159° to 160°C (hexanes); Rf 0.54 (50% CH2Cl2/hexanes); IR (KBr) 1701, 1603, 1275, 1213, 1131, 1108, 1021, 907,
852, 771, 704, 562 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C28H31BrO2: C, 70.14; H, 6.52; Br, 16.67; found: C, 70.05; H, 6.57; Br, 16.76.
(b.) Ethyl 4-(1-Benzyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl)benzoate (19): To a solution of bromide 18 (0.120 g, 0.25 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.03 g, 0.026 mmol) in
1,2-dimethoxyethane (2 mL) was added under argon a solution of phenylboronic acid (0.050 g, 0.41 mmol) in ethanol (0.25 mL), followed by saturated aq.
NaHCO3 (0.75 mL, about 0.9 mmol). The suspension was heated at reflux under argon for 2 h. The black reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The yellow organic extract was washed twice with water, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The mixture was chromatographed twice on a silica gel column (25% CH2 Cl2 /hexanes, then 20% C H2 Cl2/ hexanes) to yield 19 (0.074 g, 62%) as white crystals; m.p. 106.5° to 107°C (hexanes); Rf 0.42 (35% CH2Cl2/hexanes); IR (CHCl3) 1710, 1605, 1270, 1220, 1105, 1010, 895, 840 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C34H36O2: C, 85.67; H, 7.61; found: C,
85.41; H, 7.67.
(c.) 4-(1-Benzyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 3-anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (20):
A suspension of ester 19 (0.074 g, 0.155 mmol) in ethanol (1.5 mL) and 40% aq. KOH (0.5 mL, about 3 mmol) was heated at reflux for 1 h to give a clear solution and then concentrated under an argon stream. The mixture was then treated at 0°C with 1 N HCl (7 mL). The white suspension was stirred at room temperature for 20 min, filtered, washed repeatedly with water, and dried at reduced pressure. The product was recrystallized from ethanol to yield 2Q (0.057 g, 82%) as white crystals: m.p. 239° to 242°C; IR (KBr) 3500-2300,
1688, 1607, 1423, 1290, 1112, 903, 776, 731, 700 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for
Ethyl 4-[1-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)methyl- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoate (21): To a solution of 18 (0.240 g, 0.50 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium(0) (0.03 g, 0.026 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (4 mL) was added under argon at room temperature a solution of 4-dimethylaminophenylborόnic acid (Staab and
Meissner, Liebigs Ann. Chem. , 753:80-91 (1971) (0.083 g, 0.51 mmol) in ethanol (1.0 mL), and then saturated NaHCO3 (1.5 mL, about 1.8 mmol). The suspension was heated at reflux for 1 h. Next, the yellow suspension was partitioned between CH2CI2 and dilute brine with centrifugation to break up the
resulting emulsion. The organic phase was washed twice with dilute brine, dried (N32SO4), and concentrated. The resultant orange gum was chromatographed twice on silica gel columns (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes, then 7% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to yield 21 (0.052 g, 20%) as pale-yellow crystals: m.p.142° to 143.5°C (CH2Cl2/hexanes); Rf 0.22 (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes); IR (CHCl3) 1705, 1605, 1510, 1275, 1105, 1015, 940, 900, 845 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C36H41NO2: 519.3137; found: 519.3118.
(a.) Ethyl 4-[1-(1-Oxoethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoate (22): To a solution of 4 (0.360 g, 1.00 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl- phosphine)palladium(O) (0.03 g, 0.026 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (6 mL) was added at room temperature under argon a solution of 4-carbethoxyphenylboronic acid (8) (0.213 g, 1.10 mmol) in ethanol (1.5 mL), followed by saturated NaHCO3 (3 mL, about 3.6 mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux under argon for 1.5 h to give an orange suspension, which was partitioned three times between Et2O and dilute brine. The organic extract was washed three times with dilute brine, dried (Na2 SO4), and concentrated. The orange solid was twice chromatographed on a silica gel column (3% ethyl acetate/20% CH2 Cl2 /hexanes, then 2% ethyl acetate/ 10% CH2Cl2/hexanes) to yield ester 22 (0.303 g, 71 %) as a white solid: m.p. 130° to 132°C
(CH2Cl2/hexanes); Rf 0.38 (3% ethyl acetate/20% CH2Cl2/hexanes); IR
(CHCl3) 1705, 1675, 1605, 1270, 1220, 1105, 1010, 845 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C29H33O3, (MH+): 429.2429; found: 429.2360.
(b.) Ethyl 4-[1-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoate (23): To ketone 22 (0.180 g, 0.42 mmol) suspended in ethanol (5 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added NaBH4 (0.04 g, 1.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 2 h, diluted with dilute brine, and extracted three times with Et2θ. The organic extract was washed twice with brine, dried (Na2SO4) , and concentrated to give a colorless glass. Silica gel column chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) yielded alcohol 22 (0.162 g, 90%), as a colorless glass. A sample was crystallized from CH2CI2/hexane to give white needles, m.p. 159.5° to 160°C; Rf 0.61 (20% ethyl acetate/hexanes); IR (CHCl3) 3600, 1700, 1605, 1270, 1100, 1010, 895, 840 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C29H34O3: C, 80.89; H, 7.96; found: C, 80.67; H, 8.00.
(c.) 4-[1-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 3-anthracenyl]benzoic Acid (24):
A suspension of ester 23 (0.107 g, 0.249 mmol) in ethanol (1.5 mL) and 40% aq. KOH (0.5 mL, about 3 mmol) was heated at reflux for 1 h to give a clear solution, which was concentrated in an argon stream and acidified at 0°C with aq. acetic acid. The white suspension was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and filtered. The precipitate was washed repeatedly with water and dried under reduced pressure. The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol (60 mL), which on concentration gave 24 (0.079 g, 79%) as white crystals: m.p. 264° to 265°C; IR (KBr) 3500-2300, 3423, 1700, 1608, 1284, 1116, 1018, 903, 776 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C27H30O3: C, 80.56; H, 7.51; found: C, 80.52; H, 7.56.
(d.) 4-[1-(1-Oxoethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 3-anthracenyl]benzoic Acid (25): To alcohol 24 (0.020 g, 0.050 mmol) suspended in acetone (3 mL) was added at room temperature over a 5-min period Jones reagent (0.175 g, containing about 0.18 mmol CτO3), prepared from CrO3 (3.5 g), water (25 mL) and cone. H2SO4 (3.1 mL). The mixture was stirred for
10 min more to give a green suspension, diluted with water (20 mL), and centrifuged. The precipitate was washed with water (3 times 1.5 mL) with centrifugation. The white solid was dried at reduced pressure and dissolved in chloroform. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated to give acid 25 (0.017 g, 85%) as white crystals: m.p. 205° to 206°C; IR (KBr) 3500-2500, 1684 (sh
1680), 1607, 1431, 1317, 1297, 1250, 1158, 923, 853, 774 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C27H28O3: 400.2038; found: 400.2073.
(a.) Ethyl 4-(1-Carbethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-
3-anthracenyl)benzoate (26):
To a solution of 5 (0.390 g, 1.00 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl- phosphine)palladium(O) (0.03 g, 0.026 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (6 mL) was added a solution of 4-carbethoxyphenylboronic acid (g) (0.213 g, 1.10 mmol) in
ethanol (1.5 mL), followed by saturated aq. NaHCO3 (3 mL, about 3.6 mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h. The yellow-orange suspension was poured into dilute brine and extracted three times with Et2O. The organic extract was washed twice with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The pale-yellow solid was chromatographed twice on silica gel columns (3% ethyl acetate/20% CH2 C l2/hexanes, then 1 % to 2% ethyl acetate/10%
CH2CI2 hexanes) to yield diester (26) (0.353 g, 77%) as white crystals: m.p. 158° to 160.5°C (CH2Cl2/hexanes); Rf (3% ethyl acetate/20% CH2Cl2/hexanes) 0.49; IR (kBr) 1705, 1605, 1270, 1160, 1110, 1040, 845 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C30H34O4: C, 78-57; H, 7.47; found: C, 78-57; H, 7.47.
(b.) 4-(1-Carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3- anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (27): A suspension of diester 26 (0.250 g, 0.55 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) and 40% aq. KOH (1.0 mL, about 6 mmol) was heated at reflux for 1 h to give a yellow solution. The solution was concentrated under an argon stream and acidified at 0°C with 1 N H2SO4. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried at reduced pressure to yield a pale-pink solid. The crude dicarboxylic acid was treated with ethanol (6 mL) and 0.2 g of decolorizing charcoal (Bamebey-Cheney, Inc., Columbus, OH) and stirred at 80°C for 2h, filtered while hot, and concentrated. The product was recrystallized from ethanol (5 mL) to give 27 (0.075 g, 34%) as white crystals, m.p. > 280°C; IR (KBr) 3600-2400, 1687, 1609, 1426, 1260, 1182, 1113, 910, 852, 775, 706 cm-1.
Anal, calcd. for C26H26O4: C, 77.59; H, 6.51; found: C, 77.34; H, 6.56.
Ethyl 4-(1-Carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3- anthracenyl)benzoate (28): To a solution of alcohol 9 (0.113 g, 0.271 mmol) in acetone (20 mL) was added dropwise over a 1.5-h period at room temperature Jones reagent (1.6 g, about 1.7 mmol of CrO3 ), prepared from CrO3 (3.5 g) in water (25 mL), and H2SO4 (3.1 mL). After 30 min at room temperature, the suspension was diluted with water (150 mL) and filtered. The yellow precipitate was washed repeatedly with water and dried at reduced pressure. The crude product was recrystallized (MeCN) to give 28 (0.093 g, 79%) as white crystals: m.p. 197° to 198°C; IR (KBr) 3500-2400, 1708, 1682, 1608, 1412, 1274, 1105, 1021,- 771 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C28H30O4: C, 78.11; H, 7.02; found: C, 77.88; H, 7.02.
(a.) 7-Bromo-5-(1, 1-Dimethylethyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 1 , 1 ,4,4-tetramethyl-anthracene (29): Reetz's geminal dimethylation reaction (method B) (Reetz and Westermann, J. Org. Chem. , 48:254-255 (1983)) was used. To a solution of 4 (0.32 g, 0.89 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) under argon, cooled to -45°C, was added TiCl4 (0.33 mL, 3 mmol) by syringe, followed by dimethylzinc (3 mmol) in CH2CI2 (1 mL). The red-brown reaction mixture was allowed to slowly reach room temperature, stirred overnight, then poured into ice (20 g), and extracted with CHCl3 (2 times 30 mL). The organic layer was washed twice with water (30 mL) and dried (MgSO4). The filtrate was partially evaporated, and the white precipitate that was formed was removed by filtration.
The clear filtrate was then evaporated and the white solid recrystallized from CH2Cl2/hexanes to give 29 (0.100 g, 30%) as a white powder; Rf 0.70 (30% CH2Cl2/hexanes); m.p. 165° to 166°C; IR (KBr) 2959, 2924, 1582, 1458, 1364, 1249, 1210, 1170, 1112, 1098, 1049, 1018, 951, 898, 871, 777, 727 cm-1.
Anal, calcd. for C22H29Br: C, 70.77; H, 7.83; Br, 21.40; found: C, 70.56; H, 7.82; Br, 21.38.
(b.) Ethyl 4-[1-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoate (30): To a solution of 22 (0.373 g, 1.00 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium(0) (0.060 g, 0.052 mmol) in 6 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane was added under argon a solution of
4-carbethoxyphenyl boronic acid 8 (0.21 g, 1.10 mmol) in 1.3 mL of ethanol, followed by 3.0 mL of saturated aq. NaHCO3. The yellow mixture was heated at reflux under argon for 1 h to give a dark suspension, which was poured into dilute brine and extracted with CH2CI2. The organic extract was washed twice with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated to give a yellow gum, which was chromatographed on a silica gel column (30% CH2CI2/hexanes) to yield 30 (0.358 g, 81%) as white crystals, m.p. 144.5° to 145°C (hexane); Rf 0.53 (50% CH2Cl2/hexane): IR (CHCl3) 1705, 1605, 1270, 1105, 1010, 895 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C31H38O2: C, 84.12; H, 8.65; found: C, 84.16; H, 8.65.
(c.) 4-[1-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-
5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoic Acid (31): A suspension of ester 30 (0.165 g, 0.373 mmol) in 5 mL of ethanol and 1.0 mL (6 mmol) of 40% aq. KOH was heated at reflux for 1 h. Then the clear solution was concentrated in an argon stream and acidified at 0°C with 10 mL of 1 N HCl. The white suspension was stirred for 2 h and filtered. The precipitate was washed repeatedly with water and dried to give 0.153 g (99%) of 31 as a white powder. Crystallization (ethanol/2-propanol) gave 31 (0.138 g, 89%) as white needles, m.p. > 300°C: IR (KBr) 3600-2300, 3428, 2958, 2670, 1690, 1608, 1289, 1181, 1114, 903, 850, 777 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C29H34O2: C, 84.02; H, 8.27; found: C, 83.86; H, 8.32.
(a.) Ethyl 4-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl- 3-anthracenyl)benzoate (32): To a solution of 18 (0.212 g, 0.442 mmol) in 10 mL of ethyl acetate containing diisopropylethylamine (0.50 g, 3.9 mmol) was added 0.10 g of 5% Pd/C. The stirred mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric
pressure at 21°C for 3 h. The suspension was filtered, and the precipitate was washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrates were washed three times with water, dried (Na 2SO4) , and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (25-50% CH2CI2/hexane) to yield 22 (0.122 g, 69%), as a colorless gum; crystallization from CH2CI2/hexanes gave colorless crystals, m.p. 129° to
130°C;Rf 0.50 (5% ethyl acetate/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 1710, 1610, 1275, 1110, 1015, 900, 845 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C28H32O2: C, 83.96; H, 8.05; found: C, 83.88; H, 8.12.
(b.) 4-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-3- anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (33): A mixture of ester 22 (0.074 g, 0.18 mmol), ethanol (1.5 mL), and 40% aq. KOH (0.5 mL, 3 mmol) was heated at reflux for 1 h to give a colorless solution, which was acidified at 0°C with 7 mL of 1 N HCl, then stirred at ambient temperature for 20 min, and filtered. The white precipitate was washed with water (5 times 1.5 mL) and dried, then crystallized from ethanol to give white crystals of 33 (0.061 g, 88%), m.p. 208.5° to
209.5°C; IR (KBr) 3600-2300, 2959, 1690, 1607, 1424, 1292, 900, 775 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C26H28O2: C, 83.83; H, 7.58; found: C, 83.72; H, 7.63.
(a.) N-[(3-Bromo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 1-anthracenyl)-methyl]pyrrolidine (24): A suspension of 60% ΝaH in mineral oil (0.048 g, 1.2 mmol) was washed under argon with hexane (2 times 1 mL). The dry ΝaH was treated with a solution of 6 (0.35 g, 1.01 mmol) in 1.3 mL of dimethylformamide. The suspension was stirred for 10 min at ambient temperature. To this mixture was added a solution of
N,N-methylphenylaminotriphenylphosphonium iodide (Tanigawa et al.,
Tetrahedron Utt. , pp. 471-472 (1975)) (0.50 g, 1.01 mmol) and pyrrolidine (0.14 g, 1.97 mmol) in 1.3 mL of dimethylformamide. The red suspension was
heated at 80°C for 2 h, and then concentrated under reduced pressure at ambient temperature. The orange-brown solid was treated with 40 mL of 1 N NaOH and extracted three times with Et2O. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The pale-yellow gum was chromatographed on a silica gel column (12% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield amine 34 (0.208 g, 51 %) as a pale yellow gum; Rf 0.66 (20% ethyl acetate/hexane); IR (film) 2970, 2930, 2780, 1585, 1485, 1460, 1385, 1365, 1345, 1220, 1185, 1110, 990, 885, 780 cm-1; CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C23H30BrN: 399.1562; found: 399.1571.
(b.) Ethyl 4-[1-(1-Pyrrolidinomethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoate (35): To a solution of amine 34
(0.200 g, 0.50 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium(0) (0.03 g, 0.026 mmol) in 3 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane was added under argon a solution of 4-carbethoxyphenylboronic acid 8 (0.107 g, 0.55 mmol) in 0.95 mL of ethanol followed by 1.5 mL of saturated aq. NaHCO3. The yellow suspension was heated at reflux for 1.25 h. The dark mixture was then partitioned between dilute brine and Et2O. The ether extract washed twice with brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. Silica gel column chromatography (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) yielded 35 (0.176 g, 75%), as a pale-yellow gum; Rf 0.50 (20% ethyl
acetate/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 2780, 1700, 1605, 1270, 1105, 1015, 900, 865, 845 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C32H40NO2 (MH+): 470.3069; found: 470.3060.
(c.) 4-[1-(1-Pyrrolidinomethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoic Acid Hydrochloride Salt (36): A mixture of 35
(0.142 g, 0.30 mmol) and 0.5 mL (about 3 mmol) of 40% aq. KOH in 1.5 mL of ethanol was heated at reflux for 1 h under argon. The yellow solution was concentrated in an argon stream, acidified with 1.5 N HCl, stirred for 30 min at ambient temperature, and filtered. The precipitate was washed with water, dried, and crystallized from ethanol to give 36 as a white powder (0.127 g, 89%), m.p.
281 ° to 284°C (decomp.): IR (KBr) 3600-2300, 3425, 1704, 1608, 1215, 1182, 1113, 1016, 906, 777, 693 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C30H38ClNO2: C, 75.37; H, 7.59; Cl, 7.42; N, 2.93; found: C, 75.16; H, 7.64; Cl, 7.32; N, 2.84.
(a.) Ethyl 4-(1-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 3-anthracenyl)benzoate (37): To a solution of aldehyde 14 (0.207 g, 0.50 mmol) in 5 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane was added 85% m-chloroperbenzoic acid (0.20 g, 1.0 mmol). The mixture was heated under argon at 85°C for 2.75 h. The orange solution was cooled, treated with a further 0.20 g (1.0 mmol) of 85% m-chloroperbenzoic acid, and heated at 80°C for 24 h, and then cooled. The pale-brown solution was concentrated and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 5% aq. NaHCO3. The organic extract was twice washed with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to give a dark semisolid, then dissolved in 4 mL of ethanol and treated under argon with 0.75 g (about 1.1 mmol) of 10% aq. KOH. The dark solution was stirred for 1.5 h, then concentrated in an argon stream and acidified at 0°C with 1 N HCl to give a pale-brown precipitate. The suspension was filtered, washed repeatedly with water and dried, then dissolved in CH2CI2, and the solution was filtered and concentrated. The crude product was chromatographed on a silica-gel column
(5%-10% ethyl acetate/20% CH2CI2/hexane) to give first unreacted 14 (0.057 g,
25%), Rf 0.67 (10% ethyl acetate/20% CH2CI2/hexane), and then the phenol 37
(0.049 g, 24%) as a yellow powder; Rf 0.43 (10% ethyl acetate/20%
CH2Cl2/hexane); IR(KBr) 3386, 2959, 1690, 1604, 1577, 1464, 1414, 1367, 1279, 1184, 1106, 1020, 907, 852, 773 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C27H30O3: 402-2195; found: 402.2220.
(b.) 4-(1-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 3-anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (38): A suspension of ester 37 (0.029 g, 0.058
mmol) in 2 mL of acetic acid and 1.0 mL of 5 N H2SO4 was heated at reflux under argon for 2.5 h. The yellow-orange suspension was cooled, treated with 0.5 mL of 18 N H2SO4, and heated at reflux under argon for 24 h, then cooled. The pale-brown suspension was diluted with 10 mL of water and filtered. The precipitate was washed with water (6 times 3 mL) and dried. The crude acid was dissolved in ethyl acetate, the yellow solution was filtered, concentrated, and purified by reversed-phase HPLC [Waters Novapak C18 8 mm X 100 mm, 90% MeCN/10% (1 % acetic acid/H2O), 1.5 mlJmin, 260 nm]. The product 38 eluted at tR 3.4 min to give, after concentration, an off-white powder (0.019 g, 70%), m.p. 265° to 268°C: IR (KBr) 3500-2400, 3417, 2960, 2670, 2544, 1688, 1605, 1575, 1462, 1416, 1365, 1292, 1244, 1182, 1105, 1046, 906, 844, 778 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C25H26O3: 374.1882; found: 374.1867.
(a.) Methyl 8-[(n -Pentylamino)carbonyl]octanoate (40): To a solution of azelaic acid monomethyl ester 29 (4.04 g, 20.0 mmol),
N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.53 g, 22.0 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.12 g, 0.98 mmol) in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added over 10 min at 0°C 5.3 g (25.6 mmol) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The mixture was stirred at ice-bath temperature for 30 min. To the white suspension was added a solution of
n-pentylamine (1.74 g, 20.0 mmol) in 3 mL of tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give a white semisolid, which was washed with hexane, dried, washed with water, and again dried to give a white solid. The crude product was chromatographed on a silica gel column (25% ethyl acetate/ CH2CI2) to yield the amide 40 (4.43 g, 82%), as a white powder. A sample was recrystallized (CH2Cl2/hexane) to give colorless needles, m.p. 47.5° to 48°C; Rf 0.42 (33% ethyl acetate/CH2Cl2); IR (KBr) 3307, 2930, 1731, 1636, 1543, 1472, 1438, 1420, 1375, 1315, 1236, 1173, 703 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C15H29NO3: C, 66.38; H, 10.77; N, 5.16; found: C, 66.45; H, 10.81; N, 5.22.
(b.) 8-[(n-Pentylamino)carbonyl]octanoic Acid (41): To the ester 4Q (4.06 g, 15.0 mmol) in 75 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added 100 mL (200 mmol) of 2 N NaOH, and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature under argon for 2.5 h. The aqueous phase was separated, the tetrahydrofuran phase was washed with dilute brine, and the combined aqueous phases were acidified with concentrated HCl at 0°C to pH 1-2. The suspension was extracted three times with CHCl3, and the extract was washed twice with water, dried, and concentrated to give 41 as a white solid (3.20 g, 83%); m.p. 75° to 76°C (CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (KBr) 3400-2400, 3313, 3056, 2932, 1699, 1636, 1540, 1473, 1416, 1315, 1251, 1192, 938, 685 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C14H27NO3: C,
65.33; H, 10.57; N, 5.44; found: C, 65.45; H, 10.59; N, 5.49.
(c.) Ethyl 4-(1-{7-[(n-Pentylamino)carbonyl]heptanecarbox- amido} -5 , 6,7 , 8-tetrahydro-5 ,5,8, 8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl)benzoate (43) : A solution of acid 41 (0.040 g, 0.16 mmol) and triethylamine (32 mL, 0.23 mmol) in 0.3 mL of tetrahydrofuran was treated at 0°C with isobutyl chloroformate (21 μL, 0.16 mmol). This mixture was stirred for 2 h. The thick white suspension was treated at 0°C with a solution of ethyl 4-(1-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl)benzoate (Dawson et al, J. Label. Comp.
Radiopharm. , 28:89-98 (1990) (42) (0.024 g, 0.060 mmol) in 0.3 mL of tetrahydrofuran containing triethylamine (10 μl, 0.07 mmol) and then allowed to
warm to ambient temperature over a 2.5-h period. The suspension was partitioned between CHCl3 and water, and the CHCl3 extract was washed twice with 0.2 N NaOH, then twice with water, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated to give a pink semisolid. Two silica gel column chromatographies (25% ethyl acetate/CH2Cl2) gave 43 (0.023 g, 60%) as white needles, m.p. 146° to 147°C
(CH2Cl2/pentane); Rf 0.45 (35% ethyl acetate/CH2Cl2); IR (CHCl3) 3450, 1700, 1660, 1605, 1510, 1270, 1100, 1010, 840 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C41H56N2O4: 640.4240; found: 640.4265.
(d.) 4-(1-{7-[((n-Pentylamino)carbonyl]heptanecarboxamido}- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (44): To a solution of ester 43 (0.020 g, 0.031 mmol) in 2 mL of ethanol was added 0.2 g (0.8 mmol) of 4 N aq. KOH, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature under argon for 2 h, and then acidified with 1 N HCl. The suspension was concentrated at < 30°C, then diluted with water and extracted three times with CHCl3. The organic extract was washed twice with water, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to yield a pale-yellow glass. The crude product was purified by reversed-phase HPLC [Waters Novapak C18, 8 mm X 100 mm; 80% MeOH/10% tetrahydrofuran/ 10% (1 % aq. acetic acid), 2.0 mL/min, 260 nm; tR 2.4 min] to yield 42 (0.011 g, 58%), as a pale-yellow glass; IR (KBr) 3500-2400, 3289, 2929, 2626, 1689, 1649, 1607, 1542, 1462, 1408, 1364, 1261, 1181, 1112,
1018, 901, 850, 777, 704 cm-1. Positive-ion FAB-MS calcd. for C39H33N2O4 (MH+): 613.4005; found, 613.3982.
(a.) Ethyl 4-(3-Methyl-2-naphthalenyl)benzoate (46): To Mg turnings (0.53 g, 22 mmol) was added over a 20-min period under argon while heating at 50-55°C a solution of 2-bromo-3-methylnaphthalene (Smith et al, J. Org. Chem., 51:3762-3768 (1986)) (45) (3.98 g, 18.0 mmol) in 28 mL of tetrahydrofuran. The reaction was initiated with Mel (2 times 10 μl) after one-quarter of the solution had been introduced, and then moderated by removal of the heating bath until the addition was complete. Then the suspension was stirred at 50-55 °C for an additional 1 h. The cooled supernatant solution was added under argon by syringe to a solution of fused ZnCl2 (3.0 g, 22 mmol), in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran with ice- water cooling. The light-brown suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min, then treated with a solution of ethyl 4-iodobenzoate (6.07 g, 22.0 mmol) in 5 mL of tetrahydrofuran, immediately followed by three 2.5-mL aliquots at 30-min intervals of a dark-brown Ni(0) catalyst solution, prepared by treatment of a mixture of bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) chloride (0.66 g, 1.01 mmol),
triphenylphosphine (0.52 g, 1.98 mmol), and 28 mL of tetrahydrofuran with 2.5 mL (2.5 mmol) of 1 M diisobutylaluminum hydride in cyclohexane. The dark-brown suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h, and then poured into 1 N HCl and twice extracted with Et2O. The organic extract was
washed twice with brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The resulting gum was chromatographed three times on silica gel columns (2% ethyl acetate/5%CH2Cl2 /hexane; 3.5% ethyl acetate/hexane; then 3% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield ester 46 (1.88 g, 36%), as a colorless gum. Crystallization from hexane gave white crystals, m.p. 73° to 75°C; Rf 0.55 (10% ethyl acetate/hexane); IR
(KBr) 3055, 2980, 2932, 1713, 1607, 1562, 1494, 1465, 1401, 1366, 1275, 1174, 1123, 1099, 1021, 982, 880, 864, 774, 745, 711 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C20H18O2: C, 82.73%; H, 6.25%; found: C, 82.67%; H, 6.33%.
(b.) Ethyl 4-(3-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 2-anthracenyl)benzoate (47): To a solution of 46 (1.45 g, 4.99 mmol) and
2,5-dichloro-2,5-dimethyl-hexane (1.01 g, 5.52 mmol) in 20 mL of CH2CI2 at 0°C was added AICI3 (1.33 g, 10.0 mmol). The yellow-brown solution was stirred for 30 min before the ice-bath was removed, and the mixture was stirred for 3 h more with warming to ambient temperature. The suspension was poured onto ice-2 N HCl and extracted twice with CH2CI2. The yellow extract was washed three times with dilute brine, then dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (3 % ethyl
acetate/hexane) to yield 47 (1.26 g, 63%) as white crystals, m.p. 94° to 95°C (from MeCN); Rf 0.54 (50% CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (KBr) 2961, 2924, 1716, 1608, 1564, 1460, 1385, 1365, 1273, 1176, 1102, 1022, 980, 909, 869, 853,
775, 711 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C28H32O2: C, 83.96; H, 8.05; found: C, 84.05; H, 8.07.
(c.) 4-(3-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (48): A suspension of ester 47 (0.774 g, 1.93 mmol) in 25 mL of ethanol and 5 mL of 40% aq. KOH (about 30 mmol) was stirred at ambient temperature under argon for 18 h, then concentrated and acidified with 1 N HCl. The suspension was filtered, and the precipitate was washed repeatedly with water and dried to give 47 (0.705 g, 98%) as a white solid, m.p. 247.5° to 248.5°C (from ethanol); IR (KBr) 3500-2400, 2959, 2926, 2669, 2541, 1691, 1608, 1563, 1460, 1418, 1363, 1313, 1284, 119, 1107, 1020,
980, 907, 870, 779, 713 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C26H28O2: C, 83.83; H, 7.58; found: C, 83.74; H, 7.63.
(a.) Ethyl 4-(3-Bromomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoate (49): A solution of ester 47 (0.536 g, 1.34 mmol), N-bromosuccinimide (0.286 g, 1.61 mmol), and dibenzoyl peroxide (about 0.01 g) in 5 mL of CCl4 was heated at reflux for 1.5 h while irradiated from a distance of 10 cm with a 200 W tungsten lamp. The orange suspension
was filtered, the precipitate was washed with CCl4, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (20%-50% CH2Cl2/hexane) to yield 49 (0.531 g, 83%) as a white solid, m.p. 129° to 130°C (hexanes); Rf 0.47 (50% CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 1705, 1600, 1455, 1270, 1095, 1010, 980, 900, 860, cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9); calcd. for C28H32BrO2 (MH+): 479.1586; found: 479.1551.
(b.) Ethyl 4-(3-Benzyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 2-anthracenyl)benzoate (50): To a solution of 49 (0.192 g, 0.40 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium(0) (0.030 g, 0.026 mmol) in 3 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane was added under argon a solution of phenylboronic acid
(0.075 g, 0.61 mmol) in 0.7 mL of ethanol, followed by 1.5 mL of saturated aq. NaHCO3. The mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h, before the dark suspension was partitioned between CH2CI2 and dilute brine. The yellow organic phase was washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The dark resultant oil was chromatographed on a silica gel column (25-35%
CH2Cl2/hexane) to yield 50 (0.063 g, 33%), a pale-yellow gum. Crystallization (hexane) gave a white solid, m.p. 131 ° to 132°C; Rf 0.36 (35%
CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 1700, 1605, 1265, 1170, 1095, 1015, 980, 905 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C34H36O2 : C, 85.67; H, 7.61; found: C, 85.50; H, 7.65.
(c.) 4-(3-Benzyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 2-anthracenyl)benzoic Acid (51): A mixture of ester 50 (0.028 g, 0.059 mmol), 40% aq. KOH (0.3 g, about 1.8 mmol), and 0.6 mL of ethanol was heated at reflux under argon for 0.75 h to give a colorless solution, concentrated in an argon stream, cooled in ice, and acidified with 1 N HCl. The suspension was filtered, washed with water (6 times 1 mL), dried, and crystallized (ethanol) to give white crystals (0.018 g, 68%), m.p. 284° to 286°C: IR (KBr) 3600-2300, 3448, 2959, 1689, 1608, 1459, 1420, 1285, 1178, 1107, 911, 699 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C32H32O2: C, 85.68; H, 7.19; found: C, 85.50; H, 7.25.
(a.) Ethyl 4-[3-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)methyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl]benzoate (52): To a solution of 47 (0.240 g, 0.50 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenyl- phosphine)palladium(0) (0.030 g, 0.026 mmol) in 3 mL of 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane was added under argon a solution
of 4-dimethylamino-phenylboronic acid (0.10 g, 0.61 mmol) in 0.7 mL of ethanol, followed by 1.5 mL of saturated aq. NaHCO3. The mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h, and then partitioned between CH2CI2 and dilute brine. The yellow CH2CI2 extract was washed twice with dilute brine, dried (Na2 SO4), and concentrated. The gum was chromatographed twice on silica gel (25%-100%
CH2Cl2/hexane, then 35%-100% CH2Cl2/hexane) to yield 52 (0.139 g, 54%), as a pale-yellow gum. Crystallization from ethyl acetate-hexanes gave pale-yellow crystals, m.p. 151° to 152°C; Rf 0.54 (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes); IR (CHCl3) 1700, 1605, 1565, 1510, 1475, 1455, 1270, 1170, 1095, 1015, 985, 940, 905 cm-1. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C36H41NO2: 519.3137; found: 519.3125.
(b.) 4-[3-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl]benzoic Acid (53): A mixture of the ester 52 (0.105 g, 0.202 mmol), 40% aq. KOH (0.5 mL, about 3 mmol), and ethanol (1.5 mL) was heated at reflux for 0.75 h to give a pale-yellow solution. The solution was concentrated in an argon stream and acidified with 1 N HCl at 0°C. The suspension was filtered, and the white solid was washed repeatedly with water, dried, and crystallized (ethanol) to yield 53 (0.095 g, 89%), as a white powder, m.p. 243° to 253°C (decomp.); IR (KBr) 3600-2300, 3424, 2628, 1708, 1608, 1511 , 1461, 1364, 1214, 1176, 1108, 1019, 909, 783, 707 cm-1. Anal, calcd. for C34H38ClNO2: C, 77.32; H, 7.25; Cl, 6.71; N, 2.65; found: C, 77.38; H, 7.25; Cl, 6.44; N, 2.61.
(a.) Methyl 4-[(3,4-Dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)- carbonyl]benzoate (56) (Belgian Patent BE 1,000,195): To a suspension of aluminum chloride (1.6 g, 12 mmol) in 1 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane under argon at room temperature was added a solution of 4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1- benzopyran (54) (1.5 g, 9.25 mmol) (Dawson, M. I., et al. J. Med. Chem.
27: 1516-1531 (1984)) and 4-carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (55) (1.79 g, 9 mmol) in 9 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, poured onto ice-water, and extracted with 40% ethyl acetate/hexane. The
combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and brine. The solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford a yellow solid (3.24 g). Flash chromatography (80% dichloromethane/ hexane) yielded the desired product (56) as a white powder (1.42 g, 49%): m.p. 129-131 °C; Rf 0.26 (CH2CI2); IR (KBr) 2954, 1725, 1645, 1572, 1278, 1251, 1110 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.36 (s, 6, CH3), 1.88 (m, 2, OCH2CH2), 3.97 (s, 3,-CO2Me), 4.28 (m, 2, OCH2CH2), 6.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.53 (dd, J = 2.2, 8.5 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.78 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2, ArH), 7.86 (d, J = 2.2
Hz, 1, ArH), 8.14 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2, ArH). Anal, calcd. for C20H20O4: C, 74.06; H, 6.21. Found: C, 73.97; H, 6.22.
(b. ) 2-(3,4-Dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)- 2-(4-carbomethoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithiane (57): To a solution of the keto-ester (56) (0.152 g, 0.469 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0°C under argon was added
1,3-propanedithiol (0.061 g, 0.563 mmol), followed by boron trifluoride etherate (0.07 mL, 0.57 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h and at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched by pouring into saturated aqueous Na2CO3, and then extracted with 40% ethyl
acetate/hexane. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous
MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford an oil. Flash chromatography (80% dichloromethane/hexane) yielded the desired dithiane (57) as a white solid (0.175 g, 90%): m.p. 103-105°C; Rf 0.2 (50% CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (KBr) 2955, 1722, 1490, 1276, 1109 cm-1; 1H NMR ( CHCl3) δ 1.28 (s, 6, CH3), 1.82 (m, 2, OCH2CH2), 2.01 (m, 2, SCH2CH2CH2S), 2.76 (m, 4, SCH2CH2CH2S ), 3.92
(s, 3, CO2Me), 4.18 (m, 2, OCH2CH2), 6.17 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.20 (dd, J = 2.3, 8.7 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.57 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.84 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2, ArH), 8.02 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2, ArH). Anal, calcd. for C23H26O3S2 : C, 66.63; H, 6.32; S, 15.47. Found: C, 66.32; H, 6.28; S, 15.26.
(c.) 2-(3,4-Dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-
6-yl)-2-(4-carboxy-phenyl)1,3-dithiane (58): To a suspension of the dithiane (57) (0.145 g, 0.349 mmol) in 75% aqueous methanol (4 mL) was added one pellet of potassium hydroxide (0.106 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 70°C for 1 h, during which time the material dissolved. The solution was cooled to room temperature, acidified with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then extracted with 80% ethyl acetate/hexane. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford a white solid.
Recrystallization from dichloromethane-hexane afforded the desired acid (58) as a white powder (0.127 g, 90%): m.p. 204-205°C; IR (KBr) 2955, 1722, 1490, 1276, 1109 cm-1; 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.29 (s, 6, CΗ3), 1.83 (m, 2,
OCH2CH2). 2.02 (m, 2, SCH2CH2CH2S), 2.78 (m, 4, S CH2 CH2 CH2S), 4.19 (m, 2, OCH2CH2), 6.72 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.22 (dd, J = 2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.59 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.88 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2, ArH), 8.09 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2, ArH). HRMS calcd. for C22H25O3S2 (M+ +H): 401.1245. Found: 401.1261.
61
(a.) Methyl 4-[1-Oxo-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 2-naphthalenyl)ethyl]benzoate (60): A flask containing anhydrous nickel iodide (2.031 g, 6.5 mmol), naphthalene (0.083 g, 0.65 mmol), and clean oil-free lithium wire (0.105 g, 15.15 mmol) was subjected to three cycles of evacuation and argon purging prior to adding dry glyme (10 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 14 h and then heated at 70 °C for 4 h to ensure that the reaction of the Ni(II) species was complete. A solution of acid chloride (55) (1.043 g, 5.25 mmol) and 2-bromomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalene (59) (1.406 g, 5.00 mmol) (Dawson, M. I., et al. , J. Med. Chem. 32: 1504-1517 (1989)) in dry glyme (10 mL) was added, and
the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 18 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into cold 2 N hydrochloric acid (75 mL) and extracted with ether. The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine. The solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford a brown solid (1.97 g). Flash chromatography (50% dichloromethane/hexane), followed by recrystallization from hexane, afforded (60) as a white fluffy solid (0.611 g, 34%): m.p. 110-112°C; Rf 0.29 (benzene); IR (KBr) 1720, 1700, 1280 cm-1; 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.25 (s, 6, CH3), 1.26 (s, 6, CH3), 1.66 (s, 4, CH2CH2), 3.95 (s, 3, CO2CH3), 4.25 (s, 2, CH2CO), 7.02 (dd, J = 2, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.18 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.25 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.06 (d, J =
9 Hz, 2, ArH), 8.12 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2, ArH). Anal, calcd. for C24H28O3: C, 79.09; H, 7.74. Found: C, 79.18; H, 7.67.
(b.) Methyl (Z)-4-[1-Acetoxy-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)ethenyl]benzoate (61): To a solution of keto-ester (60) (0.092 g, 0.25 mmol) in acetic anhydride (5 Ml) under argon at room
temperature was added a catalytic amount of concentrated sulfuric acid (3 drops), and the reaction mixture was heated at 100°C for 14 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ether. The combined organic layers were washed with water, saturated aqueous NaHCO3, and brine. The solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford a brown solid (0.117 g). Flash chromatography (10% ethyl
acetate/hexane, 50% dichloromethane/hexane) followed by recrystallization from hexane afforded (61) as a white crystalline solid (0.036 g, 35%): m.p.
144-146°C; Rf 0.10 (50% CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (KBr) 1754, 1721, 1608, 1284, 1200 cm-1; 1H NMR (acetone-d6) δ 1.29 (s, 6, CH3), 1.31 (s, 6, CH3), 1.72 (s,
4, CH2CH2), 2.41 (s, 3, OCOCH3), 3.90 (s, 3, CO2CH3), 6.96 (s, 1, HC = C), 7.34 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.40 (dd, J = 2, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.57 (d, J =
2 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.69 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2, ArH), 8.01 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2, ArH). Anal, calcd. for C26H30O4: C, 76.82; H, 7.44. Found: C, 76.48; H, 7.60.
(a.) 6-Cyano-1-naphthoyl Chloride (63): To a solution of
6-cyano-1-naphthoic acid (62) (0.221 g, 1.12 mmol) (Dewar, M. J. S., et al , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84:3541-3546 (1962)) in thionyl chloride (10 mL) under argon at room temperature was added one drop of DMF, and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 14 h. After cooling, the excess thionyl chloride was removed at reduced pressure, and the residue azeotroped twice with dry toluene (10 mL) to give the acid chloride (63) as a pale-yellow solid (0.244 g, 99%): 1Η NMR
(acetone-d6) δ 7.95 (dd, J = 7, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.03 (dd, J = 2, 9 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.54 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.69 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.84 (dd, 7 = 1, 7 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.86 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1, ArH).
(b.) 5-[(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)- carbonyl]-2-naphthonitrile (65): To a suspension of aluminum chloride (0.165 g, 1.24 mmol) in 10 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane at room temperature under argon was added a solution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethylnaphthalene (64) (0.223 g, 1.18 mmol) (Kagechika, H., et al , J. Med. Chem. 31:2182-2192 (1988)) and acid chloride (63) (0.243 g, 1.13 mmol) in 10 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane. The resulting solution was then heated at reflux for 16 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured onto a mixture of crushed ice (25 g) and 2 N hydrochloric acid (25 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with water, 1 M NaHCO3, and brine. The solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford an orange solid (0.285 g). Flash chromatography (5 % ethyl acetate/hexane) followed by recrystallization from hexane afforded the desired product (65) as a light-yellow crystalline solid (0.148 g, 36%): m.p. 179-181 °C; Rf 0.10 (5% EtOAc/hexane); IR (KBr) 2231, 1657, 1253 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.27 (s, 6, CH3), 1.31 (s, 6, CH3), 1.72
(s, 4, CH2CH2), 7.37 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.49 (dd, J = 2, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.63 (dd, J = 2, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.65 (dd, J = 7, 9 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.74 (dd, J = 1, 7 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.91 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.06 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.21 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.32 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1, ArH). Anal, calcd. for C26H25NO: C, 84.98; H, 6.86; N, 3.81. Found: C, 84.91; H, 6.87; N, 3.60.
(c.) Methyl 5-[(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 2-naphthalenyl)-carbonyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylate (66): To a suspension of the keto-nitrile (65) (0.136 g, 0.37 mmol) in 3.7 mL of ethanol at room temperature under argon was added 40% aqueous sodium hydroxide (0.37 mL, 3.7 mmol), and the resulting solution was heated at reflux for 14 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was acidified with 2 N hydrochloric acid and extracted with ether. The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine. The
solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford an orange gummy solid (0.135 g). Attempts to isolate the pure acid by
recrystallization failed. Therefore, the crude acid (67) was esterified to aid in purification. To a solution of crude acid (67) (0.084 g, 0.216 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) under argon at room temperature was added potassium carbonate (0.060 g,
0.433 mmol) and methyl iodide (27 μL, 0.432 mmol). This mixture was stirred for 18 h and then diluted with water and extracted with ether. The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford a yellow foam (0.076 g). Flash
chromatography (75% dichloro-methane/hexane) followed by recrystallization from ether/hexane afforded (66) as an off-white crystalline solid (0.042 g, 28%): m.p. 138-140°C; Rf 0.36 (CH2CI2); IR (KBr) 2959, 1722, 1657, 1282, 1245, 1201, 779 cm-1; 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.27 (s, 6, CH3), 1.31 (s, 6, CH3), 1.72 (s, 4, CH2CH2), 4.0 (s, 3, CO2CH3), 7.36 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.51 (dd, J = 2, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.58 (dd, J = 7, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.69 (dd, J = 2, 7 Hz, 1,
ArH), 7.93 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.06 (dd, J = 2, 9 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.11 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.15 (d, J= 7 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.68 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1, ArH). Anal, calcd. for C27H28O3: C, 80.97; H, 7.05. Found: C, 81.33; H, 6.96.
(d.) 5-[(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)- carbonyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic Acid (67): To a suspension of the ester (66)
(0.035 g, 0.087 mmol) in 75% aqueous methanol (0.39 mL) was added 0.015 g of potassium hydroxide and the mixture was stirred at 70 °C for 5 h, during which time the solid dissolved. The solution was cooled to room temperature, acidified with 1 N hydrochloric acid, and then extracted with 80% ethyl acetate/hexane. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous
MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford a white solid. Recrystallization from benzene/hexane afforded (67) as a white crystalline solid (0.033 g, 98%): m.p. 253-255°C; IR (KBr) 3426, 2961, 1696, 1858, 1290, 1245, 1191, 1065 cm-1;
1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.28 (s, 6, CH3), 1.32 (s, 6, CH3), 1.72 (s, 4, CH2CH2), 7.37 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.52 (dd, 7 = 2, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.62 (dd, J = 7, 8 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.72 (dd, 7 = 2, 7 Hz, 1, ArH), 7.93 (d, 7 = 2 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.13 (dd, 7 = 2, 9 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.17 (d, 7 = 9 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.19 (d, J = 7 Hz, 1, ArH), 8.78 (d, 7 = 2 Hz, 1, ArH). Anal, calcd. for C26H26O3: C, 80.80; H, 6.78. Found: C, 80.66; H, 6.57.
(a.) Ethyl 4-(3-Methylnaphthalen-2-yl)benzoate (69): To Mg turnings (0.53 g, 22 mmol) was added over a 20-min period under argon while heating at 50-55°C a solution of 2-bromo-3-methyl-naphthalene (68) (3.98 g, 18.0 mmol) (Smith, J. G., et al , 7. Org. Chem. 51:3762-3768 (1986)) in 28 mL of THF. The reaction was initiated with Mel (2 x 10 μL) after one-quarter of the solution had been introduced, and then moderated by intermittent removal of the
heating bath until the addition was complete. Then, the suspension was stirred at 50-55 °C for an additional hour. The cooled supernatant solution was added under argon by syringe to a solution of fused ZnCl2 (3.0 g, 22 mmol) in 20 mL of THF with ice- water cooling. The light-brown suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min, then treated with a solution of ethyl
4-iodobenzoate (6.07 g, 22.0 mmol) in 5 mL of THF, immediately followed by three 2.5-mL aliquots at 30-min intervals of the dark-brown Ni(0) catalyst solution, which was prepared by treatment of a mixture of
bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) chloride (0.66 g, 1.01 mmol),
triphenylphosphine (0.52 g, 1.98 mmol), and THF (28 mL) with 2.5 mL (2.5 mmol) of 1.0 M diisobutylaluminum hydride in cyclohexane. The dark-brown suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h, then poured into 1 N HCl and twice extracted with Et2O. The organic extract was washed twice with brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The resulting gum was
chromatographed three times on silica gel (2% EtO Ac/5% CH2CI2/hexane, 3.5%
EtOAc/hexane, 3% EtOAc/hexane) to yield ester (69) as a colorless gum (1.88 g, 36%). Crystallization from hexane gave white crystals: m.p. 73-75°C; Rf (10% EtOAc/hexane) 0.55; IR (KBr) 3055, 2980, 2932, 1713, 1607, 1562, 1494, 1465, 1401, 1366, 1275, 1174, 1123, 1099, 1021, 982, 880, 864, 774, 745, 711 cm-1; 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.41 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3, CH2CH3), 2.39 (s, 3,
ArCH 3), 4.42 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2, OCH2), 7.46 (m, 2, 6,7-Naph-H), 7.46 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to CO2Et), 7.69 (s, 1 , ArH), 7.72 (s, 1, ArH), 7.80 (m, 2, 5,8-Naph-H), 8.11 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to CO2Et). Anal, calcd. for C20H18O2: C, 82.73; H, 6.25. Found: C, 82.67; H, 6.33.
(b.) Ethyl 4-(3-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8 tetramethyl-
2-anthracenyl)benzoate (70): To a solution of (69) (1.45 g, 4.99 mmol) and 2,5-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane (1.01 g, 5.52 mmol) (Kagechika, H., et al , 7.
Med. Chem. 31:2182-2192 (1988)) in 20 mL of CH2Cl2 at 0°C was added AlCl3 (1.33 g, 10.0 mmol). The yellow-brown solution was stirred for 30 min before the ice-bath was removed, and the mixture was stirred for 3 h more with wanning to room temperature. The suspension was poured onto ice/2 N HCl and extracted twice with CH2Cl2. The yellow extract was washed three times with dilute brine, then dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was
chromatographed on a silica gel column (3% EtOAc/hexane) to yield (70) as white crystals (1.26 g, 63%): m.p. 94-95°C (from MeCN); Rf 0.54 (50%
CH2Cl2/hexane): IR (KBr) 2961, 2924, 1716, 1608, 1564, 1460, 1385, 1365, 1273, 1176, 1102, 1022, 980, 909, 869, 853, 775, 711 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCI3)
5 1.37 and 1.39 (2s, 12, 5,5,8,8-CH3), 1.41 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3, CH2CH3), 1.76 (s, 4, 6,7-CH2), 2.34 (s, 3, Ar-CH3), 4.41 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2, OCH2), 7.44 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to CO2Et), 7.59 (s, 1, ArH), 7.63 (s, 1, ArH), 7.73 (s, 1, ArH), 7.75 (s, 1, ArH), 8.10 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to CO2Et). Anal. calcd. for C28H32O2: C, 83.96; H, 8.05. Found: C, 84.05; H, 8.07.
(c.) Ethyl 4-(3-Bromomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoate (71): A solution of ester (70) (0.536 g, 1.34 mmol), N-bromosuccinimide (0.286 g, 1.61 mmol), and dibenzoyl peroxide (about 0.01 g) in 5 mL of CCl4 was heated at reflux for 1.5 h while being irradiated from a distance of 10 cm with a 200-W tungsten lamp. The orange suspension was filtered, the precipitate was washed with CCl4, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (20%-50% CH2Cl2/hexane) to yield (71) as a white solid (0.531 g, 83%): m.p. 129-130°C; Rf 0.47 (50% CH2Cl2/hexane); IR (CHCl3) 1705, 1600, 1455, 1270, 1095, 1010, 980, 900, 860, cm-1. 1H ΝMR (CHCl3) δ 1.36 and 1.38 (2s,
12, 5,5,8,8-CH3), 1.43 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3, CH2CH3), 1.76 (s, 4, 6,7-CH2), 4.42 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2, OCH2), 4.57 (s, 2, CH2Br), 7.58 (dm, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta
to CC2Et), 7.62 (s, 1, ArH), 7.78 (s, 1, ArH), 7.81 (s, 1, ArH), 7.93 (s, 1, ArH), 8.15 (dm, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to CC2Et). CI-HRMS (1-C4H9) calcd. for C28H32BrO2 (MH+): 479.1586. Found: 479.1551.
(d.) Ethyl 4-[3-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)methyl-5,6,7,8-tetra- hydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl]benzoate (72): To a solution of (71)
(0.240 g, 0.50 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.030 g, 0.026 mmol) in 3 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane was added under argon a solution of 4-dimethylaminophenylboronic acid (0.10 g, 0.61 mmol) (Staab, H.; Meissner, B. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 753, 80-91, 1971) in 0.7 mL of EtOH, followed by 1.5 mL of saturated aq. NaHCO3. The mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h and then partitioned between CH2CI2 and dilute brine. The yellow CH2CI2 extract was washed twice with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The gum was chromatographed twice on silica gel (25% -100% CH2Cl2/hexane, then 35%-100% CH2Cl2/hexane) to yield (72) as a pale-yellow gum (0.139 g, 54%). Crystallization from EtOAc/hexanes gave pale-yellow crystals: m.p. 151-152°C;
Rf 0.54 (15% EtOAc/hexanes); IR (CHCl3) 1700, 1605, 1565, 1510, 1475, 1455, 1270, 1170, 1095, 1015, 985, 940, 905 cm-1; 1H NMR (acetone-d6) δ 1.43 (m, 15, 5,5,8,8-CH3, CH2CH3), 1.82 (s, 4, 6,7-CH2), 2.88 (s, 6,
N(CH3)2), 3.98 (s, 2, ArCH2), 4.42 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2, OCH2), 6.61 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to N(CH3)2), 6.82 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to N(CH3)2),
7.48 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to CO2Et), 7.67 (s, 2, ArH), 7.87 (s, 1, ArH), 7.92 (s, 1, ArH), 8.07 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to CC2Et). CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C36H41NO2 (M+): 519.3137. Found: 519.3125.
(e.) 4-[3-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl]benzoic Acid, Hydrochloride Salt (72): A mixture of the ester (72) (0.105 g,0.202 mmol), 40% aqueous KOH (0.5 mL, about 3 mmol), and EtOH (1.5 mL) was heated at reflux for 0.75 h to give a
pale-yellow solution. The solution was concentrated in an argon stream and acidified with 1 N HCl at 0°C. The suspension was filtered, and the white solid was washed repeatedly with water, dried, and crystallized (EtOH) to yield (73) as a white powder (0.095 g, 89%): m.p. 243-253°C (decomp.); IR (KBr)
3600-2300, 3424, 2628, 1708, 1608, 1511, 1461, 1364, 1214, 1176, 1108, 1019,
909, 783, 707 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.39 and 1.42 (2 s, 12, 5 ,5,8,8-CH3), 1.79 (s, 4, 6,7-CH2), 3.12 (s, 6, N(CH3)2), 4.11 (s, 2, ArCH2), 7.01 (broad d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to N (CH3)2), 7.30 (dm, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to N(CH3)2), 7.50 (broad d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to CO2H), 7.60 (s, 1, ArH), 7.63 (s, 1, ArH), 7.78 (s, 1, ArH), 7.78 (s, 1, ArH), 8.06 (dm, J = 8 Hz, 2,
ArH ortho to CO2H); UV (EtOH) λ max 234 nm (e 7.93 x 104). Anal, calcd. for C34H38ClNO2 : C, 77.32; H, 7.25; Cl, 6.71; N, 2.65. Found: C, 77.38; H, 7.25; Cl, 6.44; N, 2.61.
93
(a.) 3-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen- 1-yl)propen-3-ol (75): To 31 mL (31 mmol) of 1.0 M /Molylmagnesium bromide in Et2O was added over a period of 10 min at 0°C under argon a solution of 3-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)prop-2-enal (74) (5.00 g, 28.0 mmol) (Van Den Tempel, P. J., et al , Tetrahedron 22:293-299 (1966)) in 15 mL of Et2O. The yellow suspension was stirred at ice-bath temperature for 15 min, then allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 1.5-h period. The mixture was poured onto ice and aqueous NH4Cl and extracted twice with Et2O. The extract was washed three times with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated to give crude
(75) as a white solid (7.63 g, 101%), which was used without purification for the next step: Rf (10% EtOAc/hexanes) 0.38 (major), 0.93 (minor). A sample was crystallized (CH2Cl2/hexane) to give large white crystals of (75): m.p.
85.5-86ºC; Rf (10% EtOAc/hexanes) 0.37; IR (CHCl3) 3600, 2930, 1605, 1450, 1355, 1165, 1075, 1000, 960 cm-1; 300 MHz 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.00
(s, 6, 16R,17R-CH3), 1.35-1.7 (m, 4, 2R,3R-CH2), 1.64 (s, 3, 18R-CH3), 1.82 (m, 1, OH), 1.95 (m, 2, 4R-CH2), 2.34 (s, 3, ArCH3), 5.25 (m, 1, CHOH), 5.64 (dd, J = 16, 8 Hz, 1, 8R-HC=CH), 6.19 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1, 7R-HC=CH), 7.17 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH), 7.30 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH). Anal, calcd. for C19H26O: C, 84.39; H, 9.69. Found: C, 84.19; H, 9.65.
(b.) 3-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)- propen-3-one (76): A solution of crude (75) (4.60 g, 17.0 mmol) in a mixture of hexane (180 mL) and acetone (20 mL) was treated at room temperature with active MnO2 (80 g, 0.92 mmol), and the suspension was stirred at ambient temperature under argon for 27 h. The mixture was filtered, the precipitate was washed with CH2 Cl2, and the combined filtrates were refiltered and then concentrated to give a yellow oil. Silica gel chromatography (5-15%
EtOAc/hexanes) yielded the enone (76) as a yellow, viscous oil (3.33 g, 73%): Rf (7% EtOAc/hexanes) 0.52; IR (CHCl3) 2920, 1650, 1590, 1445, 1305, 1290, 1270, 1255, 1170, 1110, 1005, 970 cm-1; 300 MHz 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.13
(s, 6, 16R,17R-CH3), 1.45-1.7 (m, 4, 2R,3R-CH2), 1.85 (s, 3, 18R- CH3), 2.10 (t, J = 6 Hz, 2, 4R-CH2), 2.43 (s, 3, ArCH3), 6.91 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1,
8R-HC=CH), 7.26 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to C(O)), 7.58 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1, 7R-HC=CH), 7.87 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to C(O)). CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C19H25O (MH+): 269.1905. Found: 269.1911.
(c . ) (2Z,4E)-3-(4-Methylphenyl)-5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen- 1-yl)-penta-2,4-dienal (78): To a solution of diisopropylamine (4.0 mL, 29
mmol) in Et2O (50 mL) at 0ºC was added under argon 17.5 mL (28.0 mmol) of 1.6 M n-BuLi in hexane and the solution was stirred for 10 min. To the solution was added, at 0°C, 35 mL of THF, followed by a solution of
trimethylsilylacetaldehyde t-butylimine (5.05 g, 29.5 mmol) (Corey, E. J., et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 7-10 (1976)) in 14 mL of THF over a 25-min period. The mixture was stirred at ice-bath temperature for 80 min and then cooled in a -78ºC bath. To the dark-orange solution was added over a 40-min period a solution of (76) (3.60 g, 13.4 mmol) in 12 mL of THF. The mixture was allowed to warm to -10°C over a 1.5-h period, and this temperature was maintained for an additional 1.5 h. To the stirred mixture was added (CO2H)2•(H2O)2 (14 g, 110 mmol) and 120 mL of H2O, and the suspension was stirred under argon with warming to ambient temperature over a 16-h period. The dark orange-red suspension was diluted with 150 mL of H2O and extracted three times with Et2O. The red extract was washed twice with dilute brine, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated to give an orange-brown gum. Flash silica gel chromatography (6%
Et2O/hexanes) yielded first the (2E,4E)-aldehyde (77) as a yellow gum (0.40 g, 10%): Rf (10% Et2O/hexane) 0.44; IR (CHCl3) 2930, 1650, 1610, 1450, 1350, 1145, 1010, 965 cm-1; 90 MHz 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.04 (s, 6, 16R,17R-CH3), 1.4-1.7 (m, 4, 2R,3R-CH2), 1.80 (s, 3, 18R-CH3), 2.07 (m, 2, 4R-CH2), 2.40 (s, 3, ArCH3), 6.14 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, 10R-C=CH), 6.42 (broad d, J = 16 Hz,
1, 7R-HC=CH), 6.92 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1, 8R-HC=CH), 7.21 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH), 7.36 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH), 10.15 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 1, CHO); UV (EtOH)λ max 326 nm (e 1.39 X 104), 266 nm (ε 1.01 x 104). CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C21H27O (MH+): 295.2062. Found: 295.2052. Continued chromatography provided a 1: 1 mixture (by 1H NMR) of (77) and the (2Z,4E)-isomer (78) (0.94 g, 24%), and then the (2Z,4E)-aldehyde (78) as a yellow solid (2.45 g, 62%): m.p. (hexane) 59-59.5°C; Rf (10% Et2O/hexane) 0.41; IR (CHCl3) 2930, 1650,
1600, 1450, 1355, 1145, 1125, 1015, 970 cm-1; 90 MHz 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.99 (s, 6, 16R, 17R-CH3) , 1.3-1.7 (m, 4, 2R,3R-CH2), 1.70 (s, 3, 18R- CH3), 2.02 (m, 2, 4R-CH2), 2.41 (s, 3, ArCH3), 6.09 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, 10R -C =CH), 6.39 (m, 2, 7R, 8R-HC=CH), 7.23 (m, 4, ArH), 9.42 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1, CHO); UV (EtOH) λmax 332 nm (e 1.72 x 104), 265 nm (e 1.00 x 104). Anal, calcd. for C21H26O: C, 85.66; H, 8.90. Found: C, 85.52; H, 8.71. The isomer mixture fraction (0.94 g) in Et2O (20 mL) was treated with I2 (a few mg), and the solution was allowed to stand at ambient temperature under argon for 1.5 h, and then washed with sodium thiosulfate solution and twice with dilute brine. The yellow solution was concentrated to give a mixture of (77) and (78) (1:4 by
1H NMR). Flash silica gel chromatography (6-8% Et2O/hexanes) yielded an additional 0.094 g (2%) of (77), 0.168 g (4%) of a mixture of (77) and (78), and 0.59 g (15%) of (78). The total yield of (78) was 3.04 g (77%).
(d.) Ethyl (2E,4E,6Z,8E)-3-Methyl-7-(4-methylphenyl)-9-(2,6,6- trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate (81): To a solution of triethyl
3-methyl-4-phosphono-2-butenoate (79) as a mixture of E- and Z-isomers) (Pattenden, G., et al. , J. Chem. Soc, 1984-1997 (1968)) (2.80 g, 10.6 mmol) in 20 mL of THF was added 6.3 mL (10.1 mmol) of 1.6 M n-BuLi in hexane over a 5-min period under argon at -78°C. The cooling bath was removed after an additional 15 min, and the mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 15-min period. The orange-red solution was cooled in a -50°C bath, and a solution of (78) (2.60 g, 8.83 mmol) in 8 mL of THF was introduced over a 15-min period. The mixture was then allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 20-h period. The orange solution was poured into dilute brine and extracted twice with Et2O. The yellow extract was washed twice with brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The viscous yellow oil was twice
chromatographed by flash silica gel chromatography (2-2.5% Et2O/hexanes) to
yield successively the (2Z,4E,6Z,8E)-isomer (80) as a yellow gum (0.261 g, 7%): Rf (5% Et2O/hexane) 0.51; IR (CHCl3) 2930, 1690, 1605, 1580, 1450, 1370, 1220, 1160, 1045, 975, 820 cm-1; 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 0.94 (s, 6,
16R,17R-CH3), 1 29 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3, CH2CH3), 1.43 and 1.58 (2 m, 4, 2R,3R-CH2), 1.70 (s, 3, 18R-CH3), 1.83 (d, 7 = 1.2 Hz, 1, 20R-CH3), 2.00
(m, 2, 4R-CH2), 2.40 (s, 3, ArCH3), 4.16 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2, OCH2), 5.58 (s, 1,
14R-C=CH), 5.92 (d, 7 = 16 Hz, 1, 7R-HC=CH), 6.32 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1,
8R-HC=CH), 6.43 (d, 7 = 11 Hz, 1, 10R-C=CH), 6.56 (dd, 7 = 15, 11 Hz, 1,
11R-HC=CH), 7.11 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH), 7.20 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH), 7.80 (d, 7 = 15 Hz, 1, 12R-HC=CH); UV (EtOH) λ max 363.5 nm (e = 3.53 x
104); HPLC (Waters Radialpak Novapak silica 8-mm x 100-mm, 1%
Et2O/hexane, 2.0 mL/min, 260 nm) tR 9.3 min. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C28H37O2 (MH + ): 405.2793. Found: 405.2770. Next was eluted a mixture of isomers (0.61 g, 17%): HPLC tR 7.0 (3%), 7.7 (14%), 9.4 (21 %), 10.8 min (62%); and then the (2E,4E,6Z,8E)-isomer (81) as a yellow gum (2.23 g, 62%):
Rf (5% Et2O/hexane) 0.43; IR (CHCl3) 2950, 1700, 1605, 1580, 1450, 1370, 1360, 1225, 1160, 1045, 975, 880, 825 cm-1; 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 0.94 (s, 6, 16R,17R-CH3), 1.27 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3, CH2CH3), 1.42 and 1.58 (2 m, 4, 2R,3R-CH2), 1.70 (s, 3, 18R-CH3), 2.00 (m, 2, 4R-CH2), 2.12 (s, 3,
20R-CH3), 2.41 (s, 3, ArCH3), 4.15 (q, 7 = 7 Hz, 2, OCH2), 5.73 (s, 1,
14R-C=CH), 5.92 (d, 7 = 16 Hz, 1 , 7R-HC=CH), 6.30 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1, 12R-HC=CH), 6.31 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1, 8R-HC=CH), 6.32 (d, 7 = 11 Hz, 1, 10R-C=CH), 6.58 (dd, J = 15, 11 Hz, 1, 11R-HC = CH), 7.11 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH), 7.22 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH); UV (EtOH) λmax 361 nm (e 4.22 x 104); HPLC tR 10.7 min. CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C28H36O2 (M+): 404.2715.
Found: 404.2711.
(e.) (2E,4E,6Z,8E)-3-Methyl-7-(4-methylphenyl)-9-(2,6,6- trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)-24,6,8-nonatetraenoic Acid (82): To a stirred solution of (81) (2.00 g, 4.95 mmol) in 12 mL of EtOH was added under argon 4.0 g (about 24 mmol) of 40% aqueous KOH. The mixture was heated at 70°C for 1 h to give a dark-orange solution that then was concentrated in an argon stream.
The mixture was acidified at 0°C with 25 mL of 10% HOAC, and then the yellow suspension was diluted with 25 mL of H2O and extracted twice with EtOAc. The extract was washed three times with H2O, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated to give an orange solid. The crude product was crystallized twice from MeOH (60 mL, then 50 mL) under argon to yield (82) as orange crystals
(1.18 g, 63%), m.p. 168.5-169.5°C. The combined crystallization liquors were concentrated, and the residue was recrystallized three times from MeOH to yield an additional 0.39 g (21 %) of (82). The total yield was 1.57 g (84%): IR (CHCl3) 3300-2400, 1675, 1605, 1575, 1440, 1255, 1110, 1015, 970, 825 cm-1; 400 MHz 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 0.94 (s, 6, 16R,17R-CH3), 1.42 and 1.59 (2 m,
4, 2R,3R-CH2), 1.70 (s, 3, 18R-CH3), 2.00 (m, 2, 4R-CH2), 2.13 (s, 3, 20R-CH3), 2.41 (s, 3, ArCH3), 5.76 (s, 1, 14R-C=CH), 5.94 (d, 7 = 16 Hz, 1, 7R-HC=CH), 6.32 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1, 8R-HC=CH), 6.32 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1, 12R-HC=CH), 6.33 (d, J = 11 Hz, 1, 10R-C=CH), 6.62 (dd, 7 = 15, 11 Hz, 1, 11R-HC=CH), 7.11 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH), 7.22 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH); UV
(EtOH) λmaιχ 346 nm (e 4.64 x 104); HPLC (Waters Radialpak Novapak C18, 8-mm x 100-mm, 90 MeOH/10 H2O/0.1 HOAc, 2.0 mL/min, 260 nm) tR 8.8 min (>99%). Anal, calcd. for C26H32O2: C, 82.93; H, 8.57. Found: C, 82.86; H, 8.48.
(a.) Ethyl (E)-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2- naphthalenyl)-3-phenylpropen-1-yl]benzoate (84): A mixture of ethyl(E)-4-[2- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)propen-1-yl]-benzoate (83) (0.141 g, 0.38 mmol) (Loeliger, P., et al , Eur. J. Med. Chem.-Chim. Ther. 15:9-15 (1980)), N-bromosuccinimide (0.080 g, 0.45 mmol), and dibenzoyl peroxide (0.002 g) in 1.5 mL of CCl4 was heated at reflux for 2 h while being irradiated with a 100-W tungsten lamp from about 10 cm, then cooled. The pale-yellow suspension was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give a yellow gum, which was chromatographed on a silica gel (1: 1 CH2CI2/hexanes) to give 0.165 g of a colorless gum. To a solution of the crude gum in 2.25 mL of DME was added tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.030 g, 0.026 mmol), a solution of phenylboronic acid (0.060 g, 0.49 mmol) in 0.7 mL of EtOH, and
1.2 mL of saturated aq. ΝaHCO3. The mixture was heated at reflux under argon for 3 h to give an orange suspension. The cooled suspension was partitioned
between CH2CI2 and dilute brine, and the organic phase was washed with dilute brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The orange gum was chromatographed on silica gel (30% CH2Cl2/hexanes) to yield 0.064 g (40%) of a mixture of (83), (84) and the (Z)-isomer of (84): HPLC (Waters Radialpak silica 8-mm x
100-mm, 1 % EtOAc/hexanes, 1.5 mL/min, 260 nm) tR 6.9 (9%) (83), 7.5 (28%) (Z-84), 8.8 min (63%) (84); Rf (1: 1 CH2Cl2/hexanes) 0.56, 0.59. The
99/1
(E)-isomer (84) (0.029 g, 18%), a colorless gum, was isolated by HPLC (same conditions): tR 8.8 min (100%); IR (CHCl3) 2930, 1700, 1600, 1485, 1450, 1360, 1270, 1100, 1010, 875, 825 cm-1; 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.20 and 1.25 (2 s, 12, 5,5,8,8- CH3), 1.38 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3, CH CH3), 1.65 (s, 4, 6,7-CH2), 4.10 (s, 2, ArCH2), 4.36 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2, OCH2), 7.11 (s, 1, C=CH),
7.15-7.30 (m, 7, ArH), 7.41 (m, 3, ArH meta to CO2,Et and 1-NaphH), 8.00 (d, 7 = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to CO2Et); UV (EtOH) λmax 307 nm (e 2.36 x 104). CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for C32H36O2: 452.2715. Found: 452.2675. A sample of the (Z)-isomer of (84) was isolated by HPLC for comparison: 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.02 and 1.25 (2, 12, 5,5,8,8-Me), 1.35 (t, J = 7 Hz, 2, CH2CH3),
1.69 (m, 4, 6,7-CH2), 3.78 (s, 2, ArCH2), 4.31 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2, OCH2), 6.33 (s, 1, C=CH) , 6.85 (m, 2, ArH), 6.95 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to CO2Et), 7.15-7.32 (m, 6, ArH), 7.72 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to CO2Et).
(b.) (E)-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 2-naphthalenyl)-3-phenylpropen-1-yl]benzoic Acid (85): A suspension of (84)
(0.019 g, 0.042 mmol) in 0.5 mL of EtOH and 0.2 g (about 1.2 mmol) of 40% aq. KOH was heated at 80°C under argon for 1 h, then concentrated in an argon stream. The residue was treated at 0°C with 3 mL of 1.5 N HCl. The suspension was stirred for 30 min and filtered. The white precipitate was washed repeatedly with H2O, then dried. Crystallization from EtOH gave white crystals of (85) (0.013 g, 73%): m.p. 204.5-205.5°C; IR (KBr) 3500-2400, 2957, 1688, 1604, 1494, 1420, 1284, 1179, 701 cm-1; 400 MHz 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.21 and 1.26 (2 s, 12, 5,5,8,8-CH3), 1.66 (s, 4, 6,7-CH2), 4.12 (s, 2, ArCH2), 7.13 (s, 1, C=CH), 7.18-7.31 (m, 7, ArH), 7.41 (d, 7 = 2 Hz, 1 , 1-NaphH), 7.44 (dm, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH meta to CO2H), 8.03 (dm, J = 8 Hz, 2, ArH ortho to
CO2H); UV (EtOH) λmax 299 nm (e = 2.53 x 104); HPLC (Waters Radialpak Nova-pak C18, 8-mm x 100-mm, 40 MeCN/40 MeOH/10 H2O/0.1 HOAc, 1.4
mL/min, 260 nm) tR 8.6 min (100%). CI-HRMS (i-C4H9) calcd. for
C30H32O2: 424.2402. Found: 424.2435.
Example 25
Retinoid Antagonist of HIV-1 Promoter
Materials and Methods:
(a.) Retinoids: All-trans -RA was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. 9-cis-RA was prepared by the method of Sakashita et al. (Sakashita, A., et al., Blood 81:1009-1016 (1993)). 4-[1-(1-Methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoic acid was prepared by the procedures given in Examples 2 and 5. All compounds gave satisfactory elemental analyses (C, H, F). Retinoid stock solutions (10 mM) were made in a dimethylsulfoxide: ethanol (1: 1) mixture and were maintained at -20°C. Further dilutions were made in cell culture medium before use.
(b.) Plasmids: The receptor expression plasmids pECE-RARα,
-RARβ, -RARγ, and -RXRα, as well as pECE-COUP-TF expression plasmids, have been described previously (Zhang, X-k. et al , Nature 358:587-591 (1992); Tran, P., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:4666-4676 (1992)). The HIV-1-RARE reporter constructs (HIV-1 -RARE- tk-CAT) were obtained by inserting either one or two copies of the corresponding oligonucleotide sequences shown in Fig. la with additional 5'-GATC (SEQ ID NO:6) overhangs into the BglII site of pBL-CAT2 that carries a thymidine kinase (tk) promoter (Luckow, B. et al. , Nucleic Acids Res. 15:5490 (1987)) as previously described (Pfahl, M. et al, Methods Enzymol. 153:256-270 (1990)). The reporters containing two copies of HIV-1-RARE were used in all transfection experiments except the experiment shown in Fig. 2c. To construct the HIV-1 LTR-CAT reporter, specific oligonucleotide primers complementary to sequences in the HIV-1 LTR (variant
A) (5'- AAAGGGGGGACTGGAAG (SEQ ID NO:7);
S'-TGAAGCACTCAAGGCAAG (SEQ ID NO:8)) were used to amplify HIV-1 LTR from HXB2 genomic DNA (Ratner, L. et al., Aids Res. Hum. Retroviruses 3:57-69 (1987)). The resulting fragment (-464 to +97) was purified and cloned into pBS-CAT (Hoffmann, B. et al, Mol. Endocrinol. 4: 1727-1736 (1990)).
Reporter plasmids of HTV-1 -RARE variants B and C were obtained by inserting copies of the oligonucleotides shown in Fig. lc with BgHl adapter sequences into pBL-CAT2. Transfection Assays:
CV-1 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. A modified calcium phosphate precipitation procedure was used for transient transfection as previously described (Zhang, X-k., et al, Nature 358:587-591 (1992), supra; Lehmann, J.M., et al, Science 258:1944-1946 (1992), supra; Pfahl, M., et al, Methods Enzymol.
153:256-270 (1990)). In general, 100 ng of reporter plasmid, 200 ng of β-galactosidase expression vector (pCH110, Pharmacia), and variable amounts of receptor expression vector were mixed with carrier DNA (pBluscript, Stratagene) to 1000 ng of total DNA per well. After the precipitate was removed, retinoids were applied for 24 hours. CAT and β-galactosidase activity were assayed as described (Pfahl, M., et al. (1990), supra). CAT activity was normalized for transfection efficiency by the corresponding β-galactosidase activity.
In vitro Transcription and Translation:
cDNAs of RARα, RXRβ, TRs and COUP-TFs cloned in pBluscript were transcribed by using T7 or T3 RNA polymerase, and the transcripts were translated in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (Promega) as
previously described (Zhang, X-k., et al. (1992), supra; Lehmann, J.M., et al. (1992), supra; Pfahl, M., et al (1990), supra). The efficiency of translation was determined by separating the 35S-methionine labeled proteins on a
SDS-polyacrylamide gel, quantitating the amount of incorporated radioactivity, and normalizing it relative to the content of methionine residues in each protein.
Gel Retardation Assays:
Gel retardation assays were performed essentially as previously described (Zhang, X-k., et al. and Lehmann, J., et al., referenced in the preceding section). Briefly, in vitro translated receptor proteins were incubated with the 32p-iabeled oligonucleotides in a 20-μl reaction mixture containing 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 50 mM KCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol, and 1 μg of poly(dl-dC) at 25 °C for 20 minutes. The reaction mixtures were then loaded on a 5 % nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel containing 0.5 times TBE (1 times TBE is 89 mM Tris-borate, 89 mM boric acid, and 2 mM EDTA),
9-cw-RA (10- 7 M) was incubated with the reticulocyte lysate-containing receptors at room temperature for 30 minutes before performing the experiments described herein. Oligonucleotides corresponding to the HIV-1 -RARE (Fig. la) and those containing point mutations (indicated by solid triangles) in the first (Ml) and second (M2) half-site of HIV-1 -RARE (Fig. 1c) were synthesized with
BgHl adapter sequences at both ends, 32P-labeled, and used as probes.
Results:
To define the mechanism for retinoid control of HIV-1, the LTR was analyzed for possible RAREs. A region spanning nucleotides -348 to -328 of the HIV-1 LTR was found to contain two consensus (A/GGGTCA (SEQ ID NO:9 and 10)) RARE half sites. In Fig. la, this sequence is compared to one
synthetic (TREpal) and several natural RAREs. While natural RAREs have so far been found to consist of mostly direct repeats separated by a 1, 2 or 5 bp spacer (Hoffmann, G., et αl., Mol. Endocrin. 4:1727-1736 (1990); de The, H., et αl., Nature 343:177-180 (1990); Mangelsdorf, D.J., et al., Cell 66:555-561 (1991); Naar, A.M., et al. , Cell 65:1267-1279 (1991); Rottman, J.N., et al.,
Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:3814-3820 (1991); Umesono, K., et al, Cell 65:1255-1266 (1991); Hussmann, G., et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 187:1558-1564 (1992); Lehmann, J.M., et al , Mol. Cell Biol 12:2976-2985 (1992) and references therein), the two half-sites of the putative HTV-1 -RARE are arranged as a palindrome separated by 9 nucleotides. A possible third half-site was also noted within the spacer (Fig. 1a).
RAREs interact either with RAR/RXR receptor heterodimers or RXR receptor homodimers (Zhang, X-k., et al (1992), supra; Yu, V.C., et al., Cell 67: 1251-1266 (1991); Kliewer, S.A., et al, Nature 355:446-449 (1992); Leid, M., et al, Cell 68:377-395 (1992); Zhang, X-k., et al, Nature 358:587-
591 (1992)). Using a gel shift assay, it was observed that RAR/RXR
heterodimers as well as RXRα homodimers bound effectively to the putative HIV-1-RARE (Fig. lb). RXRα homodimer binding was seen only in the presence of 9-cis-RA. RARs alone, or RXRα in the absence of 9-cw-RA, did not bind to the putative HIV-1-RARE. The orphan receptors COUP-TFα and
COUP-TFβ, known to function as negative regulators of some RAREs (Tran, P., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol 12:4666-4676 (1992); Kliewer, S.A., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1448-1452 (1992); Cooney, A.J., et al , Mol. Cell. Biol 12:4153-4163 (1992); Windom, R.L., et al, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3380-3389 (1992)), also bound very strongly to this sequence (Fig. lb).
Point mutations in the first (M1) as well as second (M2) half-site of the HIV-1-RARE sequence abolished or strongly reduced binding of
RAR/RXR heterodimers and RXR homodimers (Fig. 1c), indicating that each consensus half-site is functionally important. Interestingly, M1 only slightly reduced binding of COUP-TF, whereas M2 did not affect COUP-TF interaction (Fig. 1c). This may indicate that COUP-TF interacts with the first half-site and the putative third half-site, i.e. , part of the spacer sequence of this RARE.
When placed into the reporter gene pBL-CAT2 (Luckow, B., et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 15:5490 (1987)), the putative RARE sequence allowed a strong induction of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) activity in response to retinoids in CV-1 cells in the presence of expression vectors for the RARs and/or RXR. Very high induction was observed by 9-cis-RA and RXRα alone
(Fig. 2a), showing that this RARE is activated very efficiently by RXRα homodimers, which is consistent with the receptor binding data.
In contrast to the RXRα homodimers, heterodimers could also be activated by all-trans -RA. Comparing the transactivation activities of various heterodimers, weak induction with RARα/RXRα by all-trans-RA and high induction by 9-cis-RA was noted. For RARα/RXRα or RARγ/RXRα heterodimers all-trans-RA was a strong activator. In both cases, however, the higher response was seen with 9-cw-RA (Fig. 2a) when all-trans-RA and 9-cis-RA were compared at concentrations of 10-7 M. At lower concentrations, all-trans -RA gave a comparable or higher response with the heterodimer (Fig.
2b), consistent with its higher affinity for RARs (Allenby, G., et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90:30-34 (1993). Together these data show that 9- cis-RA as well as all-trans-RA are potent activators of the HTV-1-RARE and that receptor heterodimers have differential activation profiles with this RARE. When a construct that contained the complete HIV-1 LTR (HIV-1 LTR-CAT) was used, instead of only the RARE, a strong retinoid induction was also observed in the presence of cotransfected RXRα or RARα/RXRα (Fig. 2c). The magnitude of
this induction and the receptor response profiles for the LTR to both
all-trans-RA and 9-cis-RA were similar to those observed for a reporter construct carrying a single copy of the HIV-1- RARE.
Because various effects of RA on the replication of HIV-1 have been reported, the RARE sequences of 3 distinct HIV-1 variants were compared.
The RARE sequence was not completely conserved in the different HTV-1 variants. The first half-site in variant B showed a change in position 2, whereas variant C differed in position 3 (Fig. 2d), both of which are digressions from the consensus RARE half-site sequence. Surprisingly, these changes did not significantly change responses to retinoids, but resulted in increased activities of the reporter constructs (Fig. 2d).
Binding data (Fig. lb) showed that the COUP-TF orphan receptors also interact efficiently with the HIV-1 -RARE. When COUP-TFα was cotransfected with the retinoid receptor expression vectors, a dramatic repression of the retinoid response was observed (Fig. 3a and b). COUP-TFα effectively repressed RXR homodimer, as well as RAR/RXR heterodimer activity. Very similar results were obtained with COUP-TFβ (not shown). Thus COUP-TF receptors can function as negative regulators of the HIV-1-RARE and prevent retinoid-induced replication of HIV-1.
These results demonstrated that retinoid antagonists provide a way of repressing HIV-1 activation by retinoids in vivo. Structure-activity analyses of retinoids showing low transcriptional activation activity was conducted to establish skeletal features that could be modified to enhance receptor antagonism. Of those compounds thus far designed and synthesized, 4-[1-(1-methoxy-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-anthracenyl]benzoic acid (SR11335) (AR-1) proved to be the most effective at inhibiting the ability of all-trans -RA to induce HIV-1-RARE (Fig. 4a). Clear inhibition by the antagonist was observed even when all-trans-RA was used at 10- 7 M. The
antagonist also functioned as a potent inhibitor of 9-cis-RA (Fig. 4b); however, inhibition of the heterodimers was more efficient than inhibition of RXR homodimers. Example 26
Retinoids with Differential Receptor Selectivity in Two Response Mechanisms
The transcriptional activation activity of approximately 50 synthetic retinoids was compared with their anti-AP-1 activity using RARα, β and y and RXRα. For measuring transcriptional activation activity, a standard analysis system was used (Fig. 5a). Briefly, expression vectors for different RAR subtypes or RXRα were cotransfected into CV-1 cells with the reporter gene (TRE)2-tk-CAT. To measure anti-AP-1 activity, a collagenase promoter-CAT construct (Col-CAT) was cotransfected with receptor expression vectors into HeLa cells. As previously shown, the Col-CAT receptor was strongly activated by TPA, but dramatically inhibited by t-RA (Fig. 5a). Inhibition of Col-CAT activity by RARs in the presence of synthetic retinoids was compared to that of t- RA, whereas 9-cisRA was used as the standard for inhibition by RXRα-specific retinoids.
While t-RA (Fig. 5a) and several synthetic retinoids (not shown) behaved very similarly in transcriptional activation and anti-AP-1 assays, some other retinoids clearly demonstrated distinct receptor selectivities in both assays (Figs, 1b and 1c). For instance R20 (6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2- naphthalenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid) is an effective transactivator for RARβ and RARγ while it is less effective in inhibiting AP-1 and also shows a preference for RARβ in this assay; R5 ((E)-4-[2-(5,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-
3-naphthalenyl)propenyl]benzoic acid) is RARγ,β-selective in transactivation but RARα, β-selective in the anti-AP-1 assay; SR11217 (4-[2-methyl-1-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)propenyl]benzoic acid) is a strong
RXRα-selective compound in transactivation but is RARβ-selective in the anti- AP-1 assay (Figs. 5b and 5c).
Overall, these results demonstrated that retinoids can display distinct receptor selectivities in the two different receptor mediated responses. This is in concert with the different mechanisms by which the receptors function in these two pathways. It has been shown that t-RA as well as retinoid antagonists induce conformational changes when interacting with RARs. This invention indicates that different receptor conformations are required for transcriptional activation or anti-AP-1 activity and that conformationally restricted retinoids can induce distinct conformational changes in the receptor.
Example 27
Retinoids with Selective Anti-AP-1 or Transcriptional Activation Activities
To investigate whether retinoid structures could be identified that induce only anti-AP-1 activity with the retinoid receptors, a series of retinoids that were inactive in the transcriptional activation assay were evaluated.
Surprisingly, several of these transcriptionally inactive compounds were potent activators of the RARs or RXRα in the anti-AP-1 assay. The two most potent ones, SR11238 and SR11302 showed the highest anti-AP-1 activity (80% of that seen with t-RA or 9-cw-RA) with RARβ and RARα, respectively (Figs. 5d and
5e). The most potent anti-AP-1 -selective compounds in this series and their receptor specificities are compiled in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Structures and activities of retinoids. Transcriptional activation and anti-AP-1 activity were evaluated as shown in Figure 1. SR11238, [2-(3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-2-(4-carboxyphenyl]-1,3- dithiane; SR11302, (2E,4E,6Z,8E)-3-methyl-7-(4-methylphenyl-9-(2,6,6- trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetrenoic acid; SR11220, methyl (Z)-4-[1- acetoxy-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)ethenyl] benzoate; SR11327, (E)-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2- naphthalenyl)-3-phenylpropenyl]benzoic acid; SR11228, 5-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbonyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid;
SR11324, 4-[3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl]benzoic acid, hydrochloride salt; SR11235, 2-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3- oxathiolane.
In addition to those retinoids named in Table 1, SR11105 (R5), (E)-4-[2-(5,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3-naphthalenyl)-propenyl]benzoic acid;
SR11217, 4-[2-methyl-1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2- naphthalenyl)propenyl]benzoic acid; SR3919 (R10), 4-[2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4,4- dimethyl(benzo[b]thien-2-yl)propenyl]benzoic acid; and SR3957 (R20), 6- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid were evaluated.
Although these retinoids show anti-AP-1 activity with more than one of the receptors, a certain degree of receptor selectivity was usually observed (Figs. 1d and 1e, Table 1). Also analyzed were several of these retinoids with the different receptors in 10 T 1/2 cells, in which TPA also allows induction of the Col-CAT gene. The results obtained in this cell line were essentially the same as the results obtained with HeLa cells (data not shown).
Whether retinoids with no anti-AP-1 activity, but potent as transcriptional activators could be found was investigated. On evaluating retinoids that had been shown previously to be transcriptional activators in the anti-AP-1 assay, SR11235 was identified, which induced essentially no (less than 20%) receptor anti-AP-1 activity. Also, as previously shown, SR11235 is an
RXRα-selective transcriptional activator (Fig. 1f and Table 1). Thus retinoids, selective either for anti-AP-1 activity or transcriptional activation, can be defined using the screening assays employed here. Example 28
Anti-AP-1 Selective Retinoids Show Antagonist Activity Retinoids that activate the anti-AP-1 activity of a particular receptor are likely to interact with the ligand-binding pocket of that receptor. If such retinoids are not transcriptional activators, they could be expected to function as antagonists in the transcriptional activation assay. This was indeed the case for several of the anti-AP-1 selective retinoids tested (Fig. 6). For instance SR11302 inhibited effectively t-RA induced transcriptional activation by RARα. SR11302 also inhibited t-RA induced transcriptional activation by RARγ but not by RAR/S, consistent with the observation that this retinoid showed strong anti-AP-1 activity with RARα and RARγ but not with RARβ. A similar correlation between antagonism of transcriptional activation and anti-AP-1 activity was obtained for SR11327 (Fig. 6) and several other compounds (not shown). These data indicate that the same region in the retinoid receptor ligand binding domain is likely responsible for ligand interaction in transcriptional activation as well as for anti-AP-1 activity. However, the anti-AP-1 selective retinoids were only weak antagonists and were only effective antagonists when low
concentrations of RA (10-9 M) were used and are for instance much poorer inhibitors of t-RA than other antagonists recently described. Thus, the potency of
a retinoid in the anti-AP-1 assay cannot be directly correlated to its antagonist activity, pointing to a complex reaction in this former mechanism, where receptor/ AP-1 interaction may stabilize the receptor/ligand interaction. Example 29
Biological Activities of Pathway Selective Retinoids The biological activities of anti-AP-1-selective retinoids were examined in the embryonal carcinoma cell line F9, in which RA is known to induce differentiation and cancer cell lines where retinoids can inhibit growth. As judged from a cell proliferation assay and morphological changes, the anti-
AP-1-selective retinoids SR11220, SR11238, and SR11302 failed to inhibit the proliferation of F9 cells (Fig. 7a) or to induce their differentiation (Fig. 7b, panels D-G) as observed with t-RA and 9-cis-RA (Fig. 7b, panels A, B). In contrast, these same retinoids were potent inhibitors of the growth of the lung cancer cell lines Calu-6 and H661 and the breast cancer cell line T-47D (Figs. 4a and 4b), as well as several other cancer cell lines (not shown). SR11235, the transcriptional activation selective compound, did not inhibit either one of these cell lines. The anti-AP-1 selective compounds were in general more potent inhibitors of the cancer cell lines than t-RA, especially at lower concentrations. In addition, the activity of the individual compounds varied somewhat from cell line to cell line which could reflect their different receptor selectivities. Thus, the anti-AP-1 activity of SR11220, SR11238 and SR11302 can be correlated with their anti-proliferative activity in lung and breast cancer cell lines as well as several other cancer cell lines (not shown). The observation that these same retinoids do not induce differentiation in F9 cells is consistent with the observation that differentiation is associated with the induction of several t-RA responsive genes via response elements.
Example 30
Differential Modulation of Gene Expression by t-RA and Anti-AP-1 Selective Retinoids
It has long been known that retinoids can induce complex changes at the level of gene expression. Retinoids with selective anti-AP-1 activity should be expected to alter gene expression in a manner distinct from t-RA but not necessarily completely different. The highly sensitive method of differential display was used to compare the effect of t-RA, SR11302, one of the anti-AP-1 selective compounds, and R10 an RARβ,γ-selective retinoid on the human breast cancer cell line T-47D that is growth inhibited by t-RA as well as SR11302. All three retinoids induced changes in gene expression that showed some overlap but were also clearly distinct (Fig. 9). Not unexpectedly, the induced changes differed much more between SR11302 and t-RA than between t-RA and R10 (Fig. 9). These data thus demonstrate that anti-AP-1 selective retinoids can induce specific patterns of gene expression, that show some overlap with patterns induced by t-RA but are distinct.
The broad range of biological responses to retinoids are mediated by six subtypes of nuclear receptors that are expressed in a developmentally and cell type specific manner. These receptors are all activated by the natural retinoids t-RA and/or 9-cis-RA. Previous research has demonstrated that synthetic retinoids with selective receptor activity can be designed. This invention has found that retinoids which can induce selectively only one of the two major receptor activities-transcriptional activation or anti-AP-1 activity—can also be defined. This is consistent with the notion that distinct mechanisms mediate the two different receptor activities. For transcriptional activation the receptors bind as hetero or homodimers to specific DNA sequences, RAREs, usually found in the promoter regions of RA responsive genes. For the inhibition of AP-1 activity retinoid receptors are not required to interact with specific DNA
sequences but appear to inhibit AP-1 via direct protein-protein interaction, as also observed with other nuclear receptors. The two distinct mechanisms could thus be expected to require different receptor configurations induced or stabilized by the ligand. Retinoic acid and with its flexible polyene side chain is apparently able to accommodate both receptor configurations, while the conformationally restricted retinoids identified here favor either the anti-AP-1 configuration of the receptor (SR11238, SR11302 etc.) or the transcriptional activation configuration (of RXRα) (SR11235). That retinoids can stabilize particular receptor conformations has been well documented using limited proteolytic digestions. This invention indicates that indeed different receptor configurations are induced for transcriptional activation and receptor anti-AP-1 activity.
The general observation that selective retinoids have usually lower apparent receptor affinities than the natural non-selective retinoids also applies to this novel series of selective retinoids, and is best explained by the hypotheses that the selective, conformationally restricted retinoids can only interact with a particular configuration of the receptors. Such specific receptor configuration could be stabilized by various factors, including response elements, receptor dimerization and AP-1 components.
Anti-AP-1 selective retinoids have a reduced range of biological activity in that they for instance no longer induce differentiation in F-9 cells.
Importantly, however, these retinoids have maintained the ability to inhibit efficiently proliferation of cancer cell lines and are in fact more potent inhibitors of cell proliferation in these cell lines than t-RA. That the observed inhibition is specific and not due to some "general toxicity" is demonstrated by the specific changes in gene expression. Thus, the instant data show that retinoid anti- proliferative activity can be separated from retinoid differentiation inducing activity, and that retinoids having these separate activities can be identified by using molecular assays. Although the anti-AP-1 selective retinoids are likely to
induce only a limited retinoid response, the instant differential display data indicate still a complex pattern of changes in gene expression. These changes can now be analyzed in detail. The selective retinoids will thus be valuable agents for deciphering the complex mechanisms by which retinoids exert their pleiotropic biological roles. The anti-AP-1 selective compounds are in addition of particular interest because of their anti-proliferative activity and their inability to induce transcriptional activation from RAREs. These retinoids are therefore likely to have fewer side effects and could be starting points for a new generation of retinoid therapeutics.
Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. These publications may be referred to for background information not explicitly included herein.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
1. A compound having the structural formula (I)
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl-
1-cyclohexyl, and adamantyl, and R2 is -O-R6 or -S-R6, where R6 is lower alkyl, and wherein when R1 is ortho to R2 , R1 and R2 can be linked together to form a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2 and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of
in which R7 is hydrogen or methyl, k is 0 or 1, and * represents the point of attachment of the R3 substituent to the remainder of the molecule; R4 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; hydroxy; lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl substituted secondary amino, lower alkyl di- substituted tertiary amino, and combinations thereof; amino; lower alkyl substituted secondary amino; lower alkyl di-substituted tertiary amino; cyano; carboxyl; -(CO)-R8 wherein R8 is hydroxyl, lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl substituted secondary amino, lower alkyl di-substituted tertiary amino, and combinations thereof, amino, lower alkyl substituted secondary amino, lower alkyl di-substituted tertiary amino, or -OR9 where R9 is lower alkyl; and -(CH2)m-C6H(5-p)-(R10)p where m is an integer of from 0 to 6, more preferably 0 or 1 , p is an integer of from 1 to 5, and R10 is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl substituted secondary amino, lower alkyl di-substituted tertiary amino, and combinations thereof, amino, lower alkyl substituted secondary amino, and lower alkyl di-substituted tertiary amino;
R5 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; hydroxy; lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl substituted secondary amino, lower alkyl or cycloalkyl di-substituted tertiary amino, and combinations thereof; amino; lower alkyl substituted secondary amino; lower alkyl di-substituted tertiary amino; cyano; carboxyl; -(CO)-R11 where R1 1 is hydroxyl, lower alkyl, substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl substituted secondary amino, lower alkyl di-substituted tertiary amino, and combinations thereof, amino, lower alkyl substituted secondary amino, lower alkyl or cycloalkyl di-substituted tertiary amino, or -OR14 where R14 is lower alkyl; -(CH2)q-C6H(5-r)-(R14)r, where q is an integer of from 0 to 6, more preferably 0 or 1, r is an integer of from 1 to 5, and R14 is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, substituted with from 0 to 6, more preferably from 0 to 4, substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl mono- or di-substituted amino, and S(O)tCH3, where t is 0, 1, or 2; -NHCO(CH2)v-R15 where v is an integer of from 1 to 6 and R15 is lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6 fluorine substituents; -NHCO(CH2)χ-CONH-(CH2)y-R16 where x is an integer of from 1 to 10, y is an integer of from 1 to 6, and R16 is lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6 fluorine substituents; -CH2S(O)zR17 where z is 0, 1, or 2 and R1 7 is lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6 fluorine substituents; and
-C(R18)=N-OR19, where R18 is lower alkyl substituted with from 0 to 6 fluorine substituents and R19 is lower alkyl, with the proviso that when R4 is hydrogen, R5 cannot simultaneously be hydrogen or -NH2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide or salt of the compound.
2. A compound having the structural formula (II)
wherein: R1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl-1- cyclohexyl, and adamantyl, and R2 is -O-R6 or -S-R6, where R6 is lower alkyl, and wherein when R1 is ortho to R2, R1 and R2 can be linked together to form a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2 and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R20 and R21 are the same and are selected from O and S;
R22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen; and
R23 is selected from the group consisting of
in which R24 is lower alkyl and ** represents the point of attachment of R23 to the remainder of the molecule, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide or salt of the compound.
3. A compound having the structural formula
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl- 1-cyclohexyl, and adamantyl, and R2 is -O-R6 or -S-R6 , where R6 is lower alkyl, and wherein when R1 is ortlio to R , R1 and R2 can be linked together to form a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2 and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen;
R23 is selected from the group consisting of
in which R24 is hydrogen or lower alkyl and ** represents the point of attachment of R23 to the remainder of the molecule; and
R25 is -O-R6 or -S-R26 wherein R26 is lower alkyl or lower alkyl caibonyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide or salt of the compound.
4. A compound having the structural formula (IV)
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl- 1-cyclohexyl, and adamantyl, and R2 is -O-R6 or -S-R6, where R6 is lower alkyl, and wherein when R1 is ortho to R2 , R1 and R2 can be linked together to form a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2. and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen;
R27 is hydroxyl, =O, =CH2, lower alkyl, or a six-membered cycloheteroalkylene ring -O(CH2)3O- or -S(CH2)3S-; and
5. A compound having the structural formula (V)
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl-1- cyclohexyl, and adamantyl, and R2 is -O-R6 or -S-R6, where R6 is lower alkyl, and wherein when R1 is ortho to R2, R1 and R2 can be linked together to form a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2 and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
in which R24 is hydrogen or lower alkyl and ** represents the point of attachment of R23 to the remainder of the molecule;
R30 is O, S or lower alkylene; and
R31 and R32 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, lower alkoxy, halogen, amino, and amino substituted with one or two lower alkyl moieties, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide or salt of the compound.
6. A compound having the structural formula (VI)
(VI)
-126- wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl-1- cyclohexyl, and adamantyl, and R2 is -O-R6 or -S-R6, where R6 is lower alkyl, and wherein when R1 is ortho to R2, R1 and R2 can be linked together to form a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2 and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl; and
R31 and R32 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, lower alkoxy, halogen, amino, and amino substituted with one or two lower alkyl moieties, and the 6-cis and 11 -cis isomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide or salt of the compound.
7. A compound having the structural formula (VII)
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, 1-methyl-1- cyclohexyl, and adamantyl, and R2 is -O-R6 or -S-R6, where R6 is lower alkyl, and wherein when R1 is ortho to R2, R1 and R2 can be linked together to form a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene ring, either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 6 lower alkyl groups, and optionally containing 1 or 2 ring members selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2 and NR where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R22 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen;
R23 is selected from the group consisting of k
in which R24 is hydrogen or lower alkyl and ** represents the point of attachment of R23 to the remainder of the molecule; and
R31 and R32 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, lower alkoxy, halogen, amino, and amino substituted with one or two lower alkyl moieties, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide or salt of the compound.
8. A pharmaceutical composition for control of cellular processes regulated by retinoids comprising an effective regulating amount of the compound of claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
9. A method for modulating gene expression in a mammalian individual comprising administering to the individual an effective modulating amount of the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
10. A method for treating an individual afflicted with a disease caused by malfunction of cell differentiation processes, or other diseases, regulated by retinoids, comprising administering to the individual a
therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
11. A method of treating an individual infected with Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
12. A method of inhibiting the replication of HTV in a subject, comprising contacting the HIV with a receptor or protein antagonist which binds the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HTV corresponding to an RARE of HIV.
13. A method of screening for a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV, comprising:
a. administering the compound to a suitable host having i) a promoter region comprising a retinoic acid response element (RARE) found in positions -348 to -328 of the long terminal repeat from an HIV which is operably linked to a reporter gene and
ii) a gene functionally expressing an RXR either alone or with a gene functionally expressing an RAR; and
b. determining whether the activation of transcription of the reporter gene is inhibited by the compound, the inhibition of transcription indicating a candidate compound for inhibiting the replication of HIV.
14. A method of screening for a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV, comprising:
a. administering the compound to a suitable host having the promoter region of either COUP-TFα or COUP-TFβ orphan receptor which is operably linked
i) to a reporter gene; or
ii) to the COUP-TFα or COUP-TFβ protein; and b. detecting the increased expression of the reporter gene, the COUP-TFα or COUP-TFβ, the presence of increased expression indicating the presence of a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV.
15. An isolated nucleic acid comprising the -348 to -328 region of the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 and a non-HIV reporter gene, wherein the region includes two half-sites and a spacer region, wherein one or more nucleotides of the spacer region can be substituted by another nucleotide.
16. A method of screening for a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV comprising contacting a. a nucleic acid comprising an RARE found in positions -348 to -328 of the long terminal repeat from HIV with either a Retinoid X Receptor either alone or with a Retinoic Acid Receptor with
b. the candidate compound and determining the absence of a complex between the nucleic acid and a receptor, the absence of a complex indicating a candidate compound to inhibit the replication of HIV.
17. A method of selectively inhibiting in a subject transcription of a first gene which is activated by AP-1 or an AP-1 component over transcription of a second gene which is activated by a first nuclear receptor comprising administering to the subject a compound of any one of claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7.
18. A method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or an AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor comprising:
a. combining the compound within a first cell containing AP-1 or an AP-1 component, a first nuclear receptor and an AP-1 responsive element linked to a first reporter gene;
b. combining the compound within a second cell containing a second nuclear receptor and a receptor specific responsive element linked to a second reporter gene;
c. detecting the transcriptional activation of the first and
second reporter genes; and
d. selecting the compound which selectively inhibits
transcriptional activation of the first reporter gene over transcriptional activation of the second reporter gene, thereby screening the compound for the ability to selectively inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation over transcriptional activation of the gene regulated by the nuclear receptor.
19. A method of screening a compound for an ability to selectively promote transcriptional activation of a gene regulated by a nuclear receptor over the ability to inhibit AP-1 or an AP-1 component transcriptional activation comprising:
a. combining the compound within a cell containing AP-1 or an AP-1 component, a nuclear receptor, an AP-1 or AP-1 component responsive element linked to a first reporter gene and a receptor specific responsive element linked to a second reporter gene;
b. detecting transcriptional activation of the first and second reporter genes; and
c. selecting the compound which selectively promotes
transcriptional activation of the second reporter gene over the ability to inhibit transcriptional activation of the first reporter gene, thereby screening the compound for the selective ability to promote transcriptional activation of the gene regulated by the nuclear receptor over the ability to inhibit AP-1 or AP-1 component transcriptional activation.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU28233/95A AU2823395A (en) | 1994-06-07 | 1995-06-07 | Novel compounds useful in modulating gene expression of retinoid responsive genes and/or having anti-ap-1 activity |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
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US25534594A | 1994-06-07 | 1994-06-07 | |
US08/255,345 | 1994-06-07 | ||
US32677594A | 1994-10-20 | 1994-10-20 | |
US08/326,775 | 1994-10-20 | ||
US46803595A | 1995-06-06 | 1995-06-06 | |
US08/468,035 | 1995-06-06 |
Publications (3)
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WO1995033745A2 WO1995033745A2 (en) | 1995-12-14 |
WO1995033745A9 true WO1995033745A9 (en) | 1996-01-18 |
WO1995033745A3 WO1995033745A3 (en) | 1996-05-02 |
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WO (1) | WO1995033745A2 (en) |
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US7329741B2 (en) * | 1996-06-05 | 2008-02-12 | Chiron Corporation | Polynucleotides that hybridize to DP-75 and their use |
CA2258313A1 (en) * | 1996-06-21 | 1997-12-24 | Allergan Sales, Inc. | Substituted tetrahydronaphthalene and dihydronaphthalene derivatives having retinoid and/or retinoid antagonist-like biological activity |
FR2752734B1 (en) * | 1996-09-02 | 1998-11-06 | Cird Galderma | USE OF RETINOIDS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A MEDICAMENT FOR TREATING CONDITIONS RELATED TO VEGF OVEREXPRESSION |
DE19708461A1 (en) * | 1997-02-18 | 1998-08-27 | Meulen Volker Prof Dr Ter | Use of aminergic substances to prepare medicaments |
KR20040031107A (en) * | 1997-11-12 | 2004-04-09 | 에프. 호프만-라 로슈 아게 | Treatment of t-helper cell type 2 mediated immune diseases with retinoid antagonists |
JP4118675B2 (en) | 2000-10-02 | 2008-07-16 | エフ.ホフマン−ラ ロシュ アーゲー | A new retinoid for the treatment of emphysema |
US20040131648A1 (en) * | 2002-10-24 | 2004-07-08 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Nuclear hormone receptor compounds, products and methods employing same |
BRPI0711155A2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2011-08-23 | Anacor Pharmaceuticals Inc | hydrolytically resistant boron-containing treatments and methods of use |
KR101587687B1 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2016-01-21 | 가톨릭대학교 산학협력단 | Composition for preventing or treating immune disease comprising SR11302 |
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LU86022A1 (en) * | 1985-07-25 | 1987-02-04 | Cird | POLYCYLIC AROMATIC DERIVATIVES, THEIR PREPARATION PROCESS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL AND COSMETIC FIELDS |
FR2601670B1 (en) * | 1986-07-17 | 1988-10-07 | Cird | NOVEL AROMATIC BICYCLIC DERIVATIVES, THEIR PREPARATION PROCESS AND THEIR USE IN HUMAN AND VETERINARY MEDICINE AND IN COSMETICS |
AU8946991A (en) * | 1990-10-10 | 1992-05-20 | La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation | Method of inhibiting transcription utilizing nuclear receptors |
EP0983991B1 (en) * | 1992-04-22 | 2003-12-17 | Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds having selectivity for retinoid x receptors |
-
1995
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