WO1995030968A1 - Stereogramme a informations-couleur alignees et son procede de realisation - Google Patents

Stereogramme a informations-couleur alignees et son procede de realisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995030968A1
WO1995030968A1 PCT/US1995/005599 US9505599W WO9530968A1 WO 1995030968 A1 WO1995030968 A1 WO 1995030968A1 US 9505599 W US9505599 W US 9505599W WO 9530968 A1 WO9530968 A1 WO 9530968A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
stereogram
color
depth information
field
color information
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Application number
PCT/US1995/005599
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephen Schutz
Original Assignee
Stephen Schutz
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stephen Schutz filed Critical Stephen Schutz
Publication of WO1995030968A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995030968A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T15/00—3D [Three Dimensional] image rendering

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for making stereograms and to stereograms so produced.
  • Stereograms are designs or illustrations which initially appear to be two dimensional, but, upon appropriate inspection, give the illusion of having three dimensional shapes and forms embedded within.
  • the stereograms produced by the present invention can be viewed without using lenses or other aids.
  • Stereograms are produced from two elements: color information and depth information.
  • the color information is used to create the two dimensional bash art in which the three dimensional image is embedded.
  • the depth information is used to determine the amount by which the embedded images are raised and/or lowered in the three dimensional effect.
  • the present invention relates to a procedure by which color information inputted for the creation of a stereogram can be aligned with the depth information inputted for the embedded three dimensional image in the stereogram.
  • the three dimensional shape embedded within the stereogram appears in realistic color.
  • Such color can be made to align with the full embedded three dimensional image (within certain limitations discussed below) , or with a portion of the embedded three dimensional image.
  • stereograms are designs or illustrations which are formed on a two dimensional surface in black and white or in color.
  • the underlying pattern of the stereogram, prior to .reating raised or lowered images, is referred to as the base art of the stereogram.
  • the base art of the stereogram consists of a series of adjoining, repeating vertical bands. Each band has the same width (in the horizontal direction) , and preferably the same height (in the vertical direction).
  • a stereogram gives the illusion of depth by providing two slightly offset images.
  • the left eye focuses on one such image and the right eye focuses on the other image, the result is an apparent difference in the relative depth of the two images.
  • the offset or shift in position between the two images results from shifting a portion of the base art along a horizontal line as explained above. This shift can also be viewed as an increase or decrease in the repetition width of the base art.
  • the direction of the shift is not important as long as the shift is along a horizontal line parallel to the line between the view' s eyes. However, consistency in direction along the horizontal line must be maintained in subsequent shifts within the same region of the stereogram.
  • the convention used in the context of the present invention is that a shift to the left corresponds to a rise in the height of the shifted image.
  • the present invention offers an alternative method for filling gaps in specific areas of a stereogram which allows for the precise positioning of color information used to fill the a gap with the color information of the base art of the stereogram. This method of filling gaps is highly desirable because it eliminates the appearance of seams in the final image.
  • a black and white or colored random pattern of picture elements forms the base art.
  • the pattern used in the base art of these random dot stereograms has no particular alignment or relation to the three dimensional image encoded in the stereogram.
  • the coloration of the embedded three dimensional image is not realistic.
  • realistic color as applied in the context of the present invention means that each recognizable element of the embedded three dimensional image has a specific, non- random color assigned by the artist creating the stereogram.
  • a model is photographed from a sequence of angles, each successive angle being incremented by a certain amount (along a horizontal line, for example) .
  • a photographic 3-D stereogram can be created.
  • this method does not involve a precise analytic method which manipulates three dimensional depth information it is difficult to precisely align such a 3-D image as part of a larger 3-D stereogram image.
  • Such an alignment is desirable since the width of such a photographically created image is limited to one repeat width, while a stereogram image can be more then one repeat width.
  • Another disadvantage of the photographic method is that it requires the availability of a full color model. The present invention overcomes these difficulties.
  • two or more different series of objects are arranged on a two dimensional surface at differently spaced intervals to create the illusion of a three dimensional image in realistic color.
  • a method is limited in its application to simple objects and could not be used to create a stereogram with complex depth contours (such as the head of an animal) .
  • the present invention overcomes such difficulties.
  • the present invention involves a procedure to produce a stereogram in which an embedded three dimensional image can be perfectly aligned with a colored picture, without the need for a colored 3-D model. Furthermore, such an alignment can be easily created on only a portion of the 3-D image (for example, the head of an animal) allowing the full 3-D image (i.e. head and body for example) to be wider then one repeat width. The result can be a aesthetically pleasing stereogram.
  • One object of the present invention is to provide a method for creating stereograms in which color information used for the creation of the stereogram can be precisely aligned with depth information used for the stereogram so that the three dimensional image embedded within the stereogram appears in realistic color.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a computer implemented method for creating stereograms in which color information inputted for the creation of the stereogram can be precisely aligned with depth information inputted for the stereogram so that the three dimensional image embedded within the stereogram appears in realistic color.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide both a method and a computer implemented method for creating stereograms in which color information inputted for the creation of the stereogram can be precisely aligned with depth information inputted for the stereogram so that only a portion the three dimensional image embedded within the stereogram appears in realistic color allowing the full embedded three dimensional image to be larger than one repeat width.
  • the method embodies using a field of color information and a field of depth information to produce a parent strip of continuous tone art work.
  • This parent strip is then used to form a stereogram base of adjacent, repeating vertical bands.
  • depth information is then assigned to the picture elements in the stereogram base.
  • This method produces a stereogram in which the color information can be precisely aligned with the depth information inputted for the embedded three dimensional image in the stereogram.
  • the three dimensional shape embedded within the stereogram appears in realistic color.
  • Such color can be made to align with the full embedded three dimensional image (within certain limitations discussed below) , or with a portion of the embedded three dimensional image.
  • the present invention offers an alternative method for filling gaps in specific areas of a stereogram which allows for the precise positioning of color information used to fill the a gap with the color information of the base art of the stereogram.
  • a stereogram formed by the method described above.
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart summarizing a method for the creation of a stereogram.
  • Figure 2 is a flow chart describing the method of reverse mapping by applying specific changes to the method of making stereograms illustrated in Figure 1.
  • Figure 2b is a flow chart which is a modification of Figure 1.
  • Figure 3 is a field of color information used as input.
  • Figure 4 is depth information used as input displayed in form of gray scale image.
  • Figure 5 is output of the procedure described in Figure 2 and Figure 12.
  • Figure 6 shows the parent strip of color information obtained from Figure 5.
  • Figure 7 is a stereogram which results from the input of Figures 4 and 6 into the procedure outlined in Figure 1 and Figure 11.
  • Figure 8 is a parent strip of color information created from original art work.
  • Figure 9 is a stereogram resulting from the depth information in Figure 4 and the color information in Figure 8 processed by the method in Figure 11 and Summarized in Figure 1.
  • Figure 10 is a stereogram resulting from the superposition of the Stereogram in Figure 7 over the stereogram in Figure 9.
  • Figure 11 is the detail of the procedure outlined in Figure 1 used in the creation of Figures 7 and 9.
  • Figure 12 is the detail of the procedure outlined in Figure 2 that was used to create Figure 5.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart which shows a general procedure for the creation of a stereogram.
  • the procedure shown in Figure 1 is a general guide only and the detailed method could include a number of possible different refinements and techniques.
  • the procedure for the creation of random dot stereograms is a special case of this procedure.
  • the stereogram is being manipulated and formed in pixel representation.
  • the method is not limited to pixel representation. With the use of smaller and smaller pixels, the shape of any picture element can be approximated.
  • a stereogram is made by changing the pattern of repeating color information along each horizontal line (Defined to be in the x direction in Figure 1 and in the description below. The vertical coordinate, y, is not explicitly shown) .
  • a parent strip of art work of given height and width is required as input.
  • Figure 1, 102. This strip is processed along a horizontal line where the color value of each picture element is defined as IFN(x) for each y in the parent strip.
  • a specification of the depth information of the three dimensional image to be imbedded in the stereogram is also required as input.
  • the array. Depth(x) is specified as an integer. Such depth information must be specified for each point in the final art and is specified as an integer (or is converted to an integer from a more general specification) .
  • the width of the final art (IXD-IXRl) must be greater then one repeat width (the initial repeat width is equal to the width of the parent strip, IXR1) in order for the stereogram to be effective. Normally the width of the final art is greater then two repeat widths. Normally the height of the final art is equal to the height of the parent strip (although it could be less then this value) .
  • the "Criteria” in the general case, is more complex because it is necessary to determine whether x lies within a "gap" created at a point where Depth(x)-Depth(x-l) ⁇ -l but which extends to larger values of x.
  • the "Criteria" referred to in Figure 1, number 108 may consist of a series of steps.
  • the fundamental repeat formula for the creation of stereograms appears in Figure 1, number 112a and 112b.
  • the repeat width, XR which is calculated for each point x, depends only on the depth change from x-1 to x and on the repeat width at x-1.
  • the constant K can be set equal to 1, providing the depth is measured in terms of an integer ; such an integer normally being >-IXRl and ⁇ +IXRl in order for the stereogram to be effective.
  • the initial value of XR(IXRl-l) is normally set equal to IXRl (but it could be set to a smaller value).
  • IFN(x) represents the color information at x. For example, in the RGB color representation, IFN(x) would be a 24 bit binary number.
  • IFN(x) IFN(x-(IXRl-Depth(x) )
  • An alternative method to determine the color information at x is referred to in Figure 1, number 110.
  • this alternative method is used to fill the gaps created at points where Depth(x)-Depth(x-l) ⁇ 0 and may consist of a series of steps.
  • the alternate method in Figure 1, number 110 can consist simply of applying a random color at x.
  • Figure 2 is a flow chart which shows the present invention applied to the flow chart of Figure 1.
  • the present invention does not depend on details which are not shown in Figure 1.
  • Figure 1 is only used as a general model for the creation of stereograms to illustrate what specific, unique changes to the general method are made by the present invention. The present invention only requires that there is a detailed procedure which produces a stereogram.
  • Figure 1 merely serves as a guide for which steps are to be modified in the present invention.
  • the details within Figure 1, number 108 and number 110 as well as other details not shown in Figure 1 should not interfere with the application of the present invention. Normally such details should be copied from the method represented by Figure 1 to the method represented by Figure 2 except as noted below.
  • a field of color information contained within a given region or regions is required as input , Figure 2, 202.
  • This field of color is chosen to coincide exactly in a region of the x,y plane that contains depth information.
  • Figure 2, 204 which corresponds to this color information.
  • the field of color information could be the RGB color value at each point within the boundaries of a photo of a face of an animal and the depth information could be the depth information of the same face defined within the same boundaries.
  • IFN(x) is set equal to a background color in regions outside the field of color information imputed in 202.
  • the background color is arbitrary and could be white or black for example.
  • Figure 2, 206 and 208 are exactly the same as Figure 1, 106 and 108.
  • Figure 1, 110 is omitted from Figure 2 and is replaced by Figure 2, 210, which represents the saving of the color information for later use and is optional.
  • Figure 2, 210 is optional since it is only needed if large negative values of [Depth(x)-Depth(x- 1)] occur within the boundaries of the field of color inputted in 202.
  • Figure 2, 212 corresponds to Figure 1, 112A.
  • Figure 1, 112B is changed in Figure 2 to 216 and represents an essential step in the present invention.
  • Figure 2 214 insures that only those points within the field of color inputted in 202 are processed in 216.
  • Figure 2, 216 represents a reverse assignment of color information which means that the color information that is assigned to point x-XR(x) is such that it can produce the inputted color information at x according to the procedure of Figure 1.
  • the statement in Figure 2, 218 is the same as Figure 1, 114 and completes the loop.
  • the color in this region is used as the parent strip in the procedure of Figure 2B to create a stereogram that has the selected color information perfectly aligned with the selected depth information.
  • the method of Figure 1 can be used instead of the method of Figure 2B.
  • Such a stereogram can be beautiful by itself or it can be superimposed on top of another stereogram created from the same depth information but with a different parent strip inputted in the procedure of Figure 1.
  • the method of production of a stereogram demonstrated by example in Figures 1, 2, and 2B and as discussed above is referred to as a "reverse mapping" method. Note that for the purpose of this application we have used the arbitrary convention that the procedure for creating a stereogram is carried out from left to right.
  • Figure 2B is a flow chart showing a modification to Figure 1 which is used to process a parent strip of color information constructed from the output from the flow chart in Figure 2.
  • Figure 2b 139 and 141 have been added to the flow chart of Figure 1 in order to create the flow chart of Figure 2B.
  • Figure 2b 139 and 141 provide for the use of color information to fill gaps, such color information having been saved in 210. If such information does not exist for any given point, then 140 (which is the identical to 110) is used to fill the gap. For the application of the current invention it does not matter what method is used in 140, only that some method exists. Methods of gap filling are discussed in U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 08/175,054, filed December 27, 1993, entitled: Stereogram and Method for Constructing the Same, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Figures 2 and 2B used in sequence, actually provide for a method to fill selected gaps, the saved values of color information in 210 being reused in 141. The procedure of figure 2B must be carried out for all values of y.
  • Figures 3 through 10 show each step in the method of creation of a specific example of a stereogram of a Panda bear created by means of the "reverse mapping" procedure described above.
  • Figure 3 represents the field of color information that is inputted into the procedure of figure 2 at 202.
  • Figure 3, 302 represents the background color.
  • Figure 3, 304 represents the selected region for which selected color information is inputted (in this example a picture of the face of a panda) which registers exactly with the depth information for the face of the panda depicted in figure 4.
  • Figure 4 shows the depth information visually as a gray-scale in which the integer depth is equal to the density of the gray-scale (measured from 0 to 1.00, where
  • 100% tone equals 1.00 density) multiplied by 125 and rounded to the nearest integer.
  • the darkest tone on the nose is 84% which corresponds to an integer depth of 105.
  • IXR1 500 pixels which corresponds to 1.2 inches in Figure 4.
  • Figure 5 shows IFN, the output of the procedure described in Figure 2.
  • Figure 5 502 is the background color
  • 504 is the color information generated by the procedure
  • 506 is the selected region for which color information was inputted.
  • Figure 6 shows the parent strip resulting from Figure 5 and used as input into the procedure of Figure 1 in order to produce figure 7. This parent strip in Figure
  • Figure 6, 602 was actually created by copying Figure 5, 504, moving 504 to the left by 500 pixels (the value of IXRl), pasting the image, then copying the pasted image, moving it 500 pixels to the left and pasting again. Then the canvas size was reduced to include only the left 500 pixels.
  • This procedure was carried out with a raster based photo editing program (Adobe Photoshop 2.5.1). The same result could have been obtained by the repeated application of the procedure in Figure 2.
  • Figure 6, 604 is an extra strip of background color used in Figure 1, 110 in order to fill gaps.
  • Figure 7 is the result of the input of Figures 6 and 4 into the procedure in Figure 1.
  • Figure 7 is a stereogram which is the result of the application of the present invention.
  • Figure 8, 802 is a parent strip created from original art work which was scanned into pixel form by means of a desk top flatbed scanner (HP Scanjet Ilex) . The strip was modified with the tools available in a raster based photo editing program (Adobe Photoshop 2.5.1) so the color on the left edge matched exactly with the color on the right.
  • This parent strip, 802 was used as input together with the depth information in Figure 4 to create
  • Figure 9 by means of the procedure in Figure 1.
  • Figure 8, 804 is an extra strip of art used in Figure 1, 110, in order to fill gaps.
  • Figure 9 is a stereogram which contains the 3-D image resulting from the depth information in Figure 4.
  • Figure 10 is a stereogram resulting from the superposition of Figure 7 over Figure 9. The superposition was carried out with a raster based photo edit program
  • Figure 7, 702 (Adobe Photoshop 2.5.1) by means of which the opacity of the dark areas.
  • Figure 7, 702 was chosen to be 70%, the white and gray areas.
  • Figure 7, 704 was chosen to be 50% and the leaf areas.
  • Figure 7, 706, was chosen to be 95%.
  • Figure 11 shows a detailed procedure as an example of a procedure that is represented in summary form in figure 1. The present invention does not depend in any way on the details of the procedure in Figure 11.
  • Figure 11 is included here only because it was used to construct the stereograms in figure 7 and figure 9.
  • Figure 11 is identical to Figure 7 in U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 08/175,054, filed December 27, 1993, entitled: Stereogram and Method for Constructing the Same with the exception that 1197 was modified to include an alternative equation for specification of color information. This alternative equation as well as all variable definitions and references, and flowchart components were explained in U.S.
  • Figure 12 represents a modification of Figure 11 as summarized in Figure 2.
  • References 1199, 1101-1135 in Figure 11 have been eliminated in Figure 12 because they are contained within Step 110 in Figure 1.
  • Figure 2, Step 210 was purposefully omitted in the construction of Figure 12. This is because no large gaps occur within the selected region for which color information.
  • Figure 3, was provided as input. In this particular example it was not necessary to save the color information.
  • Figure 12, 1289 corresponds to Figure 2, 214
  • Figure 12, 1291 corresponds to Figure 2, 216.
  • Figure 12, 1295 and 1297 were modified from Figure 11, 1195 and 1197 by removing the assignment of color information that was contained in these two steps. The assignment of color in 1195 and 1197 is part of Figure 1, 110 and as such needed to be removed. All other steps in Figure 12 remain unchanged from Figure 11.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Graphics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Processing Or Creating Images (AREA)
  • Image Generation (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de réalisation de stéréogrammes ainsi que les stéréogrammes ainsi produits. Les stéréogrammes sont des motifs ou des illustrations qui se présentent initialement sous forme bidimensionnelle mais qui, lorsque l'inspection appropriée est utilisée, donnent l'illusion de contenir des formes et motifs tridimensionnels. Les stéréogrammes produits selon l'invention peuvent être vus sans qu'il soit nécessaire d'utiliser des lentilles ou tout autre appareil. Il sont obtenus à partir de deux éléments: des informations-couleur et des informations-profondeur. Les informations-couleur sont utilisées pour créer l'effet bidimensionnel dans lequel l'image tridimensionnelle est intégrée. Les informations-profondeur sont utilisées pour déterminer le volume du relief des images intégrées dans l'effet tridimensionnel. L'invention porte sur une procédure qui permet d'aligner les informations-couleur entrées pour la création d'un stéréogramme avec les informations de profondeur entrées pour l'image tridimensionnelle dans le stéréogramme. Ainsi, le motif tridimensionnel intégré dans le stéréogramme apparaît dans une couleur réelle. Cette couleur peut être conçue pour être alignée avec l'image tridimensionnelle intégrée complète (dans les limites susmentionnées) ou avec une partie de cette dernière.
PCT/US1995/005599 1994-05-05 1995-05-04 Stereogramme a informations-couleur alignees et son procede de realisation WO1995030968A1 (fr)

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US08/238,593 1994-05-05

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998027516A1 (fr) * 1996-12-19 1998-06-25 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Procede et dispositif d'affichage d'autostereogramme
US5953014A (en) * 1996-06-07 1999-09-14 U.S. Philips Image generation using three z-buffers

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4135502A (en) * 1976-09-07 1979-01-23 Donald Peck Stereoscopic patterns and method of making same
US5371627A (en) * 1992-10-23 1994-12-06 N.E. Thing Enterprises, Inc. Random dot stereogram and method for making the same

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4135502A (en) * 1976-09-07 1979-01-23 Donald Peck Stereoscopic patterns and method of making same
US5371627A (en) * 1992-10-23 1994-12-06 N.E. Thing Enterprises, Inc. Random dot stereogram and method for making the same

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
HIBBARD E: "ON THE THEORY AND APPLICATION OF STEREOGRAPHICS IN SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION", STATE OF THE ART REPORTS, VIENNA, SEPT. 2 - 6, 1991, vol. EG 91 STAR, 1 January 1991 (1991-01-01), COQUILLART S, pages 1 - 21, XP000243006 *
TYLER C W ET AL: "The autostereogram", STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS AND APPLICATIONS, SANTA CLARA, CA, USA, 12-14 FEB. 1990, vol. 1256, ISSN 0277-786X, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SPIE - THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 1990, USA, pages 182 - 197 *
WEIMAN: "pointillist", MACWORLD, vol. 11, no. 7, 1 July 1994 (1994-07-01), USA, pages 83 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5953014A (en) * 1996-06-07 1999-09-14 U.S. Philips Image generation using three z-buffers
WO1998027516A1 (fr) * 1996-12-19 1998-06-25 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Procede et dispositif d'affichage d'autostereogramme
US6091421A (en) * 1996-12-19 2000-07-18 U.S. Philips Corporation Displaying autostereograms of various depths until proper 3D perception is achieved

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