WO1994028061A1

WO1994028061A1 - Polyester composition

Info

Publication number: WO1994028061A1
Application number: PCT/GB1994/001184
Authority: WO
Inventors: Timothy Hammond; John Jamieson Liggat; James Henry Montador; Andrew Webb
Original assignee: Zeneca Limited
Priority date: 1993-06-02
Filing date: 1994-06-01
Publication date: 1994-12-08
Also published as: JPH09501450A; GB9311399D0; AU6851694A; JP3390786B2; US5753782A; CA2163444C; EP0701586A1; CA2163444A1

Abstract

Polyester composition comprising a biodegradable polyester and a plasticising quantity of at least one plasticiser selected from the group: high-boiling esters of polybasic acids; phosphoric acid drivatives; phosphorous acid derivatives; phosphonic acid derivatives; substituted fatty acids; high-boiling glycols, polyglycols, polyoxyalkylenes and glycerol each optionally substituted and optionally terminally esterified; pentaerythritols and derivatives; sulphonic acid derivatives; epoxy derivatives; chlorinated paraffins; polymeric esters; Wolflex-But®; provided that citrates does not include doubly esterified hydroxycarboxylic acids having at least 3 ester groups in its molecule and further provided that glycerols do not include glycerol triacetate and glycerol diacetate.

Description

POLYESTER COMPOSITION

THIS INVENTION relates to a polyester composition and in particular to such a composition containing biodegradable polyester and plasticiser. Biodegradable polyesters for example the microbiologically produced polyhydroxyalkanoates can be adapted by the use of plasticiser compounds for applications where improved impact strength, improved elongation to break and improved ductility are important. Since such compounds should preferably also be biodegradable, many of the plasticisers used in synthetic polymer processing are not suitable for biodegradable polymers. Most commonly the glyceryl ester triacetin (glycerol triacetate) is used, but it is more volatile than is ideal during melt processing or storage at high ambient temperatures. Recently, a new plasticisier called Estaflex^" (acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate) has been introduced for polyhydroxyalkanoates which is an improvement over triacetin, however, alternatives to these compounds are continually sought for further improvements in physical properties of the polymer, • improvements in the biodegradablility and resistance to migration in the polymer, improvements in flexibility, mobility and permanence, and economic benefits. In looking for new plasticisers the applicants have unexpectedly found that a number of plasticisers or materials used in conventional plasticised systems are useful plasticisers of biodegradable polyesters.

Thus, according to the present invention there is provided a polyester composition comprising a biodegradable polyester and a plasticising quantity of at least one plasticiser selected from the group : high-boiling esters of polybasic acids; phosphoric acid derivatives; phosphorous acid derivatives; phosphonic acid derivatives; substituted fatty acids; high-boiling glycols, polyglycols, polyoxyalkylenes and glycerol each optionally substituted and optionally terminally esterified; pentaerythritols and derivatives; sulphonic acid derivatives; epoxy derivatives; chlorinated paraffins; polymeric esters; Wolflex-But^"; provided that citrates does not include doubly esterified hydroxycarboxylic acids having at least 3 ester groups in its molecule and further provided that glycerols does not include glycerol triacetate and glycerol diacetate.

In the description, examples and claims herein a * indicates a tradename or registered trademark. The majority of plasticisers used in this invention are known in the art as plasticisers of other materials. A plasticiser is a material which when added to a polymer composition makes an improvement in the ductility of the polymer. It is generally the case with most plasticised polymer systems that the extent of the plasticising effect is in direct correlation with the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the plasticised material, i.e. the lower the T_g the greater the plasticising effect. It has now been found that in the biodegradable polyesters of the present invention, the glass transition temperature is not a predictor of the extent of beneficial effect of the plasticiser of the polymer, and surprisingly the plasticisers of the present invention are unexpectedly useful with the biodegradable polyesters of the present invention.

The biodegradable polyester may be for example, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyethylene succinate, polypropylene succinate, polybutylene succinate, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), for example polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) or copolymers of hydroxybutyrate with hydroxyvalerate, i.e. polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate, (PHBV). It may be for example a poly-2-hydroxyalkanoate such as a polyglycollic acid or it may be a synthetic polypropiolactone, polybutyrolactone, polyvalerolactone, or a caprolactone copolymer. Examples of suitable synthetic polyesters are especially polycaprolactone, polylactides, and polyesters containing combinations of dicarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof and diols. Dicarboxylic acids being selected from the group consisting of malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, azelaic, sebacic, fumaric, 2,2-dimethylglutaric, suberic, 1 ,3-cyclopentane dicarboxylic, 1 ,4-dicyclohexane-dicarboxylic, 1 ,3- cyclohexane dicarboxylic, diglycolic, itaconic, maleic, 2,5-norbornane dicarboxylic and ester forming derivatives thereof and combinations thereof, and diols selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, proplyene glycol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3- propanediol, 1 ,3 butanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1 ,5-pentanediol, 1 ,6- hexanediol, 2,2,-trimethyl-1 ,6-hexanediol, thiodiethanol, 1 ,3- cyclohexanedimethanol, 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 2,2,4,4- tetramethyl-1 ,3-cyclobutanediol, triethyleneglycol, tetraethyleneglycol, di- , tri-, tetra-proplyeneglycol and combinations thereof, cellulose and cellulose esters such as acetates, propionates or butyrates, polypeptides, proteins and polyamides, copolymer of succinic acid and butylene glycol. Examples of suitable polyesters are PHAs having units of formula I: - 0 - C_m H_n - CO - I where m is in the range 1 -1 3 and n is 2m or (if m is at least 2) 2m-2. Typically C_m H_n contains 1 -5 carbon atoms in the polymer chain and the remainder (if any) in a side chain. In very suitable polyesters n is 2m and especially there are units with m = 3 and m = 4 copolymerised together and with respectively a C, and C₂ side chain on the carbon next to oxygen in the chain. Particular polyesters contain a preponderance of m = 3 units, for example, homopolymer of PHB, or copolymer (PHBV) especially with 70 - 98 mol % of such m = 3 units, the balance (if any) being units in which m = 4. More preferably copolymers contain 4-20 mol% of m = 4 units. The molecular weight of the PHA is preferably over 50000, especially over 300000.

The PHA may also be a blend of two or more copolymers differing in their relative values of m. An example contains

(a) PHA consisting essentially of Formula I units in which 2-5 mol% of units have m = 4, the rest m = 3; and

(b) PHA consisting essentially of Formula I units in which 5-30 mol% of units have m = 4, the rest m = 3.

In each such PHA there are side chains as above mentioned. The proportions in such a blend are preferably such as give an average m = 4 content in the range 4 - 1 8 mol %.

In each such PHA having units with m = 3 and m = 4 there may be very small, typically fractional, percentages of units having higher values of m. PHA consisting essentially of m = 3 units is polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and PHA consising of m = 3 and 4 units is polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) .

The polyhydroxyalkanoate is preferably PHB or PHBV, which may be 3-hydroxy or 4-hydroxy or a mixture of both. Especially preferred are the (R)-3-hydroxy forms of PHB and PHBV. The composition may contain a blend of biodegradable polyesters.

In particular in such compositions, a blend of at least 50% w/w of PHA is preferred with another polymer, particularly those mentioned above.

Blends of particular interest are blends of PHA with polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, and cellulose esters and up to 50% w/w of the blend preferably comprises one or more polymers selected from polycaprolactone, polylactic acid and cellulose esters, particularly PHBV and polycaprolactone and PHBV and cellulose esters.

The PHA is preferably a fermentation product, especially of a microbiological process in which a microorganism lays down PHA during normal growth or is caused to do so by cultivation in the absence of one or more nutrients necessary for cell multiplication. The microorganism may be wild or mutated or may have had the necessary genetic material introduced into it. Alternatively the necessary genetic material may be harboured by a eukariote, to effect the microbiological process. A suitable microbiological process is described in for Formula I material with m = 3 or m = partly 3, partly 4 : EP-A-69497

(Alcaliqenes eutrophus); for Formula I materials with m = 3:

US 4101533 (Alcaligenes eutrophus H-16) EP-A-144017 (Alcaliqenes latus): for Formula I material with m = 7-13

EP-A-0392687 (various Pseudomonas)

The PHA can be extracted from the fermentation product cells by means of an organic solvent, or the cellular protein material may be decomposed leaving microscopic granules of polymer. For specialised end uses the cellular protein may be partly or wholly allowed to remain with the PHA, but preferably subjected to cell breakage.

Alternately, the PHA can be a product of synthetic chemistry.

PHB can be made by the method of Bloembergen and Holden, Macromolecules 1989, Vol 22, p1656-p1663. PHBV can be made by the method of Bloembergen, Holden, Bluhm, Haymer and Marchessault, Macromolecules 1989, Vol 22, p1 663-1669).

The plasticiser is a material capable of plasticising polyester, i.e. capable of improving the ductility of the polyester and especially a material capable of plasticising PHB or PHBV. There may be one or more plasticisers present. For the ratio of such plasticiser to biodegradable polyester, the range up to 40 phr w/w (particularly 1 to 40 phr w/w) includes most of the likely uses and, for making effectively rigid but not brittle articles, the range 5-25 phr w/w is generally suitable.

Examples of suitable plasticisers are (A) high-boiling esters of polybasic acids, such as (i) phthalates and isophthalates, particularly compounds of the

where R, is C- .₂₀ alkyl, cycloalkyl or benzyl, preferably C₅._n alkyl, cyclohexyl or benzyl, especially isoheptyl, isoocytl, isononyl, isodecyl and isoundecyl. For example di-isodecylphthalate (Jayflex

DIDP^'), di-isooctylphthalate (Jayflex DIOP^"), di-isoheptylphthalate

(Jayflex77(DHIP^*), di-baptylphthalate, di-rindecylphthalate, di- isononylphthalate (Jayflex DNIP^'), di-isoundecylphthalate (Jayflex DIUP^'), di-isodecylphthalate (Reomol DiDP^*), di-isobutylphthalate

(Reomol DiBP^") di-tridecylphthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate

(Ketjenflex 160^*); (ii) citrates; International Patent Application No. PCT/GB 93/01689 discloses a range of doubly esterified hydroxycarboxylic acids having at least 3 ester groups in its molecule. A particularly preferred example from that disclosure is acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate

(Estaflex^"). Further citrates of the formula :

where R, is hydrogen or C,.^ alkyl, and R₂ is C-.₁₀ alkyl, C,.^ alkoxy or C,.₁₀ alkoxyalkyl. When R, and R₂ are alkyl each is preferably selected from straight or branched chain, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl, or ethoxy, propoxy, butyoxy, butoxyethyl, butoxy-isopropyl and butoxyethoxy are encompassed by the present invention.

Particular examples are : triethylcitrate, trimethylcitrate, n-butyl tri- n-hexylcitrate (Citroflex B6), tri-n-butylcitrate (Citroflex 4). (v) fumarates;

(vi) glutamates such as diester ether alkyl (Plasthall 7050^");

(vii) adipates, such as those of the formula R₁-0-C(0)-(CH₂)₄-C(0)-OR_l where R- and R₂ which may be the same or different are C₂.₁₂ alkyl

(e.g. butyl), C₂.ι₂ alkoxy (e.g. butoxyethoxy), C₂.₁₂ alkoxyalkyl (e.g. butoxyethyl), for example, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (Reomol

DOA^"), di-isodecyl adipate, di-isononyl adipate, dioctyl adipate;The esterified radicals may be for example C- - C₁₂ alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or aralkyl.

(viii) Sebacic acid derivatives of the formula R₁-0-C(0)-(CH₂)₈-C(0)-0-R₁ where R- is C₂.₁₅ alkyl or C₂.₁₅ alkoxyalkyl, for example, di-octyl sebacate, di-dodecyl sebacate, di-butoxyethy! sebacate, or di-n- butyl sebacate;

(ix) Azelaic acid derivatives of the formula

where R- is C₂.ι₂ alkyl, benzyl, or C₂.₁₂ alkoxy-alkyl, for example, di-n-butyl azelate and di-i-octyl azelate;

(B) high-boiling glycols, polyglycols, polyoxyalkylenes and glycerol each optionally substituted and optionally terminally esterified:

(i) high molecular weight glycols such as triethylene glycol diacetate

(Estol 1 593^*), triethylene glycol caprylate (Plasthall 4141 ^'), alkyl ethers/esters of general formula R₂-(0-CH₂-CH₂-0-CH ₂-CH₂-0)_n-R₁ (optionally the repeating ethoxy can be isopropoxy) where n is 2 or more, for example Morton TP90B^* where R₂ is C₄H_g- and n is 2, Reomol BCF where R, is -C(O)-alkyl, R₂ is C₄H₉- and n is 2, Reomol BCD where R, is -C(0)-alkyl, R₂ is C₄H₉- and n is 2, Morton

TP759^*, compounds of such formula where R, is -C(0)-C_mH_{2n+ 1} particularly up to m = 20, e.g. lauryl when m is 1 2, palmitate when m is 1 5 or oleate when m is 1 5 and unsaturated, stearyl when n is 1 7, R₂ is sorbitan and n is up to 20, for example Tween 80 in which R₂ is sorbitan monooleate, R, is lauryl and n is 20; and such compounds containing irregularly spaced ether linkages, for example the compounds of the formula above in which R, hydrogen, R₂ is alkylphenyl where the alkyl is C₂.₁₂ alkyl, and n is 2 to 1 00, for example, Igepal CA210^' where the alkyl is C₈ alkyl and n is 2, Igepal CA510^* which is the same as CA210 except that n is 5, Triton X-100^* and Triton X-405^* which is the same as Igepal CA510^" except that n is 10 and 40 respectively, Plasthall CPH27N, CPH30N and CPH39 where R, is hydrogen, R₂ is CH₃- (CH₂)₁₀-C(0)- and n is 10, 5 and 1 5 respectively, Plasthall CPH39N and CPH41 N in which R, is hydrogen, R₂ is CH₃-(CH₂)₇-CH = CH-

(CH₂)₇-C(0)- and n is 5 and 1 5 respectively; PEG 2000, PEG 6000 and PEG 10000 where R- and R₂ are both hydrogen and n is 50, 1 50 and 200 respectively; (ii) examples of polyglycols are poly(propylene glycol) (PPG 100^*, PPG 725^', PPG 425^*), poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG 300^', PEG

200^'); (iii) examples of glycerol derivatives are glycerol tricaprolate, glycerol tributyrate; (iv) pentaerythritols and derivatives; The acid-derived radical of the ester typically contains 2-10 carbon atoms.

(C) sulphonic acid derivatives such as toluenesulphonamide (Ketjenflex 1 5^*, Ketjenflex 8^', Ketjenflex 7^*, Ketjenflex 3J;

(D) epoxy derivatives such as the compounds of formula CH₃-(CH₂)_n- A-(CH₂)_n-R in which the A is an alkene containing one or more double bonds (i.e. unsaturated fatty acids), n is up to 25 and R is C₂.₁₅ alkyl, epoxidised esters of fatty acids, epoxidised soya bean oil, epoxidised linseed oils, epoxidised octyl tallate, epoxidised glycololeate, e.g. Lankro EDG^*, Lankro GE^*, Paraplex G60^*,

Paraplex G62^*, Plasthall E50^*, Rheoplas 39^* and Lankro L^*;

(E) substituted fatty acids such as palmitates, stearates, oleates, ricinoleates and laurates, for example, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, poly(oxyethylene)(20)Sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20^*), poly(oxyethylene)(4)lauryl ether (Brij 30^*), butyl acetyl ricinoleate (BAR*);

(F) phosphoric acid derivatives (phosphates), particularly compounds of the formula 0 = P(OR)₃ where R is alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl for example, isopropyl-phenyl. Particular examples are: phosphate ester (Reomol 249^"), tri-isopropyl phenyl phosphate (Reofos 95^"); and phosphonic acid derivatives and phosphites;

(G) chlorinated paraffins such as Cereclor 56L^", Cerechlor 552;

(H) polymeric esters such as those of the formula -O-CfO-R^CfOJ-O- R₂-0- in which R, and R₂ are both independently C₂.₁₂ alkyl, or R₂ may be derived from a diol such as 1 ,2-propanediol, 1 ,3- butanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol or 1 ,6-hexanediol; for example;

(i) glutaric polyesters (polyester glutarates) having molecular weights from 2000 to 20,000, e.g. Plasthall 550^*, Plasthall 7046^", Plasthall 7092^" Paraplex P550^", Paraplex P7035^";

(ii) adipic polyesters (polyester adipates) having a molecular weight from 200 to 20000, for example, Plasthall 643^*, Plasthall 650^", poly(propylene) adipate for example LANKROFLEX PLA^*, LANKROFLEX PPL^*, LANKROFLEX PPA/3^*, Paraplex G56^*, Paraplex G59^", Diolpate 214^', Diolpate 91 7^";

(iii) succinic polyesters;

(iv) sebacic polyesters (polyester sebacate) having a molecular weight from 4000 to 10000, preferably 8000, for example, Plasthall 1070^"; (iv) Diolpate OL1 696^", Diorex 570^*;

(v) lactone copolymers of the formula [-(O-C(0)-R₁-C(0)-0-)-(R₂-0)]_m-

[(C(O)-R₃-0-)]_n where R, and R₂ are both independently C₂.₁₂ alkyl, or R₂ may be derived from a diol such as 1 ,2-propanediol, 1 ,3- butanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol or 1 ,6-hexanediol, and R₃ is -(CH₂)₅-

(based on caprolactone); (vi) polyesters such as Reoplex 346^*, Reoplex 1 102^*, Reomol MD

(ester of mixed adipic, glutaric and succinic acids with isodecanol), polycaprolactone triol (PCL Triol (300)^*); (J) Wolflex-But^*;

Generally it is preferred that the plasticiser should be biodegradable.

Preferred plasticisers are the polymeric esters, high-boiling glycols, polyglycols, polyoxyalkylenes and glycerol each optionally substituted and optionally terminally esterified, epoxidised soyabean oils, adipates, sebacates, phosphate esters, phthalates, citrates, castor oil, chlorinated paraffins and toluene sulphonamide derivatives.

Particularly preferred are epoxidised natural oils, phthalate derivatives, polypropylene adipates, phosphoric acid derivatives, polymeric esters. Especially polypropylene glycol adipate, substituted polyethylene glycol, polyester glutarate and epoxidised soyabean oil.

Plasticisers which are particularly preferred for conferring improved impact properties are high molecular weight glycols of general formula R_jJO-CH_j-CH_jrO-CH^CH_j-O^-R, , for example Reomol BCD, adipates, for example di-isodecyl adipate, mixed polyesters, for example

Reomol MD, polyester glutarate, for example Paraplex 550, and citrates.

In a further aspect of the invention the polyester composition may contain at least two plasticisers selected from those defined herein. In a yet further aspect of the present invention the polyester composition may contain one or more plasticisers selected from those defined herein and may additionally contain one or more plasticisers previously known to plasticise polyhydroxyalkanoates, for example, citrates containing doubly esterified hydroxycarboxylic acids having at least 3 ester groups in the molecule, glycerol triacetate and glycerol diacetate. Of particular interest is a polyester composition containing as plasticisers acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate (Estaflex^*) and any of the plasticisers defined herein, especially acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate (Estaflex^*) and epoxidised soya bean oil.

The invention further provides for the use of any of the plasticisers defined above for plasticising a biodegradable polyester composition as defined above.

The composition can contain the usual polymer processing additives such as fillers, fibres, nucleants, for example boron nitride, and pigments such as titanium dioxide. It can be in the form of mouldings, extrudates, coatings, films or fibres, including multilayer coatings, films or fibres. The nucleant is generally present in amounts from OJ phr to 10 phr w/w, preferably 1 to 5 phr w/w.

The invention provides methods of making the composition by mixing its components. If desired, this may be effected in a solvent, such as a halogenated hydrocarbon or alkylene carbonate. Such a method is convenient for coating or for centrifugal spinning of fibres. More conveniently, the plasticiser is mixed with powdered dry polymer and the mixture is treated in conditions of shear, such as in a plastic mill or extruder. The product is then granulated and used as feed for a shaping operation such as extrusion, injection moulding, injection blow- moulding or compression moulding.

The composition is especially useful for making the following shaped articles: films, especially for packaging, fibres, non-woven fabrics, extruded nets, personal hygiene products, bottles and drinking vessels, agricultural and horticultural films and vessels, ostomy bags, coated products (such as paper, paperboard, non-woven fabrics), agricultural and horticultural films and vessels, slow-release devices. Alternatively, the polymer composition with suitable additives can be used as an adhesive. The invention is now further described, but is not limited by, the following examples. In the following examples the tests were conducted with PHBV of the (R)-3-hydroxy form. Example 1

Compositions were prepared by mixing PHBV copolymer (10% HV) (500 g) with 1 phr boron nitride (as nucleant) and 20 phr of plasticiser. The mixture was extruded in a Betol 2520 extruder under these conditions: Zone 1 = 1 30°C; Zone 2 = 140°C; Zone 3 = 1 50°C; Die = 1 50°C; Screw Speed = 100 rpm.

The extrudate, a single 4mm lace, was crystallised at 50-60°C in a water bath, dried in a current of air and cut into granules.

The granules were then injection moulded (Boy 1 5S) into tensile bars, dumbbell shaped according to ISO R 537/2, their prismatic part measuring 40 x 5 x 2 mm. The bars were numbered as they came out of the mould, then allowed to cool at ambient temperature. Injection moulding conditions were: Barrel Zone 1 = 1 30°C;

Barrel Zone 2 = 1 30°C; Nozzle = 130°C; Mould heater temperature = 74-77°C; Mould temperature = 60°C; Pressure hold on time = 1 2 sec; Cooling time = 30 sec; Injection pressure 45 bar; Screw speed = 250 rpm. Tensile testing was carried out using an Instron 1 1 22 fitted with a

Nene data analysis system. The jaw separation used was 50 mm and crosshead speed was 10 nπm/min^'1. The samples were measured after 30 days for elongation at break. The results are presented in Table 1 in percentage elongation to break (E%) relative to the starting gauge length of 40mm.

Glass transition temperature (T_g) measurement

The blends were prepared by dispersing the plasticiser (20 phr) onto 10g of PHBV copolymer (10% HV). The plasticiser was dissolved in 20-25ml methanol (or chloroform if immiscible with methanol) and the polymer powder fully wetted. The solvent was allowed to evaporate off at room temperature for 3-4 hours before the blend was finally dried at 60°C for 30 minutes.

The T_g measurement was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis using a Perkin Elmer DSC7 under a nitrogen atmosphere. 10mg samples were used in the following temperature regime : melt sample at 200°C for 2 minutes, cool rapidly to -80°C and hold at this temperature until the system has equilibrated. Heat at 20°C min^'1 from -80°C to 50°C. The T_g was reported as the point of inflection (in the trace) for the second heating step. Table 1

Plasticiser τ_fl/°c E (%)

No plasticiser 0 8.5

polyethylene glycol) (PEG 200) -19.5 10

polyethylene glycol) (PEG 300) -20.5 1 1 .75

polypropylene glycol) (PPG 1000) -10.19 1 2.75

ditridecyl phthalate -10.92 1 2.75

poly(oxyethylene)(4)lauryl ether -9.3 13.75 (Brij 30)

poly(oxyethylene)(20)sorbitan monolaurate -16.6 14 (Tween 20) di-isoundecylphthalate (Jayflex DIUP) -8.38 14.5 polycaprolactone triol (PCL (Mw 300) -8.3 15.75 poly(propylene glycol) (PPG 425) -23.1 3 16.75 di-isononylphthalate (Jayflex DINP) -12.77 16.75

di-isoheptylphthalate (Jayflex 77 DIHP) -19.42 20 polypropylene glycol) (PPG 725) -14.2 21 .5 di-iso-octylphthalate (Jayflex DIOP) -1 5.84 22 di-isodecylphthalate (Jayflex DIDP) -10.06 22.5

epoxidised soya bean oil (Reoplast 39) -9.5 34.25

The plasticisers used in this example are available from commercial suppliers (BDH, Aldrich Chemicals, Exxon Chemicals, and Ciba Geigy). Example 2

Compositions were prepared by mixing PHBV copolymer (1 1 % HV) (500 g) with 1 phr boron nitride (as nucleant) and 100g (20 phr) of plasticiser. The mixture was extruded in a Betol 2520 extruder under these conditions: Zone 1 = 1 15°C; Zone 2 = 133°C; Zone 3 = 153°C; Die = 1 58°C = Screw Speed = 100 rpm.

The extrudate, a single 4mm lace, was crystallised at 50-60°C in a water bath, dried overnight at a low temperature (40°C) and cut into granules.

The granules were then injection moulded (Boy 1 5S) into tensile bars, dumbbell shaped according to ISO R 537/2, their prismatic part measuring 40 x 5 x 2 mm. The bars were numbered as they came out of the mould.

Injection moulding conditions were: Barrel Zone 1 = 1 30°C; Barrel Zone 2 = 1 30°C; Nozzle = 134°C; Mould heater temperature = 74-77°C; Mould temperature = 60°C; Pressure hold on time = 1 2 sec; Cooling time = 12 sec; Injection pressure = 45 bar; Screw speed = 250 rpm.

Tensile testing was carried out using an Instron 1 1 22 fitted with a Nene data analysis system. The jaw separation used was 50 mm and crosshead speed was 10 mm/min^"1. The samples were measured after 90 days for elongation at break. The results are presented in Table 2 as percentage elongation to break relative to the starting gauge length of

40 mm.

The T_g tests of this example were carried out on samples taken from the extruded lace. The DSC analysis was conducted as in Example 1 except for the following conditions: sample size = 7-10 mg; sample cooled rapidly to -50°C at 100°C min ¹; allowed to equilibriate at -50°C; heated at 20°C min-¹ to 205°C.

The plasticisers used in this example are available from commercial suppliers (Unichema International, Akzo Chemie, FMC Corporation, C.P. Hall, ICI, Kemira Polymers). Table 2

Plasticiser V°c E (%)

No plasticiser 0.8 1 3.5

D-A Sebacate -8.7 16.5

glycerol diacetate (Estol 1 582) -12.9 1 9.5 toluene sulphonamide (Ketjenflex 3) -8.6 21 .8

toluene sulphonamide (Ketjenflex 7) -10.2 24

di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (Reomol DOA) -10.7 26.5

butyl acetyl ricinoleate (BAR) -8.5 28.3

di-isobutylphthalate (Reomol DiBP) -1 6 28.5 diester ether alkyl (Plashall 7050) -26.3 29.3 toluene sulphonamide (Ketjenflex 8) -7.8 29.3 triethylene glycol diacetate (Estol 1593) -28 32

triethylene glycol caprylate (Plasthall 4141 ) -24 34 alkyl aryl phosphate (Ketjenflex 141 ) -1 7.8 34.5 toluene sulphonamide (Ketjenflex 15) -7.4 38 chlorinated paraffin (Cereclor 56L) -7.2 41 .5 polyester (Reoplex 346) -1 6.4 42.3 di-isodecylphthalate (Reomol DiDP) -6.6 43.8 adipic polyester (Plasthall 643) -1 1 .4 45 butyl benzyl phthalate (Ketjenflex 1 60) -1 3.8 45.3 chlorinated paraffin (Cerechlor 552) -1 1.8 51.5

Wolflex-But -9.8 52.8 glutaric polyester (Plasthall 550) -7.8 52.8 polyester (Reoplex 1 102) -13.5 53.5 polymeric ester (Diorex 570) -14 54.3

polymeric ester (Diolpate OL1696) -15 54.8

tri-isopropyl phenyl phosphate -9.2 55.3 (Reofos 95)

phosphate ester (Reomol 249) -17.3 60.8

Example 3

Compositions were prepared by mixing PHBV copolymer (6.6% HV, Mw of 680,000) with 1 phr boron nitride (as nucleant) and 20 phr of plasticiser. The mixture was blended for 10 minutes then extruded in a

Betol 2520 extruder under the following conditions:

Zone 1 = non-plasticised 140°C; plasticised 130°C;

Zone 2 = non-plasticised 1 50°C; plasticised 140°; Zone 3 = non-plasticised 160°C; plasticised 140°C;

Die = non-plasticised 1 60°C; plasticised 1 50°C;

The extrudate, a single 4mm lace, was crystallised at 50-60°C in a water bath, dried overnight at a low temperature (40°C) and cut into granules. The granules were then injection moulded (Boy 305) into tensile bars, dumbbell shaped according to ISO R 537/2, their prismatic part measuring 40 x 5 x 2 mm. The bars were numbered as they came out of the mould.

Injection moulding conditions were:- Zones 1 to 3 temperature = as for the extrusion process ;

Injection time = 1 6 seconds;

Nozzle temperature = 1 50°C;

Mould heater temperature = 60-70°C;

Mould temperature = 60°C; Pressure hold on time = 1 6 sec;

Cooling time = 16 sec;

Screw speed = 240 rpm. Tensile testing was carried out using an Instron 4501 instrument system. The jaw separation used was 50 mm and crosshead speed was 10 mm/min^'1. The samples were measured after 30 days for elongation at break. The results are presented in Table 3 as percentage elongation to break relative to a starting gauge length of 40mm.

The T_g tests of this example were carried out on samples from the injection moulded test pieces. The DSC analysis was conducted as in Example 1 except for the following conditions: sample size = 7-10 mg; sample cooled rapidly to -80°C at 100°C min^'1; allowed to equilibriate at -80°C; heated at 20°C min^'1 to 200°C.

The results are presented in Table 3 as percentage elongation to break relative to a starting gauge length of 40mm.

Impact testing was carried out on a notched impact test piece of 1 1 .8mm x 1 .3mm x 4mm using a Zwick Izod impact tester at 28 °C. The results are presented in Table 3. Where a T_g is available for the material this is placed alongside the result in the Table. Table 3

Plasticiser %E Plasticiser IZOD

None 1 5.4 None 70.8

1 1 5.4 5 71

2 18.5 53 98.8

3 16.7 44 104

4 17.0 4 105

5 1 7.4 18 107.8 -8.3

6 17.7 -1 1 .9 38 1 10

7 18.9 41 1 10.3 1 .39

8 18.9 17 1 1 1 .3

9 19J -13.5 26 1 1 1 .8 Plasticiser %E Plasticiser IZOD τ_B

10 20.4 56 112

11 20.5 -19.6 23 117

12 21.3 15 125

13 22 -12.7 50 125.3

14 22J -18.6 1 127J

15 23J 17 128

16 23.3 64 129.8 -22.8

17 24.2 65 130.3 -10.5

18 24.6 -8.3 10 130.3

19 24.7 -12.6 66 135 -7.5

20 25 -8.5 3 136.8

21 25 32 138

22 25 21 142.8

.23 25.2 60 144.8

24 25.6 -4.2 48 149.8 -3.67

25 26.1 -3.8 52 152

26 26.2 47 155.8

27 26.8 -25.3 7 155.8

28 27.8 -22.8 40 159

29 29.4 -21.5 36 160.8

30 29.6 -18.5 34 164.3 -6.5

31 29.6 -6J 51 164.8 Plasticiser %E τ₉ Plasticiser IZOD τ_B

32 30.2 63 166.3 -3.5

33 30.3 -17.9 49 166.8 -1 5.8

34 30.8 -6.5 58 166.8

35 31 J 43 167.3

36 31 .3 16 167.8

37 31 .3 -18.3 6 169.4 -1 1 .9

38 31 .7 29 170.8 -21 .5

39 33.3 -26.2 62 182.3 -6.6

40 34.2 33 183.3 -17.9

41 34.3 -1 .4 56 185

42 34.4 -22.0 13 186.6 -12.7

43 35.3 -10.8 45 187.3 -6.3

44 35.4 31 192.8 -6.1

45 36 -6.3 2 195.4

46 36.4 -2.1 67 197.5 -3.1

47 38.5 19 197.8 -12.6

48 38.6 -3.7 61 197.8

49 39 -15.8 59 198.8 -13

50 40.5 57 200.8 -4.2

51 40.6 68 201 .8 -25.3

52 42.9 14 202.8 -18.6

53 47.6 35 204.8 Plasticiser %E τ_a Plasticiser IZOD τ_B

54 48.4 -14.5 25 21 5.8 -3.8

55 48.4 -1 .2 9 220.8 -1 3.5

56 48.6 37 227.3 -18.3

57 55.7 -4.2 38 227.8

58 59.3 42 228.3 -22

59 60.7 -13.0 39 231 .8 -26.2

60 68.9 1 1 235.6 -1 9.6

61 82.3 55 241 -1 .2

62 96.6 -6.56 20 243.3 -8.5

63 162.7 -3.49 30 251 .8 -18.5

69 257.8 -1 .5 .

54 271 .3 -14.5

22 273.8

46 301 .3 -2.1

12 265.8

Key

1 1 ,4-butane diol adipic acid (S102250) available from Occidental Chemical

2 1 ,4-butane diol adipic acid (S102250) (35phr)

3 polyethylene glycol 2000 available from Aldrich Chemical

4 polycaprolactone (Tone 301 ) available from Union Carbide

5 polyethylene glycol 6000 available from Aldrich Chemical 6 Triton X100 (polyethoxyethanol) available from Aldrich Chemical

7 1 ,4-butane diol adipic acid (S 1063210) available from Occidental Chemical neopentylglycol-adipic acid-caprolactone (S1063210) available from Occidental Chemical triethylcitrate (Citroflex 2) available from Morflex Inc.

10 polyester adipate (MW = 2000) (Plasthall P643) available from C.P. Hall

1 1 Morton TP95 (polyether) available from Morton Thiokol Inc

12 di-isononyladipate (Jayflex DINA2) available from Exxon Chemical

13 Reomol 249 (phosphate ester) available from FMC Corporation

14 Monoplex 573 (epoxidised octyl tallate) available from C.P. Hall 15 PEG 600 monolaurate (Plasthall CPH43N) available from C.P. Hall

1 6 Epoxidised soyabean oil (Plasthall ESO) available from C.P. Hall

17 PEG 200 Monolaurate (Plasthall CPH27N) available from available from C.P. Hall

18 Epoxidised soya bean oil (Paraplex G60) available from C.P. Hall 19 acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate (Citroflex A4) available from Morflex Inc

20 acetyl triethyl citrate (Citroflex A2) available from Morflex Inc

21 polyester sebecate (Plasthall P1070) available from C.P. Hall

22 neopentylglycol-adipic acid-caprolactone (S1063210) (35phr) available from Occidental Chemical 23 F1040250 trifunctional polyester adipates available from Occidental

Chemical

24 polypropylene glycol adipate (low MW) (Lankroflex PPL) available from Harcros Chemicals

25 di isooctylazelate (Reomol DIOZ) available from FMC Corporation 26 polyester adipate (MW = 1200) (Plasthall P650) available from C.P Hall

27 Butyl carbitol ether/ester (Reomol BCF) available from FMC Corporation

28 epoxidised linseed oil (Lankroflex L) available from Harcros Chemicals

29 epoxidised ester of fatty acid (Lankroflex ED6) available from Harcros Chemicals

30 tri-n-butylcitrate (Citroflex 4) available from Morflex Inc

31 epoxidised soyabean oil (Paraplex G62) available from C.P. Hall

32 polyoxyethylene laurate (Plasthall CPH 376N) available from C.P. Hall

33 Morton TP759 available from Morton Thiokol 34 dioctyladipate (Jayflex DOA2) available from Exxon Chemical

35 polyester glutarate (Plasthall P7092) available from C.P. Hall

36 polyester adipate (Diolpate 91 7) available from Kemira Chemical

37 butyl carbitol ether/ester (Reomol BCD) available from FMC Corporation

38 octylphenyl substituted PEG (Igepal CA520)

39 Morton TP90B available from Morton Thiokol

40 trifunctional polyester adipates (F1040250) (35phr) available from Occidental Chemical 41 epoxidised soya bean oil (Lankroflex GE) available from Harcros

Chemical

42 acetyltributylcitrate (Estaflex^*) available from Akzo Chemie

43 acetyltrimethylcitrate available from Morflex Inc

44 PEG 600 monooleate (Plasthall CPH41 N) available from C.P. Hall 45 butyl-tri-n-hexyl citrate (Citroflex B6) available from Morflex Inc

46 di-isodecyladipate (Jayflex DIDA2) available from Exxon Chemical

47 polyester adipate (Diolpate 214) available from Kemira Polymers

48 epoxidised soya bean oil (Reoplas 39) available from Ciba Geigy

49 di-n-butyl sebecate (Reomol DBS) available from Ciba Geigy 50 polyester adipate (MW = 4200) (Diolpate 214) available from Kemira

Polymers

51 epoxidised glycol oleate (Monoplex S75) available from C.P. Hall

52 PEG 400 Monolaurate (Plasthall CPH30N) available from C.P. Hall

53 Castor oil available from Aldrich Chemical 54 Estaflex^'/epoxidised soyabean oil (Reoplas 39) (50/50) available from

Akzo Chemie/Ciba Geigy

55 polyester glutarate (Paraplex P550) available from C.P. Hall

56 S1069285 (35phr) available from Occidental Chemical

57 PPG phthalate/adipate blend (Lankroflex 828) available from Harcros Chemical

58 polyester adipate (Paraplex G59) available from C.P. Hall

59 tri-isopropyl phenyl phosphate (Reofos 95) available from FMC Corporation

60 polypropylene adipate (Diolpate PPA350) available from Kemira Polymers

61 polyester glutarate (Plasthall P7035) available from C.P. Hall

62 PEG mono (1 J ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl-phenyl ether (Igepal CA210) available from Aldrich Chemical 63 polypropyleneglycol adipate high MW (Lankroflex PPA3) available from Harcros Chemical

64 PEG 200 monooleate ( Plasthall CPH27N) available from C.P. Hall

65 polyoxyethlene sorbitanmonolaurate (Tween 80) available from Aldrich Chemical 66 trimethylcitrate available from Morflex Inc

67 polyester glutarate (Plasthall P7046) available from C.P. Hall

68 butyl carbitol ether/ester (Reomol BCF) available from FMC Corporation

69 mixed polyester (Reomol MD) (ester of mixed adipic, glutaric and succinic acids with isodecanol) available from FMC Corporation

Conclusions

All of the compounds evaluated as plastisicers in this example offer improved mechanical properties, and many of them demonstrated considerable improvements in elongation to break over the control which contained no processing additives. The most effective plasticiser was a polypropylene glycol adipate. A substituted polyethylene glycol (Igepal CA210) gaive very good results as did some of the polyester glutarates. Phosphate esters, castor oil, epoxidised soya bean oils, epoxidised stearates, high boiling adipate and sebacate esters, citrates and a number of polyethylene glycol derivatives yielded elongations which were double that observed for the control. Blends of plasticisers were also effective. For example, a 50:50 blend of a citrate ester (Estaflex^*) and an epoxidised soyabean oil gave superior results to when the plasticisers were used alone. Traditional plasticiser theory predicts that the best plasticisers would yield the lowest T_gs. In this system, this is clearly not the case. For example, th emost effective plasticiser in this study was Lankroflex PPA3. This gave an elongation to break of 162.7%. The T_B was only - 3.5°C. By contrast Reomol BCF with a much lower T_g of -25.3°C gave a much poorer elongation to break of 26.8%.

The Izod impact performance demonstrates a better correlation with T_g. Substituted PEGs such as Reomol BCD and the Morton range of plasticisers gave good results. Citrate esters were also highly effective.

Claims

1 . Polyester composition comprising a biodegradable polyester and a plasticising quantity of at least one plasticiser selected from the group : high-boiling esters of polybasic acids; phosphoric acid derivatives; phosphorous acid derivatives; phosphonic acid derivatives; substituted fatty acids; high-boiling glycols, polyglycols, polyoxyalkylenes and glycerol each optionally substituted and optionally terminally esterified; pentaerythritols and derivatives; sulphonic acid derivatives; epoxy derivatives; chlorinated paraffins; polymeric esters; Wolflex-But^*; provided that citrates does not include doubly esterified hydroxycarboxylic acids having at least 3 ester groups in its molecule and further provided that glycerols does not include glycerol triacetate and glycerol diacetate.

2. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the biodegradable polyester is selected from the group: polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyethylene succinate, polypropylene succinate, polybutylene succinate, polypropiolactone, polybutyrolactone, polyvalerolactone, caprolactone copolymer, or polyhydroxyalkanoate.

3. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the biodegradable polyester is selected from polyesters containing combinations of dicarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof and diols, the dicarboxylic acids being selected from the group consisting of malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, azelaic, sebacic, fumaric, 2,2-dimethylglutaric, suberic, 1 ,3-cyclopentane dicarboxylic, 1 ,4-dicyclohexane-dicarboxylic, 1 ,3-cyclohexane dicarboxylic, diglycolic, itaconic, maleic, 2,5-norbornane dicarboxylic and ester forming derivatives thereof and combinations thereof, and diols selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, proplyene glycol, 1 ,3- propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,3 butanediol, 1 ,4- butanediol, 1 ,5-pentanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 2,2,-trimethyl-1 ,6- hexanediol, thiodiethanol, 1 ,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol, 2,2 ,4 ,4- tetramethyl-1 ,3-cyclobutanediol, triethyleneglycol, tetraethyleneglycol, di-, tri-, tetra- proplyeneglycol and combinations thereof, cellulose and cellulose esters, polypeptides, proteins and polyamides, copolymer of succinic acid and butylene glycol.

4. Polyester composition according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the polyhydroxyalkanoate is selected from polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate, polycaprolactone, polylactic acid or polyglycollic acid.

5. Polyester composition according to claim 4 wherein the polyhydroxyalkanoate is selected from poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate and poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate.

6. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the high- boiling esters of polybasic acids are selected from the group comprising phthalates and isophthalates, citrates, fumarates, glutamates, adipates, sebacic acid derivatives and azelaic acid derivatives.

7 Polyester composition according to claim 6 wherin the phthalates and isophthalates are compounds of the formula:

where R, is C, .₂₀ alkyl, cycloalkyl or benzyl.

8. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the phosphoric acid derivatives; phosphorous acid derivatives; phosphonic acid derivatives are selected from compounds of the formula 0 = P(OR)₃ where R is alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl,

9. Polyester composition according to claim 8 wherein the phosphoric acid derivative is a phosphate ester or tri-isopropyl phenyl phosphate.

10. Polyester composition according to claim 6 wherein the citrates are selected from compounds of the formula

0 II CH₂-C-0-R₂

0 II R,-0-C-C-0-R₂

0

II

CH₂-C-0-R₂

where R, is hydrogen or C,.₁₀ alkyl, and R₂ is C-.,₀ alkyl, C,.^ alkoxy or C,.₁₀ alkoxyalkyl.

1 1 . Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the substituted fatty acids are selected from palmitates, stearates, oleates, ricinoleates and laurates.

12. Polyester composition according to claim 1 1 wherein the substituted fatty acid is selected from sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, poly(oxyethylene)-(20)Sorbitan monolaurate, poly(oxyethylene)(4)laurγl ether and butyl acetyl ricinoleate.

13. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the high- boiling glycols, polyglycols, polyoxyalkylenes and glycerol are selected from high molecular weight glycols, poly(propylene glycol), poly(ethylene) glycol, glycerol tricaprolate and glycerol tributyrate.

14. Polyester composition according to claim 13 wherein the high boiling glycols are selected from triethylene glycol diacetate, triethylene glycol caprylate, alkyl ethers/esters of general formula R₂-(0-CH₂-CH₂-0-CH₂-CH₂-0)_n-R₁ where n is 2 or more, where R₂ is C₄H₉- and n is 2, or where R, is -O-alkyl, R₂ is C₄H₉- and n is 2, or where R, is -C(0)-alkyl, R₂ is C₄H₉- and n is 2, compounds of such formula where R, is -C(0)-C_mH_{2n+ 1} and m is 1 to 20 optionally unsaturated and n is up to 20, and such compounds containing irregularly spaced ether linkages, for example the compounds of the formula above in which R, hydrogen, R₂ is alkyiphenyl where the alkyl is C₂.,₂ alkyl, (optionally the repeating ethoxy may be isopropoxy) and n is 2 to 100.

1 5. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the sulphonic acid derivative is a toluenesulphonam.de.

16. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the epoxy derivatives are selected from the compounds of formula CH₃- (CH₂)_n-A-(CH₂)_n-R in which the A is an alkene containing one or more double bonds, n is up to 25 and R is C₂.₁₅ alkyl, epoxidised esters of fatty acids, epoxidised soya bean oil, epoxidised linseed oils, epoxidised octyl tallate, epoxidised glycoioleate.

17. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the plasticiser is one or more chlorinated paraffins.

18. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the polymeric esters are selected from compounds of the formula -O-C(0)-R,- C(0)-0-R₂-0- in which R, and R₂ are both independently C₂.₁₂ alkyl, or R₂ may be derived from a diol.

1 9. Polyester composition according to claim 18 wherein the polymeric ester is selected from glutaric polyesters having molecular weights from 2000 to 20,000, adipic polyesters having a molecular weight from 200 to 20,000, succinic polyesters, sebacic polyesters having a molecular weight from 4000 to 10,000, lactone copolymers of the formula [-(O-CfO-R^CIOJ-O-)- (R₂-0)]_m-[(C(0)-R₃-0-)]_n where R, and R₂ are both independently C₂. ₁₂ alkyl, or R₂ may be derived from a diol, and R₃ is -(CH₂)₅- (based on caprolactone), polyesters of mixed adipic, glutaric and succinic acids, polycaprolactone triol

20. Polymer composition according to claim 1 wherein the plastisicer is selected from polymeric esters, high-boiling glycols, polyglycols, polyoxyalkylenes and glycerol each optionally substituted and optionally terminally esterified, epoxidised soyabean oils, adipates, sebacates, phosphate esters, phthalates, citrates, castor oil, chlorinated paraffins and toluene sulphonamide derivatives.

21 . Polyester composition according to claim 20 wherein the plasticiser is selected from polypropylene glycol adipate, substituted polyethylene glycol, polyester glutarate and epoxidised soyabean oil.

22. Polyester composition according to claim 1 wherein the piastisicer is selected from high molecular weight glycols of general formula R^IO-CH^CH^O-CH_j-CH_j-OJ_n-R,, adipates, mixed polyesters, polyester glutarate and citrates.

23. Polyester composition according to any of the preceding claims which comprises a blend of two or more biodegradable polyesters in which at least 50% w/w is polyhydroxyalkanoate.

24. Polyester composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein up to 50% w/w of the blend comprises one or more polymers selected from polycaprolactone, polylactic acid and cellulose esters.

25. Polyester composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein the composition contains at least two plasticisers selected from any of those defined in any of the preceding claims.

26. Polyester composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein the composition contains one or more plasticisers selected from those defined in any of the preceding claims and additionally contains a plasticiser previously known to plasticise polyhydroxyalkanoates.

27. Polyester composition according to claim 26 wherein the composition additionally contains a plasticiser selected from citrates containing doubly esterified hydroxycarboxylic acids having at least 3 ester groups in the molecule, glycerol triacetate and glycerol diacetate.

28. Polyester composition according to claim 27 wherein the additional plasticiser is acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate.

29. Use of any of the plasticisers defined in any of claims 1 to 28 for plasticising a biodegradable polyester composition as defined in any of claims of claims 1 to 28.

30. Biodegradable polyester and a plasticising quantity of at least one plasticiser selected from the group : high-boiling esters of polybasic acids; citrates; phosphoric acid derivatives (phosphates); phosphonic acid derivatives; phosphites; substituted fatty acids; fumarates; glutamates; high-boiling glycols, polyglycols and glycerol, optionally terminally esterified; pentaerythritols; sulphonic acid derivatives; epoxy derivatives including epoxidised natural oils; ricinoleates; adipates; chlorinated paraffins; polyesters including polycaprolactone triol; polymeric esters; glutaric polyesters; adipic polyesters; succinic polyesters; Wolflex-But^*; provided that citrates does not include doubly esterified hydroxycarboxylic acids having at least 3 ester groups in its molecule and further provided that glycerols does not include glycerol triacetate and glycerol diacetate.