WO1994014064A1 - Methodologie pour developer une lignee superieure d'animaux domestiques - Google Patents

Methodologie pour developer une lignee superieure d'animaux domestiques Download PDF

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WO1994014064A1
WO1994014064A1 PCT/CA1993/000533 CA9300533W WO9414064A1 WO 1994014064 A1 WO1994014064 A1 WO 1994014064A1 CA 9300533 W CA9300533 W CA 9300533W WO 9414064 A1 WO9414064 A1 WO 9414064A1
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response
animal
animals
pigs
antibody
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PCT/CA1993/000533
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English (en)
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Bruce Nicholson Wilkie
Bonnie Allorene Mallard
Brian Wayne Kennedy
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University Of Guelph
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Priority to EP94901714A priority Critical patent/EP0673509A1/fr
Priority to AU56213/94A priority patent/AU689759B2/en
Publication of WO1994014064A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994014064A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6854—Immunoglobulins
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5091—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing the pathological state of an organism

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a methodology for
  • Pasteur 128C 303-305.
  • Brucella abortus resistance to which is correlated with effective mononuclear phagocytic function, may be
  • breeding Value (EBV) indicator of the animal's level of ability to resist disease and ability to pass such disease resistance to offspring such EBV indicator being useful in selecting animals to be bred in order to produce offspring which inherit said level of ability to resist disease.
  • the procedure comprises:
  • five traits may be selected on which diagnosis is based are:
  • DHT hypersensitivity
  • BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin
  • PPD purified protein derivative
  • diagnosis based on these selected traits provides an estimated breeding value (EBV) which determines the superior line of pigs for providing enhanced productivity and of improved health.
  • EBV estimated breeding value
  • the combined EBV can be calculated for each animal, such as pigs, where each pig is assigned to a high, low or controlled breeding group.
  • the methodology may be applied to various livestock to yield a high quality strain of livestock which is disease resistant. It has been found that the traits evaluated in accordance with the above methodology is preserved in generation to generation where, as needed, further EBVs may be
  • Figure 1 is a bar chart showing the EBVs for a first generation of Yorkshire pigs
  • Figure 2 is the combined EBV for first generation Yorkshire pigs.
  • Figure 3 is a rate of gain in pigs selected for high-low immune responses.
  • Figure 4 Mean change in weight of M. hyorhinis challenged and control (Placebo) pigs of High (solid bars) and Low (hatched bars) immune response lines of pigs. Weight gain in control pigs is significantly
  • Weight loss is equivalent for animals of each line after infection.
  • FIG. 7 Serum antibody (passive haemagglutination) titer (log 2 ) in M. hyorhinis infected pigs of High (solid bars) and Low (hatched bars) immune response lines. Titer is significantly (p ⁇ 0.001) increased on D3 in High line pigs only and in pigs of both lines at subsequent times. High line pigs have significantly (p ⁇ 0.05) higher titers than Low line pigs on days 3, 7, 10 and 14.
  • peritonitis p ⁇ 0.008
  • pleuritis p ⁇ 0.001
  • arthritis p ⁇ 0.002
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia .
  • the ranking procedure of this invention has been applied to pigs; however, it will become apparent that the basis of the ranking procedure may be applied to other types of livestock.
  • the methodology has been applied to the development of a high line of pigs which exhibit increased production, better health where the desirable traits are passed on from one generation to the next.
  • Such increase in productivity and health can result in, for example, one extra pig per litter, moving the pigs to market weight in less time, for example by as much as ten days without reduction in quality of the meat and that such animals respond in a superior way to various vaccination treatments.
  • the procedure, according to this invention, which provides an Estimated Breeding Value is very useful for ranking amongst breeding animals their immune system responsiveness.
  • the Estimated Breeding Value is an indicator of the animal's responsiveness in resisting disease. The greater the animal's ability, that is level of ability to resist disease, then the higher the EBV. Furthermore the EBV indicator is based on the ability of the animal to pass such disease resistance to offspring. Hence the higher the ability of the animal to pass on this disease resistance correspondingly the higher the EBV for that animal.
  • animals may be selected for breeding in order to produce offspring which inherit the higher or lower level of ability to resist disease.
  • the ranking procedure is important in respect of development of strains of animals that are disease resistant, it is also an aspect of the invention, however, to develop at the same time a line of animals which has a very low resistance to disease. Such low animals can be very useful in drug screening programs and other tests to determine efficacies of new drugs, vaccines and the like.
  • the ranking procedure is based on testing the animal's response to several, perhaps related or
  • heritable humoral immunity traits may be tested by at least two tests. One of the tests is usually a general measure of the immune response and the other test is usually an antigen-specific immune
  • this can be tested by at least two tests which are correspondingly directed to either the general or antigen-specific types of tests. These tests are conducted as soon as possible on the animal after it has been weaned form its mother and at a time chosen to negate any effects of passive immunity; thereby ensuring the least amount of interference in respect of getting true values for these test results.
  • the humoral immunity tests more specifically may be selected from tests, such as:
  • the specific test may be an antibody response to an antigen which is not expected to be part of the antigens to which the animal and his parents have previously been exposed.
  • these tests may be:
  • DTH cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity
  • the antigen may be concanavalin A.
  • the antigen used to induce DTH that may be Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or purified protein derived in a human strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown on a protein free synthetic medium.
  • BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
  • the indicator divides all ranked animals into these indicated groups of high, low or control. The ranking therefore provides the basis for breeding together only test animals from the same group; that is only animals ranked high are bred with other animals ranked high and correspondingly with respect to the ranked low or control animals. Cross-breeding of a high animal with a low animal would not produce the desired result, because of the resultant degeneracy in the offspring insofar as developing an animal line with the increasing ability to resist disease and other advantages and features of this invention.
  • the ranking procedure when used in selecting breeding animals from the high group provide offspring which achieve market weight consistently faster than offspring bred from control groups or bred from low groups.
  • the offspring also have a higher percentage of live piglets per litter, such as when applied to pigs, also a lower number of litters with less than three piglets, a lower percentage of deformed piglets per litter and a higher production index.
  • the animals ranked in the high and low groups differ in disease manifestations induced by infection.
  • the animals ranked in the high and low groups differ in response to vaccination such that the animals ranked in the high groups respond earlier, produce more antibody against antigens and have a higher percentage of animals that respond to vaccination.
  • the animals ranked in the high and low groups differ in response to
  • first generation piglets As an example of an embodiment of the invention, approximately 120 first generation piglets (G1) were evaluated in accordance with the ranking procedure.
  • heritability estimates were 0.25, 0.23, 0.08, 0.08 and zero for secondary antibody response to HEWL, blastogenic response to Con A, cutaneous DTH to BCG/PPD, serum IgG, and monocyte function, respectively. Least squares means reflected these estimates in that there were significant (p ⁇ 0.05) differences between High and Low line G, pigs in antibody, blastogenic, and DTH responses. However, there were no significant line differences in serum IgG or uptake and killing of S .
  • lymphocyte proliferative responses involved the evaluation of 65 female and 33 male piglets, beginning at approximately 60 days of age.
  • One male and 2 female piglets were sampled from each of 34 litters by 15 sires.
  • Each piglet was evaluated for total serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (I&M), serum antibody response to Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL) , a synthetic peptide (TGAL), and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC).
  • Cellular immune response was assessed by measuring delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to a purified protein derivative (PPD) of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), as well as by contact sensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB).
  • DTH delayed type hypersensitivity
  • PPD purified protein derivative
  • BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin
  • DNCB dinitrochlorobenzene
  • Con A concanavalin A
  • PPD peripheral blood monocytes
  • FCA Freund's complete adjuvant
  • microplate autowasher Bio-tek Instruments, Guelph, Ontario 3 times with 250 ul/well of wash buffer (0.05% Tween-20 in PBS, pH 7.4) then blocked with 200 ul/well of 3% Tween-20 and incubated at room temperature (rt) for 1 hour. Plates were again washed 3 times with the wash buffer and samples added. In addition, a control was provided which included the above reagents without the addition of the samples.
  • test sample was prepared using 0.05%
  • Antibody responses to SRBCs were determined by a haemagglutination assay described previously (Mallard et al. 1989a) and serum IgG and Igm concentrations by single radial immunodiffusion (Mallard et al. 1989b).
  • Lymphocyte blastogenesis was evaluated on day 21 of the immunization schedule by measuring lymphocyte
  • PBLS peripheral blood lymphocytes
  • Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) to PPD and DNCB were determined 24 and 48 hours after challenge by calculating the increase in double skin fold thickness using the method described previously (Mallard et al. 1989a).
  • Total serum hemolytic complement (CH 50 ) activity was determined using day 0 (pre-immunization) and day 30 (post-immunization) samples. Blood was collected, held on ice and sera were harvested and frozen (-700°C) until time of analyses. Sera were then analyzed according to the method described previously (Mallard et al. 1989c). To. assess the ability of peripheral blood monocytes to take up and kill S. typhimurim, mononuclear cells were separated using a Ficol-Hypaque density gradient
  • Y ijkl is a normal rank score on an immune response measure on the ijkl* pig
  • ⁇ is the population mean
  • g i is the fixed effect of the i th sex of pig (male vs female)
  • S j is the random effect of the j th sire (0, I ⁇ 2 ,)
  • l jk is the random effect of the jk th litter ⁇ (0, I ⁇ 2 j)
  • e ijkl is the random effect of the ijkl th pig ⁇ (0, I ⁇ 2 e ).
  • the litter term contains the additive genetic contribution of the dam plus environmental and dominance genetic effects common to littermates. Solutions from the restricted maximum likelihood analyses were used to compute an estimated breeding value of each tested pig for each trait as follows (Kennedy and Sorensen, 1988) :
  • EBV ikjl s i + kl jk + h 2 w (y ijkl - g i - s j - l jk )
  • the objective was to include one specific and one general indicator of both antibody and cellular immunity and one indicator of innate resistance.
  • the five traits were serum IgG, antibody response to HEWL, blastogenic response to Con A, cutaneous DTH to BCG/PPD and uptake and killing of S . typhimurium .
  • a total EBV score on the five traits was combined in an index, as well these five traits can be considered independently.
  • the top, intermediate and bottom ranking 7 young boars were chosen as foundation breeding stock (G 0 ) to be sires of High (H), Control (C) and Low (L) line pigs respectively. Although 7 boars were chosen for each line, only 5 were actually used for breeding with 2 held in reserve in case of reproductive problems. similarly, the top, intermediate and bottom ranking gilts were selected and mated to H, C and L line boars respectively. There were 23, 21 and 19 H, C and L gilts. From each litter from these matings, 2 females and 1 male first generation (G 1 ) piglets were randomly sampled and evaluated according to the same immunization schedule as the parents.
  • t j is the effect of the j th generation
  • l k is the effect of the k th line
  • tl jk is the line by generation interaction
  • e ijkl the random error. All effects, except the error, were fixed.
  • a ijklm is the additive genetic (breeding) value of the ijklm* pig (0, A ⁇ 2 a ) and e ijklm is the random environmental effect on the ijklm th pig (0,l ⁇ 2 e ).
  • the average genetic value of pigs of the jk th generation and line was estimated as ⁇ i,l,m a ijklm / N jk where N jk is the number of pigs.
  • Response to selection was estimated as differences in average estimated genetic value between the H and L lines in generation 1. Standard errors of response were according to Sorensen and Kennedy (1986).
  • Results from the least squares analysis of data from G 0 are summarized in Table 2. Results of these analyses indicated that the sire significantly contributed to the variation observed in secondary antibody response to HEWL and TGAL, serum IgG, DTH to PPD, and hemolytic complement activity (Day 0 and 30).
  • the litter significantly influenced the secondary antibody response to HEWL, serum IgG and IgM, blastogenic response to PPD and Con A, and complement (day 0).
  • the sex of the pig influenced the primary antibody response to HEWL, serum IgM and
  • Cutaneous DTH to PPD and DNCB tended to be
  • the DTH response to PPD was included in the index as one indicator of CMI because it had the higher heritability, and the response to DNCB was positively correlated with serum IgG which was already marked for inclusion in the index.
  • the lymphocyte proliferative responses to PPD and Con A tended to be positively correlated, as were the proliferative and DTH responses to PPD (Table 3) .
  • the heritability estimates of the blastogenic responses to PPD and Con A in G 0 were 0.15 and 0.37 respectively. For these reasons blastogenic response to the mitogen Con A was chosen as the other indicator of cellular
  • Preimmunization complement activity was also positively correlated with secondary antibody response to HEWL and serum IgG (Table 3). The heritability of complement activity was 0.13 and 0.31 pre (day 0) and post (day 30) immunization respectively. Due to the positive correlation with antibody response to HEWL, which was already included in the index, complement activity was not included in the index.
  • Monocyte function measured as anti-bacterial capacity, was positively correlated with hemolytic complement activity (day 0), but negatively correlated with serum IgM (Table 3). The heritability of this trait was 0.18 in G 0 and because of the importance of the monocyte in both antibody and cellular immunity it was included as a parameter in the selection index.
  • EBVs calculated on the five traits for each pig within a line, and additively combined EBV, are given in Figures 1 and 2.
  • Mean total EBVs for the High, Control and Low lines were 0.66 ⁇ .36, -0.04 ⁇ .19, and -0.55 ⁇ .31 respectively.
  • the response to selection was determined using both the least squares and animal model.
  • the differences between H and L lines are reported in terms of original and standardized units (Table 7).
  • the results showed that after one generation of selection the H and L lines were separated by 1.205 as measured by EBVS, and 1.528 as measured by least squares which is a little more than half a standard deviation of the index (Table 7).
  • the largest line differences occurred in antibody response to HEWL and blastogenic response to Con A.
  • the multi-trait selection based on predictors of immune and innate resistance demonstrates that immunity in mammals is regulated not by one, but a complex network of factors.
  • a random bred population of Yorkshire pigs was characterized using various indicators of immune and innate resistance (Table 1) as described. Based on first estimates of heritability and correlations of estimates of breeding values (Tables 2 and 3), serum IgG and secondary antibody response to HEWL were selected as predictors of antibody responsiveness, while lymphocyte stimulation by Con A and DTH to BCG/PPD were chosen as predictors of cellular response, and innate resistance was evaluated in terms of monocyte function. EBVs for each trait were calculated using an animal model that makes use of all known relationships among animals, and pigs were ranked based on combined EBVs and assigned to High, Low or Control breeding groups. Approximately 40 first generation piglets from each line were then
  • H and L lines were separated by 1.205 units as measured by EBVs and 1.508 as measured by least squares EBVs (Table 7).
  • Heritability estimates were 0.25, 0.23, 0.08, 0.08 and zero for antibody response to HEWL, lymphocyte stimulation by Con A, DTH response to BCG/PPD, serum IgG, and monocyte function respectively (Table 5).
  • Least squares means Table 6) and line differences, both in terms of original and standardized measures, (Table 7) reflected these heritability estimates in that the largest differences were apparent in the more highly heritable traits, whereas there were no significant differences between the lines in serum IgG concentration on monocyte function.
  • H and L line pigs responsiveness in the H and L line pigs is not restricted to a single antigen, but may operate at least in part as a more general level such as antigen presentation, rather than B-cell function alone.
  • immune based inflammatory response to DNCB was significantly higher in the L line pigs (Table 8). This parameter has also been previously reported to be negatively associated with antibody response in SLA defined miniature pigs (Mallard et al. 1989a).
  • pigs and other types of livestock can be separated into high and low breeding lines using
  • the methodology of this invention provides a reproducible technique in determining the high line of pigs or other livestocks for breeding purposes to increase the
  • Antibody avidity can also be investigated in the high and low response groups of animals as ranked by this invention. Antibody avidity is a measure of the
  • Avidity indices of antibody to hen eggwhite lysozyme were measured by chaotropic ion (SCN) elution enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in pigs grouped as high control of low for various immune and innate resistance-related traits.
  • the avidity index was the molar concentration of SCN- required to reduce by 50% the ELISA optical density value for a given serum. The index was independent of the amount of antibody.
  • Serum antibody avidity for HEWL was evaluated on day 14 and day 30 after primary (day 0) and secondary (day 14) immunization. The effects of response group, gender, litter, serum IgG concentration and anti- HEWL antibody on avidity were determined using a linear model.
  • Antibody avidity indices varied amongst individuals. Mean avidity indices for sera collected on days 14 and 30 were 0.61 ⁇ 0.43 and 1.22 ⁇ 0.546, with maximum indices of 2.64 and 2.86 respectively. Avidity of secondary response antibody was significantly higher (p ⁇ 0.05). Pigs of the high response group had significantly higher secondary antibody avidity than those of the control (p ⁇ 0108) and low groups (p ⁇ 0.01). Avidity index was positively correlated with antibody to HEWL on days 14 and 30, but not to preimmunization serum IgG
  • Embodiment #1 Animals genetically selected as per Embodiment #1 to express high or low immune response or innate resistance- related traits are expected to differ in response to infection and in development of disease. Pigs were tested as selected for high (H) or low (L) expression of serum IgG, serum antibody to hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), peripheral blood lymphocyte blastogenesis after in vitro stimulation with concanavalin A and cutaneous delayed- type hypersensitivity to PPD after sensitization with BCG. H and L pigs of generation G4 which differed
  • H line pigs gained more weight between days -1 and 14 (p ⁇ 0.001) but within the infected group weight loss was equivalent for pigs of both lines.
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated on day 3 in L and day 7 (p ⁇ 0.001) in H and remained elevated in H and L.
  • Fibrinogen was elevated by day 3 (p ⁇ 0.001) with L>H on day 10 (p ⁇ 0.005).
  • H had more blood lymphocytes than L in the absence of challenge (p ⁇ 0.05). Both groups had reduced blood lymphocyte numbers (p ⁇ 0.05) by day 7 with H reverting to
  • the principal antemortem disease sign was arthritis which had onset at day 7 in H and 10 in L
  • pigs have been genetically selected for high and low response using an index that combined estimated breeding values for serum IgG concentration, antibody response to hen egg white lysozyme, in vitro blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with the mitogen con A and delayed type hypersensitivity induced by intradermal injection of tuberculin PPD after sensitization with BCG.
  • an index that combined estimated breeding values for serum IgG concentration, antibody response to hen egg white lysozyme, in vitro blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with the mitogen con A and delayed type hypersensitivity induced by intradermal injection of tuberculin PPD after sensitization with BCG.
  • pigs of the high and low response lines were experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) and their
  • the challenge strain of M. hyorhinis (497- 14) was originally isolated from joints of a naturally infected pig.
  • the mycoplasmas were cultured in modified Hayflick's broth (Erno, H. et al. 1973), washed by centrifugation, resuspended in PBS and stored at -70°c. Pigs in the challenged group received a single i.p.
  • Antibody titres to Mycoplasma hyorhinis Indirect haemagglutination (Cho, H.J. et al. 1976), was used to titrate antibody to M. hyorhinis in serum and synovia. For statistical analysis, titers were converted to log 2 :
  • the model used for analyzing the response during the course of the challenge was:
  • Y ijklmm an observed value for a trait measuring the response to challenge
  • DAY i a fixed effect due to day of observation
  • TREATMENT j a fixed effect due to treatment regime
  • LINE k a fixed effect due to breeding line
  • ERROR ijkmn a random residual error term.
  • the animal mean square was used as the denominator to test the effects of treatment, treatment x line
  • the litter mean square was used as the denominator to test the effects of breeding line and set.
  • the residual mean square was used as the denominator to test the remaining effects.
  • Non-challenged pigs of line H gained significantly (p ⁇ O.01) more weight than those of line L from day -1 to day 14 (Figure 4). Weight loss in challenged pigs was approximately 1 kg and did not differ by line (Figure 4).
  • fibrinogen concentration was significantly (p ⁇ 0.05) higher in L than in H line pigs.
  • the number of circulating lymphocytes decreased (p ⁇ 0.05) from day 3 to day 7 in pigs of each line. In those of the H line, lymphocytes reverted earlier to pre- challenge numbers than in L line pigs and there were significantly (p ⁇ 0.05) more blood lymphocytes in H than in L line pigs on day 10. In the non-challenged group there were at all times more (p ⁇ 0.05) blood lymphocytes in H than in L line pigs.
  • mycoplasmas is usually associated with production of antibody although in the case of M. pulmonis infection of rats, but not mice, adoptive transfer of resistance could only be achieved using immune spleen cells (Lai, W.C. et al. 1991) .
  • H line pigs produced mycoplasma-specific antibody earlier and to higher titers than did the relatively susceptible L line pigs.
  • the H lines of pigs as developed from the foregoing Embodiment #1, realized general improvement in disease resistance indirectly by selecting for a range of specific and innate attributes reflecting both humoral and cell-mediated resistance-mediating mechanisms.
  • the two lines differ in a number of traits including those incorporated in the selection index and correlated traits (Mallard, B.A. et al. 1992), such as antibody production following immunization with other antigens, lytic complement activity and antibody avidity (Appleyard, G.B. et al. 1992), which may have influenced both resistance and development of disease, including arthritis.
  • Antibody avidity is of interest since high avidity antibody has been shown to be most efficacious in mediating protection in virus infections (Mulchany G. et al. 1992 and Salmi, A.A. 1991) and antibody-dependent disease such as allergic encephalitis (Devey, M.E. et al. 1990).
  • Pathogenesis of mycoplasma-associated diseases such as arthritis and uveitis may involve formation of inflammation-inducing antibody-antigen complexes
  • mice selection of mice on the basis of immune response resulted in lines divergent in
  • H and L line pigs in response to challenge infection with M. hyorhinis .
  • M. hyorhinis it cannot be excluded that differences do exist between the lines in ability of macrophages to be activated by mycoplasmas with subsequent production of monocyte or lymphocyte- derived inflammatory mediators; events which have been implicated in pathogenesis of mycoplasma-associated arthritis (Hopkins, S.J. et al. 1988; Saklatvala, J.
  • TGAL and sheep erythrocytes SRBC
  • DNCB topical antigen dinitrochlorobenzene
  • CH50 serum haemolytic complement activity
  • Figure 9 depicts least square mean values (i.e, means corrected for unequal sample size, litter effects, and sire effects) of antibody responses of Guelph High Low line pigs before (day 0) and after (days 14 and 21) vaccination with a commercial bacterium against
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia Actinobacillus
  • pleuropneumonia is a bacteria which causes acute and chronic pneumonia in pigs and presently costs the
  • Antibody responses to this vaccine were measured using an Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA) and units of response are given on the y-axis as optical density (OD) of the test sera at a predetermined optimal dilution of 1 ⁇ 800.
  • ELISA Enzyme Immunoassay
  • OD optical density
  • the different letters above the bars of the graph indicate that the antibody responses are significantly different as determined using a statistical t-test and are reported at a 95% confidence level; i.e, p ⁇ 0.05.
  • the nonresponder status reported at the right side of the graph indicates the percentage of pigs from each line (High, Low and Control pigs of Generation 4) which did not respond in any measurable way to this test vaccine.
  • the experiments reported here confirm that
  • the breeding selection is predictably applicable to other animals such as cattle, sheep, chickens, fish, horses and other valuable livestock because all of these animals have similar response to the traits used in developing EDVs for ranking the animals for further breeding. Animals so developed can reduce husbandry costs through reduced requirements for health-related inputs such as
  • c Monocyte function is based on the ability of peripheral blood monocytes to take up and kill at 30 (T 30 ) and 90 T 90 ) minutes respectively
  • a Combined EBV was calculated as the mean EBV of the five traits chosen for selection.
  • the selection index for gilts was similarly determined.
  • Monocyte function is based on the ability of peripheral blood monocytes to take up and kill S. typhimurium at 30 and 90 minutes respectively.
  • a Monocyte function is based on the ability of PBMs to take up and kill S. typhimurium at 30 and 90 minutes respectively. b Probability of significant differences between High and Low lines within a generation.

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Abstract

Un procédé pour évaluer la réactivité du système immunitaire chez un animal permet d'obtenir une valeur estimée de reproduction révélatrice de la faculté de l'animal de résister aux maladies et de transmettre à sa descendance une telle résistance. Cette valeur est utile dans la sélection d'animaux qui vont être élevés pour engendrer une descendance héritant de cette faculté de résistance aux maladies. Le procédé consiste 1) à tester la réaction d'un animal à au moins deux tests, dont l'un est une démarche générale et l'autre est antigéno-spécifique et détermine les caractères immunitaires humoraux hériditaires; 2) à tester la réaction du même animal à au moins deux tests dont l'un est une démarche générale et l'autre est antigéno-spécifique et détermine les caractères immunitaires hériditaires à médiation cellulaire; 3) à tester la réaction de l'animal aux deux tests de caractères immunitaires humoraux et aux deux tests de caractères immunitaires à médiation cellulaire, en commençant dès que possible après le sevrage de l'animal et à un moment choisi pour annuler les effets de l'immunité passive; et 4) à évaluer la valeur estimée de reproduction de l'animal par rapport à d'autres animaux ayant fait l'objet d'une évaluation, sur la base du niveau de réaction de l'animal aux tests. Ce procédé est utile pour sélectionner ou regrouper des animaux en groupes forts et faibles ainsi qu'en groupes témoins. Ce procédé est notamment utile pour développer des souches supérieures de porcs, de bétail, de poissons, de poulets et d'autres animaux similaires.
PCT/CA1993/000533 1992-12-09 1993-12-09 Methodologie pour developer une lignee superieure d'animaux domestiques WO1994014064A1 (fr)

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AU56213/94A AU689759B2 (en) 1992-12-09 1993-12-09 Methodology for developing a superior line of domesticated animals

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Cited By (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6287564B1 (en) 1997-12-24 2001-09-11 Lauraine Wagter-Lesperance Method of identifying high immune response animals
WO2002094009A2 (fr) * 2001-05-24 2002-11-28 Guard Inc. Procedes de selection et de production d'animaux presentant un niveau calcule de reponse immunitaire, de resistance ou de vulnerabilite aux maladies et/ou de productivite
EP1581043A2 (fr) * 2002-06-21 2005-10-05 Pig Improvement Company UK Limited Techniques de selection en vue d'obtenir une croissance animale efficace
US7258858B2 (en) 1997-12-24 2007-08-21 University Of Guelph Method of identifying high immune response animals
CN113637768A (zh) * 2021-08-06 2021-11-12 华南农业大学 一种猪13号染色体上与母猪产畸形仔猪数相关的snp分子标记及其用途

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111118109B (zh) * 2020-01-03 2023-08-01 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所 一种利用血液生化指标评价生猪个体蛋白营养状态的方法

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EP0165606A2 (fr) * 1984-06-22 1985-12-27 Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd Agent de test pour la blastogénèse de cellules B
EP0170494A2 (fr) * 1984-07-24 1986-02-05 Ab-Ag Laboratories Limited Criblage de veaux
EP0238851A2 (fr) * 1986-02-19 1987-09-30 Imreg, Inc. Procédé et moyens pour essayer un système immunitaire
EP0393334A2 (fr) * 1989-04-19 1990-10-24 Robert Aaron Levine Détermination de la réactivité des lymphocytes aux antigènes spécifiques dans le sang

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EP0067646A1 (fr) * 1981-06-09 1982-12-22 Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc. Procédé et trousse de réactifs pour la détermination de l'immunocompétence cellulaire in vitro
EP0165606A2 (fr) * 1984-06-22 1985-12-27 Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd Agent de test pour la blastogénèse de cellules B
EP0170494A2 (fr) * 1984-07-24 1986-02-05 Ab-Ag Laboratories Limited Criblage de veaux
EP0238851A2 (fr) * 1986-02-19 1987-09-30 Imreg, Inc. Procédé et moyens pour essayer un système immunitaire
EP0393334A2 (fr) * 1989-04-19 1990-10-24 Robert Aaron Levine Détermination de la réactivité des lymphocytes aux antigènes spécifiques dans le sang

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6287564B1 (en) 1997-12-24 2001-09-11 Lauraine Wagter-Lesperance Method of identifying high immune response animals
US7258858B2 (en) 1997-12-24 2007-08-21 University Of Guelph Method of identifying high immune response animals
WO2002094009A2 (fr) * 2001-05-24 2002-11-28 Guard Inc. Procedes de selection et de production d'animaux presentant un niveau calcule de reponse immunitaire, de resistance ou de vulnerabilite aux maladies et/ou de productivite
WO2002094009A3 (fr) * 2001-05-24 2003-12-11 Guard Inc Procedes de selection et de production d'animaux presentant un niveau calcule de reponse immunitaire, de resistance ou de vulnerabilite aux maladies et/ou de productivite
EP1581043A2 (fr) * 2002-06-21 2005-10-05 Pig Improvement Company UK Limited Techniques de selection en vue d'obtenir une croissance animale efficace
EP1581043A4 (fr) * 2002-06-21 2006-08-09 Pig Improvement Co Uk Ltd Techniques de selection en vue d'obtenir une croissance animale efficace
CN113637768A (zh) * 2021-08-06 2021-11-12 华南农业大学 一种猪13号染色体上与母猪产畸形仔猪数相关的snp分子标记及其用途
CN113637768B (zh) * 2021-08-06 2023-07-14 华南农业大学 一种猪13号染色体上与母猪产畸形仔猪数相关的snp分子标记及其用途

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0673509A1 (fr) 1995-09-27
NZ258507A (en) 1997-05-26
GB9225711D0 (en) 1993-02-03
AU5621394A (en) 1994-07-04
AU689759B2 (en) 1998-04-09
CA2151266A1 (fr) 1994-06-23

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