WO1995008741A1 - Electric heater - Google Patents
Electric heater Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995008741A1 WO1995008741A1 PCT/GB1994/001301 GB9401301W WO9508741A1 WO 1995008741 A1 WO1995008741 A1 WO 1995008741A1 GB 9401301 W GB9401301 W GB 9401301W WO 9508741 A1 WO9508741 A1 WO 9508741A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- heater
- heater according
- openings
- electrically insulating
- panel
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
- F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
- F24D13/022—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating resistances incorporated in construction elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
- F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electric heater.
- Known electric heaters for emitting both radiant and convected heat comprise a hollow casing which includes spaced apart front and rear walls, and top and bottom walls which have openings therethrough.
- An electrical resistance heating element is positioned between the front and rear walls and is arranged to radiate heat to the front wall which, in turn, radiates heat into a room in which the heater is placed. Additionally, air entering the casing through the openings in the lower wall passes over the heating element and is warmed thereby before passing through the openings in the top wall into the room.
- the known heater described is very inefficient in terms of transforming electrical energy into thermal energy.
- One of the reasons for this inefficiency is the fact that, not only does the heating element radiate heat to the front wall, but also to the rear wall so that the rear wall becomes hot.
- the rear wall of the heater will radiate and/or conduct heat to the room wall which will become heated and, since the room wall will have a high specific heat capacity, much heat (and energy) is lost to the room wall.
- an electric heater including a front panel and a rear panel between which an internal area of the heater is defined, wherein a heating element is held against the rear face of the front panel so that, in use, the front panel becomes heated so as to provide radiant heat and air can flow within the internal area over the heating element in order to provide convected heat.
- the heating element includes a resistive element arranged to become heated when a current passes therethrough.
- Said resistive element preferably comprises a metal or metals.
- said resistive element comprises an alloy of, for example, iron, chromium and aluminium.
- Said resistive element preferably comprises a wire.
- Said resistive element may include individually operable resistive elements of different resistances.
- Said heating element preferably comprises a first electrically insulating member which is arranged to space the resistive element from the rear face of the front panel.
- Said first electrically insulating member is preferably in the form of a panel.
- Said panel preferably overlies the resistive element.
- Said panel is preferably made of a sheet material.
- Said panel is preferably made of a flexible and/or elastic material.
- Said resistive element is preferably secured to the first electrically insulating member, for example by adhesive means.
- Said heating element preferably also includes a second electrically insulating member, suitably in the form of a panel.
- Said resistive element is preferably secured to the second insulating member, for example by adhesive means.
- Said resistive element is, preferably positioned between said first and second electrically insulating members.
- Said first and/or said second electrically insulating members may have an electrical resistivity at 23°C of greater than 0.1 Ohms.cm.
- the resistivity is greater than 1.0 Ohms.cm and is, more preferably, greater than 5.0 Ohms.cm.
- Said first and/or said second electrically insulating members are preferably thermally conductive.
- the thermal conductivity of the members may be greater than 0.05 Wm' 1 K- 1 .
- Said first and/or said second electrically insulating members preferably can resist temperatures of at least 500°C and, more preferably, of at least 600°C.
- Said first and/or second electrically insulating members preferably independently have a width of at least
- the width is preferably less than 20 mm, more preferably less than 10 mm.
- Said first and/or second electrically insulating members are suitably made of a micanite material.
- Said heating element is preferably held against the rear face of the front panel by adhesive means.
- a mechanical means for holding the heating element in position may also be provided.
- the heater includes upper and lower openings from and to the internal area thereof, whereby air can flow to provide convected heat.
- no air passage is defined between the first electrically insulating member and the rear face of the front panel, whereas an air passage is defined between a rearwardly facing portion of the heating element and the rear panel.
- the lower openings preferably are elongate and have an axis of elongation. Side walls which define the respective openings are preferably substantially linear and suitably extend substantially parallel to the axis of elongation. End walls which define the openings are preferably curved. Said end walls are preferably concave so the ends of the openings are, therefore, convex.
- the openings are preferably symmetrical about their respective axes of elongation and, preferably, about respective axes perpendicular to the axis of elongation.
- Said openings may have a length in the range 5 mm to 50 mm, preferably in the range 7 mm to 25 mm and, more preferably, in the range 10 mm to 20 mm.
- the width of the openings may be in the range lmm to 20 mm, preferably in the range 2mm to 10mm, more preferably in the range 2 mm to 5mm.
- Said lower openings are preferably defined in a lower wall of the heater.
- Said lower wall is preferably substantially planar.
- Said lower wall is preferably arranged, in use, with its main plane substantially parallel to the ground.
- Said lower openings are preferably grouped together, with at least two spaced apart groups of openings being provided in the lower wall. Openings in each group are preferably substantially identical. The elongate axes of openings in each group preferably extend parallel to one another.
- Said upper openings of the appliance may independently include any features of the lower openings as described above.
- Upper openings and lower openings are preferably substantially identical.
- Said upper openings are preferably defined in an upper wall of the appliance.
- Said upper wall is preferably substantially planar. The planes of the upper and lower walls preferably extend substantially parallel to one another.
- Axes of elongation of lower openings are preferably not parallel to axes of elongation of upper openings.
- Axes of elongation of lower openings preferably extend transversely to axes of elongation of upper openings.
- Axes of elongation of lower openings preferably extend at an angle of about 90° to axes of elongation of upper openings.
- Axes of elongation of lower openings preferably extend transversely to a rearwardly facing face of the heating element.
- the front and/or rear panels are substantially planar and the axes of elongation of lower openings extend transversely, suitably at an angle in the range 30° to 60°, preferably at 45°, to the planes.
- the total area of the lower openings is preferably less than the total area of the upper openings.
- the total area of the lower openings may be less than 85%, preferably less than 80%, more preferably less than 75% of the area of the upper openings.
- the total area of the lower openings may be at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60% of the area of the upper openings.
- the lower and upper openings are preferably arranged to cause air flowing within the internal area of the heater to create a vortex.
- Securement means is preferably provided for securing the heater to an upright surface, for example a wall.
- the appliance may be arranged to be free-standing.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view, partly in cross- section, of a panel heater
- Figure 2 is a cross-section along line II-II of Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a cross-section along line III-III of Figure 2, showing a lower part of the panel heater
- Figure 4 is a plan view, partly in cross-section, of a heating element of the panel heater
- Figure 5 is a cross-section along line V-V of Figure 4 (with details omitted in the interest of clarity) ;
- Figure 6 is a detailed view of the area within region VI of Figure 5;
- Figure 7 is a plan view of a front panel of the heater
- Figure 8 is a plan view of a rear panel of the heater
- Figure 9 is a plan view showing two slots of the front panel; - 1 -
- Figure 10 is a cross-section along line X-X of Figure 8.
- Figure 11 is a plan view, partly in cross-section, of an alternative heating element of the panel heater.
- the panel heater 2 comprises a metal casing 4 having respective spaced apart front and rear walls 6, 8, respective side walls 10, 12 and respective top and bottom walls 14, 16.
- the top and bottom walls include a plurality of slots 54 arranged in groups.
- a heating element is secured to the rear face of the front wall 6 and is arranged in operation to conduct heat to the front wall 6 which, in turn, radiates heat into a room in which the heater is disposed. Additionally, air can flow into the casing 4 via slots 54 in bottom wall 16 and over a rearwardly facing face of the heating element which heats the air. The heated air flows out of the casing, via slots 54 in the top wall 14, and into the room as convected heat.
- the construction of the heater 2 is arranged to maximise the transformation of electrical energy into thermal energy dissipated as useful heat within the room.
- the heater 2 is described is greater detail below.
- the element 20 of the heater shown in Figures 4 to 6, comprises electrical resistance wire 22 located between sheets 24, 26 formed from a material which is electrically insulating but is reasonably thermally conductive. Electrical connectors 24, 26 are provided for connecting a power supply to the wire 22.
- the resistance wire 23 is suitably made of an alloy of iron, chromium and aluminium. One such wire is sold by IMI Scott Limited under the Trade Mark CROMALOY A. The properties and len ⁇ th of the wire used are selected according to the heat output reguired. For a 500 W heater, a 5.95 m length of 0.30 mm diameter wire having a resistivity of 18.86 ohms/metre may be used.
- the resistance wire is arranged in the convoluted pattern as shown in Figure 4, so that the heating of the front panel will be as uniform as possible.
- a thermostat is provided for controlling the supply of current to the resistance wire 23.
- the sheets 24, 26 of the element 20 are formed from 0.2 mm thick sheets of PERMIC 505.3 (Trade Mark) which is a bonded multi-layer rigid micanite material obtainable from COGEBI of Huysmanslann 65, B1651 LOT, Belgium.
- the material is able to resist 700°C in continuous service and can intermittently be raised to 800°C and beyond, without adverse effect.
- the electrical resistivity of the material at 23°C is greater than 10 ohms.cm.
- the material also has reasonable thermal conductivity of about 0.3 Wm' 1 K *1 .
- the resistance wire 23 and sheets 24, 26 are held in position using respective polyester carrier sheets 28, 30 each of which is coated on both sides with an acrylic based adhesive material 32.
- the sheets are preferably supplied in continuous sheet or tape form.
- a suitable material can be obtained from Nitto Limited under the code number 5033X.
- the element 20 may be made as follows: Carrier sheet
- the casing 4 is constructed using a front panel 40, shown in Figure 7, and a rear panel 42, shown in Figure 8.
- the front panel 40 has respective upper and lower side portions 44, 46 and respective lateral side portions 48, 50 arranged around area 52 which forms the front wall 6 of the casing.
- the upper side portion 44 includes a lip portion 47 and a face portion 49.
- the upper and lower side portions 44, 46 are provided with a series of slots 54 which are arranged in three groups 56, 58, 60 in the lower side portion 46 and in five groups 62, 64, 66, 68, 70 in the upper side portion 44.
- the lateral side portion 48 is provided, towards its lower end, with openings 72, 74 to receive a control switch and supply cable.
- the upper and lower side portions include openings 76 for receiving rivets.
- An opening 78 is provided in the upper portion for a neon operating light.
- the panel 40 is formed from a single sheet of steel and is arrranged as follows: The upper and lower side portions 44, 46 are bent inwardly through 90°; the lip portion 47 of the upper portion 44 is bent inwardly through 90° relative to the face portion 49; and the lateral side portions 48, 50 are bent inwardly through 90°. When so arranged panel 40 may be secured to rear panel 42.
- Rear panel 42 shown in Figure 8, is of similar construction to panel 40 in that it includes upper and lower side portions 80, 82 and lateral side portions 84, 86, but the dimensions of the panel 42 are such that its side portions, when bent inwardly through 90°, can be located within side portions defined by the front panel 40. Additionally, the upper and lower side portions 80, 82 are provided with recesses 88,90, so as not to obstruct the slots 54 when the two panels 40, 42 are assembled together and, furthermore, lateral side portion 84 is provided with a slot 92 in order to accommodate the switch and supply cable. Secured on the interior surface of the rear panel 42, by means of projecting parts 96 ( Figure 10) , are spaced apart elongate supports 94 which are conveniently formed from pressed strip material which is formed to "V"-section.
- the arrangement and number of slots 54 in the upper and lower side portions 44, 46 are selected in order to control the convected heat emitted by the panel heater.
- the amounts of radiated and convected heat emitted by the heater are substantially egual.
- Each of the slots 54 is arranged as shown in Figure 9.
- the slots are generally rectangular, but have radiussed ends.
- the elongate axes of the slots are inclined at 45° to the elongate axes of the top and bottom walls 14, 16 of the panel.
- the length "x" of each slot is 15 mm and the width "y” is 3 mm.
- the elongate axes of the slots are parallel to one another and the mid-points of adjacent elongate axes are spaced from one another by a distance "z" of 7.3 mm.
- the slots 54 are arranged into groups. There are twenty-one identical slots 54 in each respective group 56, 58, 60 of the lower side portion 46 which forms bottom wall 18 of the panel; and nineteen identical slots 54 in each respective group 62, 64, 66, 68, 70 of the upper side portion 44 which forms the upper wall 14 of the panel.
- the open area defined by the slots in the bottom wall 18 is about 66% of the open area defined by the slots in the top wall 16.
- the panel heater is assembled by adhering element 20 to the rear face of the front wall 6, arranging the control switch, supply cable and operating light in position and then rivetting the front and rear panels 40, 42 together.
- the elongate supports 94 lie in close proximity to the rearwardly facing face 98 of the element 20 so as to provide a mechanical means of locating the element in position in the event of failure of the adhesive.
- the heater 2 is intended to be mounted on a wall and, to this end, rear wall 8 is suitably provided with a pair of keyhole apertures near its upper edge and a part sheared flap 100 near its lower edge which can be bent through 180° so that it projects below the heater.
- the flap is apertured to receive a securing screw.
- panel heaters may be made with heating elements of varying powers.
- the heater described is a 500W heater. Heaters of power as little as 350W or as great as 1200W may be made.
- the construction of the heating element may generally be as described above, except that two separate lengths of 110, 112 (Figure 11) of resistance wire of different electrical resistance may be incorporated.
- wire 110 is shown in dashed lines and wire 112 is shown in full lines, in the interests of clarity. Separate pairs of electrical connectors 114, 116 are provided for the respective wires.
- the wires 110, 112 may be made from CROMALOY as described above.
- the lengths of the wires 110, 112 are different - wire 110 has a length of 7.095 m, whereas wire 112 has a length of 7.825 m.
- the resistance of wire 110 is less than wire 112 and, therefore, there will be a higher dissipation of heat in wire 110 compared with wire 112.
- a thermostat 118 is connected in series with wire 110 and this is mounted so that it is responsive to the temperature of wire 110.
- a suitable thermostat is that sold by Microtherm Limited under the type number Bll.
- both wires carry current so that rapid heating of the front half of the heater is obtained.
- the wire 110 attains a temperature determined by the thermostat, the latter opens to disconnect the heater wire 110 from the source of supply.
- the heater wire 112 continues to carry current and, therefore, dissipates heat. With the arrangement described, therefore, the full heating effect is obtained very quickly after the supply is turned on but excessive heating is avoided by reducing the heat dissipated when the heater has reached its correct working temperature.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Central Heating Systems (AREA)
- Direct Air Heating By Heater Or Combustion Gas (AREA)
- Electric Stoves And Ranges (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU69349/94A AU6934994A (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1994-06-16 | Electric heater |
JP7509617A JPH09503851A (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1994-06-16 | Electric heater |
KR1019960701508A KR960705180A (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1994-06-16 | Electric heater |
SK378-96A SK37896A3 (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1994-06-16 | Electric heater |
EP94917758A EP0721555A1 (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1994-06-16 | Electric heater |
FI961257A FI961257A (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1996-03-18 | electric fire |
NO961131A NO961131L (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1996-03-20 | Electric heater |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9319784.6 | 1993-09-24 | ||
GB939319784A GB9319784D0 (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1993-09-24 | Heater |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1995008741A1 true WO1995008741A1 (en) | 1995-03-30 |
Family
ID=10742504
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1994/001301 WO1995008741A1 (en) | 1993-09-24 | 1994-06-16 | Electric heater |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0721555A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH09503851A (en) |
KR (1) | KR960705180A (en) |
AU (1) | AU6934994A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2171843A1 (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ81996A3 (en) |
FI (1) | FI961257A (en) |
GB (1) | GB9319784D0 (en) |
NO (1) | NO961131L (en) |
PL (1) | PL313615A1 (en) |
SK (1) | SK37896A3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1995008741A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2860680A1 (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2005-04-08 | Bernard Louis Loreau | Electrical heating device used at very low voltage in e.g. heating floors, has transformer having secondary winding delivering voltage ranging from a few volts to fifty volts to heating unit having core wire made from aluminum alloy |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110160120A (en) * | 2019-04-08 | 2019-08-23 | 新疆翰阳电热科技股份有限公司 | A kind of double speed wall convenient for assembling is warm |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3060300A (en) * | 1958-12-02 | 1962-10-23 | Albert A Horner | Radiant heating unit including a laminated radiant heating panel |
WO1991005209A1 (en) * | 1989-09-26 | 1991-04-18 | Johann Rupp | Surface heater |
-
1993
- 1993-09-24 GB GB939319784A patent/GB9319784D0/en active Pending
-
1994
- 1994-06-16 CA CA002171843A patent/CA2171843A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-06-16 AU AU69349/94A patent/AU6934994A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-06-16 CZ CZ96819A patent/CZ81996A3/en unknown
- 1994-06-16 JP JP7509617A patent/JPH09503851A/en active Pending
- 1994-06-16 KR KR1019960701508A patent/KR960705180A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-06-16 EP EP94917758A patent/EP0721555A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-06-16 WO PCT/GB1994/001301 patent/WO1995008741A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-06-16 SK SK378-96A patent/SK37896A3/en unknown
- 1994-06-16 PL PL94313615A patent/PL313615A1/en unknown
-
1996
- 1996-03-18 FI FI961257A patent/FI961257A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-03-20 NO NO961131A patent/NO961131L/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3060300A (en) * | 1958-12-02 | 1962-10-23 | Albert A Horner | Radiant heating unit including a laminated radiant heating panel |
WO1991005209A1 (en) * | 1989-09-26 | 1991-04-18 | Johann Rupp | Surface heater |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2860680A1 (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2005-04-08 | Bernard Louis Loreau | Electrical heating device used at very low voltage in e.g. heating floors, has transformer having secondary winding delivering voltage ranging from a few volts to fifty volts to heating unit having core wire made from aluminum alloy |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO961131D0 (en) | 1996-03-20 |
CA2171843A1 (en) | 1995-03-30 |
JPH09503851A (en) | 1997-04-15 |
FI961257A (en) | 1996-05-17 |
FI961257A0 (en) | 1996-03-18 |
SK37896A3 (en) | 1997-02-05 |
EP0721555A1 (en) | 1996-07-17 |
AU6934994A (en) | 1995-04-10 |
NO961131L (en) | 1996-04-17 |
CZ81996A3 (en) | 1996-07-17 |
GB9319784D0 (en) | 1993-11-10 |
PL313615A1 (en) | 1996-07-08 |
KR960705180A (en) | 1996-10-09 |
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