WO1995023493B1 - Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions, and uses thereof - Google Patents
Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions, and uses thereofInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995023493B1 WO1995023493B1 PCT/DK1995/000089 DK9500089W WO9523493B1 WO 1995023493 B1 WO1995023493 B1 WO 1995023493B1 DK 9500089 W DK9500089 W DK 9500089W WO 9523493 B1 WO9523493 B1 WO 9523493B1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sound
- head
- listener
- signals
- transfer functions
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing Effects 0.000 title abstract 2
- 210000003128 Head Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract 28
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract 10
- 210000000613 Ear Canal Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract 9
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 claims 4
- 230000001702 transmitter Effects 0.000 claims 4
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000002490 cerebral Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000051 modifying Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001502 supplementation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 abstract 2
Abstract
The invention relates to improved methods and apparatus for simulating the transmission of sound from sound sources to the ear canals of a listener, said sound sources being positioned arbitrarily in three dimensions in relation to the listener. In particular, the invention relates to new and improved methods for measurement of Head-related Transfer Functions, new and improved Head-related Transfer Functions, new and improved methods for processing Head-related Transfer Functions, and new methods of changing, or of maintaining, the directions of the sound sources as perceived by a listener. The measurement methods have been improved so that it is now possible to measure and/or construct Head-related Transfer Functions for which the time domain descriptions are surprisingly short and for which the differences from one individual to the other are surprisingly low. The new Head-related Transfer Functions can be exploited in any application concerning simulation of sound transmission, e.g. auralization of concert halls, measurement, simulation, or reproduction of sound, such as in binaural synthesis, e.g. for generation, by means of two sound sources, such as by headphones or by two loudspeakers, the perception of a listener that he is listening to sound generated by a multichannel sound system, such as a surround system, a quadraphonic system, a stereophonic system, etc, in the design of electronic filters used in, e.g. virtual reality systems, to simulate sound transmission from a virtual sound source to the ear canals of the listener, or, in the design of an artificial head that is designed so that its Head-related Transfer Functions approximate the Head-related Transfer Functions of the invention as closely as possible in order to make the best possible representation of humans by the artificial head, e.g. to make artificial head recordings of optimum quality.
Claims
AMENDED CLAIMS
[received by the International Bureau on 29 August 1995 (29.08.95); original claims 51, 53, 54, 58, 63, 67, 68 and 72 amended; remaining claims unchanged (5 pages)]
recording the time of transmission or each of the times of transmission from the corresponding transmitter or transmitters, and
c) calculating the position and/or orientation of the head of the listener based on the detected arrival time or times and optionally on the detected or recorded time or times of transmissions.
48. A method according to any of claims 46-47, wherein the modification of the electronic signal processing is adapted to impart to the listener the perception that virtual sound sources remain in position irrespective of the position and/or orientation, and/or changes in position and/or orientation, of the listener's head.
49. A method according to any of claims 46-48, wherein the signal processing is modified using the approximation method of claim 32.
50. A method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising transmitting the binaural signals in the form of modulated ultrasonic waves, the waves being received by a listener equipped with two receiving means each of which is mounted close to the appertaining ear of the listener, changes in orientation of the listener's head relative to a reference orientation being compensated on the basis of the difference of the travel time of the ultrasonic wave pulses between the two receiving means so that the listener will perceive that virtual sound sources remain in a reference position irrespective of the orientation of the listener's head, the compensation being automatic or carried out by involving electronic signal processing.
51. A method of generating binaural signals according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the sound inputs to be filtered by Head-related Transfer Functions are
signals (Aj.-Aj,) of at least one single channel communication system and/or at least one multichannel communication system which signals are adapted for being supplied to at least one signal-to-sound transducer, or - signals which are adapted for being decoded into such signals (Aj.-Aj,),
so that the binaural signal, when reproduced, is capable of imparting to a listener a perception of listening to a spatial sound field with a set of n individually positioned virtual sound sources, each of which transmits one of the signals (Aj.A,,).
5 1
52. A method according to claim 51, wherein the position and orientation of the receiver's head is monitored, and head position and head orientation data obtained in the monitoring is used to enable the receiver to selectively transmit a message to one of the transmitters corresponding to one of the signals (Aj.-A.,) by turning his head in the direction of the virtual sound source corresponding to said transmitter.
53. A method according to claim 51 or 52, wherein the sound inputs to be filtered by Head- related Transfer Functions are generated in connection with monitoring and/or controlling and/or communicating with a multitude of units, such as in air traffic control, in control of cabs or trucks, in messenger offices, in life saving stations, in central offices of watchmen, in telephone meetings, in meetings using audio-visual communication means, etc.
54. A method of generating binaural signals according to any of claims 1-50, wherein the sound inputs to be filtered by Head-related Transfer Functions are
signals (AJ.-AJ,) of a multichannel sound reproducing system which signals are adapted for being supplied to n different signal-to-sound transducers of the multichannel sound reproducing system, or signals which are adapted for being decoded into such signals (A1..An),
so that the binaural signal, when reproduced, is capable of imparting to a listener a perception of listening to a spatial sound field similar to the sound field which would have resulted from listening to the n signal-to-sound transducers spatially arranged in a room.
55. A method according to claim 54, wherein the multichannel sound reproducing system is a Dolby Surround System or any N channel sound system pertaining to HDTV.
56. A method according to claim 54 or 55, wherein the multichannel sound reproducing system is a Stereo system.
57. A method according to any of the previous claims 1-32 or 35-43, wherein the binaural signals are used for positioning a set of sounds at specific virtual positions in relation to an operator.
58. A method according to claim 57, wherein a moving virtual sound source with a characteristic sound moves continuously or discontinuously between specific positions of a set of virtual sound sources, the operator being enabled to communicate a specific message to the system according to a particular virtual sound source by prompting the system when the moving virtual sound source is positioned substantially at the position of said virtual sound source.
52
59. A method according to claim 58, wherein the position of the moving virtual sound source is controlled by the operator.
60. A method according to claim 58 or 59, wherein the position of the moving virtual sound source is controlled by the orientation and/or position of the head of the operator.
61. A method according to any of claims 57-60, wherein the positions are dynamically controlled by a computer.
62. A method according to claim 61, when used for controlling or assisting the movement and/or position of an object and/or a living being by dynamically positioning a virtual sound source in relation to the object and/or living being, so as to guide the object and/or the living being in relation to the position of the virtual sound source.
63. A method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising compensation of transfer characteristics of a signal-to-sound transducer.
64. A method according to claim 63, wherein sound pressure at the entrance, or close to the entrance, to the blocked ear canal is considered as the output of the signal-to-sound transducer.
65. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the binaural signal is emitted by means of headphones.
66. A method according to claim 65, wherein the binaural signal is transmitted to the headphones by wireless means.
67. A method according to claims 64-66, further comprising compensation for the difference in pressure division at the input to the ear canal when the ear is occluded, respectively unoccluded, by a headphone.
68. A method according to claim 67, wherein a description of the difference in pressure division at the input to the ear canal when the ear is occluded, respectively unoccluded, by a headphone, is obtained by measuring the transmission from the headphone to the sound pressure - at the entrance, or close to the entrance, of the blocked ear canal, and at the entrance, or close to the entrance, of the open ear canal, the ratio of the frequency domain descriptions of these transmissions being obtained as characteristic of the pressure division (X) in this situation,
5 3 and
measuring the transmission from a sound source that does not influence the acoustic radiation impedance of the ear, to the sound pressure at the entrance, or close to the entrance, of the blocked ear canal, and - at the entrance, or close to the entrance, of the open ear canal, the ratio of the frequency domain descriptions of these transmissions being obtained as characteristic of the pressure division (Y) in this situation,
and obtaining the ratio X/Y which constitutes the frequency domain description of the difference in pressure division.
69. A method according to any of claims 1-64, wherein the binaural signal is emitted by means of loudspeakers, optionally having crosstalk counteracted by supplementing the binaural signal with artificial electrical crosstalk compensation signals.
70. A method according to any of claims 63-69, wherein the compensation, or the crosstalk counteraction, is adapted to the individual listener.
71. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the binaural signal is stored on an audio storage medium or broadcast.
72. A method according to claim 39-44 in combination with claim 71, wherein each sound input (2) to be filtered by Head-related Transfer Functions representing a combination of more than one sound inputs (1) is stored or broadcast separately, such as in a separate track or in a separate channel, respectively, the binaural filtering being carried out before or after storing or broadcasting.
73. A method of computer modelling or analysing the cerebral human binaural sound localization ability, comprising using binaural signals obtained according to any of previous claims or HTFs according to any of claims 1 a)-3 or claims 15-31 or claims 33-34.
74. A method for designing headphones, comprising adapting the transfer characteristics thereof to resemble an HTF as characterized in any of claims 1 a)-3 or claims 15-34 for a given direction, e.g., the frontal direction, or to resemble weighted averages of such HTFs corresponding to averages of given directions.
75. An artificial head having HTFs which correspond substantially to HTFs according to any of claims 1 a)-3 or claims 15-31 or claims 33-34 for all angles of sound incidence, or at least for angles of sound incidence which constitute part of the total sphere surrounding the artificial head, such as the upper hemisphere or the frontal region.
76. A method for producing an artificial head according to claim 75, comprising adapting the geometric characteristics of the artificial head and/or the acoustic properties of the materials used so as to approximate the HTFs of the artificial head to HTFs according to any of claims 1 a)-3 or claims 15-31 or claims 33-34 for all angles of sound incidence, or at least for angles of sound incidence which constitute part of the total sphere surrounding the artificial head, such as the upper hemisphere or the frontal region.
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK95910462T DK0746960T3 (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-02-27 | Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions and their applications |
| DE69511246T DE69511246T2 (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-02-27 | BINAURAL SYNTHESIS, HEAD-RELATED TRANSMISSION FUNCTIONS AND THEIR USE |
| AU17555/95A AU691252B2 (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-02-27 | Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions, and uses thereof |
| US08/700,470 US6118875A (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-02-27 | Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions, and uses thereof |
| EP95910462A EP0746960B1 (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-02-27 | Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions, and uses thereof |
| CA002184160A CA2184160C (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-02-27 | Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions, and uses thereof |
| JP52208295A JP3805786B2 (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-02-27 | Binaural signal synthesis, head related transfer functions and their use |
| GR990402817T GR3031725T3 (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1999-11-03 | Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions, and uses thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK23494 | 1994-02-25 | ||
| DK0234/94 | 1994-02-25 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1995023493A1 WO1995023493A1 (en) | 1995-08-31 |
| WO1995023493B1 true WO1995023493B1 (en) | 1995-09-21 |
Family
ID=8091248
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DK1995/000089 WO1995023493A1 (en) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-02-27 | Binaural synthesis, head-related transfer functions, and uses thereof |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6118875A (en) |
| EP (3) | EP0746960B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3805786B2 (en) |
| AT (3) | ATE183049T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU691252B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2184160C (en) |
| DE (3) | DE69523643T2 (en) |
| DK (3) | DK0746960T3 (en) |
| ES (3) | ES2165656T3 (en) |
| GR (1) | GR3031725T3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1995023493A1 (en) |
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1995
- 1995-02-27 JP JP52208295A patent/JP3805786B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 ES ES98204066T patent/ES2165656T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 EP EP95910462A patent/EP0746960B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 EP EP98204066A patent/EP0912076B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 ES ES98204067T patent/ES2167046T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 AT AT95910462T patent/ATE183049T1/en active
- 1995-02-27 AU AU17555/95A patent/AU691252B2/en not_active Expired
- 1995-02-27 DK DK95910462T patent/DK0746960T3/en active
- 1995-02-27 CA CA002184160A patent/CA2184160C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 DK DK98204067T patent/DK0912077T3/en active
- 1995-02-27 AT AT98204067T patent/ATE208120T1/en active
- 1995-02-27 DE DE69523643T patent/DE69523643T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 ES ES95910462T patent/ES2138191T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 DK DK98204066T patent/DK0912076T3/en active
- 1995-02-27 DE DE69522971T patent/DE69522971T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 AT AT98204066T patent/ATE206271T1/en active
- 1995-02-27 US US08/700,470 patent/US6118875A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 EP EP98204067A patent/EP0912077B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 WO PCT/DK1995/000089 patent/WO1995023493A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-02-27 DE DE69511246T patent/DE69511246T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-11-03 GR GR990402817T patent/GR3031725T3/en unknown
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